COMPARISON OF THE RESULTS OF INDEX FIRJAN
MUNICIPAL DEVELOPMENT - HEALTH, BASED ON
THE APPLICATION OF OIL ROYALTIES IN THE
MUNICIPALITIES OF MACAE AND RIO DAS
OSTRAS OF THE CAMPOS BASIN
Joao Alberto Neves dos Santos (UFF )
[email protected]
Juliana Cretton Rizzo (UFF )
[email protected]
Valquiria Constancio Batista (UFF )
[email protected]
In Brazil, says that if the proceeds of royalties are not applied properly. However, this
statement leads us to question whether the result produced by the actions promoted by the
State government, offered to population and financed with reesources coming from oil
royalties are up to the amount of the royalties. In the northeastern state of Rio de Janeiro,
local governments receive funds from oil royalties. It is unclear, however, whether the
application of these features is effective to improve the quality of life and health of the
population. Public actions of the municipalities are primarily those that determine the social
order based on the generation of employment and income and the application of financial
resources in health and education, which may serve as a paradigm for comparisons with
results from other regions of the country, or other municipalities in the same state or in other
states. This study aims to analyze qualitatively the collection of oil royalties, establishing a
comparation between the results of Index FIRJAN Municipal Development - Health of the
municipalities of Macae and Rio das Ostras, reflected in human development and the
improvement of health of the population.
Keywords: Evaluation of Royalties. Royalties. IFDM Health
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1
Introduction
1.1 Oil Royalties
The word royalty comes from English "royal", meaning "for the king" and refers to the flow of
payments to the owner of a non-renewable asset that gives it to be exploited, used, or sold by others (
LEAL and SERRA, 2002).
In antiquity, the royalties were amounts charged to third parties for kings and nobles as a
compensatory payment for the exploitation of natural resources on their lands, for example, the
mineral resources.
Currently, this term is directly linked to the oil and natural gas. In this context, royalties symbolize
financial compensation offered to those involved in order to neutralize the negative impacts generated
to society by the exploitation of these compulsive nonrenewable resources.
In Brazil, the oil royalties are paid to the State and the County producer, the municipalities affected by
the operation, the Ministry of Science and Technology, the Naval Command and the Special Fund.
Since the production of these energy resources has grown over the years (Figure 1), the increase in the
transfer of royalties is an immediate consequence. So, the value of royalties depends directly on the
volume of production resources in the period. Moreover, recent increases in oil prices were also
directly responsible for the progress in the collection and distribution of royalties in recent years.
Figure 1 : Evolution of the distribution of royalties on production of oil and natural gas, according beneficiaries 2000-2009.
Source: National Petroleum Agency (2010)
However, the main issue that pervades the cities of Rio de Janeiro is the destination of those funds
transferred, which are increasing. The Petroleum law, despite setting the rules of division of resources
among stakeholders, doesn’t establish a minimum investment in important sectors such as public
health and education, similar to the organic laws of the municipalities.
Thus, it becomes essential for effective inspection of investments coming from royalties in order to
ensure the efficient allocation and aware of these resources by the government, which should always
prioritize the welfare and quality of life.
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1.2 Index FIRJAN Municipal Development (IFDM)
The index FIRJAN Municipal Development (IFDM) is a powerful indicator that follows the development
of all Brazilian municipalities by three important perspectives with equal weights: employment and
income, education and health. Thus, IFDM is a desirable indicator for the diagnosis of socioeconomic
status of states and municipalities. The index is developed annually and is contained in a range from 0
to 1: when closer to one is the best assessment of the municipal.
In the case of variable Health, are used the following information: number of prenatal visits and rates
of death from ill-defined causes and rates of infant deaths from preventable causes.
Aware of the IFDM credibility as an indicator of social development and the contribution of significant
royalties on revenues of municipalities in the Bacia de Campos, establishing a direct relationship
between both data allowed a qualitative reading of well-directed application of these resources.
Enable even a comparison between the performances of regions and consequently the effectiveness of
public policies.
Finally, the confrontation between the oil royalties collected in that period and the IFDM of the
municipalities in the area of Health presented during the same period may classify municipalities into
four different groups or clusters. Furthermore, the detailed analysis of these groups reveals significant
information about efficiency and effectiveness in the management of resources for the health sector in
the region in question.
2. Objective
This paper has as main objective to present a method of qualitative reading of oil royalties. This
method can serve as an assessment tool, based on the verification of the efficiency and effectiveness
of the implementation of the collection of royalties from a region, through the municipal development
compared their results to those recorded in other regions.
Furthermore, the article aims to investigate the relationship between the collection of royalties and
municipal development in order to assess the compatibility between the collection of royalties, the
demographic population and IFDM. For this shall be require data about the collection of royalties in
the municipalities of the Bacia de Campos, about the population of the region beyond the knowledge
about the structure calculation IFDM and data availability in regions. From these elements, if
consistent, could develop a model of analysis, qualitative and regional, the collection of royalties.
3. Method
The proposed method can be used as a tool for evaluating qualitative dimension of the collection of
royalties reflected in the level of human development of the population, through the identification of
the group in a region that is located, allowing the comparison of its results with other regions as well
as its position in the group to which it belongs. This reading group, combined with the analysis of the
composition of IFDM, may establish the bias that public policy should be guided, focused on
improving the living conditions of the population and can serve as another tool of the dashboard (and
KAPLAN NORTON, 2008) of public managers, allowing them, among other possibilities:
- Identify regions that stand out for the level of development achieved with greater efficiency and
effectiveness of collection of royalties;
- Analyze the public’s policies that are being implemented in the regions mentioned in the letter "a",
and influencing the increase in population IFDM, enabling benchmarking for a possible
implementation of these actions in their own region, since adapted to their reality, accelerating their
process through experiments already experienced;
- Analyze the reality of the group in which your region is positioned and the others components.
This paper doesn’t propose to discuss the criteria adopted for the construction of these elements, but
understand them and use them as a tool for developing a method of qualitative analysis of the
collection of royalties. For the methodology, based on a reading model royalty per capita related to
IFDM were established the following steps:
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3.1. Data Collection
This step will be to collect data relevant to each individual in the population being examined. This
sample population may be comprised between the ones of each category, namely: countries, states,
counties or microregions.
The data to be collected, necessary for conducting the analyzes are: Volume of collection of royalties;
demographics population, and the Index FIRJAN Municipal Development - IFDM. With these data, it
would be able to build a model of analysis from crossing data explained below.
3.2. Crossing Data
This step is done the intersection of the data obtained. For example: data collection of royalties per
capita of year X, confronted IFDM that established by X 1 year.
With this cross, we intend to get a reading through the scatter plot of the degree of efficiency and
effectiveness of collection of royalties, comparing the volume of this collection with the level of
development measured by municipal IFDM, according Figure 2. This reading will enable the
determination of clusters aiming segmentation analysis.
IFDM
Arrecadação de
Royalties per capita
Figure 2 - Model Scatterplot.
Source: Author own
3.3. Identification of clusters or groups to be analyzed
In this step, for targeting analysis of data obtained at intersections, will be highlighted groups who are
in a comparable situation. The clusters are identified by calculating the arithmetic mean of IFDM and
the arithmetic mean of the collection of royalties per capita. The criterion used to define the clusters
can identify groups that are above or below the average of the sample population, showing graphically
the ones that apply, with greater or lesser efficiency and effectiveness, the proceeds from the
collection of royalties, according Figure 3.
Média
Cluster
1
Cluster
2
IFDM
Média
Cluster
4
Cluster
3
Arrecadação de
Royalties per capita
Figure 3 - Identification of Clusters in Scatterplot
Source: Author own
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3.4. Analysis of conditions for determining the framework of clusters
This step will be discussed common issues and the differences observed between groups categorized
in clusters, as well as the components of the group itself.
Cluster 1 - It is composed of individuals (regions, states, municipalities, micro-regions) that have IFDM
level above average, achieved with greater efficiency and effectiveness, given that this group has
volume of royalties per capita below the average analyzed.
Cluster 2 - It is composed of individuals who have IFDM level above the average of the surveyed
population. However, the configuration of this group is less efficient and effective than cluster one, in
order to have a volume higher royalty per capita. Special attention should be paid to the regions
classified in Cluster 2, cause they have the same level of IFDM than the regions classified in Cluster 1
which characterizes, in that case, that the entity or individual analyzed don’t have the deficiency
resourcs proceeds from the royalties, but can be a little efficiency and effectiveness in public policies
capable of raising the level of municipal development.
Cluster 3 - Individuals components of Cluster 3, despite having higher royalty revenue, have a low level
of IFDM which clearly shows, inefficiency and ineffectiveness in the use of royalties in public initiatives
for the development of the region. Individuals classified in this category, if they do not adopt more
effective public policies aimed at increasing the IFDM, may see a deterioration of social development,
when royalties are reduced in value, because the development is the basis of the collection.
Cluster 4 - It is composed of individuals who possess the level of royalties and IFDM analyzed below
average, placing this cluster at a disadvantage to others. This reading allows to clearly identify the
entity or individual analyzed have serious deficiencies, both in its economic development, as in public
actions aimed at development of its human population, such as health and education, as compared to
other clusters.
4. Results
4.1. Data Collection
The data used in this study were obtained from the following sources:
- IFDM of 2009 by county of the state of Rio de Janeiro – Index FIRJAN Municipal Development
(FIRJAN, 2011);
- Population - IBGE, Census 2009
Collection of royalties for 2009 - National Confederation of Municipalities (CNM, 2009) and the
National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels (2010).
Table 1: Volume of collection of royalties, and IFDM population of the municipalities in the Campos Basin
Municipalities in Volume
Population
Collection
of IFDM (2009)
IFDM
Health
the Campos Basin Collection
of (2009)
royalties
per
(2009)
Royalties (Year
capita
2009)
Armação
de
41.897.724,65
27.645
1.515,58
Búzios
Arraial do Cabo
5.216.022,59
25.811
202,08
Cabo Frio
133.778.273,24
178.741
748,45
Campos
dos
938.458.487,36
433.972
2162,49
Goytacazes
Carapebus
22.745.005,61
11.595
1.961,70
Casimiro
de
56.490.065,54
29.326
1.926,31
Abreu
Macaé
365.247.504,11
186.425
1.959,22
Quissamã
90.926.791,95
19.101
4.760,30
Rio das Ostras
252.223.801,18
99.380
2.537,98
São João da Barra 168.329.125,44
29.380
5.729,34
São Pedro da
5.264.049,98
81.540
64,56
Aldeia
Source: ANP (2010), INFOROYALTIES (2011) e FIRJAN (2011)
0,6626
0,7874
0,7195
0,7427
0,8247
0,8123
0,7027
0,8419
0,6876
0,8992
0,6800
0,8583
0,8270
0,7473
0,8288
0,7632
0,8935
0,9082
0,8471
0,8549
0,7117
0,8125
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4.2. Crossing Data
4.5. Analysis of Municipal Development Index FIRJAN related to Health of
Municipalities of the Campos Basin
The Figure 4 shows the intersection of data Royalties per capita of cities in the Campos Basin with
IFDM related to health in those cities, allowing a reading of the ranking that can reveal the use of
royalties in actions for the development of regional public health.
0,9400
Quissamã
0,9100
Cluster 1
Carapepus
Macaé
Cluster 2
0,8800
Casimiro de Abreu
São João da Barra
IFDM Saúde 2009
0,8500
Rio das Ostras
Arraial do Cabo
IFDM Saúde Média = 0,849
Campos
0,8200
0,7900
São Pedro
da Aldeia
Cabo Frio
Armação de
Búzios
0,7600
0,7300
0,7000
0,00
Cluster 4
Cluster 3
Royalty per capita médio = 2.142,55
1.000,00
2.000,00
3.000,00
4.000,00
5.000,00
6.000,00
7.000,00
Royalties per capita
Figure 4: Scatterplot royalties per capita versus IFDM Health of Municipalities of the Campos Basin.
Source: Author own
The analysis was done using scatter chart that shows the counties divided into four clusters, which
were obtained based on the arithmetic mean of royalties per capita for each municipality and the
arithmetic average IFDM Health
4.3. Identification of clusters or groupings to be analyzed
The clusters sorted from the data crossing the royalties, considering the amount of people (per capita)
with IFDM Health, shows that there was a modification of the positioning of some municipalities, when
analyzing the results specifically related to health of the population. For example, Municipalities
Casimiro de Abreu and left Carapebus Cluster 4 to Cluster 1, ie showed superior performance
compared to other cities analyzed. Moreover, the municipality of Cabo Frio left the Cluster 1 and
Cluster 4 switched to, or underperformed those of other municipalities. Worse still was the municipality
of Rio das Ostras since left the Cluster 2 and passed for Cluster 3, featuring your Health IFDM result is
worse than the average of municipalities.
Table 2 - Clusters: Royalties per capita x IFDM Health
Cluster 1
Carapebus
Casimiro de Abreu
Macaé
Cluster 2
Quissamã
São João da Barra
Cluster 3
Rio das Ostras
Campos
Goytacazes
Cluster 4
Armação de Búzios
dos Arraial do Cabo
Cabo Frio
São Pedro da Aldeia
Source: Author own
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We can also make the following analysis of the overall framework of the municipalities in each of the
clusters with respect to the parameter IFDM Health
Cluster 1 - is represented by the municipalities of Carapebus, Casimiro de Abreu and Macae, who seem
to possess greater efficiency and effectiveness in the application of proceeds from the collection of
royalties on initiatives focused on developing actions aimed at improving the health of the municipal
population .
The municipalities of Carapebus and Casimiro de Abreu were in cluster 4 for the global IFDM, but in
relation to IFDM now occupy the Health cluster 1, showing that the application of royalties was
prioritized actions for performance improvement in health and not to the generation of employment
and income. This may be due to the difficulties encountered by these cities to stand as headquarters of
companies interested in exploring the growth of the Oil and Gas
The city of Macae continued to occupy the cluster 1 compared to IFDM Health, which demonstrates a
significant priority in the application of royalties in actions for improving the health of the local
population, but knowing seize growth conditions Sector Oil and Gas to attract companies interested in
settling in the region.
Cluster 2 - The municipalities of Quissamã and São João da Barra remained in this cluster compared to
IFDM Health, which is characterized by a high collection of royalties and IFDM above average. In fact,
the city of Quissamã stands out as one that has the best performance over IFDM of Health, which can
characterize the correct implementation of public policies focused on health.
Cluster 3 - The municipality of Rio das Ostras originated from Cluster 2 has occupied along the
Campos Goytacazes, Cluster 3 in the outcome of the Health IFDM That is, the application of royalties it
feels not to have generated satisfactory results, which can be IFDM evidenced by the fall of this
parameter. Actually, Rio oysters deserve a more specific later, in order to compare it with another
municipality that also has high IFDM East, but with health-related outcome more appropriate.
Cluster 4 - The city of Cabo Frio became part of this cluster with the municipalities of Armacao de
Buzios, Arraial do Cabo and São Pedro da Aldeia compared to IFDM Health
The city of Cabo Frio moved from Cluster 1 to Cluster 4 on Health parameter characterizing the
implementation of health policies were not sufficient, or even that the application of proceeds from
royalties on health has not been enough.
4.4. Analysis of the Determinants Conditions for the Placement of Clusters Analysis of Municipalities of Macae and Rio das Ostras
It is worthwhile at this point to make a comparative evaluation of the two largest IFDM Middle River
Oysters and Macae, to see what may have been the difference in the application of resources that
generate such different results related to population health. The data in Table 1, which shows that
municipalities Goytacazes Campos, Macae and Rio das Ostras have the highest volume of collection of
royalties, but as population sizes have distinct values will be used royalty per capita. Thus, the analysis
of the results of Macae and Rio das Ostras may be more interesting to show because of the differences
in results. Thus, we performed a detailed study of the application of the proceeds of oil royalties in
these two counties.
Table 3 show a comparison of the evolution of the volume of revenue from oil royalties relating to
municipalities.
Table 3: Volume of collection of royalties from the municipalities of Macae and Rio das Ostras
Municipality
Volume Collection of Royalties
2005
2006
2007
2008
Macaé
R$ 346.291.967,80
R$ 408.416.988,96
R$ 353.801.517,16
R$ 501.680.924,82
2009
R$ 365.247.504,11
Rio das Ostras
R$ 252.223.801,18
R$ 265.866.158,78
R$ 311.134.130,67
R$ 240.852.045,75
Source: Author own and Court of the State of Rio de Janeiro (TCE, 2012)
R$ 331.550.609,17
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600.000.000,00
Volume de arrecadação
dos royalties
500.000.000,00
400.000.000,00
Macaé
300.000.000,00
Rio das
Ostras
200.000.000,00
100.000.000,00
0,00
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Figure 5: Comparison of Volume Collection of Oil Royalties Municipalities of Macae and Rio das Ostras. Source: ANP
(2010)
From Figure 5, it can be seen that the city of Macae has a volume of collection of oil royalties greater
than the volume of Rio das Ostras. To compare the application of proceeds from the collection of
royalties in respect of each municipality Health, looked up the total investment value of each
municipality applied to the Health of the population, according to the TBI (Court of the State of Rio de
Janeiro). These data can be checked in Table 4.
Table 4: Data from the cities of Macae and Rio das Ostras
Municipality
Macaé
Rio das Ostras
Percentage of
Total Investment in Volume Collection royalties
Total Investment
Year
Health
of Royalties
invested
in in Health
Health
2005
R$ 97.575.634,06
R$ 346.291.967,80
28,18%
R$ 36.179.986,34
2006
R$ 117.676.230,94
R$ 408.416.988,96
28,81%
R$ 43.743.445,17
2007
R$ 130.580.946,76
R$ 353.801.517,16
36,91%
R$ 62.052.597,45
2008
R$ 120.856.158,72
R$ 501.680.924,82
24,09%
*
2009
R$ 135.751.128,70
R$ 365.247.504,11
37,17%
R$ 38.207.980,27
*Os valores no ano de 2008 não foram divulgados
Source: Author own and Court of the State of Rio de Janeiro (TCE, 2012)
Volume Collection
of Royalties
R$ 265.866.158,78
R$ 311.134.130,67
R$ 240.852.045,75
R$ 331.550.609,17
R$ 252.223.801,18
Percentage
royalties
invested
Health
13,61%
14,06%
25,76%
15,15%
Município de Macaé
R$ 600.000.000,00
R$ 500.000.000,00
R$ 400.000.000,00
Investimento Total em Saúde
R$ 300.000.000,00
Volume de Arrecadação dos
Royalties
R$ 200.000.000,00
R$ 100.000.000,00
R$ 0,00
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Figure 6: Collection of Royalties X Investment in Health Macaé. Source: Author own and Court of the State of Rio de
Janeiro (TCE, 2012)
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Município de Rio das Ostras
R$ 350.000.000,00
R$ 300.000.000,00
R$ 250.000.000,00
Investimento Total em Saúde
R$ 200.000.000,00
Volume de Arrecadação dos
Royalties
R$ 150.000.000,00
R$ 100.000.000,00
R$ 50.000.000,00
R$ 0,00
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Figure 7: Collection of Royalties X Investment in Health of the City of Rio das Ostras. Source: Author own and Court of the
State of Rio de Janeiro (TCE, 2012)
According to the analysis of Figures 6 and 7, it can be seen that the total value of investment in health
is well below the volume of collection of oil royalties in both municipalities. Aiming to investigate the
application of oil royalties in actions to improve the health of the population of the cities, there was a
relationship between these two requirements, the total investment in Health and volume of collection
of royalties, which showed the percentage of royalties that are invested in health in each county. This
relationship can be seen in the Figures 8 and 9 below.
Porcentagem dos Royalties investidos em Saúde no
Município de Macaé
37,17%
36,91%
28,18%
28,81%
24,09%
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Figure 8: Percent of Revenue Royalties applied in Health in Macaé. Source: Author own and Court of the State of Rio de
Janeiro (TCE, 2012)
Porcentagem dos Royalties investidos em Saúde no
Município de Rio das Ostras
25,76%
13,61%
15,15%
14,06%
0,00%
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Figure 9: Percent of Revenue Royalties applied to Health in the Municipality of Rio das Ostras. Source: Author own and
Court of the State of Rio de Janeiro (TCE, 2012)
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Thus, this relationship showed that the city of Macae applied a higher percentage of resource royalties
in Health, and in all the years surveyed, the percentage was over 24%. Moreover, the municipality of
Rio das Ostras systematically applied a percentage lower than 24%, whereas in 2007 only applied a
percentage higher than 24% (25.76%). It is clear, though, that no one is questioning the quality of the
application of resources, but the actual volume of resources to be lower in the Oyster River, may be
undermining the goals of improving Health
Conclusion
This article allowed to present the evaluation results of the collection of royalties for municipalities in
the Campos Basin. This method was adequate to verify the effectiveness of the application of royalties
in cities, making their relationship to IFDM, serving as a basis for comparison with other indicators
calculated in clusters. Furthermore, it was possible to ascertain the relationship between the oil
royalties and municipal development, checking the compatibility between the royalties, population and
demographic IFDM, using data on the collection of royalties municipalities in the Campos Basin, about
the population of these municipalities in addition to IFDM. From these elements we developed a
model of qualitative analysis.
The application of the model stems from the fact that the government is the main articulator of public
policies that reflect the development, with some aspects included in the calculation of IFDM as Health
The data used, grouped by clusters formed, allow governments to deal with their equality or micro
regions that are in similar situation, by checking the qualitative data from the collection of royalties.
These data are important for the decision-making process of public management, facilitating
corrective measures of socioeconomic distortions that can have disastrous consequences for the
regions that are disadvantaged, if not adequately addressed.
In the case of the Campos Basin, analysis of clusters also served to identify the municipalities that were
more advanced in the use of royalties and avoids distortion in the evaluation. The evaluation of the
cluster itself also serves as a basis to identify the municipalities that need to have scrutinized the data
in order to arrive at a more accurate assessment of the application of the proceeds of oil royalties.
This study pointing that the municipalities of Macae and Rio das Ostras apply their royalties resources
of different ways. Therefore, their results were also different. At Macae the application of oil royalties in
actions to improve the health of the population was more efficient than Rio das Ostras. There was a
relationship between the total investment in Health and volume of collection of royalties, which was
showed the percentage of royalties that are invested in health in each county.
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TCE - COURT OF ACCOUNTS OF THE STATE OF RIO DE
http://www.tce.rj.gov.br/votos/AGS/111006/20563311.pdf. Accessed on June 30, 2012.
JANEIRO.
Available
in
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