PATRIMÔNIO IMATERIAL:
FORTALECENDO O SISTEMA NACIONAL
AULA 6: PARTICIPAÇÃO SOCIAL E GESTÃO DO PATRIMÔNIO IMATERIAL
PROFESSORA: LETÍCIA COSTA RODRIGUES VIANNA
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Identificação, Registro, salvaguarda e participação social
A política para o patrimônio imaterial que vai se estruturando no Iphan tem sido a
proposição de um diálogo - um movimento de interlocução entre Estado e segmentos sociais no
sentido de produzir e sistematizar conhecimento sobre os universos culturais em questão;
promover a mobilização dos segmentos sociais no debate sobre aspectos e razões do interesse
em um processo de patrimonialização; identificar demandas executar ações de salvaguarda. É
"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
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muito importante a
identificação dos atores envolvidos – sejam eles pessoas, grupos,
comunidades, segmentos sociais e instituições e das tensões sociais mais evidentes em relação
ao bem cultural e o segmento social que o pratica. O esforço é no sentido de construir um
consenso em torno do que e como expressões culturais devem ser patrimonializadas. Esse
consenso não é natural, dado, mas construído entre os segmentos ou atores da política.
Ao longo desta última década observou-se que para além da pesquisa, aplicação de
metodologia de inventários e produção de conhecimento sobre as referencias culturais
significativas para grupos e comunidades – uma forma clássica de salvaguarda, digamos assim o processo de identificação, quando envolve os detentores no processo ,
potencial para
a ampliação e efetivação da mobilização de mais
tem um enorme
detentores e parceiros,
contribuindo para a formação de “quadros” entre detentores e parceiros para implementação e
acompanhamento dos projetos. A identificação é um procedimento para produzir e sistematizar
conhecimento, promover mobilização, mediação e interlocução, fóruns de discussão,
de modo a catalisar a construção das políticas de salvaguarda de modo participativo,
sustentável e favorável aos grupos e comunidades envolvidas.
A pesquisa deve derivar em ações de salvaguarda, e assim, a implementação de políticas para
o patrimônio imaterial , de modo ideal , é de médio e longo prazos e só têm sentido se levada a
cabo pelo Estado e segmentos sociais incorporadas no modus vivendi dos grupos em questão.
Não impostas, mas propostas e incorporadas pelo coletivo. Essas ações foram sistematizadas
pelo Iphan em treze tipos que vão de oficinas para transmissão de saberes tradicionais no âmbito
dos grupos e comunidades; oficinas de capacitação para gestão de projetos; solução de matérias
primas; adequação de espaço físico, pesquisa e documentação feitas pelos próprios detentores;
edição e difusão de resultados de pesquisa e outros conteúdos .... etc...4Ou seja , a pesquisa e
documentação não são bastantes , necessariamente, mas idealmente servem de ponto de partida
para ações de salvaguarda.
Um dos outros instrumentos organizadores e relevantes da política para o patrimônio
"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
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imaterial no Brasil é o Registro - ato análogo ao tombamento dos bens materiais. Desde sua
gênese o Registro não cria direitos, como ocorre no tombamento. Mas idealmente pode
promover a mobilização da sociedade em torno do valor e da salvaguarda de processos
culturais. É ato declaratório do Estado de reconhecimento da relevância patrimonial de
expressões culturais. Não cria direitos, mas pode subsidiar decisões e jurisprudências sobre
direitos relativos aos bens culturais registrados.
A instrução de um processo de Registro requer pesquisa documental e de campo,
mobilização e consenso social sobre motivações e propósitos; argumentação do valor
patrimonial de uma expressão cultural; diagnósticos sobre a vulnerabilidade e recomendações
para a salvaguarda do bem cultural. Trata-se tanto de um processo administrativo quanto de
um verdadeiro processo social de mobilização; o qual culmina com uma inscrição em um dos
livros específicos do patrimônio imaterial: Celebrações, Lugares, Saberes, Formas de
Expressão.
O Registro é, assim, uma culminância de um processo jurídico-administrativo e de um
processo social que – espera-se – deve ter desdobramentos e tantas outras culminâncias com a
continuidade da dotação orçamentária e mobilização institucional e social em torno da
salvaguarda do bem cultural em questão. É previsto uma reavaliação do registro a cada dez
anos.
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Hoje, então, nem todos os bens registrados possuem planos de salvaguarda e comitê
gestor, a maioria deles é objeto de ações pontuais ou nenhuma ação por não haver mobilização
ou consenso de ambas as partes , detentores e Iphan . Por outro lado, observam-se, claramente,
experiências extremamente bem sucedidas no sentido de mobilização e encaminhamento de
plano de salvaguarda e consolidação da proposta de
gestão participativa. Os casos são
diversos, dependendo da conjuntura de cada bem, encontramos uns com maiores dificuldades e
entraves nos processos.
O fato desafiador é que nem o Estado e os poderes públicos, nem a sociedade civil
estavam e estão plenamente preparados para o diálogo e a gestão compartilhada. A experiência
tem demonstrado que há muitos problemas no sentido de o Estado simplificar e esclarecer
procedimentos de modo a incluir a base social na gestão de seu patrimônio. Por outro lado há
muitas dificuldades da base social em apreender os códigos e procedimentos normativos que
condicionam a política pública. Há um caminho nesse sentido a percorrer.
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