BIOEN FAPESP: the SP BIOEN Research
Center
and associated initiatives
Carlos Henrique de Brito Cruz
Science Director
São Paulo Research Foundation, FAPESP
8/18/2015
BIOEN-20150628.pptx; © C.H. Brito Cruz e Fapesp
1
Energy sources in Brazil, 2006
47% of Brazil’s energy comes from
renewable sources (2009)
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
cane
18%
10%
0%
Non-Renewable
Renewable
Renewables in Brazil: 47%; World: 13%; OECD: 7,2%
20110815
BBEST-how-much-biofuel-20110815.pptx
2
1980-2013: change in energy sources in
the State of São Paulo, Brazil
Source: Balanço Energético SP, 2008-2014 (values from 1980-1990 interpolated for visualization)
State of São Paulo
• 42 million people
• 32% of Brazil’s GNP
• 55% of Brazilian
ethanol production
1980 – 2013
• Oil down from 62%
to 38%
• Cane up from 14%
to 32%
Other
Hydroelectricity
14%
Sugar cane
Natural gas
62%
Oil and oil products
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32%
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38%
3
Bioenergy: three research initiatives at
FAPESP
• Scientific and Technology roadmap
– Research Project in our Public Policy Program
• BIOEN
– Research program; 10 years
– Basic research core
– Conections to application through partnership with companies
• SP Bioenergy Research Center
– Hubs in the three state universities – USP, Unicamp, Unesp
– Funding: State Government, FAPESP and the Universities
– Graduate course in Bioenergy – 3 state universities
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FAPESP’s Bioenergy Research
BIOEN
• General structure
– Research program; 10 years
– Basic research core
– Conections to application through partnership with companies
• Topics, people, funding
– Feedstock, processing, green chemistry, engines, sustainability
– 300+ scientists (50 from abroad); 600+ graduate students
– Value awarded 2009-2015/06:
• R$ 109 million (FAPESP); R$ 55 million (State Government); R$ 20 million
(industry); R$ 55 million (Universities)
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BIOEN: FAPESP-Industry agreements for
joint funding
• Joint industry-university research (next 10 years)
Company
Oxiteno
Braskem
ETH
Boeing
BP
Microsoft
PSA
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Subject
Lignocellulosic materials
Alcohol-chemistry
Sugarcane
Aviation Biofuels – 1st stage
Processes and Sustainability
Algorithms for gene sequencing
Ethanol powered engines - ERC
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Val. (Indus.+FAPESP)
R$ 6,000,000
R$ 50,000,000
R$ 20,000,000
R$ 1,200,000
R$ 100,000,000
R$ 16,000,000
6
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BIOEN: 314 scientists
• 56 research projects
• 314 scientists
– 229 from São Paulo
– 33 from other Brazilian states
• MG 12; RJ 8; Pr 3; RS 3
– 52 from other countries
Type of support
Qty
2-year grants
51
5-year grants
32
Young Investigators
18
Industry-University
23
Fellowships
226
• U.S. 26; Fr 7; Ge 4; Ne 4; De 3; Sp 3
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Fapesp: São Paulo Research Foundation
• Mission: support research in all fields
• Funded by the taxpayer in the State of São Paulo with 1% of all state revenues
• All proposals are peer reviewed (26,000 proposals in 2014)
– Average time for decision – 65 days
• Expenditures 2014: $PPP 500 M
– Fellowships
• 2,500 SI, 1,800 MSc, 3,500 DrSc, 1,800 Post-docs, 800 other
– Academic R&D
• RIDC/11 yrs, Thematic/5 yrs, Young Investigator/4 yrs, Regular/2 yrs
– University-Industry Joint R&D:
• Microsoft, Agilent, Braskem, Oxiteno, SABESP, VALE, Natura, Petrobrás, Embraer, Padtec, Biolab,
Cristalia, Boeing , GSK, BP, BG, PSA (Peugeot-Citröen), ... (total of 100+ companies)
• Engineering Research Centers (ERC): PSA, Natura, GSK, BG
– Small bussiness R&D: 1,200 SBE’s (two awards per week in 2014)
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WEO 2012: 2035 Scenarios for Biofuels in
Transport
Source: IEA, World Energy Outlook 2012
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Mitigating wedges:
Carbon emissions reduction in NPS
Source: IEA, World Energy Outlook 2012
Bioenergy
23%
Wind
Solar
Biofuels
15%
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Vehicles per population
SÃO PAULO CITY
SÃO PAULO STATE
BRAZIL
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Challenges in Bioenergy in Brasil
• Productivity
– Biomass production
– Conversion processes
– Cellulose uses: electricity x liquid fuel
• Sustainability
–
–
–
–
–
–
20110815
Emissions (LUC, ILUC, N)
Water use
The new agriculture of Food and Energy
Environmental impacts
Social impacts
Economics: regulation, standards, certification
BBEST-how-much-biofuel-20110815.pptx
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BIOEN DIVISIONS
BIOMASS
Contribute with knowledge and technologies for Sugarcane Improvement
Enable a Systems Biology approach for Biofuel Crops
BIOFUEL TECHNOLOGIES
Increasing productivity (amount of ethanol by sugarcane ton), energy
saving, water saving and minimizing environmental impacts
ENGINES
Flex-fuel engines with increased performance, durability and decreased
consumption, pollutant emissions
BIOREFINERIES
Complete substitution of fossil fuel derived compounds
Sugarchemistry for intermediate chemical production and
alcoholchemistry as a petrochemistry substitute
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SUSTAINABILITY AND IMPACTS
Studies to consolidate sugarcane ethanol as the leading technology path
to ethanol and derivatives production
Horizontal themes: Social and Economic Impacts, Environmental studies
and Land Use
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Coordenadores do Programa BIOEN
•
•
•
•
•
Glaucia Mendes Souza, IQ, USP
Marie-Anne van Sluys, IB, USP
Heitor Cantarella, IAC
Rubens Maciel, FEQ, Unicamp
André Nassar, Icone (até fev/2015)
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BIOEN FAPESP: publications
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Bioenergy research:
84 → 148 → 212 → 381 ton/Ha??
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Sugarcane improvement: start with you germplasm characterization
Sugarcane varieties
are very similar
Breeding has for
centuries relied on a
very narrow genetic
basis
In the beginning of the Proalcool Program 70% of
the sugarcane area in Brazil was occupied by 5
cultivars
Thirty years later this number doubled to 10 major
varieties
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Sugarcane Cell Wall Structure and enzymes to degrade it
Proposal of a
hierarchical attack of
hydrolytic enzymes
Microbial enzymes to
degrade the bagasse
cell wall:
bioprospection and
the definition of their
function and
structure for the
development of
improved enzyme
cocktails
Bioenerg. Res.
DOI 10.1007/s12155-012-9268-1
Composition and Str uctur e of Sugar cane Cell Wall
Polysacchar ides: I mplications for Second-Gener ation
Bioethanol Production
Amanda P. de Souza & Débor a C. C. L eite &
Sivakumar Pattathil & M ichael G. Hahn &
M ar cos S. Bucker idge
# Springer Science+Business Media New York 2012
8/18/2015
Abstr act The structure and fine structure of leaf and culm
cell walls of sugarcane plants were analyzed using a combination of microscopic, chemical, biochemical, and immunological approaches. Fluorescence microscopy revealed
that leaves and culm display autofluorescence and lignin
distributed differently through different cell types, the former resulting from phenylpropanoids associated with vascular bundles and the latter distributed throughout all cell
walls in the tissue sections. Polysaccharides in leaf and culm
walls are quite similar, but differ in the proportions of
xyloglucan and arabinoxylan in some fractions. In both
cases, xyloglucan (XG) and arabinoxylan (AX) are closely
associated with cellulose, whereas pectins, mixed-linkageβ-glucan (BG), and less branched xylans are strongly bound
to cellulose. Accessibility to hydrolases of cell wall fraction
increased after fractionation, suggesting that acetyl and phenolic linkages, as well as polysaccharide–polysaccharide
interactions, prevented enzyme action when cell walls are
BIOEN-20150628.pptx; © C.H. Brito Cruz e Fapesp
assembled in its native architecture. Differently from other
hemicelluloses, BG was shown to be readily accessible to
lichenase when in intact walls. These results indicate that
wall architecture has important implications for the development of more efficient industrial processes for secondgeneration bioethanol production. Considering that pretreatments such as steam explosion and alkali may lead to loss of
more soluble fractions of the cell walls (BG and pectins),
second-generation bioethanol, as currently proposed for
sugarcane feedstock, might lead to loss of a substantial
proportion of the cell wall polysaccharides, therefore decreasing the potential of sugarcane for bioethanol production in the future.
K eywor ds Bioenergy . Cellulosicethanol . Hemicelluloses .
Cell wall composition . Cell wall structure . Sugarcane
I ntr oduction
19
Engineering processes to degrade the cell wall
Models developed to describe the kinetics of first generation ethanol
production need to be reformulated and adapted to describe the
kinetics of second generation ethanol fermentation
Productivities achieved: between 1 and 3 kg m-3
h−1
Considered acceptable for alcoholic fermentations
in batch mode, showing the good fermentability
of hydrolysates even without detoxification
Multi-Purpose
Pilot Plant
CTC/UNICAMP
LOPCA
Coordinator
Maciel Filho
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Improving 1st, 2nd Generation, Ethanol + Butanol
30% energy savings
20% improvement in
saccharification
4th TOP ETHANOL Award – Technological Innovation
Pilot Plant 4000 L fermentor
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CTC/UNICAMP
Bioethanol +
Biobutanol
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FAPESP and Ethanol Combustion Engines
• PITE Poli, Usp – Mahle and Consortium of
automakers
– Tribology challenges
• FAPESP - Peugeot, Citröen do Brasil Automóveis
PCBA) Engineering Research Center
– 10 years
– R$ 16 million (50%-50%)
– Call for proposals to be announced soon
20120805
FAPESP BIOEN
22
Combustion Engines
Steven Chu & Arun Majumdar, Nature 488, p. 294 (Aug. 2012)
20120805
FAPESP BIOEN
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Science, Articles, Opportunities
FAPESP: 97/12621-5
FAPESP: 00/10115-0
FAPESP: 00/03372-6
20120805
FAPESP BIOEN
24
Objectives
• Understand the state-of-the art in internal
combustion engines as relates to biofuels
• Identify some of the main research challenges that
FAPESP could/should consider for BIOEN
– Basic Science
– Applied Science and Engineering
20120805
FAPESP BIOEN
25
FAPESP+Peugeot-Citroen: Advanced Research
Center for Biofuel Engines
• 10year contract
• Unicamp, USP, Mauá, ITA
• Researchers from universities
and from company
– Vice-director is a Company
scientist
• Other 4 ERCs:
– Natura
– Glaxxo-Smith-Kline, GSK
•
•
Green Chemistry
Target Discovery
– British Gas, BG
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Nitrogen fertilization is now the culprit in the New Green Revolution
Green Revolution techniques heavily rely on chemical fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides, some of which must be
developed from fossil fuels, making agriculture increasingly reliant on petroleum products.
N2O emission from N fertilizer in sugarcane is
within or below the IPPC default value
N2O Emission, kg N-N2O/ha
4
N2 O = 0,0056x2 + 0,0207x + 0,78
R² = 0,99
3
Trash
2
N2O = 0,0496x + 0,692
R² = 0,62
0
5
10
15
Sugarcane trash, t/ha
20
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Addition of organic residues (vinasse) caused
increase N2O emission
Removing excess trash from the field (for
energy production) may avoid high N2O
emission
1
0
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Trash+vin
25
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BIOEN: Ciência e Política Pública com
impacto Internacional
http://bioenfapesp.org/scopebioenergy/index.php
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SCOPE Rapid Assessment of Bioenergy in
the world
•
•
•
•
Energy Security,
Food Security,
Environmental Security, and
Sustainable Development & Innovation
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Another view of the same challenge:
GSB working hypothesis
• Explore whether and how it is physically possible for bioenergy
to sustainably meet a substantial fraction of future demand for
energy services — e.g. 150 EJ annually corresponding to the 23
per cent of primary energy supply expected from biomass in the
IEA Blue Map Scenario — while feeding humanity and meeting
other needs from managed lands, preserving wildlife habitat and
maintaining environmental quality.
– We intend to approach this unconstrained by current practices, since a
sustainable and secure future cannot be obtained by continuing the
practices that have led to the unsustainable and insecure present
(http://bioenfapesp.org/gsb/; Lynd. Aziz, Brito Cruz, Chimphango, Cortez, Faaij, Greene, Keller, Osseweijer, Richard,
Sheehan, Chugh, van der Wielen, Woods and van Zyl. 2011. “A global conversation about energy from biomass: The
continental conventions of the global sustainable bioenergy project”. Interface Focus 1:271-279.)
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Global Sustainable Bioenergy (GSB) Project
(http://bioenfapesp.org/gsb/)
GSB
Global Sustainable Bioenergy
Geospatial Analysis
Livestock
Production
Energy
Crop
Database
Development
Social
Food
security
Social Welfare &
Economic
Development
Environmental
Soil
Fertility
Water
Climate
Biodiversity
Integrated
Analyses &
Scenarios
Making
Room for
Biofuels
Multiple
benefits
Global
Local,
“LACAf”*
Countries
*Latin America, Caribbean, and Africa
Scholar Exchange Program (accessed from GSB website)
Supported by the Sao Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) BIOEN Program
Brazilian scholars studying abroad
International scholars studying in Brazil
Several day to several year duration
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FAPESP’S LATIN AMERICA AND AFRICA
BIOENERGY RESEARCH PROJECT - LACAF
20130325
ISAF2013; FAPESP BIOEN
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Latin America, the Caribbean, and Africa
How bioenergy could help development?
• An Assessment of Bioenergy Potential in Latin
America, the Caribbean and Africa: the FAPESP LACAf
program, in collaboration with the GSB Project
• LACAF/GSB FAPESP Project (Latin America, the
Caribbean, and Africa):
1.
2.
3.
4.
20130325
Present Land Use and Food/Energy Challenges
Sugarcane Potential, Land Use and Bioenergy Potential
Possible Bioenergy Production Models for LAC and Africa
Potential for Sustainable Ethanol Production in Case
Study Countries (Phase 1): Colombia, Guatemala, South
Africa And Mozambique
ISAF2013; FAPESP BIOEN
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Sugarcane Ethanol in Africa
• South Africa:
– Is the largest producer of sugarcane in the continent
– The Industrial Development Corporation and the Central Energy Fund
announced plans to invest US$ 437 million in 5 biofuels projects
– Ethanol Africa, South African commercial maize farmers, invested in 8
ethanol new plants. Has investments in Angola, Zambia, Tanzania and
Mozambique to produce biofuels from corn and sugarcane
• Mozambique:
– Is set to become one of a major biofuels producer in Africa
– ProCana will process its cane in a Brazilian-built sugar-ethanol factory
– Last year Central African Mining & Exploration has invested U$ 150 million in
a plant of ethanol, and Petromoc spends U$ 550 million to develop biofuels
– The potential for sugarcane ethanol production is great, both for domestic
use or exports. It enjoys tax exemption to export to Europe
Sources: DFID (2007), Jumbe et al. (2009); allafrica.com/biofuel/2010
34
Sugarcane Ethanol in Latin America
• Colombia:
–
–
–
–
The world’s second-largest sugarcane ethanol producer
Governmental regulations established a mandatory blend (E10)
Current ethanol production covers 85% of the local needs
Colombia has a great potential for sugarcane ethanol production in the East
part of the country (expected lower yield than Cauca Valley)
• Guatemala:
– Number one producer of sugarcane in Central America
– In 2009, Guatemala produced 2.38 million tons of raw sugar, of which 1.3
million tons were exported
– 5 out of the 14 sugar mills are also producing ethanol, whose production
reached 265 million liters in 2008
– All of the ethanol is exported, mainly to Europe and the U.S.
– The domestic market for biofuels consumption has not been developed yet
Sources: IICA (2009); USDA (2010)
35
USP-Unicamp-Unesp: doutorado
conjunto em bioenergia
Universidades estaduais paulistas criam doutorado conjunto em bioenergia
Estimuladas pelo Programa BIOEN FAPESP e com apoio do Governo do Estado de São Paulo e da FAPESP, as três
maiores universidades de São Paulo lançaram um programa de doutorado em conjunto na área de bioenergia (energia
obtida por meio da biomassa, usando bagaço da cana-de-açúcar, por exemplo).
É a primeira vez que o Brasil tem um programa gerido por mais de uma instituição.
A iniciativa, de USP, Unicamp e Unesp, tem o objetivo de alavancar a pesquisa de alta tecnologia para produção de
biocombustíveis e melhorar a eficiência de motores, por exemplo.
Com a proposta de ser um curso internacional, o programa conta com professores da USP, da Universidade Estadual de
Campinas (Unicamp) e da Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), além de especialistas estrangeiros. Terá boa parte de
suas aulas em inglês e usará um sistema de videoconferência para a integração de alunos e professores situados em
diferentes cidades.
“Os alunos farão pelo menos quatro meses de estágio no exterior, em universidade, empresa ou centro de pesquisa. E
queremos atrair não só estudantes do Brasil, mas também do exterior”, destacou Carlos Labate, coordenador do curso.
(com material da Folha de São Paulo e da Agência FAPESP)
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USP-Unicamp-Unesp: doutorado
conjunto em bioenergia
http://genfis40.esalq.usp.br/pg_bio/
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Biofuels, according to
the Nuffield Council on Bioethics
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
Biofuels development should not be at the expense of people‘s essential
rights (including access to sufficient food and water, health rights, work
rights and land entitlements).
Biofuels should be environmentally sustainable.
Biofuels should contribute to a net reduction of total greenhouse gas
emissions and not exacerbate global climate change.
Biofuels should develop in accordance with trade principles that are fair
and recognize the rights of people to just reward (including labour rights
and intellectual property rights).
Costs and benefits of biofuels should be distributed in an equitable way.
If the first five Principles are respected and if biofuels can play a crucial
role in mitigating dangerous climate change then, depending on
additional key considerations, there is a duty to develop such biofuels.
Nuffield Council on Bioethics, “Biofuels: Ethical Issues” (http://www.nuffieldbioethics.org/biofuels-0).
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FAPESP’s BIOEN keywords
20130325
ISAF2013; FAPESP BIOEN
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FAPESP’s BIOEN keywords
20130325
ISAF2013; FAPESP BIOEN
40