XII ENANCIB, Brasilia, October 23, 2011
XII ENANCIB, Brasília, 23 de outubro de 2011
© Copyright Dr. Chaim Zins, Jerusalem, 2011. All rights reserved
Permission granted to use only for activities directly related to Chaim Zins’ visit in Brazil in 10/11.2011.
Photographs and illustrations are copyright protected by their respective owners.
To the best of my knowledge I have the right to use the images for this presentation, and is considered a fair use. If you
have any questions or claims regarding copyright issues, please contact me in person and we will sort it out.
Chaim Zins, Ph.D
WWW.success.co.il / [email protected] / Tel: 972-2-5816705
Prolog
The Wanderer above the Mist, Caspar David Friedrich 1817-18; Kunsthalle Hamburg, Hamburg
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR DIREITOS AUTORAIS
Dear Friends,
I invite you to join me on an intellectual journey
aimed at mapping human knowledge.
1
Prolog
Astronaut in Space, 1984, Courtesy of NASA
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR DIREITOS AUTORAIS
Human knowledge is growing as we invent new
technologies, improve scientific methods, and
conquer new worlds.
2
Prolog
The Copernican model, the Harmonia Macrocosmica by Andreas Cellarius, 1661.
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR DIREITOS AUTORAIS
Yet we want to see "the whole picture" and the logical
relations among the main fields.
3
Prolog
Cabinet of Curiosities, Domenico Remps, ca. 1690, Opificio delle Pietre Dure, Florence.
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR DIREITOS AUTORAIS
On our journey we will map human knowledge, define
basic concepts that underlie science and culture, and
look at the core fields of contemporary knowledge.
4
Human Knowledge / Conhecimento Humano
The School of Athens (detail), Raphael (Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino), 1510-11; Stanza della Segnatura, Vatican.
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR DIREITOS AUTORAIS
"Knowledge" is a common word. We intuitively use it
in daily life. We discover and create, communicate
and receive, store and retrieve, use and abuse
knowledge.
5
Human Knowledge / Conhecimento Humano
Christ in the Storm on the Sea of Galilee, Rembrandt van Rijn, 1633;
Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum, Boston (stolen in 1990).
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR DIREITOS AUTORAIS
We focus on propositional knowledge.
Propositional knowledge is the content of what we
know. It expressed in sentences (propositions). For
example, "It is stormy weather," or "The boat
might sink."
6
Human Knowledge / Conhecimento Humano
The Writing Master, Thomas Eakins, 1882; Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR DIREITOS AUTORAIS
.
Propositional knowledge is the basis of academic
literature. Every publication is composed of sets of
arguments. It starts with opening propositions and
ends with final conclusions.
7
Human Knowledge / Conhecimento Humano
The Writing Master, Thomas Eakins, 1882; Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR DIREITOS AUTORAIS
.
Propositional knowledge is the basis of academic
disciplines. An academic discipline is the product of
social construction. It is grounded in fundamental
publications and is developed layer upon layer until
it reaches its most recent state of the art.
8
Human Knowledge / Conhecimento Humano
The Librarian, Giuseppe Arcimboldo, 1566; Skokloster Castle, Stockholm.
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR DIREITOS AUTORAIS
.
Propositional knowledge has two faces, internal
(subjective) and external (universal). It is a thought
in the mind of the knowing person (subject), and it
is an independent object published in book and
digital libraries, and accessible to all.
9
Human Knowledge / Conhecimento Humano
Mona Lisa (La Gioconda) (detail), Leonardo da Vinci, 1503-5; Musée du Louvre, Paris
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR DIREITOS AUTORAIS
.
Subjective knowledge can be private or public.
Private knowledge is the individual's intimate
thoughts that one keeps to oneself.
10
Human Knowledge / Conhecimento Humano
Mona Lisa (La Gioconda) (detail), Leonardo da Vinci, 1503-5; Musée du Louvre, Paris
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR DIREITOS AUTORAIS
.
Public knowledge is thoughts that the individual
believes are known to other people as well, for
example, "2+2=4,“ and "The Mona Lisa was
painted by Leonardo da Vinci."
11
Human Knowledge / Conhecimento Humano
The Greek philosopher Plato in the School of Athens (detail), Raphael Sanzio, 1511;
Vatican. Note that the image is of Leonardo da Vinci.
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR DIREITOS AUTORAIS
Still, what is knowledge?
Knowledge is a justified true belief.
This classical definition was presented by the Greek
philosopher Plato in the dialogue Theaetetus, and is
generally accepted.
12
Human Knowledge / Conhecimento Humano
Louis Pasteur in his laboratory, Albert Edelfelt, 1885; Musée d'Orsay, Paris
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR DIREITOS AUTORAIS
Subjective knowledge is a thought that the knowing
person justifiably believes is true. When this
thought is expressed and documented it becomes
universal. Universal knowledge mirrors subjective
knowledge.
13
Human Knowledge / Conhecimento Humano
Landscape with the Dream of Jacob, Michael Lukas Leopold Willmann, ~1691Staatliche
Museen zu Berlin (Gemäldegalerie), Berlin
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR DIREITOS AUTORAIS
The knowing person is certain that his thought is
true, but he might be wrong.
We are exposed to misinformation, manipulation,
and illusions. Maybe we are dreaming while we are
thinking that we know. Human knowledge is
imperfect.
14
Human Knowledge / Conhecimento Humano
Open Book, Scuola Tedesca, ca. 16th century; Uffizi Gallery, Florence.
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR DIREITOS AUTORAIS
Propositions differ from their meanings.
Universal knowledge is the meaning that is
represented by the written and spoken propositions.
15
Human Knowledge / Conhecimento Humano
Open Book, Scuola Tedesca, ca. 16th century; Uffizi Gallery, Florence.
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR DIREITOS AUTORAIS
Since we cannot perceive with our senses the
meaning itself, it is more useful to relate to the
visible propositions that represent it.
16
Human Knowledge / Conhecimento Humano
The Bookworm by Carl Spitzweg, 1850; Museum Georg Schäfer, Schweinfurt, Germany.
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR DIREITOS AUTORAIS
Human knowledge is embodied in the collection of
books stored in the reader's library. But only the
meaning formulated in his mind brings it to life again.
17
Human Knowledge / Conhecimento Humano
Biblioteca Nacional do Brasil, 2007
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR
DIREITOS AUTORAIS
.
Metaphorically, human knowledge is embodied in
the collection of all publications stored in libraries
worldwide: all types of libraries, physical and digital,
public and private, well known and secret.
18
Knowledge Maps / Mapas do Conhecimento
World map, Gerard van Schagen, Amsterdam 1689
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR DIREITOS AUTORAIS
.
Cognitive knowledge shape the way see the world
and act in it. Published maps affect our cognitive
maps and thus affect the way we learn and use
knowledge.
19
Knowledge Maps / Mapas do Conhecimento
World map, Gerard van Schagen, Amsterdam 1689
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR DIREITOS AUTORAIS
.
Knowledge maps are published in scientific books,
textbooks, encyclopedias, educational posters,
geographical maps, historical timelines, family
trees, library classification systems, and the like.
Knowledge maps map all fields of knowledge.
20
Knowledge Mapping / Mapas do Conhecimento
The Milky Way Galaxy, an artist conception, NASA/JPL-Caltech/R. Hurt, 2008.
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR DIREITOS AUTORAIS
This conception of the Milky Way is an exemplary
knowledge map in astronomy.
21
Knowledge Mapping / Mapas do Conhecimento
The Periodic table of the chemical elements; inventor: Dmitri Mendeleev, 1869
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR DIREITOS AUTORAIS
.
The Periodic table of the chemical elements is an
example of a scientific knowledge map in chemistry.
It was formulated by the Russian chemist Dmitri
Mendeleev in 1869, and has been revised over time,
as new elements have been discovered, and new
theoretical models have been developed.
22
Knowledge Mapping / Mapas do Conhecimento
A phylogenetic tree of life, Author: Ivica Letunic, 2007. [The tree shows the relationship between species
whose genomes have been mapped by humans. The very center represents the last universal ancestor
of all life on earth. The different colors represent the three domains of life: pink represents eukaryota
(animals and plants); blue represents bacteria; and green represents archaea. Note the presence of
homo sapiens (humans) second from the rightmost edge of the pink segment.
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR DIREITOS AUTORAIS
This modern phylogenetic tree of life is an exemplary
knowledge map in evolutionary biology. It shows the
relationship among species.
23
Knowledge Mapping / Mapas do Conhecimento
Blind monks examining an elephant“, Itcho Hanabusa, 1888; Library of Congress
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR DIREITOS AUTORAIS
.
Blind Monks Examining an Elephant is a notable
parable. It tells of a group of blind monks who
examine an elephant. Each monk reaches a different
conclusion based on which part of the elephant he
has examined. They then compare their findings,
and learn that they totally disagree on the shape and
nature of elephants.
24
Knowledge Mapping / Mapas do Conhecimento
Blind monks examining an elephant“, Itcho Hanabusa, 1888; Library of Congress
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR DIREITOS AUTORAIS
.
Human knowledge – like elephants – can be viewed
from different perspectives. Very often what seems
the absolute truth is incomplete and deceptive.
25
Knowledge Mapping / Mapas do Conhecimento
We need a systematic map that meets 3 conditions:
(1) Exclusivity. The categories are mutually exclusive
(meaning, they do not overlap).
(2) Exhaustiveness. The categories are collectively
exhaustive (meaning, together they include all the
relevant categories).
(3) Adequacy. The map can represent all the relevant
fields without exception (meaning, every field can be
placed in at least one category).
10 Pillars of Knowledge meets the 3 conditions.
Bookshelves, Giuseppe Maria Crespi, 1725; Civico Museo Bibliografico Musicale, Bologna
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR DIREITOS AUTORAIS
26
Knowledge Mapping / Mapas do Conhecimento
There are different models for mapping knowledge.
They differ in their structures and contents. They
differ in their impacts on our cognitive maps. They
differ by their rationales.
A systematic map has to meet the 3 conditions:
its categories are (1) mutually exclusive,
(2) collectively exhaustive, and (3) adequate.
10 Pillars of Knowledge meets the 3 conditions.
Bookshelves, Giuseppe Maria Crespi, 1725; Civico Museo Bibliografico Musicale, Bologna
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR DIREITOS AUTORAIS
27
10 Pilares do Conhecimento
Princípios
10 Pillars of Knowledge: Map of Human Knowledge; Chaim Zins, Scientific poster, 2008.
10 Pillars of Knowledge is a hierarchical, systematic and
comprehensive map of human knowledge.
28
10 Pilares do Conhecimento
Princípios
10 Pillars of Knowledge: Map of Human Knowledge; Chaim Zins, Scientific poster, 2008.
The 10-pillar structure maps 200 core fields (e.g.,
medicine) that embody 600 main fields (e.g., surgery)
that embody 2000 fields (e.g., neurosurgery). The 2000
fields were extracted from nearly 10,000 terms that were
drawn from diversified resources, among them websites
of national academies of sciences, notable universities,
library classification schemes, and encyclopedias.
29
10 Pilares do Conhecimento: Princípios
The 200 fields are set in 10 groups. The grouping is
based on the common general phenomenon that
each group explores: foundations, supernatural,
matter and energy, space and earth, non-human
organisms, body and mind, society, thought and
art, technology, and history.
30
10 Pilares do Conhecimento: Princípios
Knowledge Supernatural
Universe
Humans
The 10 pillars are organized into four groups,
which explore four super-phenomena: knowledge
(pillar 1), supernatural (pillar 2), universe (pillars 34-5), and humans (pillars 6-7-8-9-10).
31
10 Pilares do Conhecimento: Princípios
Living
Knowledge Supernatural
Universe
World
Humans
On top of the intersection between the universe
and humans a fifth super-phenomenon emerges,
the living world (pillars 5-6).
32
10 Pilares do Conhecimento: Princípios
Living
Knowledge Supernatural
Universe
World
Humans
The order of the 10 pillars makes it possible to
represent the religious approach, which separates
apes and humans, and the scientific approach,
which treats both of them as part of the living
world.
33
10 Pilares do Conhecimento: Princípios
Supernatural
1. Theory
2. Mysticism
3. Religions
3.1 Ancient
3.2 Monotheist
3.3 Asian
3.4 Modern
3.5 Ethnic
Space & Earth
Technology
1. Theory
2. Space
3. Earth
3.1 Surface & Substance
3.2 Interrelations
1. Theory
2. Professions
3. Technologies
3.1 Sciences
3.2 Needs & Activities
3.3 Materials
3.4 Processes
10 Pillars is a hierarchical system.
The 10 pillars are the first-level categories of the
hierarchical structure. They are divided into main
sub-categories that are divided into sub-categories.
34
10 Pilares do Conhecimento: Princípios
Metaknowledge – subject-based knowledge
Human knowledge follows a metaknowledge –
subject-based knowledge structure implemented
on the map level, the pillar level, and the field level.
35
10 Pilares do Conhecimento: Princípios
Metaknowledge is knowledge about the body of
knowledge itself. Subject-based knowledge is
knowledge about the explored phenomena.
36
10 Pilares do Conhecimento: Princípios
On the map level, pillar 1 represents the
metaknowledge of human knowledge. Pillars 2 – 10
represent the subject-based knowledge of human
knowledge.
37
10 Pilares do Conhecimento: Princípios
Images: (1) I The Creation of Adam, Michelangelo, 1511. (2) Geocentric Universe (the Copernican Model),
Andreas Cellarius, 1708. (3) The Vitruvian Man, Leonardo da Vinci, 1487.
The grouping of the phenomena that are subject to
human exploration into three super-phenomena
(supernatural, universe, and humans) is based on
the distinction among God, the world, and man that
goes back to Greek philosophy.
38
10 Pilares do Conhecimento: Princípios
Images: (1) I The Creation of Adam, Michelangelo, 1511. (2) Geocentric Universe (the Copernican Model),
Andreas Cellarius, 1708. (3) The Vitruvian Man, Leonardo da Vinci, 1487.
The addition of the living world super-phenomenon
arises from modern biology; especially the theory of
evolution.
39
10 Pilares do Conhecimento: Princípios
Theory – embodiment
Human knowledge follows a theory – embodiment
structure. It is implemented on the map level, the
pillar level, and the field level.
40
10 Pilares do Conhecimento: Princípios
On the map level, pillar 1 is the "theory" part of
human knowledge, and pillars 2 – 10 are the
"embodiment" part.
41
10 Pilares do Conhecimento: Princípios
On the pillar level, the first category, theory, is the
"theoretical" part of the pillar, which presents
fields that focus on general theoretical issues of
the explored phenomena.
42
10 Pilares do Conhecimento: Princípios
The other categories embody our knowledge of the
explored phenomena.
43
10 Pilares do Conhecimento: Princípios
Philosophy of Medicine
Internal Medicine
Pediatrics
Surgery
Images: (1) Greek Physician treating a patient, ca. 480-470 BC; Louvre Museum, Paris; (2) Self-Portrait
with Doctor Arrieta (detail), Francisco Goya, 1820, Minneapolis Institute of Arts; (3) The Sick Child,
Gabriel Metsu, 1660; Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam. (4) The Agnew Clinic, Thomas Eakins, 1875.
On the field level, the "theory" part is implemented
in the theory of the field. In the example of medicine,
it is philosophy of medicine.
44
10 Pilares do Conhecimento: Princípios
Philosophy of Medicine
Internal Medicine
Pediatrics
Surgery
Images: (1) Greek Physician treating a patient, ca. 480-470 BC; Louvre Museum, Paris; (2) Self-Portrait
with Doctor Arrieta (detail), Francisco Goya, 1820, Minneapolis Institute of Arts; (3) The Sick Child,
Gabriel Metsu, 1660; Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam. (4) The Agnew Clinic, Thomas Eakins, 1875.
The other parts embody our knowledge of the
explored phenomena. In the example of medicine,
these are internal medicine, pediatrics, and surgery.
45
10 Pilares do Conhecimento
Princípios
Space & Earth
1. Theory
- Cosmological Theory
2. Space
- Astronomy
3. Earth
3.1 Surface & Substance
- Physical Geography
- Geology
3.2 Interrelations
- Agriculture
- Environmental Sciences
- Natural Hazards
Distinction between categories and fields
The fields are not part of the hierarchical structure.
The distinction between categories and fields is
essential. It is a central paradigm shift – "the
Copernican Revolution" – of knowledge mapping.
46
10 Pilares do Conhecimento
Princípios
Space & Earth
1. Theory
- Cosmological Theory
2. Space
- Astronomy
3. Earth
3.1 Surface & Substance
- Physical Geography
- Geology
3.2 Interrelations
- Agriculture
- Environmental Sciences
- Natural Hazards
10 Pillars is valid and adequate since every field can
be placed in at least one category.
47
10 Pilares do Conhecimento: Princípios
Imagine that the map mirrors a library. In the Library of
Human Knowledge the pillars are bookcases, the
categories are shelves, and the fields are books.
48
10 Pilares do Conhecimento: Princípios
The Library of Human Knowledge is composed of 10
bookcases that are divided into shelves, which store an
impressive collection of books that establish our
cultural and scientific heritage.
We continue our journey by zooming into the ten pillars.
49
Pillar 1: Foundations / Pilar 1: Fundamentos
Foundations
1. Theory
2. Context
3. Methodology
4. Mediation
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR
DIREITOS AUTORAIS
Diderot and D'Alembert's Encyclopédie, Marie-Lan Nguyen, 2010, CC BY-SA 2.0
Pillar 1 studies the foundations of human knowledge.
It is composed of four categories:
theory, context, methodology, and mediation.
50
Pillar 1: Foundations / Pilar 1: Fundamentos
Foundations
1. Theory
2. Context
3. Methodology
4. Mediation
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR
DIREITOS AUTORAIS
Plato, copy of portrait bust by Silanion, ca 370 BC; Capitoline Museums,
RomePhotographer Marie-Lan Nguyen, 2009, CC BY-SA 2.5
1.1 Theory
Theory is focused on the philosophical basis of
knowledge and science.
It contains two fields: philosophy of knowledge
(epistemology), and philosophy of science.
51
Pillar 1: Foundations / Pilar 1: Fundamentos
Foundations
1. Theory
2. Context
3. Methodology
4. Mediation
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR
DIREITOS AUTORAIS
Bust of Aristotle. Marble, Roman copy of a Greek bronze by Lysippos from 330 BC (the
alabaster mantle is a modern addition); National Museum of Rome, Palazzo Altemps, Rome.
Science in the broadest sense refers to all fields. It is
any body of knowledge achieved by systematic and
justifiable methods.
Science in the narrowest sense refers to natural and life
sciences. It is any body of knowledge that explores the
physical phenomena, and is achieved by impartial
empirical observation and systematic experimentation.
52
Pillar 1: Foundations / Pilar 1: Fundamentos
Foundations
1. Theory
2. Context
3. Methodology
4. Mediation
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR
DIREITOS AUTORAIS
Galileo Galilei, Justus Sustermans, 1636, National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, London
1.2 Context
The context category studies the historical and
sociological perspectives of knowledge. It has two
fields: history of science and sociology of
knowledge.
Science is progressive. It has been developed layer
upon layer till reaching its current state.
53
Pillar 1: Foundations / Pilar 1: Fundamentos
Foundations
1. Theory
2. Context
3. Methodology
4. Mediation
Marie Skłodowska-Curie Nobel Prize Diploma in chemistry, 1911
Science is affected by social conditions. Scientists
live and work in specific societies and are bound by
social limitations. They rely on research grants. Their
publications and academic promotion depend on
peer review. They are connected in social networks
that affect their scientific ideologies.
54
Pillar 1: Foundations / Pilar 1: Fundamentos
Foundations
1. Theory
2. Context
3. Methodology
4. Mediation
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR
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The Geographer, Johannes Vermeer, 1668-9; Städelsches Kunstinstitut, Frankfurt.
1.3 Methodology
Scientific exploration depends on reliable and valid
scientific research methodologies.
Methodology has one field, methodology of science,
which seeks to improve and develop reliable and
valid research methodologies in all fields.
55
Pillar 1: Foundations / Pilar 1: Fundamentos
Foundations
1. Theory
2. Context
3. Methodology
4. Mediation
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR
DIREITOS AUTORAIS
The library at Château de Chantilly Château de Chantilly, Tango7174, 2008 CC BY-AS 3.0
1.4 Mediation
We live in the Information age. We widely use
information resources and need efficient ways to
connect resources and users.
Information science is placed in this category. It
studies the mediating aspects of knowledge.
56
Pillar 1: Foundations / Pilar 1: Fundamentos
Foundations
1. Theory
2. Context
3. Methodology
4. Mediation
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR
DIREITOS AUTORAIS
Design for the Grande Galerie in the Louvre, Hubert Robert, 1796; Musée du Louvre, Paris.
Museology (museum studies) studies the organization
and management of exhibitions and museums of all
kinds.
57
Pillar 2: Supernatural / Pilar 2: Supernatural
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR
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The Creation of Adam, Michelangelo Buonarroti, 1511; the Sistine Chapel ceiling, Vatican
We encounter the supernatural in everyday life while
we see the birth of a child, face the sudden death of a
friend, witness the devastating power of nature, and
stare at the sky on dark nights. The quest for the
supernatural arises from the limitations of reason.
58
Pillar 2: Supernatural / Pilar 2: Supernatural
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR
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The Creation of Adam, Michelangelo Buonarroti, 1511; the Sistine Chapel ceiling, Vatican
We are curious to understand the "main events," and
eager to answer the "big questions of life." The
supernatural is embodied in the "main events" and in
"the details." “The supernatural” is any “thing” that
is beyond the empirical visible universe.
59
Pillar 2: Supernatural / Pilar 2: Supernatural
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR
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White Rose, an illustration by Gustave Doré, 1892, to the Divine Comedy by Dante Alighieri (ca. 1308-21).
Pillar 2 studies the supernatural phenomena. Pillar 2
is composed of theory, mysticism, and religions.
60
Pillar 2: Supernatural / Pilar 2: Supernatural
Supernatural
1. Theory
2. Mysticism
3. Religions
3.1 Ancient
3.2 Monotheism
3.3 Asian
3.4 Modern
3.5 Ethnic
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR
DIREITOS AUTORAIS
Pieta, Michelangelo Buonarroti, 1499; Basilica di San Pietro, Vatican,
Stanislav Traykov, 2008, CC BY-AS 3.0
2.1 Theory
Theory studies the philosophical, religious, cultural,
sociological, psychological, and historical aspects of
the supernatural phenomena
61
Pillar 2: Supernatural / Pilar 2: Supernatural
Supernatural
1. Theory
2. Mysticism
3. Religions
3.1 Ancient
3.2 Monotheism
3.3 Asian
3.4 Modern
3.5 Ethnic
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR
DIREITOS AUTORAIS
Pieta, Michelangelo Buonarroti, 1499; Basilica di San Pietro, Vatican,
Stanislav Traykov, 2008, CC BY-AS 3.0
It is composed of religious studies; an academic field
of multidisciplinary, secular study of religious beliefs,
practices, and institutions.
62
Pillar 2: Supernatural / Pilar 2: Supernatural
Supernatural
1. Theory
2. Mysticism
3. Religions
3.1 Ancient
3.2 Monotheism
3.3 Asian
3.4 Modern
3.5 Ethnic
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR
DIREITOS AUTORAIS
Zodiac Mosaic, 6th century, Beit Alpha Synagogue, Israel, courtesy of NASA.
2.2 Mysticism
Mysticism studies the mystic phenomena. The term
“mysticism” refers to beliefs and practices that
ascribe meaning, power and qualities, which cannot
be explained by empirical scientific exploration, to
supernatural phenomena, natural objects, and
human activities.
63
Pillar 2: Supernatural / Pilar 2: Supernatural
Supernatural
1. Theory
2. Mysticism
3. Religions
3.1 Ancient
3.2 Monotheism
3.3 Asian
3.4 Modern
3.5 Ethnic
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR
DIREITOS AUTORAIS
Praying Hands (Study of an Apostle's Hands), Albrecht Dürer, ca. 1508,
Graphische Sammlung, Albertina, Vienna.
2.3 Religions
The term “religion” has diverse definitions but the
established religions have common characteristics:
64
Pillar 2: Supernatural / Pilar 2: Supernatural
Supernatural
1. Theory
2. Mysticism
3. Religions
3.1 Ancient
3.2 Monotheism
3.3 Asian
3.4 Modern
3.5 Ethnic
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR
DIREITOS AUTORAIS
Still life with bible, Van Gogh, 1885, Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam
Religions are systems of beliefs and practices. They
shape the believers’ life stance by ground their
binding power on the supernatural, generally
through authoritative leaders and scriptures.
65
Pillar 2: Supernatural / Pilar 2: Supernatural
Supernatural
1. Theory
2. Mysticism
3. Religions
3.1 Ancient
3.2 Monotheism
3.3 Asian
3.4 Modern
3.5 Ethnic
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR
DIREITOS AUTORAIS
First Mass in Brazil, Victor Meirelles, 1860, Museu Nacional de Belas Artes, Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil
The religious experience can be entirely intimate:
the intimate relations of a person with God through
meditation and contemplation, or as a cry for help in
times of deeply emotional stress.
In many cases the religious experience is organized
by religious establishments. People join in
collective activities and identify with the community
that shares the same religious beliefs.
66
Pillar 2: Supernatural / Pilar 2: Supernatural
Supernatural
1. Theory
2. Mysticism
3. Religions
3.1 Ancient
3.2 Monotheism
3.3 Asian
3.4 Modern
3.5 Ethnic
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR
DIREITOS AUTORAIS
Moses, Michelangelo Buonarroti, 1515; San Pietro in Vincoli, Rome.
Religions differ from humanistic philosophies in the
source of their authoritativeness.
While a humanistic life stance is based on human
reason and emotion, a religious life stance is
grounded in the supernatural (God).
67
Pillar 2: Supernatural / Pilar 2: Supernatural
Supernatural
1. Theory
2. Mysticism
3. Religions
3.1 Ancient
3.2 Monotheism
3.3 Asian
3.4 Modern
3.5 Ethnic
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR
DIREITOS AUTORAIS
Sacrifice of Isaac, Rembrandt van Rijn, 1635; Hermitage, St. Petersburg
Religions strive to shape the believers’ life stance.
Religious life tends to be total.
Nevertheless, religious people differ
intensity of their piety and commitment.
68
in
the
Pillar 2: Supernatural / Pilar 2: Supernatural
Supernatural
1. Theory
2. Mysticism
3. Religions
3.1 Ancient
3.2 Monotheism
3.3 Asian
3.4 Modern
3.5 Ethnic
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR
DIREITOS AUTORAIS
Pope John Paul II pray and inserting a prayer into the Western Wall in Jerusalem,
Photographer: Avi Ohayon, 26.3.2000. National Photo Collection, Israel
Throughout history religion has been the main cause
of human conflict and hatred. Anti-Semitism (hatred
of Jews) is a typical example of religion-based hatred.
In March 2000 Pope John Paul II visited the Holy Land
(Israel). During his visit he paid tribute to the Jewish
people and prayed at the Western Wall in Jerusalem
for reconciliation with the Jewish people:
69
Pillar 2: Supernatural / Pilar 2: Supernatural
Supernatural
1. Theory
2. Mysticism
3. Religions
3.1 Ancient
3.2 Monotheism
3.3 Asian
3.4 Modern
3.5 Ethnic
Religious symbols (from left to right): Bahism, Buddhism, Christianity, Confucianism,
Hinduism, Islam, Jainism, Judaism, Shinto, Sikhism, Taoism, Zoroastrianism.
Religions explores the world religions and spiritual
systems. On our voyage we are focused on major
and exemplary religions.
70
Pillar 2: Supernatural / Pilar 2: Supernatural
Supernatural
1. Theory
2. Mysticism
3. Religions
3.1 Ancient
3.2 Monotheism
3.3 Asian
3.4 Modern
3.5 Ethnic
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR
DIREITOS AUTORAIS
Tuthankamen's burial mask, the Egyptian Museum, Cairo.
Bjørn Christian Tørrissen, 2003, CC BY-AS 3.0
2.3.1 Ancient
The ancient sub-category is composed of religions
practiced in the past; among them are Mesopotamian
mythology, Egyptian mythology, and Greek and
Roman mythology.
71
Pillar 2: Supernatural / Pilar 2: Supernatural
Supernatural
1. Theory
2. Mysticism
3. Religions
3.1 Ancient
3.2 Monotheism
3.3 Asian
3.4 Modern
3.5 Ethnic
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR
DIREITOS AUTORAIS
Ancient of Days, William Blake, 1794; British Museum, London..
2.3.2 Monotheism
The sub-category is composed of the three major
historic monotheist religions, Judaism, Christianity,
and Islam that are based on the belief in one God.
72
Pillar 2: Supernatural / Pilar 2: Supernatural
Supernatural
1. Theory
2. Mysticism
3. Religions
3.1 Ancient
3.2 Monotheism
3.3 Asian
3.4 Modern
3.5 Ethnic
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR
DIREITOS AUTORAIS
Kala, a mythical creature, at the Banteay Srei Hindu temple in Angkor
Cambodia. Photographer: Manfred Werner, 2001, CC BY-AS 3.0
2.3.3 Asian
The Asian sub-category encompasses religions
originated in Asia. Buddhism, Hinduism, Jainism, and
Sikhism originated in India. Confucianism and Taoism
originated in China. Shinto originated in Japan. Bahaism
and Zoroastrianism originated in Persia (Iran).
73
Pillar 2: Supernatural / Pilar 2: Supernatural
Supernatural
1. Theory
2. Mysticism
3. Religions
3.1 Ancient
3.2 Monotheism
3.3 Asian
3.4 Modern
3.5 Ethnic
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR
DIREITOS AUTORAIS
Cao Dai temple outside Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, Simon Gurney, 2004, CC BY-AS 3.0
2.3.4 Modern
The modern sub-category is focused on new
religions, cults, and spiritual movements; among
them Cao Dai, New Age, and Scientology.
74
Pillar 2: Supernatural / Pilar 2: Supernatural
Supernatural
1. Theory
2. Mysticism
3. Religions
3.1 Ancient
3.2 Monotheism
3.3 Asian
3.4 Modern
3.5 Ethnic
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR
DIREITOS AUTORAIS
Shaman from an equatorial Amazonian forest, Brazil, Veton PICQ, 2006, CC BY-AS 3.0.
2.3.5 Ethnic
The ethnic sub-category represents ethnically based
religions, among them Shamanism and Voodoo.
75
Pillar 3: Matter and Energy / Pilar 3: Matéria e Energia
Matter & Energy
1. Theory
2. Principles
3. Substances
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR
DIREITOS AUTORAIS
The Sun. courtesy of NASA.
Pillar 3 explores the basics of the physical universe.
It is divided into three categories: theory, principles,
and substances.
76
Pillar 3: Matter and Energy / Pilar 3: Matéria e Energia
Matter & Energy
1. Theory
2. Principles
3. Substances
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR
DIREITOS AUTORAIS
Frontispiece of Eléments de la philosophie de Newton fo stnemelE(
1738 ,teletâhC ud eilimÉ dna eriatloV ,)yhposolihP s'notweN
3.1 Theory
Theory has two interrelated and partially overlapping
fields: philosophy of physics and philosophy of
space and time.
77
Pillar 3: Matter and Energy / Pilar 3: Matéria e Energia
Matter & Energy
1. Theory
2. Principles
3. Substances
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR
DIREITOS AUTORAIS
Frontispiece of Eléments de la philosophie de Newton fo stnemelE(
1738 ,teletâhC ud eilimÉ dna eriatloV ,)yhposolihP s'notweN
Philosophy of physics explores the philosophical
aspects of the physical universe and establishes the
scientific foundations of modern physics.
78
Pillar 3: Matter and Energy / Pilar 3: Matéria e Energia
Matter & Energy
1. Theory
2. Principles
3. Substances
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR
DIREITOS AUTORAIS
An hourglass. Photograph: S. Sepp, 2007, CC BY-AS 3.0
The flow of sand in an hourglass demonstrates the
elapsed time. The present is constantly changing
and illusive. It is the intermediate state between the
future – the sand in the upper chamber – and the
past – the sand in the lower chamber.
79
Pillar 3: Matter and Energy / Pilar 3: Matéria e Energia
Matter & Energy
1. Theory
2. Principles
3. Substances
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR
DIREITOS AUTORAIS
The Einstein's famous equation, E=mc2, on the background of the image of the sun, NASA.
3.2 Principles
Principles deals with the principles and laws of the
physical universe. Currently it represents a major
discipline, physics.
The goal of physics is to discover and formulate the
principles and laws that govern the material universe
and
80 explain the faces of the physical phenomena.
Pillar 3: Matter and Energy / Pilar 3: Matéria e Energia
Matter & Energy
1. Theory
2. Principles
3. Substances
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR
DIREITOS AUTORAIS
The Periodic Table on the background of the image of the sun, NASA.
3.3 Substances
Substances is focused on the substances of the
physical universe. It represents chemistry.
81
Pillar 4: Space and Earth / Pilar 4: Espaço e da Terra
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR
DIREITOS AUTORAIS
The outer space and the earth are represented in
pillar 4, space and earth, which is divided into
three main categories: theory, space, and earth.
82
Solar System Montage, NASA, 2001.
Pillar 4: Space and Earth / Pilar 4: Espaço e da Terra
Space & Earth
1. Theory
2. Space
3. Earth
3.1 Surface & Substance
3.2 Interrelations
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR
DIREITOS AUTORAIS
Artist's view of a star birth in the Lynx Arc (NASA, ESA, and Robert A. E. Fosbury).
4.1 Theory
What is the nature and origin of the physical universe?
The theory category is focused on these questions.
It includes the field of cosmological theory.
83
Pillar 4: Space and Earth / Pilar 4: Espaço e da Terra
Space & Earth
1. Theory
2. Space
3. Earth
3.1 Surface & Substance
3.2 Interrelations
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR
DIREITOS AUTORAIS
Artist's view of a star birth in the Lynx Arc (NASA, ESA, and Robert A. E. Fosbury).
Cosmological theory aimed at providing an overall
explanation of the nature and origin of the physical
universe based on scientific theories and evidence.
84
Pillar 4: Space and Earth / Pilar 4: Espaço e da Terra
Space & Earth
1. Theory
2. Space
3. Earth
3.1 Surface & Substance
3.2 Interrelations
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR
DIREITOS AUTORAIS
Artist's view of a star birth in the Lynx Arc (NASA, ESA, and Robert A. E. Fosbury).
The most recent theory is the Big-Bang model, which is
supported by scientific evidence.
The universe emerged from a state of extremely high
temperature and density around 13.7 billion years ago,
and it continues to expand to this day.
85
Pillar 4: Space and Earth / Pilar 4: Espaço e da Terra
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR
DIREITOS AUTORAIS
Hot Stuff (a sunspot), NASA/TRACE, September 2008
4.2 Space
The space category represents outer space. It
contains the field of astronomy. Astronomy is the
scientific study of the origin, evolution, composition,
distance, and motion of all celestial bodies and
scattered matter in the universe.
86
Pillar 4: Space and Earth / Pilar 4: Espaço e da Terra
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR
DIREITOS AUTORAIS
The “Blue Marble )The Earth( Photo taken by either Harrison Schmitt or Ron Evans )of
the Apollo 17 crew), December 7, 1972, NASA.
4.3 Earth
The Earth category is divided into sub-categories:
surface and substance and interrelations.
87
Pillar 4: Space and Earth / Pilar 4: Espaço e da Terra
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR
DIREITOS AUTORAIS
The Sea of Ice (Polar Sea) also known as The Wreck of Hope in reference to an early
North Pole Expedition, Caspar David Friedrich, 1823-24; Kunsthalle, Hamburg.
4.3.1 Surface and Substance
Surface and substance focus on the surface and the
substance of the earth.
The category includes three fields: physical geography,
geology, and soil sciences.
88
Pillar 4: Space and Earth / Pilar 4: Espaço e da Terra
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR
DIREITOS AUTORAIS
The Sea of Ice (Polar Sea) also known as The Wreck of Hope in reference to an early
North Pole Expedition, Caspar David Friedrich, 1823-24; Kunsthalle, Hamburg.
Geography is the study of the surface of the earth. It is
composed of two main branches: Physical geography
and human geography.
Physical geography studies the natural aspects of the
earth. Human geography studies the human aspects of
geography and is part of the social sciences.
89
Pillar 4: Space and Earth / Pilar 4: Espaço e da Terra
Space & Earth
1. Theory
2. Space
3. Earth
3.1 Surface & Substance
3.2 Interrelations
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR
DIREITOS AUTORAIS
Old Faithful Geyser (Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA), Albert Bierstadt, c.1881.
Geology explores the composition, structure, physical
properties, processes, and history of the earth
90
Pillar 4: Space and Earth / Pilar 4: Espaço e da Terra
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR
DIREITOS AUTORAIS
The Icebergs, Frederic Edwin Church, 1861; Dallas Museum of Arts, Dallas .
4.3.2 Interrelations
The relations between humans and the earth can best
be described in terms of use, abuse and control.
Humans use the earth, abuse it, or try to control its
devastating powers, and face their devastating effects.
91
Pillar 4: Space and Earth / Pilar 4: Espaço e da Terra
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR
DIREITOS AUTORAIS
The Harvesters, Pieter Bruegel the Elder, 1565; Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
Agriculture centers on using the earth. It explores the
cultivation of the earth.
92
Pillar 4: Space and Earth / Pilar 4: Espaço e da Terra
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR
DIREITOS AUTORAIS
Trouée de soleil dans le brouillard, Houses of Parliament, London, Sun Breaking
Through the Fog, Claude Monet, 1904; Musée d'Orsay, Paris.
Environmental sciences centers on protecting the
earth from misuse and abuse.
Air pollution, global warming, soil and water
contamination, protecting endangered species.
These are some of the environmental problems and
challenges that we face.
93
Pillar 4: Space and Earth / Pilar 4: Espaço e da Terra
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR
DIREITOS AUTORAIS
Behind the Great Wave off Kanagawa, 1829-1832, Katsushika Hokusai.
Natural hazards centers on facing the earth’s
devastating power. It explores efficient ways to
control the devastating power of nature and to
survive catastrophes.
94
Pilar 5: não-humanos Organismos
Organisms
1. Theory
2. Basic Sciences
3. Health & Wellbeing
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR
DIREITOS AUTORAIS
Koala and baby on back, Benjamint444, c. 2010, CC BY-AS 3.0
Pillar 5 explores the non-human living world. It is
composed of three main categories: theory, basic
sciences, and health and wellbeing.
95
Pilar 5: não-humanos Organismos
Organisms
1. Theory
2. Basic Sciences
3. Health & Wellbeing
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR
DIREITOS AUTORAIS
Olive Baboon, Gary M. Stolz, 2008. Courtesy of USFWS
5.1 Theory
Theory explores the philosophical aspects of
biological phenomena and the ethical issues that
arise from human interactions with the non-human
living world, especially the animal kingdom.
96
Pilar 5: não-humanos Organismos
Organisms
1. Theory
2. Basic Sciences
3. Health & Wellbeing
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR
DIREITOS AUTORAIS
Olive Baboon, Gary M. Stolz, 2008. Courtesy of USFWS
The category includes three interrelated and partially
overlapping fields: philosophy of life, philosophy of
biology, and bioethics.
97
Pilar 5: não-humanos Organismos
Organisms
1. Theory
2. Basic Sciences
3. Health & Wellbeing
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR
DIREITOS AUTORAIS
Grapevine snail (Helix pomatia), Jürgen Schoner, 2005, CC BY-AS 3.0
What is life?
The concept of “life” has meanings that go beyond
the realm of the biological sciences. It relates to
epistemological, linguistic, metaphysical, religious,
social, and the biological perspectives.
Currently, there is no a single definition of “life”
acceptable to all scholars.
98
Pilar 5: não-humanos Organismos
Organisms
1. Theory
2. Basic Sciences
3. Health & Wellbeing
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR
DIREITOS AUTORAIS
Grapevine snail (Helix pomatia), Jürgen Schoner, 2005, CC BY-AS 3.0
Scholars disagree on life's basic properties. They
disagree on its origin.
Scientists disagree on the beginning of life. They can
describe the process, but they cannot fully explain
why chemical substances turn into a living being.
They disagree about the end of life – death. They can
describe the process, but they cannot fully explain
why a living being turns into lifeless chemical
substances.
99
Pilar 5: não-humanos Organismos
Organisms
1. Theory
2. Basic Sciences
3. Health & Wellbeing
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR
DIREITOS AUTORAIS
Grapevine snail (Helix pomatia), Jürgen Schoner, 2005, CC BY-AS 3.0
Still, what is life?
Life is a state of existence of an organism. Life is
always associated with a specific organism, which
demonstrates all or most of 7 conditions:
cell-based structure, homeostasis, metabolism,
growth, adaptation to environmental conditions,
response to internal or external stimuli, and
reproduction.
This conception of life is debatable, but currently it is
the best we can get.
100
Pilar 5: não-humanos Organismos
Organisms
1. Theory
2. Basic Sciences
3. Health & Wellbeing
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR
DIREITOS AUTORAIS
Hummingbirds (a color plate illustration from Kunstformen der Natur (Art
Forms of Nature)), Ernst Haeckel, 1899.
5.2 Basic Sciences
Basic sciences explores the diversified non-human
biological phenomena. It is composed of biology, or
rather biological sciences.
101
Pilar 5: não-humanos Organismos
Organisms
1. Theory
2. Basic Sciences
3. Health & Wellbeing
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR
DIREITOS AUTORAIS
Front: Biological Classification – Main classes, by Peter Halasz, 2007.
Background: a phylogenetic tree of life, Author: Ivica Letunic, 2007.
Humans and chimpanzees share the same kingdom
(Animalia), phylum (Chordata), class (Mammalia), order
(Primates), family (Hominidae, sub-family: Homininae),
and tribe (Hominini).
We differ in genus (chimpanzees: Pan; humans: Homo)
and species (chimpanzees: Pan troglodytes; humans:
Homo sapiens).
This is the big difference that makes us who we are.
102
Pilar 5: não-humanos Organismos
Organisms
1. Theory
2. Basic Sciences
3. Health & Wellbeing
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR
DIREITOS AUTORAIS
Love Me, Love My Dog, Joshua Reynolds (1723-1792) (?)
5.3 Health and Wellbeing
Health and wellbeing is focused on the welfare of
animals. It contains the field of veterinary medicine.
103
Pillar 6: Body and Mind / Pilar 6: Corpo e Mente
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR
DIREITOS AUTORAIS
Newborn infant, (girl) just seconds after delivery, Ernest F, 2006, CC BY-AS 3.0
Body & Mind
1. Theory
2. Basic Sciences
3. Health & Wellbeing
3.1 Medical Sciences
3.2 Paramedical Studies
3.3 Complementary Medicine
104
Pillar 6 explores the human body
and mind.
It includes three categories:
theory, basic sciences,
and health and wellbeing.
Pillar 6: Body and Mind / Pilar 6: Corpo e Mente
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR
DIREITOS AUTORAIS
The Girl with a Pearl Earring, Johannes Vermeer, ca. 1665,
Royal Picture Gallery Mauritshuis The Hague.
6.1 Theory
Theory explores the philosophical foundations of the
human body and mind diversified phenomena. The
category includes four interrelated and partially
overlapping fields: philosophy of life, philosophy of
mind, philosophy of biology, and bioethics.
105
Pillar 6: Body and Mind / Pilar 6: Corpo e Mente
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR
DIREITOS AUTORAIS
The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp, Rembrandt van Rijn, 1632, Royal Picture Gallery Mauritshuis, the Hague
6.2 Basic Sciences
Basic sciences explores human biological and
psychological phenomena. The category is composed
of four interrelated fields: human biology, psychology,
neuroscience, and cognitive science.
106
Pillar 6: Body and Mind / Pilar 6: Corpo e Mente
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR
DIREITOS AUTORAIS
Care of the Sick, Domenico di Bartolo, 1441-42,
3. Health & Wellbeing
Fresco, Spedale di Santa Maria della Scala, Siena.
3.1 Medical Sciences
3.2 Paramedical Studies
6.3 Health and Wellbeing
3.3 Complementary Medicine
Health and wellbeing explores the human physical
and mental condition. The category is composed of
three sub-categories: medical sciences, paramedical
studies, and complementary medicine.
107
Pillar 6: Body and Mind / Pilar 6: Corpo e Mente
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR
DIREITOS AUTORAIS
The Dentist (detail), Gerrit van Honthorst, 1622; Gemäldegalerie, Dresden
3. Health & Wellbeing
3.1 Medical Sciences
3.2 Paramedical Studies
6.3.1 Medical Sciences
3.3 Complementary Medicine
Medical sciences is composed of two fields:
medicine and dentistry.
In universities worldwide dentistry and medicine are
distinct fields. Nevertheless, in essence dentistry is a
branch of medicine rather than an independent field.
108
Pillar 6: Body and Mind / Pilar 6: Corpo e Mente
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR
DIREITOS AUTORAIS
The Agnew Clinic by Thomas Eakins, 1889; Philadelphia Museum of Art, Philadelphia.
Medicine is the science and art aimed at promoting
health, preventing illness, treating diseases, and
relieving pain.
109
Pillar 6: Body and Mind / Pilar 6: Corpo e Mente
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR
DIREITOS AUTORAIS
The Agnew Clinic by Thomas Eakins, 1889; Philadelphia Museum of Art, Philadelphia.
Medicine embraces a wide range of sub-fields, which
are grouped in two main fields: foundational fields,
and medical fields.
110
Pillar 6: Body and Mind / Pilar 6: Corpo e Mente
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR
DIREITOS AUTORAIS
The Agnew Clinic by Thomas Eakins, 1889; Philadelphia Museum of Art, Philadelphia.
The foundational fields study the philosophical,
historical, social, and methodological foundations of
medicine; among them philosophy of medicine,
history of medicine, and medical ethics.
111
Pillar 6: Body and Mind / Pilar 6: Corpo e Mente
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR
DIREITOS AUTORAIS
The Agnew Clinic by Thomas Eakins, 1889; Philadelphia Museum of Art, Philadelphia.
Medicine is more than a profession – it is a way of life.
Upon graduation medical students swear an oath that
states their commitment to humanitarian goals.
112
Pillar 6: Body and Mind / Pilar 6: Corpo e Mente
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR
DIREITOS AUTORAIS
The Agnew Clinic by Thomas Eakins, 1889; Philadelphia Museum of Art, Philadelphia.
An old joke says:
What is the difference between God and a physician?
- God knows that he is not a physician.
Hubris, greed, and quackery (fraudulent, unproven,
and ignorant medical practices) lead to malpractice.
113
Pillar 6: Body and Mind / Pilar 6: Corpo e Mente
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR
DIREITOS AUTORAIS
Self-Portrait with Doctor Arrieta (detail), Francisco Goya, 1820; Minneapolis Institute of Arts, Minneapolis
The medical fields explore the medical conditions and
medical treatments and practices.
They cover the broad spectrums of conditions, organs
and body systems, treatments and technologies.
114
Pillar 6: Body and Mind / Pilar 6: Corpo e Mente
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR
DIREITOS AUTORAIS
Self-Portrait with Doctor Arrieta (detail), Francisco Goya, 1820; Minneapolis Institute of Arts, Minneapolis
The medical knowledge is constantly growing. New
fields emerge, scientists conquer new horizons, and
practitioners implement innovative treatments and
technologies.
115
Pillar 6: Body and Mind / Pilar 6: Corpo e Mente
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR
DIREITOS AUTORAIS
Self-Portrait with Doctor Arrieta (detail), Francisco Goya, 1820; Minneapolis Institute of Arts, Minneapolis
Internal medicine, neurology, pediatrics, surgery,
gynecology and obstetrics, psychiatry, and pathology
are the backbone of medicine.
116
Pillar 6: Body and Mind / Pilar 6: Corpo e Mente
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR
DIREITOS AUTORAIS
3. Health & Wellbeing
3.1 Medical Sciences
3.2 Paramedical Studies
3.3 Complementary Medicine
Hospital at Scutari, where the pioneer nurse, Florence Nightingale,
worked, 1856, Library of Congress.
6.3.2 Paramedical Studies
Paramedical studies represents fields and practices
that support medicine, such as nursing, midwifery,
pharmacy, physical therapy, and public health.
117
Pillar 6: Body and Mind / Pilar 6: Corpo e Mente
3. Health & Wellbeing
3.1 Medical Sciences
3.2 Paramedical Studies
3.3 Complementary Medicine
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR
DIREITOS AUTORAIS
Traditional Chinese Medicine
6.3.3 Complementary Medicine
The category represents non-standard medical
practices that people use instead of standard ones
(alternative medicine) or together with standard ones
(complementary medicine)
Examples: Ayurvedic medicine, Chinese medicine,
and homeopathy.
118
Pillar 7: Society / Pilar 7: Sociedade
Society
1. Theory
2. Society at-Large
2.1. General
2.2 Area-Based
3. Domains
3.1 Community
3.1.1 Communication
3.1.2 Contract
3.1.3 Codes
3.1.4 Conduct
3.2 Needs & Activity
3.3 Management
4. Social Groups
4.1 Gender
4.2 Age
4.3 Ethnicity
4.4 Interest
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR
DIREITOS AUTORAIS
Rue Montorgueil, Claude Monet, 1878; Musée d'Orsay, Paris.
Pillar 7 explores human social life. It is composed of
four main
categories: theory, society at large,
domains, and social groups.
119
Pillar 7: Society / Pilar 7: Sociedade
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR
DIREITOS AUTORAIS
Gassed, John Singer Sargent, 1918; Imperial War Museum, London.
Society
1. Theory
2. Society at-Large
2.1. General
2.2 Area-Based
3. Domains
3.1 Community
3.1.1 Communication
3.1.2 Contract
3.1.3 Codes
3.1.4 Conduct
3.2 Needs & Activity
3.3 Management
4. Social Groups
4.1 Gender
4.2 Age
4.3 Ethnicity
4.4 Interest
120
7.1 Theory
Theory explores the philosophical
perspectives of human social life and
social sciences. It includes two
fields: philosophy of social sciences
and philosophy of social life.
Pillar 7: Society / Pilar 7: Sociedade
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR
DIREITOS AUTORAIS
Gassed, John Singer Sargent, 1918; Imperial War Museum, London.
Society
1. Theory
2. Society at-Large
2.1. General
2.2 Area-Based
3. Domains
3.1 Community
3.1.1 Communication
3.1.2 Contract
3.1.3 Codes
3.1.4 Conduct
3.2 Needs & Activity
3.3 Management
4. Social Groups
4.1 Gender
4.2 Age
4.3 Ethnicity
4.4 Interest
121
Philosophy of social sciences studies
the rationale and methodology of the
social sciences.
It questions the validity of scientific
laws in social sciences, and aims to
establish solid foundations for the
social sciences.
Pillar 7: Society / Pilar 7: Sociedade
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR
DIREITOS AUTORAIS
Independence or Death (The Ipiranga Shout ,)Pedro Américo ,1888 ,Museu Paulista ,Sao Paulo, Brazil
Philosophy of social life studies the meaning of key
concepts, and discusses the philosophical basis of social
positions and ideologies.
122
Pillar 7: Society / Pilar 7: Sociedade
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR
DIREITOS AUTORAIS
Independence or Death (The Ipiranga Shout ,)Pedro Américo ,1888 ,Museu Paulista ,Sao Paulo, Brazil
What is a human society?
– Any group of interrelated individuals.
What is the ‘glue’ of a unified society?
– A common cultural heritage.
The strength of a society is tested by the commitment
of its members to defend their common cultural
heritage against cultural oppression.
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Pillar 7: Society / Pilar 7: Sociedade
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR
DIREITOS AUTORAIS
Memorial to Slavery in Zanzibar (the memorial is located near the old slave market),
Photograph by Mila Zinkova, 2007, CC BY-SA 3.0.
“Man was born free, and he is everywhere in chains.”
Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract, 1762.
People worldwide are victims of tyranny, slavery,
abuse, and extreme poverty.
Freedom is the state of not being imprisoned and
enslaved, thinking without interference, and being able
to choose among alternatives.
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The Potato Eaters, Vincent van Gogh, 1885, Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam
People worldwide are victims of inequality.
Equality refers to human conditions, life conditions,
legal conditions, and social conditions.
There are two basic approaches to defining “equality,”
giving the same and having the same.
125
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The Potato Eaters, Vincent van Gogh, 1885, Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam
Giving the same is focused on the action. Equality is
giving the same to all, the poor and the rich.
Having the same is focused on the outcome. Equality
is achieved by giving more to the poor.
Social theorists strive to achieve social equality. Yet
they disagree on the meaning of the concept and how
it should be implemented in practice.
126
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Shoemakers, Max Liebermann, 1881
Societies are expected to be fair and to implement the
concept of social justice as a guiding principle.
Social justice is embodied in distributive justice,
retributive justice, restorative justice, and procedural
justice.
127
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Shoemakers, Max Liebermann, 1881
Distributive justice is the fair distribution of social
resources, goods, rights, and duties.
Retributive justice is fair punishment for wrongdoing
and fair reward for good doing.
Restorative justice is fair correction and compensation
for damage done to victims.
Procedural justice is the fair and
processes for making social decisions.
128
transparent
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Mother, Honoré Daumier, ca. 1855; National Museum, Belgrade.
People worldwide are victims of exploitation and
abuse, crime and violence; being treated as
disposable means for others.
129
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Mother, Honoré Daumier, ca. 1855; National Museum, Belgrade.
The concept of human dignity is based on the
fundamental moral standpoint that every human is a
free rational being; an end in oneself.
This status implies that the dignity of every human as
an autonomous being must always be respected, in
attitude and conduct, by all other people.
130
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The concept of human rights is based on the
philosophical standpoint that all human beings
are born free and equal and are entitled to
certain social, political, and legal rights.
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR
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Representation of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen in 1789, France
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These include the right to life, liberty and
security, the right to freedom of movement, the
right to a nationality, the right to own property,
the right to freedom of thought, conscience and
religion, the right to freedom of opinion and
expression, the right to social security, the right
to work, and the right to education.
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR
DIREITOS AUTORAIS
Representation of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen in 1789, France
132
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The Intervention of the Sabine Women, Jacques-Louis David, 1799, Musée du Louvre, Paris.
Social life is complicated. People love and fight, build
and destroy. The quest for a systematic social theory is
crucial for better understanding the ever-changing
world we live in.
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Society
1. Theory
2. Society at-Large
2.1. General
2.2 Area-Based
3. Domains
3.1 Community
3.1.1 Communication
3.1.2 Contract
3.1.3 Codes
3.1.4 Conduct
3.2 Needs & Activity
3.3 Management
4. Social Groups
4.1 Gender
4.2 Age
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR
4.3 Ethnicity
4.4 Interest
DIREITOS AUTORAIS
Along the River During Qingming Festival (detail), Zhang Zeduan, 12th century
(1736 reproduction); the National Palace Museum, Taiwan.
7.2 Society at-Large
Society at large represents social sciences that cover
broad social aspects. The category has two subcategories: general, and area-based.
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Maslenitsa, Boris Kustodiyev, 1919; Isaak Brodsky Museum, Saint. Petersburg.
7.2.1 General
The general sub-category is composed of four fields:
sociology, anthropology, human geography, and
demography.
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Maslenitsa, Boris Kustodiyev, 1919; Isaak Brodsky Museum, Saint. Petersburg.
Culture is a central concept in social sciences and
humanities with diversified meanings:
1. Culture = civilization
2. Ethnographic meaning
3. Thought and the arts
4. Social activities related to thought and the arts.
136
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Pelé dribbling past a defender during Malmö-Brazil 1–7 in May, 1960. Pelé scored 2 goals..
Brazilian culture = Brazilian civilization
Broad meaning: civilization. “Culture” is all the
abstract and physical products of human creativity
and activity.
Exemplary fields: mysticism, religion, Medicine,
Sociology, Philosophy, Technology, and History.
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Carnival in Rio de Janeiro, Sergio Luiz, 2006, CC BY-SA 2.0
Brazilian culture = typical to Brazil
2. Ethnographic meaning. “Culture” is all the shared
knowledge, beliefs, values, codes (ethics and laws),
activities, institutions, and objects typical to specific
societies.
Exemplary fields: Anthropology.
138
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Cultural Complex of the Republic, Roosewelt Pinheiro, Agência Brasil, 2006, CC BY 2.5
Brazilian culture = Brazilian thought and art
3. “Culture” is an area of human creativity related to
thought and art.
Exemplary fields: philosophy, literature, the arts.
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Terena people, Valter Campanato, 2007 Agência Brasil, CC BY 3.0
Brazilian culture = social activity
related to thought and art
4. “Culture” is an area of social activity related to
thought and art.
Examples: cultural services (community theater).
(Above: a tourist attraction)
140
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Tahitian Women on the Beach, Paul Gauguin, 1891; Musée d'Orsay, Paris.
7.2.2 Area-Based
The area-based category includes hundreds of fields
that come under the umbrella title “Area studies.”
These are multidisciplinary fields of research and
scholarship relating to particular geographical areas.
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Society
1. Theory
2. Society at-Large
2.1. General
2.2 Area-Based
3. Domains
3.1 Community
3.1.1 Communication
3.1.2 Contract
3.1.3 Codes
3.1.4 Conduct
3.2 Needs & Activity
3.3 Management
4. Social Groups
4.1 Gender
4.2 Age
4.3 Ethnicity
4.4 Interest
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR
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Boys Eating Grapes and Melon, Bartolomé Esteban Murillo, 1645-46; Alte Pinakothek, Munich
7.3 Domains
The domains category represents social sciences that
focus on specific areas of social life. The category is
composed of three main sub-categories: community,
needs and activities, and management.
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Society
1. Theory
2. Society at-Large
2.1. General
2.2 Area-Based
3. Domains
3.1 Community
3.1.1 Communication
3.1.2 Contract
3.1.3 Codes
3.1.4 Conduct
3.2 Needs & Activity
3.3 Management
4. Social Groups
4.1 Gender
4.2 Age
4.3 Ethnicity
4.4 Interest
Cliff Dwellers, George Bellows, 1913; Los Angeles County Museum of Art.
7.3.1 Community
The community category explores the basics of social
life. It is composed of four main sub-categories:
communication, contract, codes, and conduct.
143
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The Tower of Babel, Pieter Brueghel the Elder,1563; Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna.
7.3.1.1 Communication
Communication is the essence of social interaction.
The communication category explores the processes
of transferring, receiving and understanding messages
and meanings. It represents the fields of semiotics,
linguistics, languages, and communication studies.
144
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Banquet of the Officers of the St George Civic Guard, Frans Hals, ca. 1627, Frans-Hals-Museum, Haarlem.
7.3.1.2 Contract
Contract explores the theory and practice of political
systems and the use and abuse of political power. The
name of the category comes from the concept of social
contract.
145
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Banquet of the Officers of the St George Civic Guard, Frans Hals, ca. 1627, Frans-Hals-Museum, Haarlem.
“Social contract” is an abstract concept aimed at
explaining the raison d'être of national states. The
concept implies that the people give up sovereignty to
a government or other authority in order to receive,
maintain, or improve social order by the rule of law.
146
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The Night Watch (The Company of Frans Banning Cocq and Willem van Ruytenburch),
Rembrandt van Rijn, 1642 [Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam].
Legitimate state authority must derive from the consent
of the people, and it is bound by law to act on the
people's behalf.
147
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The Ambassadors (Jean de Dinteville and Georges de Selve), Hans Holbein the Younger, 1533;
National Gallery, London.
The contract sub-category represents two fields:
political science and international relations.
148
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The frontispiece of Leviathan (detail) by Thomas Hobbes, 1651. (The Sovereign is a
massive body wielding a sword and crozier and composed of many individual people.)
States are the heart of political science. There are
three conceptions of “state” based on three
conditions: power (who controls the territory?),
administration (who runs it?), and services (does it
provide basic services?).
149
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The frontispiece of Leviathan (detail) by Thomas Hobbes, 1651. (The Sovereign is a
massive body wielding a sword and crozier and composed of many individual people.)
The first conception stresses the power that controls
the territory. The second conception adds the
condition of administration, The third conception adds
the condition of providing basic services.
150
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Dance at Le Moulin de la Galette (Bal du moulin de la Galette), Pierre-Auguste Renoir, 1876; Musée d'Orsay, Paris.
States differ in their policies.
What is the right policy for your country?
Should it meet only basic needs?
Or should it maximize the quality of life to the highest
possible level?
151
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The Emperor, James Carroll Beckwith, 1912; Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, DC.
Governments are the backbone of the sovereign states.
Governments take many forms, but democracy is the
most progressive.
152
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Brazilian National Congress (Architecture by Oscar Niemeyer), Eurico Zimbres, 2006 CC BY-SA 2.5
What is democracy?
Formal meaning. The government is elected by the
majority of all the citizens by a formal procedure.
Normative meaning. The government is based on four
moral guiding principles: freedom, equality, sanctity
of life, and human dignity.
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Society
1. Theory
2. Society at-Large
2.1. General
2.2 Area-Based
3. Domains
3.1 Community
3.1.1 Communication
3.1.2 Contract
3.1.3 Codes
3.1.4 Conduct
3.2 Needs & Activity
3.3 Management
4. Social Groups
4.1 Gender
4.2 Age
4.3 Ethnicity
4.4 Interest
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR
DIREITOS AUTORAIS
Moses Smashing the Tablets of the Law, Rembrandt van Rijn, 1659;
Gemäldegalerie, Staatliche Museen, Berlin.
7.3.1.3 Codes
Codes studies the guiding principles and rules (codes)
that establish the boundaries of human conduct and
social interaction. It includes ethics and law.
154
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Judgment of Solomon (1 kings 3:16-3:28), Bible with engravings by Gustave Doré, .1866
7.3.1.4 Conduct
Conduct explores human social behavior. This is a
broad subject explored by several fields, among them
psychology, sociology, and law. The conduct category
includes social psychology and criminology.
155
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Pillar 7: Society: 7.3.2 Needs and Activities I
The Milkmaid (detail), Johannes Veromeer, ca.1660; Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam
7.3.2 Needs and Activities
Needs and activities covers areas of human activity,
among them: security, health, economics, education,
welfare, transportation, housing, urban planning,
recreation, sports, and the like.
156
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Front: The Drummer Boy, William Morris Hunt, ca. 1862; Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
Back: Normandy Invasion, June 1944; Courtesy: US Army.
Defense & Security
The innocent drummer boy leads the army.
Remember the ‘boys and girls’ who march behind.
157
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Talita, aged 3, plays in a Wendy house at the Cefran centre in Sao Paulo. Her parents have HIV but Talita is
HIV negative. Her mother attends Cefran for psycho-social support and to learn about treatments and her
rights, Sarah Hodson, 2008, (© UNICEF UK/Sao Paulo 2008/Sarah Hodson), CC BY-SA 3.0
Health and Wellbeing
Public Health & Health Education
158
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Economics
The legend says:
King Midas was gifted with the golden touch.
Everything he touched turned into gold.
He was the luckiest man on earth
until he touched his daughter...
159
King Midas with his daughter, an illustration by Walter Crane, 1893
from A Wonder Book for Boys and Girls by Nathaniel Hawthorne,
Library of Congress.
Pillar 7: Society / Pilar 7: Sociedade
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Kindergarten in Amsterdam, Max Liebermann, 1880; loaned to Alte Nationalgalerie Berlin.
Education
160
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The Soup Kitchen, Fedinand Georg Waldmuller, 1859;
sterreichsche Galerie, Vienna.
Welfare
161
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Village Lawyer, Pieter Brueghel the Younger, 1621; Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.
Legal Services & Conflict Resolution
162
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Reading in the Salon of Madame Geoffrin, Anicet Charles Gabriel Lemonnier,1755; Châteaux de
Malmaison et Bois-Préeau, Paris.
Culture
Culture studies explores the social activities centered
on thought, literature, and art.
163
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Newspaper Boy, Edward Mitchell Bannister, 1869, Smithsonian American Art Museum,
Washington DC.
Communication and Media
164
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The Lunch of the Boating Party, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, 1881, Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland..
Recreation
165
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The Biglen Brothers Racing, Thomas Eakins, 1873; National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC.
Sports
166
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Syndics of the Drapers' Guild, Rembrandt van Rijn, 1662; Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam.
7.3.3 Management
Management studies the theory and practice of
management and administration of social activities
and organizations.
Exemplary fields: business management.
167
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Dance of Italian Villagers, Peter Paul Rubens, 1636; Museo del Prado, Madrid.
Society
1. Theory
2. Society at-Large
2.1. General
2.2 Area-Based
3. Domains
3.1 Community
3.2 Needs & Activity
3.3 Management
4. Social Groups
4.1 Gender
4.2 Age
4.3 Ethnicity
4.4 Interest
168
7.4 Social Groups
Social groups represents group-based
social sciences. It is composed of four
sub-categories: gender, age, ethnicity,
and interest.
Pillar 7: Society / Pilar 7: Sociedade
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The Birth of Venus, Sandro Botticelli, 1485; Uffizi Gallery, Florence.
7.4.1 Gender
The gender category is composed of two fields:
women’s studies and men’s studies.
169
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Portrait of an Old Man in Red (detail), Rembrandt van Rijn, 1652-54; Hermitage, Saint. Petersburg.
7.4.2 Age
The age category is composed of two main fields:
youth studies and gerontology.
170
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Gypsy Girl, Frans Hals, 1628-30; Musée du Louvre, Paris.
7.4.3 Ethnicity
The ethnicity sub-category focuses on ethnicity-based
groups; among them, for example, Afro-American
studies, and Gypsy studies.
171
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The Fire, Alexandre Antigna, 1850-51; Musee des Beaux-Arts at Orleans.
7.4.4 Interest
The interest sub-category is focused on special
interest-based groups, for example, family studies,
gay and lesbian studies, and addiction-based fields.
172
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Though & Art
1. Thought
1.1 Reason
1.2 Representation
1.3 Relations
2. Literary Arts
2.1 Theory
2.2 Works
3. The Arts
3.1 Theory
3.2 Forms
3.3 Time
3.4 Place
3.5 Ethnicity
3.6 Interest
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR
DIREITOS AUTORAIS
The Thinker (detail) Auguste Rodin, 1902; Musée Rodin, Paris. Photography: Innoxiuss
Pillar 8 deals with the products of the human intellect,
and the arts. It is composed of three categories:
thought, literary arts, and the arts.
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Though & Art
1. Thought
1.1 Reason
1.2 Representation
1.3 Relations
2. Literary Arts
2.1 Theory
2.2 Works
3. The Arts
3.1 Theory
3.2 Forms
3.3 Time
3.4 Place
3.5 Ethnicity
3.6 Interest
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR
DIREITOS AUTORAIS
The School of Athens (detail), Raphael (Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino), 1510-11;
Stanza della Segnatura, Vatican.
8.1: Thought
Thought focuses on the products of the human
intellect. It is composed of three sub-categories:
reason, representation, and relations.
174
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The Death of Socrates, Jacques-Louis David, 1787; Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
8.1.1 Reason
Reason is the "theory" part of the thought category. It
is composed of philosophy.
175
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The Death of Socrates, Jacques-Louis David, 1787; Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
Philosophy is an academic discipline that seeks truth
through reasoning. It studies the essence of human
existence and the meaning of life, establishes the
foundations of human thought, and discusses the
fundamental issues underlying all fields of human
knowledge, action and creativity.
176
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The Scream, Edvard Munch, 1893; The National Gallery, Oslo.
Philosophy is the most important of all disciplines.
What is the meaning of life? is the most important of all
explorations. The quest for the essence and meaning of
life is universal, but the answer is personal.
177
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The essence of life is embodied in life. The
meaning of life is embodied in the quest to know
who you are, where you come from and where you
are going, and to whom you are accountable for
your deeds.
178
Bridge Over a Pond of Water Lilies, Claude Monet 1899, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City
Pillar 8: Thought and Art / Pilar 8: Pensamento e Arte
Though & Art
1. Thought
1.1 Reason
1.2 Representation
1.3 Relations
2. Literary Arts
2.1 Theory
2.2 Works
3. The Arts
3.1 Theory
3.2 Forms
3.3 Time
3.4 Place
3.5 Ethnicity
3.6 Interest
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR
DIREITOS AUTORAIS
Rosetta Stone, the British Museum. Hans Hillewaert, 2007, CC BY_AS 3.0
8.1.2 Representation
The representation category is centered on the basics
of languages. The category represents the fields of
philosophy of language and philology.
The Rosetta Stone, displayed at the British Museum, is
an ancient Egyptian stone bearing inscriptions in three
different languages, Hieroglyphs (Egyptian), Demotic
(Egyptian), and classical Greek. The three segments
have the same meaning. Comparative analysis led to
decoding the hieroglyph script.
179
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Though & Art
1. Thought
1.1 Reason
1.2 Representation
1.3 Relations
2. Literary Arts
2.1 Theory
2.2 Works
3. The Arts
3.1 Theory
3.2 Forms
3.3 Time
3.4 Place
3.5 Ethnicity
3.6 Interest
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR
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Vitruvian Man, Leonardo da Vinci, ca. 1487; stored in Gallerie dell'Accademia, Venice.
8.1.3 Relations
Relations is composed of three relation-based fields:
logic, mathematics, and statistics.
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God as Architect, Builder, and Geometer, The Frontispiece of Bible
Moralisee, ca. 1250; the Österreichische Nationalbibliothek.
In many universities worldwide mathematics is part of
natural sciences. In others it is part of humanities.
181
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God as Architect, Builder, and Geometer, The Frontispiece of Bible
Moralisee, ca. 1250; the Österreichische Nationalbibliothek.
Viewing mathematics as a natural science rests on a
tradition that goes back to medieval Christian Europe.
For most early medieval scholars, mathematics was the
key to understanding the created order of the universe.
It was embodied in the universe and reflected the divine
order. Therefore, mathematics was a natural science.
182
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God as Architect, Builder, and Geometer, The Frontispiece of Bible
Moralisee, ca. 1250; the Österreichische Nationalbibliothek.
However, for centuries the natural sciences have been
grounded in empirical evidence, while mathematics is
grounded in the human intellect, not in metaphysical
and religious standpoints.
Mathematics is a construct of the human mind; as such
it is part of humanities. Placing it under the umbrella of
natural sciences rests on sociological reasons rather
than philosophical foundations.
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Though & Art
1. Thought
1.1 Reason
1.2 Representation
1.3 Relations
2. Literary Arts
2.1 Theory
2.2 Works
3. The Arts
3.1 Theory
3.2 Forms
3.3 Time
3.4 Place
3.5 Ethnicity
3.6 Interest
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR
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Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Joseph Karl Stieler, 1828.
8.2 Literary Arts
An old saying tells that the earliest prehistoric poem
starts: “What can we write that has not been written yet?”
Literary arts studies the diversified aspects of literary
art. It is divided into two parts: theory, and works.
Theory represents the field of literary theory art that
focuses on the theoretical foundations of literary arts.
184
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Illustration from The Pied Piper of Hamelin, Kate Greenaway (1846-1901), Library of Congress, USA
Works represents a generic field: literature. Literature
is the study of written works of art. It covers all
subjects, forms, genres, languages, eras, and places.
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Though & Art
1. Thought
1.1 Reason
1.2 Representation
1.3 Relations
2. Literary Arts
2.1 Theory
2.2 Works
3. The Arts
3.1 Theory
3.2 Forms
3.3 Time
3.4 Place
3.5 Ethnicity
3.6 Interest
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Balinese Topeng (dance masks), Taman Mini Indonesia Indah, Jakarta,
Gunawan Kartapranata, 2009, CC BY-SA 3.0
8.3 The Arts
The arts represents fields that study the manifold
aspects of non-literary art. It covers all forms of nonliterary art worldwide throughout human history.
The arts category is divided into two generic parts:
art theory, (cat. 8.3.1) and art works (cats. 8.3.2-8.3.6).
Art works are classified by form, time, place, ethnicity,
and interest.
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8.3.1: Theory
Theory studies the theoretical foundations of
the arts. Its main field is philosophy of art.
Philosophy of art, or aesthetics, is the branch
of philosophy that explores the philosophical
foundations of art.
It studies the meaning of key concepts,
discusses the criteria for evaluating the
quality of art works, and establishes reliable
research methodologies.
Is Black Square by Kazimir Malevich, which is
presented at the State Russian Museum in
Saint Petersburg, a work of art?
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Black Square, Kazimir Malevich, 1913; State Russian Museum, Saint Petersburg.
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Painting by Congo, a chimpanzee, ca. 1956-58.
What is art?
Defining “art” is difficult since key characteristics have
counter-examples that do not fit the common definition.
Art is human-based. Is it?
If art is human-based, animal painting is not art. Is it?
Congo (1954–1964) was a chimpanzee who had made
400 drawings and paintings that were sold on June 20,
2005 for over US$26,000.
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The Art of Painting, Johannes Vermeer, ca. 1666-68, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, Austria
Art is an activity and an artifact. It is the process of
creating (e.g., painting) and the product of this
activity (e.g., a painting).
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Computer-generated image, Chaim Zins, 2010.
Art is intentional. Is it?
If art is intentional, improvised music and painting, as
well as computer graphics, are not art.
Still, if art can be unplanned, what differentiates art
from other arbitrary processes and artifacts?
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Melencolia I, Albrecht Dürer, 1514; Kupferstichkabinett, Staatliche Kunsthalle, Karlsruhe
Art is associated with emotions. Is it?
Art was traditionally perceived as aimed at expressing
the artist’s emotions or causing emotional responses
in the viewer/audience.
If this is the case, known artifacts designed to convey
ideas rather than emotions (e.g., Melencolia I, by
Albrecht Dürer, and the Vitruvian Man by Leonardo da
Vinci) are not works of art.
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Cathedral of Brasilia, Brazil, Claude Meisch, 2009, CC BY-SA 3.0
Art has an intrinsic value. Has it?
If art has an intrinsic value, rather than being driven by
functional purposes architecture is not art.
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Graffiti in Olinda, Pernambuco, Brazil, Bjørn Christian Tørrissen, 2008, CC BY-SA 3.0
Art is affiliated to art institutions. Is it?
Marcel Duchamp argued that the context makes the
difference. He took a urinal, titled it Fountain (1917).
Fountain is a landmark in 20th-century art. Replicas are
now
193 on display in art museums.
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The Painter's Atelier (Studio), Courbet, Gustave, 1855; Musée d'Orsay, Paris.
Art, in a nutshell, is usually an intentional humanbased activity and the products of this activity. It is
meant to express the creator’s ideas and emotions and
to affect the viewer emotionally and intellectually. Art
has an intrinsic value but it can also be designed to
achieve functional purposes. Art does not have to be
affiliated with art institutions. The definition is
imperfect, but it is the best that we can get.
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The Painter's Atelier (Studio), Courbet, Gustave, 1855; Musée d'Orsay, Paris.
The Painter’s Studio: A Real Allegory of Seven Years in
My Artistic and Moral Life is a masterpiece by the
French artist Gustave Courbet. It is an allegory that
symbolizes the life of artists. The artist is integrated
into is art surrounded by his art works, subjects and
models, friends and supporters (on the right), and the
masses who do not understand his art (on the left).
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Monkeys as Judges of Art, Gabriel Cornelius von Max, 1889; Neue Pinakothek, Munich.
What is the value of a work of art?
There are three basic approaches to art evaluation:
objective, universal, and relativist.
The objective position sees aesthetic quality as an
absolute value independent of any human view.
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Monkeys as Judges of Art, Gabriel Cornelius von Max, 1889; Neue Pinakothek, Munich.
The universal position sees aesthetic quality as a
universal value, dependent on general human
experience, mainly scholars and experts.
The relativist approach sees aesthetic quality as
dependent on the experience of different humans; the
aesthetic value is in the eye of the beholder.
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Though & Art
1. Thought
1.1 Reason
1.2 Representation
1.3 Relations
2. Literary Arts
2.1 Theory
2.2 Works
3. The Arts
3.1 Theory
3.2 Forms
3.3 Time
3.4 Place
3.5 Ethnicity
3.6 Interest
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The Tribuna of the Uffizi, Johann Zoffany, 1772-78; Royal Collection, Windsor.
8.3.2 Forms
Art works are usually classified by their forms (e.g.,
painting), media (e.g., fresco,), genres (e.g., landscape,
still life), style (e.g., abstract), subjects, time, place,
ethnicity, and interests. The art forms emerge as the
best criterion and the most inclusive of all criteria.
An art form is a type of artistic activity and artifacts
involving special materials or techniques.
On our journey we focuses on exemplary art forms.
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Ludwig van Beethoven Composing the Missa Solemnis,
Joseph Karl Stieler, 1820; Beethoven-Haus, Bonn.
Music
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The Star, Edgar Degas, 1871; Art Institute of Chicago.
Dance
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Hamlet and Horatio in the Graveyard, Eugène Delacroix, 1839; Musée du Louvre, Paris.
Theatre
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Musical fête, Giovanni Paolo Pannini, 1747; Mus‫י‬e du Louvre, Paris.
Opera
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Miss La La at the Cirque Fernando, Edgar Degas, 1879; National Gallery, London.
Theatrical Entertainment
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Self-Portrait as a Painter, Vincent Van Gogh, 1888, Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam.
Painting and Drawing
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David, Michelangelo Buonarroti,1504; Accademia di Belle Arti, Florence,
Rico Heil, 2005, CC BY-SA 3.0
Sculpture
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The Unicorn in Captivity, Unknown Flemish weaver, 1495-1505, The Cloisters,
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, Shooting Brooklyn, 2009
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Tapestry
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Migrant Mother, Dorothea Lange, 1936; Courtesy of US Government.
(Portrait of Florence Owens Thompson with several of her children )
Photography and Printmaking
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Taj Mahal, Agra, India. Yann, 2010, CC BY-SA 3.0
Architecture
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Pillar 9: Technology / Pilar 9: Tecnologia
Technology
1. Theory
2. Professions
3. Technologies
3.1 Sciences
3.2 Needs
& Activities
3.3 Materials
3.4 Processes
FIGURA PROTEGIDA POR
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The launch of the space shuttle
Columbia on January 16th, 2003 proved
that ‘the sky is the limit’. Its tragic loss
on returning to the Earth on February 1st
was a reminder that the sky is the limit.
209
Space Shuttle Columbia as it lifts off on mission STS-107, NASA, 2003.
Pillar 9: Technology / Pilar 9: Tecnologia
Technology
1. Theory
2. Professions
3. Technologies
3.1 Sciences
3.2 Needs
& Activities
3.3 Materials
3.4 Processes
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Technology, in its broadest meaning, is
the physical objects, methods, and
processes created and used by humans
for practical and functional purposes.
Pillar 9 includes three main categories:
theory, professions, and technologies.
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Space Shuttle Columbia as it lifts off on mission STS-107, NASA, 2003.
Pillar 9: Technology / Pilar 9: Tecnologia
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9.1: Theory
Most technologies can be wisely used, as well as
catastrophically abused and misused. Nuclear power
can be used for improving human life, and it can be
used for mass destruction.
Theory explores the philosophy and history of
technology. Atomic bomb mushroom, nuclear weapon test, the Romero test, part of the
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Operation Castle, Bikini Island, March 26, 1954. Source: DOE/NNSA.
Pillar 9: Technology / Pilar 9: Tecnologia
Technology
1. Theory
2. Professions
3. Technologies
3.1 Sciences
3.2 Needs
& Activities
3.3 Materials
3.4 Processes
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9.2: Professions
Professions focuses on
technology-based
professions, mainly
engineering.
Engineering is the
study and practice of
discovering, inventing,
developing, designing,
and utilizing
technologies.
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Horizontal & vertical: Itaipu hydroelectric dam, Brazil, Martin St-Amant, 2007, CC-BY-SA-3.0
Pillar 9: Technology / Pilar 9: Tecnologia
Technology
1. Theory
2. Professions
3. Technologies
3.1 Sciences
3.2 Needs
& Activities
3.3 Materials
3.4 Processes
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Astronaut in Space, 1984, NASA
9.3: Technologies
Human-based technologies are divided into four main
sub-categories: sciences, needs and activities,
materials, and processes.
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An illustration of a modern desktop computer.
9.3.1: Sciences
Sciences explores technologies that are grounded in
and centered on specific sciences.
These technologies are the technological counterparts
of all the natural and life sciences presented in pillars
3-6, and mathematics.
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The Gutenberg Bible, Johann Gutenberg, ca. 1455, Mainz; the Lenox Library, New York Public Library,
NYC Wanderer, 2009, CC BY-SA 2.0
9.3.2: Needs and Activities
Needs and activities explores technologies that center
on specific human needs and activities.
These technologies are the technological counterparts
of the social sciences and humanities presented in
pillars 1, 2, 7, 8, and 10.
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Golden Cup, treasure of the Cathedral of Reims, 12th century; Palais du Tau, Reims.
9.3.3: Materials
Not all that is gold glitters,
and not all that glitters is gold.
Materials explores technologies centered on specific
natural or human-made materials that are used for
diverse purposes.
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Vitrification, Courtesy: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory.
9.3.4: Processes
Processes explores technologies centered on specific
processes that are used for diverse purposes.
Cooling, heating, freezing, cutting melting,
vitrification technologies are exemplary fields.
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and
Pillar 10: History / Pilar 10: História
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Liberty is the driving force of human
existence. It is the essence of
the human spirit.
History
1. Theory
2. Universal Memory
3. Relations
218
Pillar 10 covers recorded human history,
which is the culmination of the human
experience throughout the ages. The pillar
contains three categories:
theory, universal memory, and relations.
Pillar 10: History / Pilar 10: História
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Stone of the Sun, named Aztec Calendar Stone, National Museum of Anthropology
and History, Mexico City, El Comandante, 2009, CC BY-SA 3.0
History
1. Theory
2. Universal Memory
3. Relations
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10.1 Theory
The theory category contains philosophy
of history.
Pillar 10: History / Pilar 10: História
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Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, a photo from Jürgen Stroop Report to Heinrich Himmler, May 1943
Those who cannot remember the past
are condemned to repeat it.
George Santayana, The Life of Reason, Vol 1, Chapter 12, p. 284.
The Holocaust, the systematic murder of Jews by Nazi
Germany (1933-1945) aimed at the total extermination of
the Jewish people, was the worst crime in human history.
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A selection at Birkenau (Aushwitz II), 1944; source: The Auschwitz Album,Yad Vashem, Jerusalem.
The Holocaust is a warning signal for humankind:
Beware – it can happen again.
The murderers were normal people who lost moral
limitations and made wrong decisions. Everyone is a
potential murderer and a potential victim. Beware.
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Pillar 10: History / Pilar 10: História
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Atomic bombing of Nagasaki on August 9, 1945.
During the final stages of World War II in 1945, the
United States intensively bombed 67 cities in Japan
and gave the Japanese government an ultimatum to
surrender. The ultimatum was rejected. As a result the
United States conducted two atomic bombings against
Japan on the cities of Hiroshima (August 6, 1945) and
Nagasaki (August 9, 1945). On August 15, 1945 Japan
surrendered.
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Atomic bombing of Nagasaki on August 9, 1945.
The two atomic bombing were devastating. The two
cities were destroyed. Within six months 200,000–
250,000 people died. Hundreds of thousands of people
have suffered from long-term health effects and died
from radiation-related diseases and injuries.
The atomic bombing of Japan is a warning sign for
mankind: Beware.
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September 11, 2001 – Aftermath, Jim Watson, September 13, 2001: U.S. Navy..
Terror. The September 11, 2001 terrorist attack was a
seminal event that warns the world: Beware – the
terror is here.
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You shall not stand by the blood of your neighbor
(Leviticus 19:16)
History provides numerous examples of people who
risked their lives to help strangers. These people
exemplify by their deeds the greatest achievement of
humanity.
During the dark days of the Holocaust righteous nonJews risked their lives to save Jews. They were
honored with the title “Righteous among the Nations."
By January 1, 2010, 23,226 people and organizations
had been recognized.
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The Good Samaritan, François-Léon Sicard (1862–1934);
the Tuileries Gardens, Paris. Photographer: Marie-Lan Nguyen, 2007.
Pillar 10: History / Pilar 10: História
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Declaration of Independence, the five-man drafting committee (John Adams, Roger
Sherman, Robert R. Livingston, Benjamin Franklin, and Thomas Jefferson) presenting
their work to the Congress, John Trumbull, 1819; Capitol rotunda, Washington, D.C.
10.2 Universal Memory
Universal memory explores the collective documented
past of mankind, civilizations, nations, and societies.
The category represents history and archaeology.
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The family tree of Herzog Ludwig I of Württemberg (ruled 1568-1593); source: Wikipedia.
10.3 Relations
The relations category focuses on relations among
people. The category includes genealogy, the study of
families and their history.
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Conclusão
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Open Book, Scuola Tedesca, ca. 16th century; Uffizi Gallery, Florence.
Human knowledge is grounded in education and
reason and sensitivity and curiosity and vision and
commitment and integrity.
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Conclusão
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Escaping Criticism, Pere Borrell del Caso, 1874; Banco de España, Madrid.
10 Pillars of Knowledge frames contemporary human
knowledge. Now we see the whole picture and the
meaningful relations among its parts. Still, we cannot
be bound by frames. This is the essence of the human
existence.
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Conclusão
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The Gate in the Rocks, Karl Friedrich Schinkel, 1818; Staatliche Museen, Berlin.
Dear Friends,
Our journey comes to an end. The time has come to
move on...
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