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Performance Management in Horizontal Business Networks: A
Systematic review Innovation Theoretical Model Construction
Technology for Industrial Cluster based on Planning and Regional
Development Indicators
Ana Carolina Braga¹, Pedro Paulo de Andrade Junior², Luis Mauricio Martins de Resende³,
Joseane Pontes⁴
¹ Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná – UTFPR – Mestranda em Engenharia de Produção –
Ponta Grossa – PR – Brasil- Email: [email protected]
2
3
⁴
Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná – UTFPR – Departamento de Engenharia de Produção –
Ponta Grossa – PR – Brasil- Email: [email protected]
Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná – UTFPR – Departamento de Engenharia de Produção –
Ponta Grossa – PR – Brasil- Email: [email protected]
Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná – UTFPR – Departamento de Engenharia de Produção
– Ponta Grossa – PR – Brasil- Email: [email protected]
OBJECTIVE
This study aimed to develop a theoretical model for industrial clusters based on indicators of planning and
regional development. For this, sought to technological innovation factors and regional development
indicators using data of scientific papers of empirical studies and articles with data from public policies to
support technological innovation. For the theoretical framework of innovation models and industrial
clusters, we used a methodology adapted to literature review, which is defined as 2004 cutoff period to
2014. This literature review based the creation of the new theoretical model of technological innovation
based indicators in planning and regional development. It was concluded that the theoretical model built
contributed to scientific advancement due to present new variables described as technological innovation
factors, facilitating undertakings engaged in industrial clusters, regional development plan.
Keywords: Theoretical Model; Business networks; Innovation factors; Indicators of Planning and
Regional Development.
1. INTRODUCTION
Induction of technological innovation activities between
companies has aroused the interest of researchers and
authorities to viabilizarem public and private actions that
promote and facilitate local and regional development,
using interactions between companies.
With the need for companies to produce new elements,
many of them seeking the induction of new activities, new
projects and new form of management so there quickly
and efficiently, satisfactory results for the manager in
companies, as well as productivity gains and profitability .
To facilitate and guide this discussion we note that the use
of models, consequently, their indicators of technological
innovation, has acquired a growing weight in the
methodologies used to summarize the technical and
scientific character of information, preserving the bulk of
the original data and using only the variables that best
serve the objectives to be achieved.
Marangon et al. (2004), argue that a good indicator alerts
you to problems before they become too serious,
indicating what needs to be done to solve them; within a
cluster scenario, one can identify what are your strengths
and what are its weakest aspects, translating into important
tools for developing solutions and propose policies and
actions that generate improvements for businesses and,
consequently, for the region, planning regional
development.
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However, it is also important to highlight the need to
identify and build indicators that reflect particular aspects
or situations whose understanding is fundamental to the
implementation of appropriate policies to multiple contexts
and their different needs for each sector or region.
It is believed that a concentration of companies, operating
in coordination with each other and with other local
institutions, can generate a significant advantage for
economic development and quality of life of individuals in
the region. This coordination is critical for companies in
terms of individual and collective productivity gains, with
sharp increases in systemic competitiveness.
As noted in several studies (Liu, 2011; Soda, 2011;
Jacobsson and Bergek, 2011) discusses, identifies and
develops organizational Inter relations models, and
proposes factors, variables and indicators to analyze the
innovation-even levels and provide adequate planning for
the development of the region through key factors in each
reality of companies. It is through these assumptions that
emerges the need to develop a model of technological
innovation, based on the clear identification of the
characteristics, indicators and factors specific to an
organization found by the recent scientific literature.
This paper aims at a new theoretical model of
technological innovation to business networks through
planning and regional development indicators For this, it is
necessary: 1) Search in the scientific literature existing
models; Essential factors for adoption of technological
innovation and indicators for planning and regional
development; 2) Build a new theoretical model of
technological innovation for enterprise networks based on
variables found in scientific studies, including key
indicators and guiding the inserted companies in networks
with specific activities of technological innovation.
companies themselves, such as engineering, production
and marketing. A central problem is the coordination of
these initiatives in a systemic view of innovation. (Adams,
Bessant and Phelps, 2006)
Certain methodological aspects in the context of
innovation policies are relevant in an innovation system.
According Apaydin and Crossan (2010) this field covers
four spheres of action: structural conditions, the basis of
science and engineering, the transfer factors and the
dynamo of innovation.
The first sphere, structural conditions, covering aspects
related to the educational system, the industry structure
and communications infrastructure, financial institutions
and market accessibility, which outline the rules and set of
opportunities for innovation.
A second-level domain concerns the basic science and
engineering, covering universities and basic research
centers, as well as specialized technical training systems.
Transfer factors are related to the effectiveness of the
learning models, involving the analysis of formal and
informal links between companies, as codified knowledge
- patent and scientific publications, for example - the
community value systems, and form the third component.
(Carbonara, 2004)
The fourth area, the dynamism of innovation is related to
the dynamic factors - strategy and R & D - within the
company or in the region under its influence that have
influence on its innovative capacity. (Apaydin and
Crossan, 2010).
Therefore, these four areas are considered key points to
build several models developed regarding the adoption of
technological innovation in companies. To note that the
conceptual basis of these domains is crucial variables for
innovation activities.
2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
2.1 Technological Innovation Models
3. METHODOLOGY
As we consider the importance of technological innovation
in different sectors at the national, state and municipal
levels, now have great concern about the reasons that put
some countries ahead of others in relation to patent
registrations and innovation broadly.
3.1 Methodology for building the theoretical framework
Economic studies and national and international
organizational (Apaydin and Crossan, 2010; Moodysson,
Coenen, Asheim, 2008; Ramos, 2012) point out factors
relevant to regional development, such as the systematic
investment and integrated in education, infrastructure and
exports, and products and services that contain significant
levels of innovation and technology.
Selected articles were of Capes databases with research in
the area of knowledge in Production Engineering, Hygiene
and Safety and the area of knowledge in Business
Administration, where they were recruited in common
bases of these two areas for Gross composition of articles
Bank. The final product to the theoretical framework of the
paper and the construction of the theoretical model was the
identification of the relevant set of articles considered and
have alignment to the survey, then called Library Portfolio
(PB). It should be noted that the proceedings in this study
occurred around the month of June 2013 to March 2014
and the cutting period of the articles were of 10 years.
Based on these same studies, it is quite reasonable to
consider a panorama in which business environmental
conditions influence both as are influenced by government
and business organizations, whose roles may alter the
levels of competitiveness and competitive - in local terms,
regional, national and international. These influences
organizations originate in different areas of business of the
For the construction of the article, we used the Knowledge
Development Process-Constructivist instrument (ProknowC), analyzed and structured by Ensslin and Ensslin (2007)
and Ensslin et. al. (2010).
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For the selection of the Bank of crude products was
necessary to define the axis of research, carried out by
Topic. In this case, the search axis that has been used the
term Innovation / Innovation.
For the next step was necessary to define the keywords for
the axis quoted. For the Hub was defined the term both in
Portuguese and English. For the first axis, the word
innovation was related as search interest and the line
intended to take the study. For this was found in the
literature, the possible types for the word Industrial
Clusters, getting as keywords in Portuguese: APL, local
productive arrangement, network companies, and
crowded; English: network companies, the local
productive arrangement and clusters. In addition to the
typologies, also could combine the word indicators /
indicators with the shaft.
For the second line of research, we used the English term
technological innovation Model, relating to the keywords
Business network and Enterprise networks.
Referring to the third axis combined in Portuguese and
English the word Model / Model with Technological
Innovation and Technological Innovation.
Then the combined axis was Methodology / Methodology
with Innovation and Innovation and the last axle
combination of Regional Development / Regional
Development with indicators / Indicators.
After classification of the axes and choice of keywords, it
was possible to reach seventeen possible combinations
with the axis of the cross that was used as a guide in the
search for scientific articles in publications bases provided
by data base.
It follows, therefore, that the seventeen combinations of
key words were: Inovação AND apl; Inovação AND
Arranjo Produtivo Local; Inovação AND Redes de
Empresas; Innovation AND Aglomerado; Local
Productive Innovation AND Arrangement; Innovation
AND Network Companies; Innovation AND Clusters;
Clusters AND innovation indicators and; Innovation AND
Indicators; Modelo de Inovação Tecnológica AND Redes
de Empresas; Model technological innovation AND
entrerprise network; Modelo AND Inovação Tecnológica;
Technological
Innovation
Model
AND
Model;
Methodology AND Innovation; Metodologia AND
Inovação; Desenvolvimento Regional AND Indicadores;
Regional Development AND Indicators.
For the next step, the filtering of the items identified as
brute articles was performed. To this end, some aspects
were considered: presence of repeated / redundant articles;
the alignment of the titles of articles on the theme; the
scientific recognition of the articles; alignment of abstracts
on the subject; and the availability of full articles on the
bases.
How early was found a base 1176 articles, the articles that
did not have full text articles and repeated between the
bases, resulting in a review of 338 articles to check
relevance and alignment of titles.
After the listing of these 338 articles, it was possible to
check the relevance of journals. The cut line was adopted
for articles that met in stratum at or above B1 in
Engineering III or directors under the Web Qualis. These
two areas chosen were the most fit into the proposed
theme.
After separation of qualified articles, it was possible to get
169 articles, which proposed the full reading of scientific
articles. Of these, 164 were considered in line with the
theme of research, it is ending here the filtering process of
raw articles, proposing the construction and analysis of the
theoretical framework.
3.2 Methodology for building innovation factors and
planning indicators and regional development
After reading the articles, it is necessary at this stage of
model building, just identify articles concerning the main
variables to identify the perception of technological
innovation in companies. The bibliographic portfolio of all
164 articles, 52 identified technological innovation models
getting the separation of the main existing models.
Of these 52 articles, 31 identified on technological
innovation factors and 18 gained from regional
development indicators and would be viable for the study.
From this one can extract theoretical models that addressed
the main characteristics that companies must have for the
employment of innovation in their environment through
regional development indicators. Adopted the idea,
therefore, that for the identification of models in clusters,
one should start from the assumption adopted by the Oslo
Manual mechanism verifying its main contributions. In
this mechanism there are intrinsic and extrinsic variables
that can be branched and explained from other models
individually identified by the literature review. With it,
you can build a new model, based on the thought that as
viable models for companies such as whole, would total
contribution to be identified jointly by industrial clusters,
they entered into location nearby and that the main
objective is regional development .
Table 1 and 2, we obtain the relationship of the structure of
the Oslo manual mechanism with the most appropriate
models for each variable and thus verified by other authors
in the literature mentioning these same variables as factors
for innovation:
Extrinsic Model
Variables
associated
Reference
Author
Variables
Variables Reference
Author Other authors
found that relate the
variables with studies
based on
technological
innovation
Structural
conditions
Strategic planning;
Innovation Model
4ͣ generation
Mariotto, 2003.
Kline;
Rosenberg,
1986.
Market
rating;
intentioned
strategy; planned
actions;
Research;
knowledge;
potential market;
creation of the
project; review of
the design and
production;
commercialization
STONE AND LANE
(2012); MA (2010);
And
ASHEIN
COENEN
(2010);
MOTA (2010); And
Inauen
SCHENKER
(2011); Et ARAÚJO.
al. (2011); LIOU AND
CHEN
(2011);
RADOSEVIC,
S;
Yörük, E, (2013);
Basic Science and
Engineering
Innovation Model
5ͣ generation
Rothwell, 1992
Science
and
technology;
technology
integration
with
customers,
suppliers,
innovation
communities and
MA,
(2010);
MURPHY
et
al.
(2011); MOTA (2010);
Choin et. al. (2012);
Roy, S., (2010); Sun
(2012)
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networks.
Table 1 Relationship of the structure of the Oslo
manual mechanism with the most appropriate models
for each variable extrinsic
Source: Authors (2014)
Intrinsic Model
Variables
associated
Model transfer
Variables
Factors
from
Innovation
Management
Process;
Dynamo
Innovation
Innovative Skills,
Analytical Models,
Tools
and
Techniques.
Structures
Innovation
Practices;
Mol, Birkinshaw,
2008;
Reference Author
Mol, Birkinshaw,
2008;
Denning;
Dunham, 2010
Dodgson
2008
et.
al,
Other
authors
found that relate
the variables with
studies based on
technological
innovation
RADOSEVIC, S;
Yörük, E, (2013);
MOTA
(2010);
Selden
S;
Orenstein,
J.
(2011);
GNYWALLI and
Srivastava (2013);
Choin et. al. (2012);
DE ARAUJO, et.
al. (2011).
Dodgson et. al,
2008 - Research;
selection;
configuration and
deployment tools.
Veloso SON AND
WALNUT (2006);
TRACEY
AND
CLARK
(2003);
BRAGUINSKI
AND
ROSE
(2009); Moodysson,
COENEN
And
Asheim
(2008);
CARLOMAGNO
And
SCHERER
(2009)
Table 2 - Relationship of the structure of the Oslo
manual mechanism with the most appropriate models
for each intrinsic variable
Source: Authors (2014)
After the construction of this relationship was necessary to
establish the division of variables in two parameters:
endogenous variables, ie, dependent variable or
explanatory and exogenous, independent variable.
After considering all the variables found in technological
innovation models have been possible to establish seven
important factors that occurred technological innovation
within the company, identified in the literature for
empirical studies and exploratory. These factors establish
the relation between endogenous and exogenous variables
and are essential for the construction of the prototype
model. In Table 3, we list the variables corresponding to
the factors for adoption of technological innovation:
Factors
for
adoption
Technological Innovation
of
Innovation Origin
Endogenous Variables
Exogenous Variables
- Market rating;
- Research;
- Offering;
-Potential market;
-Enterprise characteristics
- Perception;
collaborations /
Coordination Relations
Technological
customers
integration
with
- Innovation Communities and
networks - Leadership;
Barriers to Innovation
Motivation
Information
for
Science and technology
- Selection, configuration
deployment tools.
Product Strategies
planned actions;
/
- Market structure.
For verification of Regional development indicators, there
was the importance of being allocated in a sub-item,
analyzed as a result of the adoption of technological
innovation.
Regional growth indicators will be imposed in control
from all innovation activities structured in the model and
this will be the feasibility to measure the contribution of
the theoretical model built.
For regional development indicator system proposed in
this work the degree of innovation in the industrial cluster
model contribution able to get local development will be
identified through a set of five aspects: socio-economic
agents involved in innovation projects, innovation
products and processes, cooperation between cluster
members for innovation projects, geographical factor for
innovation and promotion policies for project financing.
The assumption of this study was to adopt the main idea
that innovation within the industrial cluster, consequently
produces regional growth. For this, the indicators were
selected for their ability to assess the appropriate
conditions for the quality of life of the population and that
constitute inherent characteristics of the clusters.
The aspects and indicators that make up the system are
listed in Table 4. These indicators are all based on studies
that stimulated technological innovation and adopted as a
result of regional development. From these variables
identified in relation to innovation and style, can build
innovation factors through these regional indicators:
INDICATORS OF REGIONAL
INNOVATION
FACTORS DEVELOPMENT
AUTHORS
socioeconomic
Innovation barriers
GOMES And KRUGLUANSKAS
(2009); And Sbragia ALZARE
(2002); HUNTER AND Grassi
(2000);
innovation
Innovation origin; Types of
Innovation; Innovation Activities
MOREIRA (2013); GREEN et al.
al. (2011); SÁENZ (2012);
Pacagnella
JUNIOR
(2006);
BARIRANI,
AGARD
and
BEAUDRY (2011); SARVAN et.
al,
(2011).;
RAISCH,
BIRKISHAW, (2009); QUANDT
(2011); RODRIGUES (2011);
cooperation
Continelli Information
CAMISÓN and López (2010);
XIANG et. al. (2013); ROLNIK
And KLINK (2011); LEITGEB et.
al. (2011);
geographical
Organizational Strategies mourato
PEREIRA AND ALVES (2012);
Silva et. al. (2009); AVILA,
WESENDOCK
And
SIEDENBERG
(2013);
And
POSTALI
Nishijima
(2011);
XIANG et. al. (2013)
Policy Promotion
Collaborations;
FERREIRA et. al. (2010); MILK
AND SON Antonialli (2011);
XIANG
et.
al.
(2013);
DEGISCHER et. al. (2011)
SÁENZ (2012); QUANDT (2011);
Junqueira (2013); SAINTS AND
BRAGA (2012).
and
Service
invention; deployment; theorizing;
deployment; Labeling. - Adoption;
- Support;
-Execution;
Types of Innovation Product or
Process
Organizational strategies Strategy
intentioned; Shares of internal
change agents; Shares of external
change agents;
- Project Creation;
Knowledge;
Selection,
configuration and deployment
tools;
Table 3 - List of factors with the variables found in the
models studied
Source: Authors (2014)
-Definition of vision;
Sources of
Innovation
- Suppliers,
Coordination of relations
-Project review and production;
- Distribution and marketing
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Table 4 - Regional Development Indicators, the
respective factors for technological innovation and
authors.
Source: Authors, 2014.
Socioeconomic aspects deal with the company's ability to
generate employment and income, as well as train and
develop the worker through the relationship with education
and research institution for innovation. With more jobs,
income and education afforded to the clusters, the greater
the local and regional development and the greater the
contribution. Aspects preliminary cooperation and
innovation form the basis of sustainable companies,
consolidating its competitive position. (LEITGEB et. Al .;
2011)
The geographic feature indicators address the advantages
associated with the local environment, such as externalities
obtained by undertakings are installed in the region in
relation to the proximity of: suppliers; consumers;
universities; supporting bodies; professional associations.
Finally, the indicators participation of companies as
objects of public and private actions. In this sense,
investment promotion policies in physical capital or
infrastructure for innovation, are important for the region
because the creation of conditions conducive to learning
and cluster development, as well as aid projects focused on
innovation, thus generating the expansion of economic
activities, income, employment and competitiveness.
(XIANG et. Al. (2013)
4. RESULTS
From the scientific theoretical framework discussed in this
article, it was possible to build a new advanced theoretical
model available to business networks. This model has been
studied and structured through several classical theoretical
models.
Exogenous and endogenous variables found to adoption of
technological innovation were similar studies of various
models that could be checked in enterprise networks.
The factors for adoption of innovation found in national
and public policy studies. Planning indicators and regional
development, based on the reality of the country willing to
companies.
The prototype is thus identified in Figure 1:
Figure 1 - Prototype Technology Innovation Model for
Planning and Regional Development
Source: Authors, 2014.
Note that the construction of the model was based since
the primary phase, demonstrated by the source of
innovation, to the final phase, called the results in patents,
sales and profitability impacts. These steps are innovation
activities that the company must achieve to facilitate
planning and regional development. These activities,
called innovation factors are divided into named indicators
indicators of planning and regional development. The
factor ratio and indicator was found based on the literature
of similar studies in the period of 10 years.
First the company inserted in networks must follow the
steps proposed by the model: Innovation Origin, Types of
Innovation, Innovation activities and results. These steps
there are sub-items that assist in its implementation, as
sources of information, organizational strategies, firm
characteristics, collaboration and coordination relations.
As seen by Moreira (2013); Green et al. al. (2011); Sáenz
(2012); Pacagnella Junior (2006); and Barirani, Agard and
Beaudry (2011) the source of innovation, is now seen as
essential in differentiation strategies, competitiveness and
growth in a growing number of businesses. The adoption
of strategies and innovative practices in companies is
closely linked to the pursuit of differentiation able to
produce goods and services to the market that generate
sustainable competitive advantages over its competitors.
These sources of information are essential for carrying out
the step.
You should also check the types of innovations that the
company intends to accomplish. Rodrigues (2011)
emphasizes that the types of innovation (product or
process) directly interfere in the activities that will be held
on innovation within the company.
To carry out the activities Innovation requires three skills:
characteristics of the company; organizational strategies
and collaborations / coordination relationships. Ferreira et.
al. (2010); Leite Filho and Antonialli (2011); Xiang et al.
al. (2013) showed that one must not imagine innovation
something restricted to large private companies. Other
actors, such as universities and research institutions, are
relevant in the production of knowledge and the
development of new technologies. More than that: the
organized social groups can also decisively influence the
trajectories of innovation, so that further highlights the
need for a comprehensive approach to treating this subject.
In fact, one of the challenges of public policies of Science,
Technology and Innovation are foster greater coordination
between these actors and, above all, seek the participation
of a wide range of social actors in the definitions of the
paths to be followed by innovation. Therefore, though
often innovation in pass the idea of a process that tends to
benefit the whole society, this does not correspond to
reality. In the business sphere, for example, on the one
hand the search for differentiation tends to favor
innovative companies, on the other hand the companies
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that fail to follow the process find themselves forced to
also innovate / imitate or lose market share, not reaching
planning and necessary and expected developments.
But innovation is not just the result of financial
investments by companies. Gomes and Krugluanskas
(2009); Sbragia and Alzare (2002) in their research shows
that for innovation to happen, the existence of innovative
capacity it is necessary that must be present at all stages of
the innovation process, and a favorable institutional
environment and, increasingly of specific incentive
policies. That is, there are internal and external factors to
companies and other institutions involved in the process
and requires removal of barriers to deployment of
appropriate tools and proper market structure.
As regards the advantage of companies are inserted in
networks, the theoretical model adopts the assumption the
idea of Cooke (2003) which states that the Industrial
Clusters seem to substantially contribute to creating
dynamic competitive advantages. However, the
spontaneous creation of clusters in some regions or their
deliberate organization in other contexts is still not
perfectly clear in your bottom line.
The geographical proximity and the sharing of identities
and cultural ties are important incentives to source
innovation from their types of innovation to their
activities.
Organizational
strategies,
interaction,
collaboration and cooperation between different actors
present, enriching the perfect set of relations skills,
knowledge and competitiveness factors in clusters.
(SORDI, 2009)
Through the construction of the theoretical model for
enterprise networks can be identified indicators for
planning and regional development that would allow to be
associated with technological innovation factors.
That theoretical model can be successfully applied to
empirical study in undertakings engaged in networks.
However, some limitations and difficulties of the study are
highlighted. Some of them are related to the theoretical
framework used and other, for the empirical study. The
subject dealt with is new and very dynamic, with a large
number of researchers involved. However, this dynamic
creates great variety of classifications and concepts, which
basically mean the same type of structure or very close
structures, which obscured the theoretical and
methodological development of studies in the area.
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Therefore, the assumption adopted for the construction of
the prototype was based on variables found in the literature
of empirical studies, to develop viable steps or paths to
adoption of technological innovation, and consequently
planning and development. Each factor is consequently
arranged in indicators, where the sum of all may contribute
to regional growth. Note that some innovation factors
become main and others are to support the system of
practices under study.
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beyond formal research and development, including in
addition to the best judgment of the market, and the
continual improvement of products and services, and to
remove barriers that prevent the company to achieve
satisfactory results. Public policies facilitate the inclusion
of innovation tools and the financing of various projects.
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Thus, for the development of this model in the reality of
business networks, it was necessary to know variables,
indicators and innovation factors that can facilitate
planning and regional development.
5. CONCLUSION
The theoretical model built contributed to scientific
advancement due to present new variables described as
technological innovation factors found in scientific articles
in a recent period considered.
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Proposal submitted to 15th IFAC Symposium on Information Control
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