SEGMENTAÇÃO DE IMAGENS UTILIZANDO COMPETIÇÃO E COOPERAÇÃO ENTRE PARTÍCULAS 6,/9$, Bárbara Ribeiro 81(63±8QLYHUVLGDGH(VWDGXDO3DXOLVWD³-~OLRGH0HVTXLWD)LOKR´ EDUEDUDULEV#JPDLOFRP %5(9()DEULFLR$SDUHFLGR 81(63±8QLYHUVLGDGH(VWDGXDO3DXOLVWD³-~OLRGH0HVTXLWD)LOKR´ IDEULFLR#UFXQHVSEU RESUMO: (VWHDUWLJRDSUHVHQWDXPDSURSRVWDGHH[WHQVmRGRPRGHORGHDSUHQGL]DGRVHPLVXSHUYLVLRQDGRFRQKHFLGRFRPR&RPSHWLomRH&RRSHUDomRHQWUH3DUWtFXODVSDUDDUHDOL]DomRGHWDUHIDVGH VHJPHQWDomRGHLPDJHQV5HVXOWDGRVSUHOLPLQDUHVPRVWUDPTXHHVWDpXPDDERUGDJHPSURPLVVRUD PALAVRAS-CHAVE: 6HJPHQWDomRGHLPDJHP$SUHQGL]DGRGHPiTXLQD$SUHQGL]DGRVHPLVXSHUYLsionado. ABSTRACT: This paper presents an extension proposal of the semi-supervised learning method known as Particle Competition and Cooperation for carrying out tasks of image segmentation. Preliminary results show that this is a promising approach. KEYWORDS: Image segmentation; Machine learning; Semi-supervised learning. 1. INTRODUÇÃO A segmentação de imagens consisWHQRSURFHVVRGHSDUWLFLRQDPHQWRGHXPD LPDJHPHPP~OWLSORVVHJPHQWRVUHJL}HVH REMHWRVVLPSOL¿FDQGRRXDLQGDPXGDQGRD IRUPDGHUHSUHVHQWDomRGDLPDJHPFRPR REMHWLYRGHWRUQDODPDLVVLJQL¿FDWLYDORFDOL]DQGR iUHDV RX REMHWRV SDUD IDFLOLWDU VXD análise. Quando se trabalha com segmentação de imagens, faz-se necessário reaOL]DU XPD DQiOLVH GHWDOKDGD LGHQWL¿FDQGR RVFLODo}HV QDV FRUHV LQWHQVLGDGH H EULOKR Com o intuito de alcançar uma boa classi¿FDomRpQHFHVViULRHQWHQGHUDVSRVVtYHLV GLYLV}HVH[LVWHQWHVQDLPDJHP>@ 2PRGHORGHFRPSHWLomRHFRRSHUDomRHQWUHSDUWtFXODVXWLOL]DXPDSHTXHQD SRUomRGHGDGRVURWXODGRVHPPHLRDRVGDdos não rotulados. Ao associar este modeORjWDUHIDGDVHJPHQWDomRGHLPDJHQVp HVSHUDGRTXHVHMDSRVVtYHODQDOLVDUHGHVWDFDU SDUWHV RX REMHWRV GH XPD LPDJHP D SDUWLU GH SHTXHQDV PDUFDo}HV IHLWDV SHOR XVXiULRSDUDGLUHFLRQDURDOJRULWPR ([LVWHP GLYHUVDV IRUPDV GH VHJPHQWDomRSRUWDQWRpQHFHVViULRDQDOLVDUR FRQ¿QDPHQWRGRVJUXSRVTXHFDGDDOJRULWPRSURSRUFLRQDHRVDVSHFWRVJHUDLVH[WUDtGRVGHDFRUGRFRPFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGDLPD- 75 JHP H FDSDFLGDGH GH SURFHVVDPHQWR GD PiTXLQD RQGH R DOJRULWPR HVFROKLGR VHUi H[HFXWDGR 8WLOL]DGRQRPRGHORGHFRPSHWLomR HFRRSHUDomRHQWUHSDUWtFXODVRDSUHQGL]DGRGHPiTXLQDpFDUDFWHUL]DGRSRUDOJRULWPRVTXHPHOKRUDPDXWRPDWLFDPHQWHFRPD H[SHULrQFLDQDWHQWDWLYDGHLPLWDURFRPSRUWDPHQWRGHDSUHQGL]DGRKXPDQR7DOFRPSRUWDPHQWR SRGH VHU H[WUDtGR FRP DMXVWHV GH SDUkPHWURV EDVHDQGRVH QRV GDGRV GH HQWUDGD DSUHVHQWDGRV RX DLQGD EDVHDGRV QDVLQIRUPDo}HVGHVDtGDHVSHUDGDV $SUHQGL]DGR VHPLVXSHUYLVLRQDGR p XPD GDV FDWHJRULDV GH DSUHQGL]DGR GH PiTXLQD TXH WHP UHFHELGR EDVWDQWH DWHQomRQRV~OWLPRVDQRV1HODGDGRVURWXODGRV H QmR URWXODGRV VmR FRPELQDGRV D ¿P GH VH REWHU PHOKRU FODVVL¿FDomR e GLIHUHQWH GR TXH DFRQWHFH QR DSUHQGL]DGR VXSHUYLVLRQDGRRQGHDSHQDVGDGRVURWXODGRVVmR XWLOL]DGRV H GR DSUHQGL]DGR QmRVXSHUYLVLRQDGR RQGH LQIRUPDo}HV GH UyWXORV QmR são fornecidos. $OJXPDV WpFQLFDV GH DSUHQGL]DGR VHPLVXSHUYLVLRQDGR IRUDP DSOLFDGDV FRP VXFHVVR HP WDUHIDV GH FODVVL¿FDomR GHLPDJHQV1HVVHVFDVRVDVLQIRUPDo}HV GHUyWXORVGHDOJXQVSL[HOVGDLPDJHPVmR IRUQHFLGDVSHORXVXiULRHRDOJRULWPRGHYH Interciência & Sociedade ,QWHUFLrQFLD6RFLHGDGH,6619RO1 VHU FDSD] GH SURSDJDU RV UyWXORV SDUD RV GHPDLVSL[HOVGDLPDJHP8PH[HPSORVmR DVWpFQLFDVEDVHDGDVHPUHGHVQHXUDLVDUWL¿FLDLVHDVWpFQLFDVEDVHDGDVHPJUDIRV >@>@ 2PRGHORGHFRPSHWLomRHFRRSHUDomR HQWUH SDUWtFXODV >@ p XPD DERUGDJHP GH DSUHQGL]DGR VHPLVXSHUYLVLRQDGR UHFHQWH TXH ID] R XVR GH SDUWtFXODV TXH caminham em um grafo, seguindo os meFDQLVPRVGHFRPSHWLomRHFRRSHUDomRFRP RLQWXLWRGHGHPDUFDUWHUULWyULRVHSURSDJDU UyWXORV (VVD DERUGDJHP VH GHVWDFD SRU DSUHVHQWDU XPD SURSDJDomR ORFDO GH UyWXORVIHLWDDWUDYpVGDVSDUWtFXODVHPYH]GH XPDSURSDJDomRJOREDOFRPRDFRQWHFHQD PDLRULDGRVPpWRGRVEDVHDGRVHPJUDIRV ,VWROKHSURSRUFLRQD XPPHQRUFXVWRFRPSXWDFLRQDOWRUQDQGRRDGHTXDGRSDUDDSOLcação em bases de dados maiores. $DERUGDJHPGHFRPSHWLomRHFRRSHUDomRDSHVDUGHUHFHQWHMiIRLXWLOL]DGD HP GLYHUVDV WDUHIDV FRPR FODVVL¿FDomR GH GDGRV >@ GHWHFomR GH FRPXQLGDGHV VREUHSRVWDV >@ >@ DSUHQGL]DGR FRP GDGRV LPSHUIHLWRV>@DSUHQGL]DGRDWLYR>@DSUHQGL]DGRFRPPXGDQoDGHFRQFHLWRV>@HWF 3RUpP VXD DSOLFDomR VHPSUH IRL IHLWD HP GDGRV EDVHDGRV HP YHWRUHV GH DWULEXWRV QXQFDHPLPDJHQV$H[WHQVmRGRPRGHOR SDUD DSOLFDomR QD WDUHID GH VHJPHQWDomR GHLPDJHQVQmRpXPDIXQomRWULYLDOSRUpP pEDVWDQWHSURPLVVRUD 1RDOJRULWPRGHFRPSHWLomRHFRRSHUDomRHQWUHSDUWtFXODVRULJLQDORVGDGRV YHWRULDLV VmR WUDQVIRUPDGRV HP XPD UHGH FRPSOH[D FRP EDVH QD GLVWkQFLD (XFOLGLDQDHQWUHRVSDUHVGHDPRVWUDV1RFDVRGH imagens, as redes são geradas com base QmRDSHQDVQDVVLPLODULGDGHVHGLIHUHQoDV HQWUH FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV H[WUDtGDV GRV SL[HOV PDVWDPEpPQDVGLVWkQFLDVHVSDFLDLVHQWUH eles na imagem original. $ VHJPHQWDomR DXW{QRPD UHSUHVHQWD XPD GDV WDUHIDV PDLV FRPSOH[DV TXDQGR WUDEDOKDPRV FRP SURFHVVDPHQWR GHLPDJHQV>@3DUDVLPSOL¿FDUHVWDWDUHID XWLOL]DPRVQHVWDSURSRVWDRPRGHORGHFRPSHWLomRHFRRSHUDomRHQWUHSDUWtFXODVTXH XWLOL]D DSUHQGL]DGR VHPLVXSHUYLVLRQDGR 'HVWDIRUPDpSRVVtYHOID]HUXVRGHXPHVSHFLDOLVWDSDUDRDX[tOLRQDVHJPHQWDomRGH LPDJHQVURWXODQGRPDQXDOPHQWHDOJXQVSL- 76 [HOVGHFDGDREMHWRTXHVHGHVHMDGHVWDFDU 2DOJRULWPRVHHQFDUUHJDUiGHFRPSOHWDUD WDUHID XVDQGR SDUD LVVR DPERV RV SL[HOV rotulados e não rotulados como fonte de DSUHQGL]DGR 2REMHWLYRGHVWDSURSRVWDpHVWHQGHURPRGHORGHFRPSHWLomRHFRRSHUDomR HQWUH SDUWtFXODV SDUD WUDWDU R SUREOHPD GH segmentação de imagens. Deste modo, SDUWtFXODVVHUmRFULDGDVDWUDYpVGRVSL[HOV GDLPDJHPLGHQWL¿FDGRVSHORXVXiULRHDVVLPWDLVUyWXORVSRGHUmRVHHVSDOKDUSDUDRV GHPDLVSL[HOV 1R GHFRUUHU GR DUWLJR VHUmR H[SRVWRVRVSULQFLSDLVFRQFHLWRVGDVWpFQLFDV utilizadas, como segmentação de imagens, DSUHQGL]DGR GH PiTXLQD FRP rQIDVH QR DSUHQGL]DGR VHPLVXSHUYLVLRQDGR H R PRGHOR GH FRPSHWLomR H FRRSHUDomR HQWUH SDUWtFXODV6LWXDQGRVREUHDVWHPiWLFDVUHODFLRQDGDV VHUmR H[SRVWDV DV DQiOLVHV H IRUPDVHPTXHIRUDPXQLGRVWDLVFRQFHLWRV 2. CONCEITOS E TÉCNICAS 6(*0(17$d2'(,0$*(16 ([LVWHPGLYHUVDVIRUPDVGHH[WUDLU LQIRUPDo}HVGHXPDGHWHUPLQDGDLPDJHP 8PD GHVWDV WpFQLFDV FRQVLVWH QD WUDQVIRUPDomRGDLPDJHPHPXPFOXVWHUGHSL[HOV SDUD VHUHP HVWXGDGRV LQGLYLGXDOPHQWH 'HVVD IRUPD SUHYLQHPVH SHUGDV GH LQIRUPDo}HV 3DUDDHVFROKDGRPpWRGRGHVHJPHQWDomR p QHFHVViULR DQDOLVDU R FRQ¿QDPHQWR GH JUXSRV TXH R DOJRULWPR SURSRUFLRQDHWLSRVGHDVSHFWRVJHUDLVTXHVHUmR H[WUDtGRV >@ 7DLV DJUXSDPHQWRV SRGHP FRUUHVSRQGHUDRVDVSHFWRVJOREDLVGDLPDJHP 1R HQWDQWR p QHFHVViULR DQDOLVDU R WHPSRHFULWpULRGHH[HFXomRSRUOLQKDGHSL[HOVREWHQGRXPPpWRGRSUiWLFRHH¿FLHQWH $V LPDJHQV PDLV FRPSOH[DV GH VHJPHQWDUVmRDVFRORULGDV3DUDHVWHWLSR GHLPDJHPpQHFHVViULRXWLOL]DUXPSURFHVVR GH H[WUDomR GH UHJL}HV TXH SRVVXDP KRPRJHQHLGDGH SRGHQGR VHU DQDOLVDGDV SURSULHGDGHV JHRPpWULFDV RX WRQV >@ e SRVVtYHO ID]HU XPD DQiOLVH FRP EDVH QRV YDORUHV 5*% HVWDEHOHFHQGR XPD PHGLGD GH GLVWkQFLD (XFOLGLDQD HQWUH YDORUHV GH SL[HOV H DVVLP PHGLU D GLVWkQFLD HQWUH RV Interciência & Sociedade ,QWHUFLrQFLD6RFLHGDGH,6619RO1 WRQV>@ 1DIDVHGHSURFHVVDPHQWRGDLPDJHPpQHFHVViULROHYDUHPFRQWDRQtYHOGH SURFHVVDPHQWR TXH GHYHUi VHU XWLOL]DGR SDUD WDO WDUHID p DSOLFDGR R SDUDGLJPD GH GLYLVmR GR SURFHVVDPHQWR GD LPDJHP HP WUrV WLSRV >@ 2 SURFHVVDPHQWR SULPLWLYR SDUDDUHGXomRGRUXtGRGDLPDJHPRFRUUH QRSURFHVVDPHQWRGHEDL[RQtYHOGHQRPLQDGRGHVWDIRUPDGHYLGRjHQWUDGDHDVDtda serem imagens. A segmentação entra no SURFHVVRGHQtYHOPpGLRGRSURFHVVDPHQWR GHYLGRDRIDWRGDHQWUDGDVHUXPDLPDJHP H RV UHVXOWDGRV GD VDtGD VHUHP DWULEXWRV H[WUDtGRVGDLPDJHP2SURFHVVDPHQWRGH DOWRQtYHOFRUUHVSRQGHjEXVFDSRUFRQMXQWRVGHREMHWRVRXSDUWHVTXHVHMDPUHFRQKHcidas e estão associados na imagem, logo DHQWUDGDHDVDtGDVmRDWULEXWRVH[WUDtGRV SUHYLDPHQWHGDLPDJHP>@ A escolha de um determinado alJRULWPRpGDGDSHODDYDOLDomRGDLPDJHP eQHFHVViULRTXHQRUHWRUQRGDVHJPHQWDomR D LPDJHP DSUHVHQWH XP QtYHO GH GHWDOKDPHQWRLQWHUPHGLiULR1mRpQHFHVViULR XPQtYHOGHGHWDOKDPHQWRPXLWRDOWRSRUpP GHYHVHHYLWDUXPGHWDOKDPHQWRPXLWRJURVVHLUR>@ A abordagem de segmentação utiOL]DGD QHVWD SURSRVWD p EDVHDGD HP JUDIRV 1HVWH WLSR GH DERUGDJHP FDGD SL[HO GDLPDJHPpUHSUHVHQWDGRFRPRXPQyGR JUDIRGHIRUPDTXHDSUHVHQoDRXIDOWDGH YL]LQKDQoDGHWHUPLQDDD¿QLGDGHHQWUHHOHV IRUPDQGRDUFRVD¿PGHUHSUHVHQWDUSRQWRV FRPPDLRUHVD¿QLGDGHV>@ 2 REMHWLYR GD VHJPHQWDomR p GH¿QLU IURQWHLUDV H GLVWLQomR GD LQWHQVLGDGH HQWUH RV SL[HOV GHQWUR GH XPD GHWHUPLQDGD UHJLmR $OJXPDV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV SRGHP VHU H[WUDtGDV FRP R FRQKHFLPHQWR GD GLVWkQFLD HQWUH QyV H FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV FRPXQV HPQyVSUy[LPRVVHQGRSRVVtYHOLGHQWL¿FDU dentro da imagem diferenças de intensidaGHGREULOKRFRUHQWUHRXWURVeQHFHVViULR HVWDEHOHFHU FULWpULRV TXH WRUQHP SRVVtYHO GLVWDQFLDU SL[HOV TXH UHSUHVHQWHP GLIHUHQWHV REMHWRV GHQWUR GD LPDJHP EHP FRPR DSUR[LPDU SL[HOV TXH UHSUHVHQWH R PHVPR REMHWRRXVHPHOKDQWHPHVPRTXHHVWHREMHWRVHMDUHSUHVHQWDGRHPiUHDVVHSDUDGDV SRUGHPDLVREMHWRV Ao trabalhar com imagens colori- 77 GDV p QHFHVViULR LQFRUSRUDU DOWHUDo}HV DR PpWRGR GHYLGR j VHPHOKDQoD HQWUH FRUHV VREUHSRVWDV$VROXomRSDUDWDOSUREOHPDp baseada na montagem de um grafo multiGLPHQVLRQDO$ WpFQLFD FRQVLVWH QD GLYLVmR GRVSL[HOVQRSDGUmR5*%YHUPHOKRYHUGH HD]XOHPXQLmRFRPRVSRQWRV;H<GD LPDJHPHPFRQMXQWRV $35(1',=$'2'(0È48,1$ 2 DSUHQGL]DGR GH PiTXLQD SHUPLWH R GHVHQYROYLPHQWR GH DOJRULWPRV TXH PHOKRUDP DXWRPDWLFDPHQWH FRP D H[SHULrQFLD 7DO FRPSRUWDPHQWR SRGH VHU REWLGR DWUDYpVGRDMXVWHGHSDUkPHWURVFRPEDVH QRV GDGRV GH HQWUDGD TXH VmR DSUHVHQWDGRV H HP DOJXQV FDVRV QDV LQIRUPDo}HV GHVDtGDGHVHMDGDV>@>@>@ 8P GRV SULQFLSDLV REMHWLYRV p DSUHQGHU DXWRPDWLFDPHQWH D UHFRQKHFHU SDGU}HV FRPSOH[RV DOpP GH WRPDU GHFLV}HV LQWHOLJHQWHV FRP EDVH HP GDGRV 1R HQWDQWRDGL¿FXOGDGHHVWiQDFRPSOH[LGDGH GDGHVFULomRGHIRUPDVSDUDOLQJXDJHPGH SURJUDPDomR(VWHWLSRGHWpFQLFDWHPRLQWXLWR GH FRQVWUXLU VLVWHPDV TXH SRVVDP VH DGDSWDU D FLUFXQVWkQFLDV HVSHFt¿FDV VHP TXHVHMDQHFHVViULRHVFUHYHUXPQRYRSURJUDPDSDUDFDGDVLWXDomRQRYD>@>@>@ 1R DSUHQGL]DGR VXSHUYLVLRQDGR XP DOJRULWPR DSUHQGH D IXQomR GH FODVVL¿FDomR D SDUWLU GRV GDGRV GH WUHLQDPHQWR RV TXDLV FRQVLVWHP HP SDUHV GH LWHQV GH GDGRVHVHXVUHVSHFWLYRVUyWXORVGHIRUPD TXHDSyV³DSUHQGHU´XPSDGUmRQRFRPSRUWDPHQWR GRV GDGRV R DOJRULWPR SRGH SUHYHURVUyWXORVGHQRYRVGDGRV3RURXWUR ODGR QR DSUHQGL]DGR QmR VXSHUYLVLRQDGR todos os itens de dados não são rotulados H R REMHWLYR p GHWHUPLQDU VXDV HVWUXWXUDV 2DSUHQGL]DGRVHPLVXSHUYLVLRQDGRHQFRQWUDVH QR PHLR WHUPR HQWUH R DSUHQGL]DGR VXSHUYLVLRQDGRHRDSUHQGL]DGRQmRVXSHUYLVLRQDGR $35(1',=$'2 6(0,683(59,6,2NADO 2 DSUHQGL]DGR VHPLVXSHUYLVLRQDGRIRLFULDGRFRPRLQWXLWRGHSURSRUFLRQDU PDLRU SUDWLFLGDGH GHVHPSHQKR H EDL[R FXVWR>@&RPRFUHVFLPHQWRFRQVWDQWHGD Interciência & Sociedade ,QWHUFLrQFLD6RFLHGDGH,6619RO1 RIHUWDGHGDGRVRQOLQHpIiFLOHQFRQWUDUGDGRVGHWRGRVRVWLSRVSRUpPHPVXDPDLRULDHVWHVGDGRVQmRHVWmRFODVVL¿FDGRVRX VmRSRXFRVRVTXHHVWmR$SDUWLUGHVWHFHQiULR WRUQDVH GLItFLO FODVVL¿FDU WRGRV RX D maioria dos dados manualmente. Para soOXFLRQDUWDOHPSHFLOKRpSRVVtYHOXWLOL]DURV GDGRVFODVVL¿FDGRVHRXFODVVL¿FDUDSHQDV XPD SDUWH SHTXHQD H WRPDU HVWHV GDGRV FRPRH[HPSORSDUDDFODVVL¿FDomRGRVGHmais dados da base. (VWHWLSRGHDSUHQGL]DGRVHDSUR[LPD GR PRGR TXH RV VHUHV KXPDQRV UHFRQKHFHPHDSUHQGHPRTXHRFRUUHDVXD YROWDWHQGRHPYLVWDTXHPXLWDVVLWXDo}HV VmR GHVFRQKHFLGDV GXUDQWH XP SHUtRGR SRUpPGHSRLVGHDQDOLVDGDVHFRPSDUDGDV FRPRXWUDVVLWXDo}HVDFDEDPSRUVHWRUQDU FRPXQVHVLPSOHV $LPSOHPHQWDomRGHWDOWpFQLFDXWLOL]D DOJRULWPRV TXH WUDEDOKHP FRP D FRPSDUDomRHQWUHSDUHVGHGDGRVRQGHDFODVVL¿FDomR RFRUUH FRP EDVH QD SUR[LPLGDGH HRXGLVWkQFLDHQWUHRVGDGRVFRPSDUDGRV Pode-se trabalhar com clusters, onde daGRV TXH HVWHMDP QR PHVPR JUXSR HVWmR VXVFHWtYHLVDSHUWHQFHUHPjPHVPDFODVVH 7DPEpPSRGHPDSUHVHQWDUUHJL}HVGHEDL[D GHQVLGDGH RQGH DV FODVVHV DSHVDU GH VHSDUDGDVQmRVmRIRUWHPHQWHHVSDoDGDV (P FRQWUDSRVLomR SRGH KDYHU UHJL}HV GH DOWDGHQVLGDGHRQGHDVFODVVHV¿FDPQLWLGDPHQWHGLVWLQWDV>@ 1HVWHV FDVRV PpWRGRV GH DSUHQGL]DGR VHPLVXSHUYLVLRQDGR VH WRUQDP LQWHUHVVDQWHV(OHVWUDWDPHVWHSUREOHPDHVSHFt¿FRFRPELQDQGRSRXFRVLWHQVGHGDGRV URWXODGRV FRP XPD JUDQGH TXDQWLGDGH GH GDGRV QmR URWXODGRV SDUD SURGX]LU PHOKRUHV FODVVL¿FDGRUHV DR PHVPR WHPSR HP TXH UHTXHUHP PHQRU HVIRUoR KXPDQR >@ >@>@ $ FDWHJRULD PDLV DWLYD UHFHQWHPHQWHpDGHWpFQLFDVEDVHDGDVHPJUDIRV 1HVWD FDWHJRULD RV GDGRV VmR UHSUHVHQWDGRVSRUQyVGHXPJUDIRHDVDUHVWDVTXH LQWHUOLJDPHVWHVQyVLQGLFDPDVLPLODULGDGH entre os mesmos. 7DLVPpWRGRVDVVXPHPTXHH[LVWH VXDYLGDGH GRV UyWXORV QR JUDIR $ PDLRULD GRV PpWRGRV GHVVD FDWHJRULD SRGHP VHU YLVWRV FRPR XP IUDPHZRUN GH UHJXODUL]DomRTXHHVWLPDXPDIXQomRITXHVDWLVIDoD 78 WDQWRDVXDYLGDGHGRVUyWXORVTXDQWRDSUR[LPLGDGHGRVUyWXORVHVWLPDGRVDRVGDGRV SUpURWXODGRV>@>@>@>@>@>@>@ >@ 'HQWUR GH XP JUDIR RV QyV FRQVLVWHPQDPDUFDomRGRVSRQWRVGHGDGRV RQGHDVDUHVWDVUHSUHVHQWDPDVVHPHOKDQoDVHQWUHSRQWRV$VDUHVWDVVmRXWLOL]DGDV FRPRFDPLQKRSDUDTXHRVUyWXORVVHSURSDJXHPDWUDYpVGRJUDIRGHPDQHLUDDWHQWDUGHVFREULURVUyWXORVGHVFRQKHFLGRV2V PpWRGRV TXH VH EDVHLDP HP JUDIR SHUPLWHPDFRQYHUVmRGRVGDGRVHPXPDPDWUL] RQGH R REMHWLYR p D PLQLPL]DomR GH FXVWR GDFODVVL¿FDomRJHUDO2FULWpULRGHFXVWRp LQWURGX]LGRTXDQGRRFRUUHPPXGDQoDVVXDYHVQRVGDGRVRQGHRVGDGRVPDLVSUy[LPRVGHXPDPHVPDFODVVL¿FDomRWHQGHPD WHUFRPRYL]LQKRVSUy[LPRVGDGRVGDPHVPDFODVVH>@ Quando um grafo está sendo analiVDGRHVmRHQFRQWUDGRVGRLVQyVFXMDDUHVWDTXHRVOLJDPSRVVXLXPSHVREDL[RDWHQGrQFLDpTXHHVWHVVHMDPQyVSHUWHQFHQWHV a diferentes classes, ou classes iguais mas FRPFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVPHQRVKRPRJrQHDV 3DUD D H[WUDomR GH FRQWH~GR GR JUDIR SRGHPRV XWLOL]DU GLYHUVDV WpFQLFDV FRPRSDVVHLRVDOHDWyULRV>@FDPSRVUDQG{PLFRV JDXVVLDQRV>@ FRQVLVWrQFLD JOREDOHORFDO>@HGLYHUVRVRXWURVPpWRGRV 2 PRGHOR GH FRPSHWLomR H FRRSHUDomR HQWUH SDUWtFXODV XWLOL]DGR QHVWD SURSRVWD VH HQTXDGUD QD FDWHJRULD GRV PpWRGRV EDVHDGRV HP JUDIRV 3RUpP VXD DERUGDJHP p GLIHUHQWH GD XWLOL]DGD SHORV GHPDLV PpWRGRV GHVVD FDWHJRULD FRPR VHUiYLVWRQDSUy[LPDVHomR 3. METODOLOGIA DE DESENVOLVIMENTO 1HVWD SURSRVWD p XWLOL]DGR R PRGHOR GH FRPSHWLomR H FRRSHUDomR HQWUH SDUWtFXODVTXHXWLOL]DDSUHQGL]DGRVHPLVXSHUYLVLRQDGRGHPRGRTXHXPHVSHFLDOLVWD SRVVD DX[LOLDU QR SURFHVVR GH VHJPHQWDomR URWXODQGR PDQXDOPHQWH DOJXQV SL[HOV GH FDGD REMHWR GD LPDJHP 'HVWD IRUPD R DOJRULWPRVHHQFDUUHJDUiGHSURSDJDURVUyWXORVGDGRVSHORVHVSHFLDOLVWDVSDUDSL[HOV QmR URWXODGRV FRP EDVH QDV LQIRUPDo}HV H[WUDtGDVGHRXWURVSL[HOVVHMDPHOHVURWXlados ou não. Interciência & Sociedade ,QWHUFLrQFLD6RFLHGDGH,6619RO1 8PDSULPHLUDDERUGDJHPGHFRPSHWLomRGHSDUWtFXODVIRLGHVHQYROYLGDSDUD GHWHFWDUFRPXQLGDGHVHPUHGHV>@1HVWH PRGHORSDUWtFXODVFDPLQKDPHPXPDUHGH HFRPSHWHPXPDVFRPDVRXWUDVWHQWDQGR SRVVXLUDPDLRUTXDQWLGDGHSRVVtYHOGHQyV GH XP JUDIR$R PHVPR WHPSR FDGD SDUWtFXOD HYLWD TXH RXWUDV SDUWtFXODV LQYDGDP VHX WHUULWyULR )LQDOPHQWH FDGD SDUWtFXOD SHUPDQHFHFRQ¿QDGDGHQWURGHXPDFRPXnidade da rede. Com base na abordagem de comSHWLomR GH SDUWtFXODV >@ H >@ GHVHQYROYHUDP XP PRGHOR GH DSUHQGL]DGR VHPLVXSHUYLVLRQDGREDVHDGRHPJUDIRV'HQWUH YiULDVPHOKRULDVRPRGHORQRYRDSUHVHQWD PHFDQLVPRV GH FRPSHWLomR H FRRSHUDomR FRPELQDGRV HP XP HVTXHPD ~QLFR 3DUWtFXODV UHSUHVHQWDQGR XPD PHVPD FODVVH caminham em uma rede de maneira cooSHUDWLYDSDUDSURSDJDUVHXUyWXOR$RPHVPRWHPSRSDUWtFXODVGHGLIHUHQWHVFODVVHV FRPSHWHP HQWUH VL SDUD GHWHUPLQDU D ERUGDGDVFODVVHV(VWHDOJRULWPRpFDSD]GH FODVVL¿FDU GDGRV OLQHDUPHQWH LQVHSDUiYHLV H FRP XP WHPSR GH H[HFXomR PHQRU TXH outros algoritmos baseados em grafo traGLFLRQDLV GHYLGR j PHQRU FRPSOH[LGDGH FRPSXWDFLRQDO2PRGHORGHSDUWtFXODVWHP FRPSOH[LGDGHFRPSXWDFLRQDODSHQDVOLQHDU 2QRQGHQpDTXDQWLGDGHGHQyVGRJUDIRQRODoRSULQFLSDO>@HQTXDQWRDPDLRria dos demais modelos baseados em grafo WHPFRPSOH[LGDGHF~ELFD>@ Nos modelos tradicionais de DSUHQGL]DGR VHPLVXSHUYLVLRQDGR EDVHDGR HPJUDIRVDLQIRUPDomRGHUyWXORVpSURSDJDGDGHWRGRVRVQyVSDUDWRGRVRVQyVHP FDGDSDVVRGRDOJRULWPROHYDQGRHPFRQVLGHUDomRRVSHVRVGDVDUHVWDVFRPRSRU H[HPSOR QR PRGHOR DSUHVHQWDGR SRU >@ 1R PRGHOR GH SDUWtFXODV D SURSDJDomR GH UyWXORV RFRUUH GH IRUPD ORFDO RX VHMD HP FDGDSDVVRGRDOJRULWPRFDGDSDUWtFXODHVFROKHXPYL]LQKRSDUDSURSDJDUVHXUyWXOR 'HVWH PRGR FDGD SDUWtFXOD YLVLWD DSHQDV QyVTXHSRWHQFLDOPHQWHSHUWHQoDPDRVHX WLPHQmRYLVLWDQGRQyVTXHMiHVWHMDPGRPLQDGRVSRURXWUDSDUWtFXOD 5HDOL]DGD D OHLWXUD GD LPDJHP p QHFHVViULRPRQWDUDHVWUXWXUDGRJUDIRSDUD TXHRPRGHORGHPRYLPHQWDomRGHSDUWtFXODV SRVVD VHU DSOLFDGR 3DUD D PRQWDJHP 79 GRJUDIRpXWLOL]DGRRFRQMXQWRGHGDGRV X = x1,x2,…,xn C Rm a ser analisado e transforPDGRHPXPDUHGHVHPSHVRVHQmRGLUHFLRQDGDHXPFRQMXQWRGHUyWXORVL=1,2,…,c RQGHHVWHVUyWXORVVmRHVFROKLGRVSDUDTXH VHMDP DQH[DGDV PDUFDo}HV GH FDGD XP dos times. &RP WDLV LQIRUPDo}HV p PRQWDGD XPDUHGHUHSUHVHQWDGDDWUDYpVGHXPJUDfo G=(V,E) com V=v1,v2,…vnRQGHFDGDQyvi FRUUHVSRQGHDXPSL[HOGDLPDJHP$PDWUL] GH DGMDFrQFLD W GH¿QH TXDLV QyV GD UHGH VmRLQWHUFRQHFWDGRV$)LJXUDPRVWUD onde Wij HVSHFL¿FD VH Ki DUHVWD HQWUH RV QyVxi e xj HıpXPOLPLDUGHGLVWkQFLD Outra forma de construir a matriz GH DGMDFrQFLDV p YHUL¿FDQGR xi está entre os kYL]LQKRVPDLVSUy[LPRVGHxjRXYLFH YHUVD 1R FDVR YHUGDGHLUR Wij=1 e Wij=0 caso contrário. 3DUD FDGD SL[HO URWXODGR DOpP GH XPQyWDPEpPpJHUDGDXPDSDUWtFXOD2 FRQMXQWRWRWDOGHSDUWtFXODVpGDGRSRUP = (p1,p2,…,pc) &DGD SDUWtFXOD pi SRVVXL XPD YDULiYHOTXHUHSUHVHQWDRSRWHQFLDOGDSDUWtFXODHpGDGRSRU onde wmin=0 e wmax=1 $ SRVLomR LQLFLDO GH FDGDSDUWtFXODpRQyURWXODGRjTXHHODFRUUHVSRQGHFKDPDGR³QyFDVD´GDSDUWtFXOD &RQIRUPH DV SDUWtFXODV PXGDP GH SRVLomRDGLVWkQFLDGRQyDWXDOSDUDRQy FDVD p UHJLVWUDGD 3DUWtFXODV JHUDGDV GH amostras da mesma classe agem como um WLPHFRODERUDQGRFRPDVRXWUDVHFRPSHWLQGRFRPSDUWtFXODVGHRXWURVWLPHV &DGDQyGDUHGHWHPXPYHWRU HP TXH FDGD HOHPHQWR viwj (t) >ǚmin ǚmax] UHSUHVHQWD R QtYHO GH GRPLQkQFLD GR WLPH l VREUH HVVH Qy vi$ VRPD GHVVH YHWRU p VHPSUH FRQVWDQWH cl=1viǚO =1 GHYLGR DR IDWRGHTXHTXDQGRXPDSDUWtFXODDXPHQWD R QtYHO GH GRPtQLR GH VHX WLPH HODV GLPLQXHPSURSRUFLRQDOPHQWHRQtYHOGHGRPtQLR dos demais times. 2XWUD YDULiYHO TXH FDGD SDUWtFXOD UHFHEHpXPYHWRUGHGLVWkQFLDV Interciência & Sociedade ,QWHUFLrQFLD6RFLHGDGH,6619RO1 onde cada elemento pjdi(t) [0,n-1] HTXLYDOH jGLVWkQFLDPHGLGDHQWUHRQyFDVDGDSDUWtFXODpj HRQy vi. 1R GHFRUUHU GD H[HFXomR GR SURJUDPD DV SDUWtFXODV H[HUFHP VXD FDPLQKDGD SHOD UHGH SDUD DXPHQWDU R QtYHO GH GRPLQkQFLD GH VHX WLPH VREUH R Qy DR PHVPR WHPSR HP TXH GLPLQXHP R QtYHOGHGRPLQkQFLDGRVRXWURVWLPHV&DGD SDUWtFXODSRVVXLXPQtYHOGHIRUoDTXHDXPHQWDTXDQGRHODYLVLWDQyVGRPLQDGRVSRU VHXWLPHHGLPLQXLTXDQGRHODYLVLWDXPQy GRPLQDGR SRU RXWUR WLPH (VVD IRUoD p LPSRUWDQWHSRUTXHDPXGDQoDTXHDSDUWtFXOD FDXVDHPXPQypSURSRUFLRQDOjIRUoDTXH HODSRVVXLQDTXHOHPRPHQWR $FDGDLWHUDomRFDGDSDUWtFXODVHOHFLRQDXPQyYL]LQKRVDVHUYLVLWDGR1HVVD RFDVLmRDSDUWtFXODHOHYDRGRPtQLRGHVHX WLPHFODVVHQHVVHQyHJDQKDRXSHUGHIRUoDGHDFRUGRFRPRQtYHOGHGRPtQLRUHVXOWDQWH(PVHJXLGDHODYHUL¿FDTXDOpRWLPH GRPLQDQWHQDTXHOHQyDWUDYpVGRYHWRUGH GRPtQLR&DVRDFODVVHGDSDUWtFXODVHMDD PDLVIRUWHQRQyDSDUWtFXODSHUPDQHFHQR QyTXHHVWiVHQGRYLVLWDGR&DVRFRQWUiULR HODYROWDDRQyHPTXHHVWDYDDQWHULRUPHQte. (VWH PHFDQLVPR JDUDQWH TXH D SDUWtFXOD ¿TXH PDLV IRUWH TXDQGR HVWi HP VXDYL]LQKDQoDSURWHJHQGRDH¿TXHPDLV IUDFD TXDQGR HVWi WHQWDQGR LQYDGLU RXWURV WHUULWyULRV,QLFLDOPHQWHWRGDVDVSDUWtFXODV WrPVXDIRUoDFRQ¿JXUDGDQRQtYHOPi[LPR HWRGRVRVQyVURWXODGRVWrPQtYHOGHGRPLQkQFLDFRQ¿JXUDGRQRPi[LPRSDUDRWLPH FRUUHVSRQGHQWH HQTXDQWR RV GHPDLV QyV WrP QtYHO GH GRPLQkQFLD GLVWULEXtGR LJXDOmente entre os times: $ WDEHOD GH GLVWkQFLD LQWURGX]LGD HPFDGDSDUWtFXODWHPFRPRREMHWLYRPDQWrODVFRPXPFRQWUROHGDGLVWkQFLDHQWUHR QyDWXDOHRQyFDVDHYLWDQGRDVVLPTXH DV SDUWtFXODV GH GLVWDQFLHP PXLWR GHL[DQGRVXDVYL]LQKDQoDVH¿FDQGRVXVFHWtYHLVD DWDTXHVGHSDUWtFXODVSHUWHQFHQWHVDRXWUDV 80 FODVVHV$R HVFROKHU XP Qy D VHU YLVLWDGR DVSDUWtFXODVOHYDPHPFRQVLGHUDomRHVVD GLVWkQFLDMXQWDPHQWHFRPRQtYHOGHGRPtQLRGHVHXWLPHHPFDGDYL]LQKR 3DUD FDOFXODU D GLVWkQFLD HQWUH D SDUWtFXOD H FDGD Qy LQVHULGR QR JUDIR DVsume-se inicialmente um conhecimento OLPLWDGR GD UHGH QR TXDO D SDUWtFXOD VDEH DSHQDVTXHQRJUDIRKinQyV1RHQWDQWR HODQmRVDEHH[DWDPHQWHDGLVWkQFLDHQWUHR VHX³QyFDVD´HFDGDXPGHOHVDVVLPDSDUWtFXODLQLFLDOL]DDGLVWkQFLDGHWRGRVRVQyV como n-1$FDGDYLVLWDDSDUWtFXODDWXDOL]D DLQIRUPDomRGHGLVWkQFLDTXHWHPDWpRQy HPTXHVWmRGLQDPLFDPHQWH $V SDUWtFXODV HVFROKHP RV QyV D VHUHPYLVLWDGRVFRPEDVHHPXPDGHGXDV UHJUDV$FDGDLWHUDomRDSDUWtFXODHVFROKH XPDGDVUHJUDVDOHDWRULDPHQWHFRPSUREDELOLGDGHVSUpGH¿QLGDV$VGXDVUHJUDVVmR descritas a seguir: 5HJUD DOHDWyULD D SDUWtFXOD HVcolhe aleatoriamente, com iguais SUREDELOLGDGHVTXDOTXHUXPGRV QyVYL]LQKRVGRQyHPTXHHODVH HQFRQWUD $ UHJUD DOHDWyULD QmR VH SUHRFXSD FRP RV QtYHLV GH GRPtQLRRXGLVWkQFLDGRQyFDVD FRP RV SRVVtYHLV QyV D VHUHP YLVLWDGRV VHQGR ~WLO SDUD H[SORUDomRHDTXLVLomRGHQRYRVQyV 5HJUDJXORVDDSDUWtFXODHVFROKH DOHDWRULDPHQWHTXDOTXHUXPGRV QyV YL]LQKRV GR Qy HP TXH HOD VHHQFRQWUDFRPSUREDELOLGDGHV calculadas de forma diretamente SURSRUFLRQDLV DR QtYHO GH GRPLQkQFLD GR WLPH GHVVD SDUWtFXOD HPFDGDQyHLQYHUVDPHQWHSURSRUFLRQDLVjGLVWkQFLDGHFDGDQy DRQyFDVDGHVVDSDUWtFXOD Dessa forma, ao escolher a regra JXORVDDVSDUWtFXODVWHQGHPD¿FDUHPHP WHUULWyULRVMiGRPLQDGRVHSUHIHUHPQyVSUy[LPRVGHVXDRULJHP HPVXDYL]LQKDQoD RX VHMD HODV DVVXPHP XP FRPSRUWDPHQWRPDLVFRQVHUYDGRUHGHIHQVLYR3RURXWUR ODGRDRHVFROKHUDUHJUDDOHDWyULDDVSDUWtFXODV LJQRUDP QtYHLV GH GRPLQkQFLD H GLVWkQFLDVHWHPPDLRUSUREDELOLGDGHGHHVFROKHUQyVTXHQmRGRPLQDPHQyVGLVWDQWHV Interciência & Sociedade ,QWHUFLrQFLD6RFLHGDGH,6619RO1 de sua origem, assumindo assim um comSRUWDPHQWRGHH[SORUDomRPDLRU 4. RESULTADOS PRELIMINARES Utilizando o algoritmo descrito e H[SRVWR QHVWH DUWLJR p SRVVtYHO REWHU XPD FODVVL¿FDomR FRQVLGHUiYHO SULQFLSDOPHQWH XWLOL]DQGR LPDJHQV VLPSOHV H FRP SRXFRV detalhes. 3DUD FDOFXODU D GLVWkQFLD (XFOLGLDQDHQWUHRVSDUHVGHSL[HOVIRUDPXWLOL]DGDV DVSRVLo}HV[H\GHFDGDSL[HOHPUHODomR DLPDJHPRULJLQDOHPXQLmRFRPRVYDORUHV 5*%GHFDGDSL[HO Para ilustrar o funcionamento do DOJRULWPRVHUmRXWLOL]DGRVGRLVWLSRVGHLPDJHQV D )LJXUD UHSUHVHQWD XPD LPDJHP VLPSOHVGHIiFLODQiOLVHSDUDRDOJRULWPRHD )LJXUDMiFRPDVPDUFDo}HVSDUDVHUSURFHVVDGD SHOR DOJRULWPR D TXDO UHSUHVHQWD a atuação do algoritmo diante de uma imagem real, com mais detalhes. A Figura 1, inicialmente com ;SL[HOVIRLUHGX]LGDSDUD;SL[HOV )LJXUD (VWD DOWHUDomR p IHLWD SDUD SHUPLWLU D UHSUHVHQWDomR JUi¿FD QD )LJXUD LOXVWUDQGR R JUDIR IRUPDGR D SDUWLU GD LPDJHPSDUDPHOKRUFRPSUHHQVmRGRIXQcionamento do algoritmo. Figura 3 -,PDJHPVLQWpWLFDLQFOXLQGRDV PDUFDo}HVIHLWDVSHORXVXiULR Figura 4 -,PDJHPUHDOGHHQWUDGD LQFOXLQGRDVPDUFDo}HVIHLWDVSHOR usuário. Figura 1 -,PDJHPRULJLQDOVLQWpWLFDFRP [SL[HOV &DGDLPDJHPGHHQWUDGDpIRUPDGDSRUGXDVFDPDGDV$SULPHLUDFDPDGD PRVWUDGD QDV )LJXUDV H DUPD]HQD D LPDJHP RULJLQDO TXH VHUi XWLOL]DGD SDUD montar o grafo. A segunda camada, ilustraGDQD)LJXUDFRQWpPDVLQIRUPDo}HVGH TXDLV SL[HOV IRUDP URWXODGRV SHOR HVSHFLDOLVWDHVHXVUHVSHFWLYRVUyWXORV(VWDFDPDGDpXWLOL]DGDSDUDGH¿QLURFRQMXQWRGHSDUWtFXODVHDVLQIRUPDo}HVLQLFLDLVGHGRPtQLR GRVQyV Figura 2 -,PDJHPVLQWpWLFDUHGLPHQVLRQDGD SDUD;3L[HOV 81 Interciência & Sociedade ,QWHUFLrQFLD6RFLHGDGH,6619RO1 Figura 5 - Primeira camada da imagem da )LJXUDUHSUHVHQWDQGRDLPDJHPRULJLQDO Figura 7 - *UDIRIRUPDGRDSDUWLUGDLPDJHPGD )LJXUD Figura 6 - Segunda camada da imagem GD)LJXUDUHSUHVHQWDQGRDVPDUFDo}HV IHLWDVSHORXVXiULR $¿JXUDPRVWUDXPJUDIRPRQWDGR D SDUWLU GD )LJXUD XWLOL]DQGR k = 10. ObVHUYDQGR HVWH JUDIR p SRVVtYHO SHUFHEHU H entender melhor a distribuição e ligação dos SL[HOV2VQ~PHURVHPFDGDQyHTXLYDOHP DRQ~PHURGRSL[HOGHQWURGDPDWUL]SUHHQFKLGDHPWHPSRGHH[HFXomR 2 UHVXOWDGR ¿QDO IRUQHFLGR SHOR SURJUDPD HTXLYDOH D GHPDUFDomR GRV SL[HOVFRPDVFRUHVFRUUHVSRQGHQWHVjVSDUWtFXODVTXHFRQTXLVWDUDPDTXHODSRVLomR2 resultado da Figura 8 foi obtido ao receber FRPRHQWUDGDD)LJXUDDVVLPFRPRD)LJXUDIRLREWLGDDRUHFHEHUD)LJXUDFRPR entrada. Figura 8 -&ODVVL¿FDomREDVHDGDQD)LJXUD Figura 9 -5HVXOWDGRGDFODVVL¿FDomR EDVHDGDQD)LJXUD 82 Interciência & Sociedade ,QWHUFLrQFLD6RFLHGDGH,6619RO1 $SHVDUGD)LJXUDDSUHVHQWDUSHTXHQRV HUURV GH FODVVL¿FDomR p SRVVtYHO UHFRQKHFHUDUHSUHVHQWDomRRULJLQDO$VFRUHVXWLOL]DGDVSDUDRGHVHQKRVmREDVHDGDV QDV FRUHV GDV SDUWtFXODV UHSUHVHQWDQGR R SL[HO URWXODGR H SHUWHQFHQWH DR JUXSR GD SDUWtFXOD $V)LJXUDVXWLOL]DGDVDWpRPRPHQWRIRUDPHVFROKLGDVFRPRREMHWLYRGHWHVWDU RIXQFLRQDPHQWRGRPRGHORGHPRYLPHQWDomRGHSDUWtFXODVHDVGLYHUVDVIRUPDVGH VH WUDEDOKDU FRP RV FRPSRQHQWHV 5*% H FRRUGHQDGDVGHSRVLFLRQDPHQWRGRVSL[HOV Posteriormente o algoritmo será melhorado SDUDTXHSRVVDUHFHEHULPDJHQVUHDLVPDLV FRPSOH[DV DQGFRRSHUDWLRQLQQHWZRUNVIRUVHPLVXSHUYLVHGOHDUQLQJ ZLWK FRQFHSW GULIW ,Q 1HXUDO 1HWZRUNV ,-&11 7KH,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RLQW&RQIHUHQFHRQSS >@%UHYH)DQG/=KDR3DUWLFOHFRPSHWLWLRQ DQG FRRSHUDWLRQ WR SUHYHQW HUURU SURSDJDWLRQ IURP PLVODEHOHGGDWDLQVHPLVXSHUYLVHGOHDUQLQJ,Q1HXUDO1HWZRUNV6%51%UD]LOLDQ6\PSRVLXPRQ SS± >@ %UHYH ) DQG / =KDR )X]]\ FRPPXQLW\ VWUXFWXUHGHWHFWLRQE\SDUWLFOHFRPSHWLWLRQDQGFRRSHUDWLRQ6RIW&RPSXWLQJ± >@%UHYH)$/=KDRDQG0*4XLOHV3DUWLFOHFRPSHWLWLRQLQFRPSOH[QHWZRUNVIRUVHPLVXSHUYLVHGFODVVL¿FDWLRQ,Q-=KRX(G&RPSOH[9ROXPHRI/HFWXUH1RWHVRIWKH,QVWLWXWHIRU&RPSXWHU 6FLHQFHV6RFLDO,QIRUPDWLFVDQG7HOHFRPPXQLFDWLRQV (QJLQHHULQJSS± 5. CONCLUSÃO 1HVWH DUWLJR p DSUHVHQWDGD XPD H[WHQVmRGRPRGHORGHFRPSHWLomRHFRRSHUDomRHQWUHSDUWtFXODVSDUDWUDWDUDWDUHID de segmentação de imagens. 2V UHVXOWDGRV GDV VLPXODo}HV FRPSXWDFLRQDLVFRPLPDJHQVVLPSOHVPRVWUDPTXHWDODERUGDJHPpEDVWDQWHSURPLVVRUD2DOJRULWPRYHPVHQGRDSHUIHLoRDGR FRPRLQWXLWRGHPHOKRUDUDFODVVL¿FDomRGH LPDJHQV VLPSOHV H SRVVLELOLWDU WDPEpP D FODVVL¿FDomR GH LPDJHQV PDLV FRPSOH[DV mais ricas em detalhes e cores. &RPR WUDEDOKR IXWXUR WDPEpP SUHWHQGHVH SHUPLWLU TXH UyWXORV VHMDP LQVHULGRV RX DSDJDGRV SHOR HVSHFLDOLVWD HP WHPSR GH H[HFXomR GH IRUPD LQWHUDWLYD ,VWR H[LJLUi TXH R DOJRULWPR VHMD FDSD] GH VH DGDSWDU D LQVHUomR H UHPRomR GH SDUWtFXODVHPWHPSRGHH[HFXomR 6. REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS >@ $EQH\ 6 6HPLVXSHUYLVHG /HDUQLQJ IRU &RPSXWDWLRQDO/LQJXLVWLFV&5&3UHVV >@$OSD\GLQ(,QWURGXFWLRQWRPDFKLQHOHDUQLQJ0,73UHVV >@ %DUEHU ' %D\HVLDQ 5HDVRQLQJ DQG 0DFKLQH/HDUQLQJ&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV 83 >@%UHYH)$/=KDR0*4XLOHV:3HGU\F]DQG -/LX3DUWLFOHFRPSHWLWLRQDQGFRRSHUDWLRQIRU XQFRYHULQJ QHWZRUN RYHUODS FRPPXQLW\ VWUXFWXUH ,Q '/LX+=KDQJ03RO\FDUSRX&$OLSSLDQG++H (GV$GYDQFHVLQ1HXUDO1HWZRUNV,6119ROXPHRI/HFWXUH1RWHVLQ&RPSXWHU6FLHQFHSS ±6SULQJHU%HUOLQ+HLGHOEHUJ B >@ %UHYH ) / =KDR 0 4XLOHV : 3HGU\F] DQG - /LX 3DUWLFOH FRPSHWLWLRQ DQG FRRSHUDWLRQ LQQHWZRUNVIRUVHPLVXSHUYLVHGOHDUQLQJ.QRZOHGJH DQG 'DWD (QJLQHHULQJ ,((( 7UDQVDFWLRQV RQ 1686–1698. >@ &DPSV9DOOV * 7 9 %DQGRV DQG ' =KRX 6HPLVXSHUYLVHG JUDSKEDVHG K\SHUVSHFWUDO LPDJHFODVVL¿FDWLRQ,(((75$16$&7,21621*(26&,(1&($1'5(027(6(16,1*;;± >@ &KDSHOOH 2 % 6FK|ONRSI DQG $ =LHQ (GV 6HPL6XSHUYLVHG /HDUQLQJ $GDSWLYH &RPSXWDWLRQDQG0DFKLQH/HDUQLQJ&DPEULGJH0$7KH 0,73UHVV >@ 'DVV 5 3UL\DQND DQG 6 'HYL ,PDJH VHJPHQWDWLRQ WHFKQLTXHV ,QWHUQDWLRQDO -RXUQDO RI HOHFWURQ,FVDQGFRPPXQLFDWLRQWHFKQRORJ\± >@)HO]HQV]ZDOE3)DQG'3+XWWHQORFKH 6HSWHPEHU(I¿FLHQWJUDSKEDVHGLPDJHVHJPHQWDWLRQ ,QWHUQDWLRQDO -RXUQDO RI &RPSXWHU 9LVLRQ ± 181. >@*RQ]DOH]5&DQG5(:RRGV'LJLWDO ,PDJH3URFHVVLQJUGHG8SSHU6DGGOH5LYHU1- 86$3UHQWLFH+DOO,QF >@%UHYH)$FWLYHVHPLVXSHUYLVHGOHDUQLQJ XVLQJ SDUWLFOH FRPSHWLWLRQ DQG FRRSHUDWLRQ LQ QHWZRUNV,Q1HXUDO1HWZRUNV,-&117KH,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RLQW&RQIHUHQFHRQSS >@ *RQ]DOH] 5 & DQG 5 ( :RRGV 'LJLWDO,PDJH3URFHVVLQJ1HZ-HUVH\3HDUVRQ3UHQWLFH Hall. >@%UHYH)DQG/=KDR3DUWLFOHFRPSHWLWLRQ >@ *RQ]DOH] 5 & DQG 5 ( :RRGV 3UR- Interciência & Sociedade ,QWHUFLrQFLD6RFLHGDGH,6619RO1 FHVVDPHQWR'LJLWDOGH,PDJHQV6mR3DXOR3HDUVRQ Prentice Hall. >@*UDG\/5DQGRPZDONVIRULPDJHVHJPHQWDWLRQ3DWWHUQ$QDO\VLVDQG0DFKLQH,QWHOOLJHQFH ,(((7UDQVDFWLRQVRQ± >@/LX%%DQG=0/X,PDJHFRORXULVDWLRQXVLQJJUDSKEDVHGVHPLVXSHUYLVHGOHDUQLQJ,(((;SORUH± >@ 0LWFKHOO 7 0DFKLQH /HDUQLQJ 0F*UDZ Hill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¿FDWLRQ ZLWK PDUNRY UDQGRP ZDONV ,Q $GYDQFHVLQ1HXUDO,QIRUPDWLRQ3URFHVVLQJ6\VWHPV 9ROXPH 84 >@:DQJ)DQG&=KDQJ/DEHOSURSDJDWLRQ WKURXJKOLQHDUQHLJKERUKRRGV,(((7UDQVDFWLRQVRQ .QRZOHGJHDQG'DWD(QJLQHHULQJ± >@:DQJ)7/L*:DQJDQG&=KDQJ 6HPLVXSHUYLVHGFODVVL¿FDWLRQXVLQJORFDODQGJOREDO UHJXODUL]DWLRQ ,Q $$$,¶ 3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH UG QDWLRQDOFRQIHUHQFHRQ$UWL¿FLDOLQWHOOLJHQFHSS± $$$,3UHVV >@ :X 0 DQG % 6FK|ONRSI 7UDQVGXFWLYH FODVVL¿FDWLRQYLDORFDOOHDUQLQJUHJXODUL]DWLRQ,Q;6 0HLOD0(GWK,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ$UWL¿FLDO,QWHOOLJHQFHDQG6WDWLVWLFV%URRNOLQH0$86$ SS±0LFURWRPH >@=KRX'2%RXVTXHW71/DO-:HVWRQDQG % 6FK|ONRSI /HDUQLQJ ZLWK ORFDO DQG JOREDO FRQVLVWHQF\ ,Q $GYDQFHV LQ 1HXUDO ,QIRUPDWLRQ 3URFHVVLQJ 6\VWHPV 9ROXPH SS ± 0,7 Press. >@ =KX ; 6HPLVXSHUYLVHG OHDUQLQJ OLWHUDWXUHVXUYH\7HFKQLFDO5HSRUW&RPSXWHU6FLHQFHV8QLYHUVLW\RI:LVFRQVLQ0DGLVRQ >@=KX;6HPLVXSHUYLVHGOHDUQLQJ8QLYHUVLW\RI:LVFRQVLQ0DGLVRQ >@=KX;DQG=*KDKUDPDQL/HDUQLQJIURP ODEHOHGDQGXQODEHOHGGDWDZLWKODEHOSURSDJDWLRQ7HFKQLFDO5HSRUW&08&$/'&DUQHJLH0HOORQ 8QLYHUVLW\3LWWVEXUJK >@ =KX ; = *KDKUDPDQL DQG - /DIIHUW\ 6HPLVXSHUYLVHG OHDUQLQJ XVLQJ JDXVVLDQ ¿HOGV DQG KDUPRQLF IXQFWLRQV ,Q 3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH7ZHQWLHWK ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ 0DFKLQH /HDUQLQJ SS ± Interciência & Sociedade ,QWHUFLrQFLD6RFLHGDGH,6619RO1 Barbara Ribeiro da SilvaUHFHEHXVHXGLSORPDGHEDFKDUHOGD8QLYHUVLGDGH(VWDGXDO³-~OLRGH0HVTXLWD)LOKR´ %UDVLOHP$WXDOPHQWH0HVWUDQGDGD8QLYHUVLGDGH(VWDGXDO³-~OLRGH0HVTXLWD)LOKR´81(636HXVLQWHUHVVHVGHSHVTXLVDLQFOXHPDDSUHQGL]DJHPGHPiTXLQDSURFHVVDPHQWRGHLPDJHQVVHJPHQWDomRGHLPDJHQVH LQVSLUDGRVQDQDWXUH]DFRPSXWDomR Fabricio Aparecido Breve SRVVXLJUDGXDomRHP&LrQFLDGD&RPSXWDomRSHOD8QLYHUVLGDGH0HWRGLVWDGH3LUDFLFDEDPHVWUDGRHP&LrQFLDGD&RPSXWDomRSHOD8QLYHUVLGDGH)HGHUDOGH6mR&DUORVHGRXWRUDGR HP&LrQFLDVGD&RPSXWDomRH0DWHPiWLFD&RPSXWDFLRQDOSHOD8QLYHUVLGDGHGH6mR3DXORFRPSHUtRGR VDQGXtFKHQD8QLYHUVLW\RI$OEHUWD&DQDGi$WXDOPHQWHpSURIHVVRUDVVLVWHQWHGRXWRUGD8QLYHUVLGDGH(VWDGXDO 3DXOLVWD-~OLRGH0HVTXLWD)LOKR6HXVLQWHUHVVHVGHSHVTXLVDLQFOXHPDSUHQGL]DGRGHPiTXLQDUHFRQKHFLPHQWR GHSDGU}HVSURFHVVDPHQWRGHLPDJHQVUHGHVFRPSOH[DVUHGHVQHXUDLVDUWL¿FLDLVHFRPSXWDomRLQVSLUDGDSHOD natureza. 85 Interciência & Sociedade