Instituto Hórus de Desenvolvimento e Conservação Ambiental
Análise de risco para plantas invasoras
RESULTADO
Pontuação
Grupo
18
Avaliação válida (> 70% das perguntas respondidas), RISCO MODERADO
Questão
RECOMENDAÇÃO
AVALIAÇÃO POSTERIOR
Eucalyptus globulus
eucalipto
Histórico biogeográfico
Cultivo / Domesticação
1.01
O táxon apresenta fortes indícios de domesticação?
1.02
Há registros de que o táxon esteja se propagando espontaneamente nos locais onde está domesticado?
Táxons da espécie estão registrados como plantas daninhas ou pragas?
1.03
2.01
2.02
Clima
2.03
3.01
O táxon ocorre naturalmente ou há registro de que esteja estabelecido em alguma região de clima Equatorial (Tipo Af de Koeppen‐Geiger)?
O táxon ocorre naturalmente ou há registro de que esteja estabelecido em alguma região de clima Tropical (Zona Equatorial, Nordeste Oriental ou Brasil Central) (Grupo A de Koeppen‐Geiger: Af, Aw, Am, As)?
O táxon ocorre naturalmente ou há registro de que esteja estabelecido em alguma região de clima Temperado ou Subtropical (Grupo C de Koeppen‐Geiger: Cf, Cw, Cs)?
O táxon apresenta histórico de introduções repetidas fora da sua área de distribuição natural?
não
não
não
sim
sim
3.02
Registros de ocorrência e invasão
3.03
Há registro de que o táxon esteja estabelecido fora da sua área de ocorrência natural historicamente conhecida?
Há registro de impactos causados pelo táxon em jardins, benfeitorias ou áreas degradadas?
sim
sim
3.04
3.05
Há registro de impactos causados pelo táxon em áreas com atividade agrícola, pecuária, silvicultural ou horticultural?
Há registro de que a espécie seja invasora de ambientes naturais em algum lugar do mundo?
não
sim
3.06
Outras espécies do mesmo gênero são consideradas invasoras em outras regiões ou estão estabelecidas no Brasil?
sim
Características indesejadas
4.01
4.03
O táxon apresenta espinhos, acúleos ou outra saliência capaz de causar ferimentos ou impedir a passagem de pessoas ou animais?
Há evidências de que o táxon produza alterações químicas no solo? (tais como alelopatia, mudança de pH, fixação de nitrogênio, entre outros)
É um táxon parasita?
4.04
É um táxon impalatável para animais de pasto nativos ou introduzidos?
4.05
É um táxon tóxico para seres humanos ou para animais nativos ou domesticados economicamente importantes?
Há registro de que o táxon seja hospedeiro ou vetor de pragas ou patógenos conhecidos que afetem espécies nativas ou de valor?
O táxon causa alergias em seres humanos?
4.02
Atributos indesejados
4.06
4.07
5.01
5.02
Hábito e potencial 5.03
competição por 5.04
recursos em ambientes 5.05
naturais
5.06
não
sim
não
sim
não
não
Há evidências de que o táxon produz alterações físicas em interações ecológicas? (tais como aumento do risco de ocorrência de incêndios, altera processos erosivos naturais, afeta o sistema hidrológico do solo)
É um táxon tolerante à sombra em alguma fase do ciclo de vida?
não
O táxon tolera solos arenosos, ácidos ou de baixa fertilidade?
sim
sim
O táxon é uma liana ou tem outra forma de crescimento capaz de suprimir outras plantas?
não
O táxon forma touceiras densas? (principalmente lenhosas perenes)
O táxon é uma árvore, arbusto lenhoso perene, erva, gramínea ou geófita? (caso o táxon não pertença a nenhum destes grupos, o campo resposta deve permanecer em branco) responder: "árvore" ou "arbusto" ou herbácea" ou "gramínea" ou "geófita" ou "não".
sim
árvore
Características biológicas e ecológicas
6.01
Mecanismos reprodutivos
6.02
Há evidências de fatores bióticos na área de distribuição natural do táxon que implicam em fracasso reprodutivo?
O táxon produz sementes viáveis?
6.03
Há evidências de que o táxon seja capaz de realizar hibridação interespecífica?
6.04
Há no país alguma espécie nativa congênere?
6.05
O táxon é capaz de realizar autopolinização ou apomixia?
não
6.06
O táxon necessita de polinizadores especializados?
não
não
sim
não
6.07
O táxon se reproduz por fragmentos vegetativos diferentes dos apomíticos ou geofíticos?
6.08
Qual a duração do período juvenil? [a] até 1 ano; [b] 1‐4 anos; [c] mais de 4 anos
7.01
Produz propágulos com probabilidade de dispersão involuntária por pessoas, máquinas etc.?
7.02
Produz propágulos dispersados intencionalmente ou cultivados por pessoas?
7.03
Produz propágulos com probabilidade de dispersão como contaminantes de produtos?
não
b
não
sim
não
Mecanismos de 7.04
dispersão de 7.05
propágulos
7.06
Produz propágulos adaptados para dispersão pelo vento (anemocoria)?
sim
Produz propágulos adaptados para dispersão por água (hidrocoria)?
não
Produz propágulos dispersados por pássaros (ornitocoria) ou morcegos (quiropterocoria)?
não
Atributos de persistência
7.07
Produz propágulos dispersados por animais (externamente)?
não
7.08
não
8.01
Produz propágulos dispersados por animais que se alimentam dos frutos e as sementes sobrevivem à passagem pelo sistema digestivo?
O táxon é um produtor de sementes prolífero?
8.02
Há evidências de que as sementes do táxon permanecem viáveis no solo por mais de 1 ano?
8.03
É possível e fácil encontrar uma forma de controle eficaz com custos razoáveis?
8.04
Algum predador natural efetivo do táxon está presente no país?
1.01
Não foram encontradas referências.
não
REFERÊNCIAS
1.02
1.03
2.01
2.01a http://koeppen‐geiger.vu‐wien.ac.at/usa.htm A espécie é invasora na Califórnia, onde o tipo climático Af não existe. 2.01b A espécie é nativa da Austrália, onde o tipo Af não ocorre. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification#/media/File:Koppen_World_Map_(retouched_version).png. 2.01c Vaughan, 2008. "Eucalyptus globulus is naturally distributed in Tasmania and south‐eastern Australia..."
2.02
2.02a http://koeppen‐geiger.vu‐wien.ac.at/usa.htm A espécie é invasora na Califórnia, onde o tipo climático Af não existe. 2.02b A espécie é nativa da Austrália, onde o tipo Af não ocorre. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification#/media/File:Koppen_World_Map_(retouched_version).png. 2.02b Vaughan, 2008. Vaughan, 2008. "Eucalyptus globulus is naturally distributed in Tasmania and south‐eastern Australia..."
2.03
2.03a http://koeppen‐geiger.vu‐wien.ac.at/usa.htm A espécie é invasora na Califórnia, onde o tipo climático Cs predomina. 2.03b A espécie é nativa da Austrália em região de clima Cfa. Área de distribuição natural em http://www.eranurseries.com.au/eucalyptus‐
globulus; mapa climático em https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification#/media/File:Koppen_World_Map_(retouched_version).png. 2.03c Vaughan, 2008. "Eucalyptus globulus is naturally distributed in Tasmania and south‐eastern Australia..."
3.01
3.01a Booth, 2012, p.3: "Current plantations around the world are dominated by the "big nine" species identified in paper by Harwood as E. camaldulensis, E. grandis, E. tereticornis, E. globulus, E. nitens, E. urophylla, E. saligna, E. dunnii, and E. pellita and their hybrids, which together account for more than 90% of the major eucalypt plantations." 3.01b Calviño‐Cancela; Rubido‐Bará, 2013. Invasive potential of Eucalyptus globulus: Seed dispersal, seedling recruitment and survival in habitats surrounding plantations (in Spain). 3.01c California Invasive Plant Council, 2015 ‐ "Eucalyptus globulus is a tree found throughout California, but has primarily escaped to become invasive along the coast. It has effects on fire danger, native plants, and wildlife." 3.01d Tomazello Filho, 1987 ‐ Variação radial da densidade básica em estrutura anatômica da madeira do Eucalyptus globulus, E. pellita e E. acmenioides. A espécie é cultivada no Brasil. 3.01e Vaughan, 2008. "Eucalyptus globulus is naturally distributed in Tasmania and south‐eastern Australia, but is now widely planted and naturalized in subtropical regions around the world. In tropical Africa it is found in cool highland regions, especially in Ethiopia, where it was introduced around 1890. It is also planted in South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland." 3.01f Orwa et al., 2009: "Documented species distribution: Angola, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, China, Colombia, Ecuador, Eritrea, Ethiopia, French Guiana, Guyana, Haiti, India, Japan, Kenya, Lesotho, Mozambique, Namibia, New Zealand, Paraguay, Peru, South Africa, Spain, Surinam, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Uruguay, Venezuela, Zambia, Zimbabwe."
3.02
3.02a Calviño‐Cancela; Rubido‐Bará, 2013. Invasive potential of Eucalyptus globulus: Seed dispersal, seedling recruitment and survival in habitats surrounding plantations (in Spain). 3.02b California Invasive Plant Council, 2015 ‐ "Eucalyptus globulus is a tree found throughout California, but has primarily escaped to become invasive along the coast. It has effects on fire danger, native plants, and wildlife." 3.02c Larcombe et al., 2013. Assessing the invasive potential of Eucalyptus globulus in Australia: quantification of wildling establishment from plantations. Biological Invasions 15(12): 2763‐2781. 3.02d Vaughan, 2008. "Seed dispersal distance from a 40 m tall tree with winds of 10 km/h was 20 m; hence seed dispersal is normally limited to the edges of plantations. However, Eucalyptus globulus can spread into non‐forest or disturbed ecosystems, eventually forming a monoculture that excludes other plants. Phenol and terpene compounds of the leaves seem to be responsible for allelopathic suppression of vegetation in the understory of dense populations."
3.03
3.03a California Invasive Plant Council factsheet, 2015 ‐ "Blue gum can form monospecific stands through superior competition for moisture from the soil and water table and by establishing a dense layer of bark and leaf litter on the ground. Blue gum leaves contain phenolic compounds that are thought to alter soil chemistry and inhibit the germination of native plant species. With their abundant leaf litter, peeling strips of bark, and volatile oils in the leaves, blue gum stands are highly flammable, as was witnessed in the Oakland Hills fire of 1991."
3.04
Não foram encontradas referências.
3.05
3.05a Arborgen, 2012: "Eucalyptus globulus is reported as being invasive in California." 3.05b Booth, 2012, p. 3: "...noted Eucalyptus globulus as an invasive species in California and Hawaii." "Eucalypt species considered invasive in southern Africa included Corymbia citriodora, E. camaldulensis, E. cladocalyx, E. diversicolor, E. globulus, E. grandis, E. lehmannii, E. microcorys, E. paniculata, E. robusta, E. sideroxylon, and E. tereticornis. For New Zealand, E. botryoides, E. globulus, and E. saligna were listed as invasive." 3.05c Vaughan, 2008. "Seed dispersal distance from a 40 m tall tree with winds of 10 km/h was 20 m; hence seed dispersal is normally limited to the edges of plantations. However, Eucalyptus globulus can spread into non‐forest or disturbed ecosystems, eventually forming a monoculture that excludes other plants. Phenol and terpene compounds of the leaves seem to be responsible for allelopathic suppression of vegetation in the understory of dense populations." 3.05d Young, 2002: "Current distribution: The Tasmanian Blue Gum is currently invasive in the United States in California and Hawaii. It has invaded riparian habitats, grasslands, any habitat with a high soil moisture content and a moderate climate. In California, it is located along the costal ranges, from the north in Humboldt County all the way down the state to San Diego County, growing the most successfully in the foggy coast surrounding the San Francisco Bay Area. In Hawaii, the 12,000 acres are mostly located on Hawaii and Maui."
3.06
3.06a Booth, 2012: "Richardson and Rejmánek considered only eight eucalypt species to be invasive including Corymbia maculata, E. camaldulensis, E. cinerea, E. cladocalyx, E. conferruminata, E. globulus, E. grandis, and E. robusta."
4.01
Não é característica da espécie.
4.02
4.02a Babu; Kandasamy, 2008, Abstract: "The allelopathic potential of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. (gum tree) fresh and dried leaf leachates was studied using two perennial weeds, viz. purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.) and bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon L. Pers) as test weeds." "There is a possibility to harness the allelochemicals of eucalyptus leaves as herbicides for the management of these perennial weeds." 4.02b Coder, 1999: Potential allelopathy in different tree species. A espécie está na lista de "stronger effect". 4.02c California Invasive Plant Council factsheet, 2015 ‐ "Blue gum can form monospecific stands through superior competition for moisture from the soil and water table and by establishing a dense layer of bark and leaf litter on the ground. Blue gum leaves contain phenolic compounds that are thought to alter soil chemistry and inhibit the germination of native plant species. With their abundant leaf litter, peeling strips of bark, and volatile oils in the leaves, blue gum stands are highly flammable, as was witnessed in the Oakland Hills fire of 1991."
4.03
Não é característica da espécie.
4.04
4.04a Orwa et al., 2009: "Services: in its juvenile form E. globulus ssp. globulus is seldom browsed by cattle, sheep or goats, which gives it an advantage over most other species where fencing is not practicable." 4.04b Young, 2002: "Reasons why it has become established: Its saplings have a very high rate of survival due to the fact that it is very rarely eaten by large herbivores."
4.05
4.05a World Agroforestry Centre, 2012 ‐ factsheet, Description e Products: sem referência. Não há toxicidade no gênero Eucalyptus.
4.06
Nâo foram encontradas evidências.
4.07
Não é característica da espécie.
5.01
5.01a California Invasive Plant Council factsheet, 2015 ‐ "Blue gum can form monospecific stands through superior competition for moisture from the soil and water table and by establishing a dense layer of bark and leaf litter on the ground. Blue gum leaves contain phenolic compounds that are thought to alter soil chemistry and inhibit the germination of native plant species. With their abundant leaf litter, peeling strips of bark, and volatile oils in the leaves, blue gum stands are highly flammable, as was witnessed in the Oakland Hills fire of 1991." 5.01b Vaughan, 2008. "Eucalyptus globulus has a number of mechanisms for resisting fire. The shaggy bark is highly flammable and allows fire to spread quickly to the canopy, but the thick inner bark of mature trees prevents damage to the inner part of the tree in most cases. Post‐fire regeneration is quick. Damaged bark is shed and buds resprout rapidly. In the case of top‐kill, many new sprouts appear from the so‐called lignotuber, a woody subterranean storage stem that resists fire and other damage to the aboveground stem. Fruits are resistant to fire, and high rates of seedbanking in the soil, as well as massive seed release from fire‐damaged branches, lead to post‐fire regeneration from seed. Hence Eucalyptus globulus spreads fire readily, causing grave potential danger to surrounding areas, but it recovers from fire itself. The combination of its flammability and its colonizer capacity make Eucalyptus globulus a potential threat to local ecosystems. In case of a fire, Eucalyptus globulus would worsen and spread the fire, and in the aftermath its fire resistance, prolific seed production and ability to resprout from lignotubers would give it an advantage over other species damaged by the fire, hence permitting it to colonize adjacent zones." 5.01c Young, 2002: "Threats: The loss of biodiversity and habitat is a great threat from the Tasmanian Blue Gum tree, as it is from any eucalyptus. It creates virtual monocultures and can rapidly take over surrounding compatible areas, completely changing the ecosystem. That monoculture creates a loss of habitats for many species that relied on the previous system. Due to its great capacity for taking over a wide variety of habitats, the Blue Gum eucalyptus could possibly spread to a great range of systems where there is enough water content and create huge monocultures."
5.02
5.02a Vaughan, 2008. "Eucalyptus globulus does not tolerate shade, and is hence an obligate initial colonizer, which means that it does not spread easily into established forest."
5.03
5.03a Orwa et al., 2009: "Ecology: The principal limiting soil factors are insufficient depth, poor drainage, salinity and the presence of a high content of assimilable carbonates. However, where climatic conditions are favourable, suitable performance is reported on shallow and sometimes stony soils, particularly if subsoiling is practised." "Biophysical limits: Soil type: It does not occur naturally on strongly calcareous or strongly alkaline soils. Best development is on deep, sandy clay soils, but good growth is also attained on clay‐
loams and clay soils, providing they are well drained." 5.03b Young, 2002: "Identification: The tree can grow in a variety of soil types in communities with mild weather and a high moisture content." " Its ability to survive a large range of terrain types, from coarse to fine soil, sea level up to around 1000 feet in altitude, means that the only limiting factors in range are temperature and water content."
5.04
Não é característica da espécie.
5.05
5.05a California Invasive Plant Council factsheet, 2015 ‐ "Blue gum can form monospecific stands through superior competition for moisture from the soil and water table and by establishing a dense layer of bark and leaf litter on the ground. Blue gum leaves contain phenolic compounds that are thought to alter soil chemistry and inhibit the germination of native plant species." 5.05b Vaughan, 2008. "Eucalyptus globulus can spread into non‐forest or disturbed ecosystems, eventually forming a monoculture that excludes other plants. Phenol and terpene compounds of the leaves seem to be responsible for allelopathic suppression of vegetation in the understory of dense populations." 5.05c Young, 2002: "identification: The Blue Gum tree, as it is sometimes known as, is called such due to a sticky gum‐like substance that the tree secretes. This gum is very fragrant and contains anti‐bacterial properties which make the tree extremely pest‐resistant, as well as acting as a deterrent to the growth of other non‐eucalyptus plants." "The trees prefer to grow in dense stands, from as little as 170 trees per acre up to 1200." "Ecological role: They inhibit the growth of other vegetation and so create virtual monocultures of various eucalyptus trees, with the exception of a few hardy grasses."
5.06
5.06a Virginia Tech, 2012: "A large tree with a straight trunk that can reach 200 feet tall and several feet in diameter." 5.06b Vaughan, 2008. "Description: Evergreen, large to very large tree up to 70 m tall; bole straight, cylindrical, up to 200 cm in diameter..." 5.06c Orwa et al., 2009: "Botanic description: Eucalyptus globulus ssp. globulus is a large to very large evergreen tree...".
6.01
Há informação sobre pragas na Austrália que foram acidentalmente importadas a outros países, mas não há evidência de fracasso reprodutivo. 6.01a Rapley et al., 2004. Abstract: "The southern eucalypt leaf beetle, Chrysophtharta agricola (Chapuis), is an outbreak insect pest of commercial Eucalyptus globulus Labill. plantations in south‐eastern Australia."
6.02
6.02a Vaughan, 2008. "Propagation and planting: The 1000‐seed weight is 2.5–17 g. Airtight storage at 4–6% moisture content and temperatures below 0°C is recommended, although viability can be maintained for several years in airtight storage at 3°C with 6–10% moisture content. Seed orchards from grafted material can be top‐pruned before seed abscission to more easily harvest seed from the ground. Harvesting in this manner can be started as early as 5 years after orchard establishment. Seed thus produced has a germination rate of up to 80% in 4–14 days. Seedlings are raised in containers filled with sterilized soil, leaving 2 seedlings per container." 6.02b California Invasive Plant Council factsheet, 2015. "Blue gum reproduces both from seed and vegetatively from roots and stumps. Dormant buds produce new shoots from the base of a cut stump."
6.03
Ainda que a hibridação seja comum entre diversas espécies de eucaliptos, somente foi encontrada informação sobre híbridos manipulados. 6.03a McKinnon et al., 2001. Abstract: " comprising 194 progeny of the premier pulpwood species E. globulus and 231 interspecific hybrids between E. globulus and E. nitens (F1, F2, and backcrosses)." 6.03b Borges et al., 2011. Abstract: "Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito do regulador de crescimento ácido indolbutírico (AIB) no enraizamento de miniestacas apicais e intermediárias de clones de Eucalyptus urophylla x E. globulus e Eucalyptus grandis x E. globulus." 6.03c Wilson, 1998. Abstract: "Clones were developed by stem cutting propagation from 1700 potted seedlings of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. ssp. globulus and various E. globulus interspecific hybrids."
6.04
6.05
6.06
Os gêneros Eucalyptus e Corymbia são nativos da Austrália.
6.05a Orwa et al., 2009: "Biology: ...a hermaphroditic, dichogamous, self‐incompatible, polyploid species."
6.06a Vaughan, 2008. "Growth and development: Pollination is by insects, and fruits ripen in about 11 months. Seeds are wind‐
dispersed."
6.07
6.07a California Invasive Plant Council factsheet, 2015. "Blue gum reproduces both from seed and vegetatively from roots and stumps. Dormant buds produce new shoots from the base of a cut stump." 6.07b Young, 2002: "Identification: The Blue Gum tree does not propagate vegetatively on its own, but can be transplanted from the bare roots through human intervention."
6.08
7.01
6.08a Vaughan, 2008. "Growth and development: First flowering occurs at 4–5 years of age (in Africa)." 6.08b California Invasive Plant Council factsheet, 2015. "Reproduction: at 4–5 years of age blue gum starts to produce yellowish white flowers, about 2 inches wide, between December and May. These develop into fruits almost a year later." 6.08c Orwa et al., 2009: "Biology: It is evergreen, with 10‐28 months for floral development...".
7.01a Vaughan, 2008. "Growth and development: Seeds are wind‐dispersed." As sementes não têm adaptações que facilitem a dispersão acidental.
7.02
7.02a Vaughan, 2008. "Origin and geographic distribution: Eucalyptus globulus is naturally distributed in Tasmania and south‐eastern Australia, but is now widely planted and naturalized in subtropical regions around the world." "Uses: The wood of Eucalyptus globulus is used for poles, posts, construction, low‐grade veneer, plywood, flooring, furniture, tools, boxes, crates, pallets, railway sleepers, fibreboard and particleboard. It is also suitable for marine construction, ship and boat building, vehicle bodies, toys and novelties, turnery, interior trim, core stock, joinery and mine props. Eucalyptus globulus is very important as fuelwood and for charcoal making, and it is an important source of pulp for the production of printing, writing, specialty and tissue papers." "Breeding: Major breeding programs exist in Australia, Spain, Uruguay, Chile, Ethiopia, Argentina, Portugal and India. These select from both local landraces and Australian sources for fast growth, high wood density and pulp yield." 7.02b Orwa et al., 2009: Products: apiculture, fuel, fibre, timber, essential oil, medicine; Services: erosion control, shade or shelter, reclamation, ornamental, boundary or barrier or support." 7.02c Young, 2002: "Benefits: There are a vast number of economic uses for Gum trees. Due to their rapid growth rate, from 5 to 10 years for a rotation depending on the location, they have been used in a number of timber products, including wood pulp, and fuel wood for engines and human consumption, charcoal production for charcoal‐based iron and steel. The trees have great ornamental purposes and have been used in everything from home gardens, recreation parks, and parts of living art work. The oils from the leaves and shoots are used in a variety of fragrant products such as aromatherapy soaps, candles, oils, etc. It has also been used medicinally for its antiseptic and antibacterial components in a large variety of traditional and over‐the‐counter medicines. The leaves and oil can be used as an insect repellant."
7.03
Nâo foram encontradas evidências; a produção de sementes para fins florestais é bastante tecnificada e não é provável que haja contaminação a não ser, talvez, com outras espécies de eucaliptos.
7.04
7.04a Vaughan, 2008. "Growth and development: Seeds are wind‐dispersed." 7.04b Orwa et al., 2009: "Biology: ...diaspores are wind dispersed." 7.04c Young, 2002: Identification: The multitude of black seeds produced winter to fall have a propagation rate and a moderate wind dispersal distance of up to 20 meters."
7.05
7.05a Vaughan, 2008. "Growth and development: Seeds are wind‐dispersed."
7.06
7.06a Vaughan, 2008. "Growth and development: Seeds are wind‐dispersed."
7.07
7.07a Vaughan, 2008. "Growth and development: Seeds are wind‐dispersed."
7.08
7.08a Vaughan, 2008. "Growth and development: Seeds are wind‐dispersed."
8.01
Não foram encontradas referências, apenas há estimativas de número de sementes por quilograma.
8.02
Somente foi encontrada informação sobre armazenamento artificial. 8.02a Vaughan, 2008. "Propagation and planting: The 1000‐
seed weight is 2.5–17 g. Airtight storage at 4–6% moisture content and temperatures below 0°C is recommended, although viability can be maintained for several years in airtight storage at 3°C with 6–10% moisture content." 8.02b California Invasive Plant Council factsheet, 2014. "Key factors: Seed longevity not known." 8.02c Orwa et al., 2009: "Germplasm management: Seed storage behaviour is orthodox; 4% germination following 10 years of open storage at room temperature."
8.03
Dada a discrepância entre a possibilidade de empresas florestais de realizar o manejo adequado para evitar invasões biológicas e a ausência de legislação específica para esta finalidade no Brasil, esta questão foi deixada em branco. Ou seja, é possível fazer, mas não se faz.
8.04
Não foram encontradas evidências.