52a Reunião Anual da Sociedade Brasileira de
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Zootecnia: Otimizando Recursos e Potencialidades
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Composição químico-bromatológica dos componentes morfológicos de capim-Marandu em diferentes
sistemas agroflorestais1
Francisco Naysson Sousa Santos2, Ricardo Alves de Araújo*3, Rosane Cláudia Rodrigues4, Clésio dos Santos
Costa2, Francivaldo Oliveira Costa2, Antônio José Temístocles de Lima2, Ivone Rodrigues da Silva2
1
Part of the master's thesis of the second author, a project funded by FAPEMA.
Student Foundation Federal University of Maranhão, fellow CNPQ. campus IV-Chapadinha-MA. [email protected]
3*
Author for correspondence: Student Doctoral Program Integrated in Animal Science UFC /UFRPE/UFPB. Animal Science Department,
Av. Mister Hull, 2977, Bl. 808, Pici - Fortaleza, CE – Brasil. [email protected]
4
Professor, Federal University of Maranhão, graduate Program in Animal Science. [email protected]
2
Resumo: Combinações de gramíneas cultivadas com palmeiras de babaçu pode ser uma estratégia econômica e
ambientalmente viável para a agropecuária, pois se trata de uma espécie nativa de caráter pioneira, de fácil
manutenção, sem a necessidade de gastos com a introdução de mudas. Diante do exposto, objetivou-se com o
presente trabalho avaliar a composição químico-bromatológica dos componentes morfológicos da Brachiaria
brizantha cv. Marandu em sistemas silvipastoris compostos por palmeiras de babaçu (Attalea speciosa) e em
monocultivo. O capim foi coletado em quatro sistemas compostos por diferentes densidades, sendo 0, 80, 130, 160
palmeiras adultas/ha, caracterizando monocultura (Mono), baixa densidade (BD), média densidade (MD) e alta
densidade (AD). O teor de PB das folhas foi maior que a fração colmo em todos os sistemas (P<0.05), já o teor de
FDN foi maior nas hastes. A proteína bruta aumentou com o sombreamento, pois como esse produto é um
composto orgânico complexo, portanto, dependente dos nutrientes do solo, e o sombreamento favorece a
mineralização, devido a um microclima mais agradável, observou-se esse incremento em seu teor. Já os demais
produtos que dependem somente da luz e saturação do ar, como os carboidratos, não tiveram sua concentração
influenciada, pois o capim-Marandu é altamente adapatado ao sombreamento, contudo a diminuição da radiação
fotossinteticamente ativa causa o estiolamento o que reflletiu para que o teor de FDN nas folhas fosse ligeiramente
menor que nos colmos dos sistemas com a presença de palmeiras.
Palavras–chave: colmo, densidades, folhas, valor nutritivo
Chemical Composition-bromatologic of morphological components of Marandu grass different agroforestry
systems1
Abstract: Combinations of grasses grown with trees of babassu oil can be a cost-effective strategy and
environmentally feasible for agriculture, because it is a native species of pioneer character, easy maintenance,
without the need of spending with the introduction of seedlings. Therefore, the aim of the present work was to
evaluate the composition of morphological components of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu in silvopastoral
systems composed of of babassu trees (Attalea speciosa) and in monoculture. The grass was collected in four
systems composed of different densities, being 0, 80, 130, 160 adult trees/ha, characterizing monoculture (MC), low
density (LD), medium density (MD) and high density (HD). The CP content of the leaves was greater than the
fraction stem in all systems (P< 0.05), already the NDF content was higher in the stem. The crude protein increased
with the shading, because as this product is considered an organic compound complex, therefore, dependent on the
nutrients in the soil and the shading favors mineralization due to a microclimate more pleasant, it was observed that
an increase in its content. The remaining products that depend on only the light and air saturation, such as
carbohydrates, have not had their concentration influenced, since Marandu palisadegrass is highly suited to shade,
however the reduction of radiation cause etiolation what reflletiu to the NDF content in leaves was slightly lower
than in the stems of the systems with the presence of trees.
Keywords: stem, densities, leaves, nutritional value
Introduction
The shading caused by tree extract modifies the structure of some fodder species, which are adapted to the
condition of low light. The plants respond to levels of irradiance through adjustments genetic and phenotypic
acclimation, however, the latter may affect the production of forage. In line with this idea, Lin et al. (1999) stated
that in silvopastoral systems the shadow created by the trees significantly modifies the microclimate in the
understory, affecting the quantity and quality of forage produced.
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52a Reunião Anual da Sociedade Brasileira de
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Zootecnia: Otimizando Recursos e Potencialidades
Belo Horizonte – MG, 19 a 23 de Julho de 2015
Combinations of grasses grown with the babassu trees can be a cost-effective strategy and environmentally
feasible for agriculture, because it is a native species of pioneer character, easy maintenance, without the need of
spending with the introduction of seedlings, maintenance of the wood, resistant to fires in addition to not need
insulation of the plantation area during the first years of establishment.
Considering the above and considering the adjustments of grasses in relation to shade in silvopastoral
systems (SS), the aim of this work was to evaluate the influence of different densities of palms of babassu in
agroforestry systems in composition of morphological components of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu in SS
composed of trees of babassu palm (Attalea speciosa) with different densities and monoculture systems in PreAmazon Maranhense.
Material e Methods
The experiment was carried out in Farm Water-Living, in the municipality of de Matinha-MA, Region PreAmazon Maranhense, having as geographical position 45 ° 0 ' 40.9" W and 03 º 06 ' 55.5" S. The species forage
used was the Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu and tree species the tree of babassu Attalea speciosa Martius that
were already established on the property. The systems were evaluated: monoculture marandu and three densities of
trees of babassu more Marandu palisadegrass (SSP), 0, 80, 130, 160 adult trees/ha, characterizing monoculture
(MC), low density (LD), medium density (MD) and high density of trees (HD).
Samples were taken from representative of paddocks, using squares of 0.25m2, they were placed in a random
manner at representative points of the pasture at the time of sampling and the plants contained within each square
were cut every 28 days, close to the ground. The samples after heavy were separated into morphological
components leaves and stems. The content of dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) were calculated according to
the recommendations of the AOAC (1990), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid (ADF) following the procedures
of Van Soest (1994). The hemicellulose was calculated by the difference between the NDF and ADF and cellulose
content by the difference between the ADF and the lignin.
Initially the data were submitted to the test of normality (Crame- Von Misses) and homoscedasticity
(Levene) and answered the assumptions, were subjected to analysis of variance by the F test, and in the case of
significant differences, the comparison of averages by Duncan's test at 5% probability. The statistical analyzes were
performed using PROC GLM of SAS 9.0 (2002).
Results and Discussion
The CP content of the leaves was greater than the fraction stem in all systems (P< 0,05), and to compare the
pastoralist environments within each period it is clear that the system of HD presented a forage with higher protein
content in both the morphological components (Table 1).
Table 1. Composition of the fractions leaves and stem of Marandu grass silvopastoral systems and
monoculture
Crude Protein (DM%)
Neutral detergent fiber (DM%)
Systems
Leaf
Stems
Leaf
Stems
MC1
7.58 Ba
5.83 Bb
57.63 Ab
72.02 Aa
LD
8.75 Ba
6.42 Ab
52.60 Ab
67.21 Aa
MD
8.58 Ba
6.17 Ab
56.67 Ab
72.80 Aa
HD
11.09 Aa
7.29 Ab
50.00 Ab
66.67 Aa
CV (%)
29.13
18.55
Acid detergent fiber (DM%)
Lignin (DM%)
MC
50.34 Aa
55.61 Aa
7.15 Aa
8.48 Aa
LD
51.79 Aa
54.07 Aa
9.99 Aa
6.45 Aa
MD
49.16 Aa
59.36 Aa
8.07 Aa
10.11 Aa
HD
51.90 Aa
54.15 Aa
8.79 Aa
9.77 Aa
CV (%)
10.99
33.78
Cellulose (DM%)
Hemicellulose (DM%)
MC
43.19 Aa
43.19 Aa
17.29 Ba
16.41 Aa
LD
27.23 Aa
27.23 Aa
26.07 Aa
13.14 Aa
MD
41.09 Aa
41.09 Aa
17.50 Ba
13.44 Aa
HDP
43.10 Aa
43.10 Aa
18.10 Ba
12.52 Aa
CV (%)
9.13
10.12
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Mean values followed by the same uppercase letter (columns) and sensitive (lines) do not differ by
Duncan test (P>0,05). 1Babassu palm density: HD – 160 trees/ha; MD – 130 trees/ha; LD – 80 trees/ha;
MC – grass monoculture (no trees)
The CP has increased with the shading, because as this product is considered an organic compound complex,
therefore, dependent on the nutrients in the soil and how the shading favors mineralization due to a microclimate
more pleasant, it was observed that an increase in its content. These observed values disagree the Moura (2004) in
which it was observed that in areas with high densities of babaçuais there is the linear effect in reducing the
percentage of protein the the density increases, indicating the possible competition for water and nutrients, and this
effect did not occur in this work.
In this case, the foragers tend to be younger physiologically, which prolongs the vegetative phase youth and
allows the maintenance of metabolic levels higher for a longer time period, according to the results discussed by
Sousa (2010). The NDF content was higher in stem fraction in relation to sheets in all environments (P< 0.05), and
that there was no difference between the systems for the two variables. These results are in agreement with the
literature, in which, for different species of fodder, it was observed that the best nutritional value of leaf blades
compared to the stem.
There was no variation in content of ADF and lignin rainy (P>0.05). There is no consensus on the effect of
shading on the concentration of lignin in the forages, but plants grown in the shade tend to have higher lignin
content when compared to monoculture, but shaded plants have lower physiological age which can result in lower
levels of lignin and in this study, this variable was not influenced by densities of palm trees, a fact even more
curious is that the content of this compound was equal for both structural components evaluated.
The cellulose content was the same for both components and were not influenced the densities of palm trees
and the system of monoculture (P>0.05) .There was no variation in content of hemicellulose between the
morphological components evaluated (P>0.05). The plants of the system of LD had a higher content of
hemicellulose in the leaves (P< 0.05), and in relation to stem its values were not influenced by densities of palm
trees. The variation in content of CP observed in leaves of silvopastoral system may have positively influenced the
results of hemicellulose. When nitrogen deficiency and it develops slowly, it is possible that the plants have stems
which are more pronounced and thin woody, this is due to the accumulation of excess carbohydrate, that cannot be
used in the synthesis of amino acids and other nitrogenous compounds (Taiz & Zeiger, 2004).
Conclusions
The silvopastoral systems composed of trees of babassu significantly influence the morphological
components of marandu, being that the system with high density there is a greater concentration of proteins in the
leaves, but the radiation is affected causing the etiolation and consequently a greater concentration of structural
carbohydrates in the stem.
Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge FAPEMA (Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa e ao Desenvolvimento Científico e
Tecnológico do Maranhão) for financial support and FOPAMA (Grupo de Estudos, Pesquisa e Extensão) for help in
conducting the study.
References
Lin, CH; MCgraw, RL; George, MF; Garrett, HE 1999. Shade effects on forage crops with potential in temperate
agroforestry practices. Agroforestry Systems 44: 109-119.
Moura, EG 2004. Agroambientes de transição avaliados numa perspectiva da agricultura familiar entre a Amazônia
e o Nordeste, diversidade e estrutura. p.15-51.In: Agroambientes de transição entre o tópico úmido e semiárido do Brasil: atributos, alterações, uso na produção familiar. São Luís, Maranhão.
Sousa, LF; Maurício, RM; Moreira, GR; Gonçalves, LC; Borges, I; Pereira, LGR 2010. Nutritional evaluation of
“Braquiarão” grass in association with “Aroeira” trees in a silvopastoral system. Agroforestry Systems 79:
189-199.
Taiz, L and Zeiger, E 2004. Plant Physiology. Redwood City, California.
Van Soest, PJ. 1994. Nutritional ecology of the ruminant. 2 ed. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
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