Open Source Lessons
to Commercial Apps
Posted on: 06/01/06
IBM is borrowing
some important
pages from the Open
Source playbook in
its pushes to re-
IBM software execs
have aggressive goals
in place to convert
many of their core
software products,
including Websphere
...IBM managers have
invoked some tried-andtrue software
development practices
from the Open Source
arena. The result:
...“Community
Community Source
addresses a bigger
challenge...
componentized
software assets:
“Componentization
...to get there, IBM
needed to “optimize
our development
environment.” One
target: “We needed
“The way you develop
components is really
very different from the
way you develop an
already integrated
product, and so we
found early on that for
After all, these
people are
scattered all
over the world
working on bits
“Open Source is an obvious
model for how you develop
in a collaborative
environment, so we’ve
borrowed a lot from the
Open Source community -tools, processes,
collaborative mechanisms
aqu
free as in
freedom
silvio lemos meira
[email protected]
free as in freedom: o livro
oss: vem aí mesmo?
• Open source software has the potential
to fundamentally change the economics
of the computer software industry. It will
affect how traditional software firms
structure the incentives that they provide
to their programmers, the product
markets in which they compete, and the
business models and strategies that they
use. It will also impact on the career
choices of software developers, and
provides an additional means for
free software:
definição
http://www.fsf.org/philosophy/free-sw.html
• a liberdade
de rodar o programa, para
qualquer propósito (freedom 0)
• a liberdade de estudar como o
programa funciona e de adaptá-lo para
suas necessidades (freedom 1)
• a liberdade de redistribuir cópias do
programa, de tal forma a poder ajudar
outros (freedom 2)
• a liberdade de melhorar o programa e
f/l/oss classification
http://www.infonomics.nl/FLOSS/index.htm
Type
Free
Redist
Unlimited
Use
Src.
Avail.
Src.
Mod.
Public
Check
Ins
Viral
Commercial
Trial SW
x
Shareware
x
x
Royalty Free Bin.
x
x
x
Royalty Free Lib.
x
x
x
x
Open Src (BSD)
x
x
x
x
x
Open Src (Apache)
x
x
x
x
x
x
Open Src (Linux/GNU)
x
x
x
x
x
x
Source: Vinod Valloppillil / The Halloween Document
x
f/l/oss
classification
floss “final report”
de onde veio isso?
steffen evers
http://user.cs.tu-berlin.de/~tron/opensource/opensource.html
• AT&T, 'Sherman Antitrust Act‘,
1949.
–'consent decree' em 1956…
“prohibited AT&T to start any other
business than telephone or telegraph
services”
• Unix… policy:
–license the software (allowed by the
decree) but not to pursue software as
daí...
steffen evers
http://user.cs.tu-berlin.de/~tron/opensource/opensource.html
• sem SUPORTE e correção de BUGS,
a comunidade TINHA QUE SE
AJUDAR…
– …they started “to share with one another.
They shared ideas, information,
programs, bug fixes, and hardware fixes.”
User groups were created where
ever Unix was introduced. Among
them were universities in many
other countries than the USA like
isso funciona?
em que contextos?
• em qualquer um onde seja possível
incentivar uma comunidade aberta
de desenvolvedores competentes…
1. onde haja um “inimigo natural”…
2. ou necessidades não satisfeitas…
3. onde não interessa para o capital…
4. ou onde INTERESSA AO CAPITAL!…
• em especial, 1-3 é TRADIÇÃO em
UNIX
resumo básico:
software LIVRE
interessa…
ao CAPITAL?
SIM
...OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE
não é uma nova forma de comunismo
por que funciona?
{do ponto de vista
econômico...}
• ninguém sabe direito
–ou tem uma teoria completa para
explicar…
–mas as primeiras evidências estão
aparecendo
• free sw como “public goods”…
The Economics of Open Source Software for a Competitive Firm, Richard Hawkins
bens econômicos:
categorias
• bens privados:
–aqueles para os quais há rivalidade
e exclusão
(o meu NÃO é seu e TÊM preço)
• maçã, sorvete, automóvel
• bens públicos:
–para estes não há exclusão nem
rivalidade
(o meu É seu e NÃO TÊM preço)
• defesa nacional, conhecimento,…
bens econômicos:
categorias
• bens comuns:
–há rivalidade mas não exclusão
(o meu NÃO é seu, mas NÃO TÊM
preço)
• peixe nos oceanos, o meioambiente,..
• monopólios naturais:
–há exclusão, mas não rivalidade
(TÊM preço, mas o MEU é SEU)
bens PÚBLICOS…
• aqueles que estão disponíveis
grátis para todos (=para os quais
não há exclusão)
–tais bens têm um elemento de
externalidade, porque algo DE
VALOR não tem nenhum preço
atribuído…
• i.e., pessoas recebem benefícios
sem ter que compensar NINGUÉM
por tornar disponível um recurso
o caso da ibm & apache
apache e “o resto”
netcraft.com survey, nov2006
apache e “o
resto”...
netcraft.com survey, nov2006
a lei de LOTKA
• The number of authors making n
contributions is about 1/na of
those making one contribution,
where a is often nearly 2.
– Alfred J. Lotka, The Frequency Distribution of Scientific
os números...
• podem enganar:
–sourceforge.net, dez 2005:
109.707 projetos
–total de desenvolvedores:
212.401
free sw e o “mundo
capitalista”
• empresas contribuem para projeto(s)
open source de sistemas
operacionais & infra-estrutura de SW
–para entender a indústria
–e as motivações [de consumidores?...]
–e para COMPETIR!...
–sabendo que, para o usuário, são as
aplicações que interessam:
teoria e conseqüências
• plataformas e aplicações SÃO regimes
de compatibilidade (como carros e
estradas)
• os efeitos de REDE valem e há retornos
crescentes (realimentação positiva) em
vários níveis
• desenvolvedores de aplicações
• varejo de software
• usuários
• as tecnologias competem e há efeitos de
lock-in
teoria e conseqüências
• o “resto” se transforma em nicho
quando o número de aplicações
diminui (apple…[?]) E corre sério
risco
de desaparecer!...
• para COMPETIR,
têm que CRIAR
uma alternativa
SÉRIA!
OSS é uma alternativa
• é muito difícil “seqüestrar” um projeto
• combinação de esforços =
desenvolvimento rápido
• empresas têm incentivos
– criar plataforma alternativa e atrair
aplicações
– desenvolver aplicações e atrair clientes e
usuários
– influenciar no desenvolvimento da
qual é o “mercado”?...
de oss?...
sobre que cadeia de
valor?...
política dos fornecedores
de SW...
who cares?...
e falta gente...
Most popular OSS software
{berlecon research, europe,
2002
}
Server operating system
• 1. Linux (78% of those using OSS SOS), 2.
Free/Open BSD (9%)
Databases
• 1. MySQL (54%), 2. SAP-DB (12%?), 3.
PostgreSQL (11%)
Web site creation and operation
• 1. Apache (72%), 2. Perl (48%), 3. PHP (32%),
4. Squid (26%),
5. OS CMS (10%), 6. Python (8%)
Benefits from OSS usage server OS
{berlecon research, europe,
2002}
Importance of criterion for decision in favour of OSS and against proprietory software
Security in Open versus
Closed Systems
Ross Anderson, Cambridge
• The debate University
about open versus
closed systems
{2002}
started out in the nineteenth century when
Auguste Kerckhoffs pointed out the wisdom of
assuming that the enemy knew one's cipher
system, so that security could only reside in the
key.
• It has developed into a debate about whether
access to the source code of a software product
is of more help to the defence, because they can
find and fix bugs more easily, or to attackers,
because they can develop exploits with less
effort.
sim…
mas como funciona
a engenharia de
f/l/oss development?
f/l/ossD vs sw engineering
walt scacchi
• First, SE is a team endeavor that
is focused on the development of
large software systems through a
software development life cycle.
f/l/ossD vs sw engineering
walt scacchi
• Second, the software life cycle (model)
constitutes a framework that directs or
orders the processes of SE that every
software development project should
traverse.
f/l/ossD vs sw engineering
walt scacchi
• Third, the focal processes of SE include
software requirements engineering,
specification and prototyping, design
(functional, architectural, modular, or
object-oriented), testing (verification and
validation), configuration management,
maintenance (or evolution), and project
management.
f/l/ossD vs sw engineering
walt scacchi
• Fourth, these processes may or should
employ formal notations and reasoning
schemes for consistency and
completeness, though which computerbased tool to use to support such
notations and schemes is unclear.
f/l/ossD vs sw engineering
walt scacchi
• Fifth, software quality results from the
systematic performance of software life
cycle processes that create, reuse,
manipulate, or update software artifacts
(including formal notations, graphic
diagrams, and source code), according to
project planning, cost estimation, and
management control efforts.
f/l/ossD vs sw engineering
walt scacchi
• Sixth, the level, goal, or threshold of
software quality (e.g., end-user
satisfaction, number of defects discovered
post delivery) that is sought or attained
determines the level of software
productivity that is achieved, as well as
the overall cost of the software
development effort.
ciclo
“profissional”/“empresa”
de vida de software
http://www.sei.cmu.edu/staff/wjh/16CSPOval.GIF
How is F/OSSD faster
than SE?
• Internet time and F/OSSD projects also
tend to produce incremental software
releases at a much faster rate, even to
the point of releasing unstable but
operational daily system builds. This
denotes not only a reduction in product
release cycle times compared to SE
How is F/OSSD faster
than SE?...
• ...Thus, many large F/OSSD projects
have demonstrated a sustained ability
to produce and deliver complex
software systems that grow in a
manner faster than attributed to
traditional SE practices that focus
attention to project development
How is F/OSSD faster than
SE?...
• Many of the largest and most popular
F/OSS systems like the Linux Kernel,
GNU/Linux distributions, GNOME user
interface and others are growing at a
super-linear (exponential) rate, as is their
internal architectural complexity…
How is F/OSSD faster than
SE?...
• ...As OSS developers are themselves often
end-users of their systems, then software
requirements and design take less time to
articulate and negotiate, compared to SE
projects. In the tradition of SE, developers
are not expected to be users of the
systems they develop. As such, they must
elicit requirements and validate system
design with end-users who are generally
How is F/OSSD faster than
SE?...
• ... Thus for F/OSSD projects, the
time it takes to determine required
system functionality is shorter, and
often less demanding that expected
in SE projects...
na vida real...
problemas?...
Source Software
Stephen R. Schach, Vanderbilt University
A. Jefferson Offutt, George Mason
University {2002/3}
• We downloaded 365 versions of Linux. For each version in
turn, we examined the 17 kernel modules and counted the
number of lines of code in each module. Then we counted
the number of instances of common (global) coupling
between each of the kernel modules and all the other
modules in that version of Linux.
• We obtained two primary results. First, we found a linear
dependency between lines of code and version number that
is significant at the 99.99% level; Second, we found that the
number of instances of common coupling grows
exponentially with version number. This result, too, is
significant at the 99.99% level. That is, the exponential
do ponto de vista
capitalista
• faz sentido tratar o problema como
um de competição tecnológica e…
• a plataforma OSS é uma
oportunidade ÚNICA para que se
crie, de fato, no longo prazo, uma
alternativa SÉRIA a windows… e
• ISSO É BOM pra microsoft!
–mantém a empresa de redmond
paranóica…
adoção por governos
Government Preferences
for Promoting
BERNARD REDDY,
DAVID S. EVANSOpen-Source
NERA Economic Consulting - Cambridge Office
Software:
Michigan Telecommunications and Technology Law Review, Forthcoming
A Solution in Search of a Abstract
Problem
Governments around the world are making or considering efforts to
promote open-source software (typically produced by cooperatives of
individuals) at the expense of proprietary software (generally sold by
for-profit software developers). This article examines the economic
basis for these kinds of government interventions in the market. It first
provides some background on the software industry. The article
discusses the industrial organization and performance of the
proprietarysoftware business and describes how the open-source
movement produces and distributes software. It then surveys current
government proposals and initiatives to support open-source software
and examines whether there is a significant market failure that would
justify such intervention in the software industry. The article concludes
that the software industry has performed remarkably well over the past
20 years in the absence of government intervention. There is no
evidence of any significant market failures in the provision of
commercial software and no evidence
that the establishment of policy
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=338564
A Solution in Search of…
• Compared with many other industries, the
software industry is relatively
unconcentrated. One conventional
measure of industry concentration is the
total share of sales accounted for by the
four largest firms. In 2000, the four largest
firms in the proprietary software industry
accounted for 26.7 percent of total
revenues. According to the latest
Census data, nearly 47 percent of all
A Solution in Search of…
• A second measure of industry
concentration is the Herfindahl-Hirschman
Index (HHI). HHIs can range from zero (a
large number of firms with infinitesimal
market shares) to 10,000 (a monopoly
with 100 percent of the market). In 2000,
the HHI for the software industry was
244,47 a relatively low HHI when
compared with industries such as
automobiles (2,506) or breakfast cereals
(2,446)
a intervenção do governo
no setor, no longo
prazo…
• vai ter que significado?...
–DRM (digital rights management)
–TCPA (trusted computing platform
alliance)
–...
• será que algum governo vai
conseguir seqüestrar algum open
source project?...
• ...
olhando lá pra frente…
• é preciso REDISCUTIR o problema
de propriedade intelectual na era da
informação
–patentes e copyright podem não estar
mais atendendo às necessidades do
TODO
• o SISTEMA pode ter sido distorcido pelas
ainda
mais...
salesforce.com...
sugarcrm.com
é preciso pensar. sempre.
•people demand
freedom of speech to
make up for the
freedom of thought
which they avoid
– as pessoas demandam liberdade de
free as in freedom
silvio lemos meira
[email protected]
resumo básico:
política dos fornecedores
de SW...
who cares?...
falta gente...