ELETROBRAS Av. Presidente Vargas, 409 / 13º andar – Centro 20071-003 – Rio de Janeiro – RJ Caixa Postal: 1639 Tel: (21) 2514–5151 www.eletrobras.com.br [email protected] PROCEL Programa Nacional de Conservação de Energia Elétrica Av. Rio Branco, 53 / 13º andar – Centro 20090-004 – Rio de Janeiro – RJ www.eletrobras.com/procel [email protected] PROCEL EDIFICA Eficiência Energética em Edificações Av. Rio Branco, 53 / 15º andar – Centro 20090-004 – Rio de Janeiro – RJ Fax: (21) 2514-5767 www.eletrobras.com/procel [email protected] E L E T R O B R A S P R O C E L Presidente da ELETROBRAS José da Costa Carvalho Neto Superintendente de Eficiência Energética da ELETROBRAS Renata Leite Falcão Chefe do Departamento de Projetos de Eficiência Energética Fernando Pinto Dias Perrone Chefe da Divisão de Eficiência Energética no Setor Privado Marco Aurélio Ribeiro Gonçalves Moreira E Q U I P E T É C N I C A E LE T R O B R AS P R OC E L Equipe do PROCEL Edifica Edison Alves Portela Júnior Elisete Alvarenga da Cunha Estefânia Neiva de Mello João Queiroz Krause Lucas Mortimer Macedo Luciana Dias Lago Machado Maria Teresa Marques da Silveira Colaboradores Clóvis José da Silva Frederico Guilherme Cardoso Souto Maior de Castro Solange Nogueira Puente Santos Vanda Alves dos Santos Revisão Gráfica Kelli Cristine Vidal Mondaini Autores Roberto Lamberts Luciano Dutra Fernando O. R. Pereira Ilustração Luciano Dutra curriculum resumido dos autores Roberto Lamberts: Professor Titular do Departamento de Engenharia Civil da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Engenheiro Civil (1980), Mestre em Engenharia Civil (1983) pela Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul e PhD pelo Department of Civil Engineering da University of Leeds (Inglaterra) em 1988. Supervisor do Laboratório de Eficiência Energética em Edificações (LabEEE). Atua nos cursos de pós-graduação Engenharia Civil (Mestrado e Doutorado) e Arquitetura e Urbanismo (Mestrado e Doutorado) e da UFSC. Coeditor do periódico Ambiente Construído, membro do comitê editorial dos periódicos Advances in Building Energy Research e do Journal of Building Performance Simulation. Membro das associações científicas ANTAC, Associação de Tecnologia do Ambiente Construído (onde foi da diretoria por vários mandatos) e IBPSA, associação internacional para a simulação do desempenho de edificações e membro do GT e ST de edificações do MME apoiando o desenvolvimento da etiquetagem de eficiência energética em edificações. Desenvolve pesquisas na área de Engenharia Civil, com ênfase em Eficiência Energética, desempenho térmico de edificações, bioclimatologia e conforto térmico. (http://lattes.cnpq.br/0755959610406012) Luciano Dutra: Arquiteto e Urbanista pela Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina em 1991, mestre em Conforto Ambiental pela mesma instituição em 1994 e PhD pela Architectural Association School – AA School (Londres - Inglaterra) em 2010. Atualmente é professor do curso de Arquitetura e Urbanismo da Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina (UNISUL). É coordenador do curso de Especialização em Arquitetura Sustentável e Bioclimática, ministrando disciplinas neste curso e também no curso de Especialização em Engenharia e Segurança do Trabalho, ambos da UNISUL. É integrante da equipe do Projeto REGSA (Promoting Renewable Electricity Generation in South America), um convênio internacional entre a UNISUL e três outras universidades. Tem experiência na área de Arquitetura e Urbanismo, com ênfase em Arquitetura Bioclimática e Sustentável, atuando principalmente nos seguintes temas: projeto de arquitetura, ensino de arquitetura, arquitetura bioclimática, eficiência energética e conforto ambiental. (http://lattes.cnpq.br/4612184525520681) Fernando Oscar Ruttkay Pereira: Professor Titular do Departamento de Arquitetura e Urbanismo da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Eng. Civil (1979), Mestre em Eng. Civil (1984) pela Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul e PhD pela School of Architectural Studies, University of Sheffield (Inglaterra) em 1992. Supervisor do Laboratório de Conforto Ambiental desde a sua criação em 1987. Atua nos cursos de pós-graduação em Arquitetura e Urbanismo (Mestrado e Doutorado) e Engenharia Civil (Mestrado e Doutorado) da UFSC. Diretor (gestão 2002 – 2008) do PLEA – Passive and Low Energy Architecture International Association, Membro da IESNA - Illuminating Engineering Society of North America, membro do Comitê de Iluminação Natural da IESNA e do CIE – Commission Internacionale de L’Éclairage – seção Brasil, Divisão 3 e é Editor Regional - América do Sul, do International Journal Management of Environmental Quality. Desenvolve pesquisas nas áreas “Insolação e Iluminação no Ambiente Urbano, Sistemas Inovativos de Iluminação Natural, Simulação da Iluminação e Eficiência Energética no Ambiente Construído e Ensino de Conforto Ambiental e Eficiência Energética. (http://lattes.cnpq.br/2498471958439979) iv eficiência energética na arquitetura prefácio A primeira edição do livro Eficiência Energética na Arquitetura foi elaborada pelos professores Roberto Lamberts, Luciano Dutra e Fernando O. R. Pereira, em Convênio com o Procel – Programa Nacional de Conservação de Energia Elétrica no ano de 1997, sendo desde então referência sobre Arquitetura Bioclimática, em todo o País. Em 2004, uma segunda edição foi lançada e, passados mais de 15 anos, a Eletrobras, empresa do setor elétrico brasileiro que administra há quase três décadas o Procel, orgulha-se em apresentar à sociedade esta nova versão. A 3ª edição, além de uma extensa revisão e atualização de conteúdo, conta com uma considerável ampliação, tratando de maneira mais específica conceitos e questionamentos relacionados è Eficiência Energética e à Sustentabilidade, como iluminação e ventilação naturais. Concomitantemente, propõe uma abordagem sistêmica listando estratégias e descrevendo os processos para a elaboração de Projetos de Arquitetura Bioclimática. Permanece, porém, a essência de levar à comunidade acadêmica, de um modo bastante didático, uma publicação de qualidade e com conceitos atuais de arquitetura energeticamente eficiente, sustentabilidade e conforto ambiental. A importância deste livro torna-se ainda mais evidente no presente cenário em que a Eletrobras Procel, em parceria com o Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia – Inmetro, implementaram o Programa Brasileiro de Etiquetagem em Edificações (PBE Edifica). Desde 2009, existem critérios técnicos nacionais para a avaliação de edifícios residenciais, comerciais, públicos e de serviços quanto ao nível de Eficiência Energética, e para a emissão da Etiqueta Nacional de Conservação de Energia. O objetivo é, mediante uma ferramenta orientativa, criar um mercado mais exigente e consciente quanto ao uso da energia elétrica nas edificações, sem, contudo, privar seus usuários de suas funcionalidades e conforto. Nesse contexto, esta publicação é de suma importância por contribuir para a formação acadêmica de futuros profissionais cada vez mais engajados com as novas soluções para os setores de Arquitetura e Construção Civil no Brasil. A Eletrobras, como empresa consciente da importância das energias limpas para o Brasil, rejubila-se em presentear a sociedade brasileira com esta publicação que visa a um modo de pensar e de construir edificações confortáveis, energeticamente eficientes e com respeito ao meio ambiente. JOSÉ DA COSTA CARVALHO NETO Presidente da Eletrobras eficiência energética na arquitetura v lamberts, vi dutra e pereira eficiência energética na arquitetura apresentação Nos últimos nove anos, desde a publicação da segunda edição do livro “Eficiência Energética na Arquitetura” em 2004, muita coisa surgiu em termos de eficiência energética, incluindo algumas publicações brasileiras. Estas iniciativas vêm suprir, numa primeira instância, as antigas carências em publicações nesta área no país. Além disso, refletem sobre nossa arquitetura e sobre os problemas e dificuldades enfrentadas pelos profissionais da área. Na sua terceira edição e com conteúdo completamente revisado e atualizado, o livro “Eficiência Energética na Arquitetura” retorna com novos conceitos. Busca agora trazer, não somente uma atualização, mas também novos questionamentos referentes à arquitetura sustentável e sua relação com a eficiência energética e a arquitetura bioclimática. O objetivo principal do livro continua o mesmo, introduzir os principais conceitos relativos ao manejo e controle do consumo de energia em edificações, tendo como critério central de projeto o conforto de seus usuários. Um dos pressupostos é de que os conceitos físicos básicos precisam ser bem entendidos e assimilados quando se busca aplicar e implementar o controle ambiental de modo inteligente. Para isso, o livro baseia-se intensamente em esquemas, diagramas conceituais e analogias para guiar o leitor ao entendimento intuitivo sobre como o aquecimento, resfriamento e iluminação afetam as pessoas, o projeto das edificações e a energia utilizada pelos principais sistemas mec6anicos e elétricos. O livro traz capítulos novos como “geometria solar”, “iluminação natural” e “ventilação natural”, todos essencialmente práticos, mas cujos conteúdos são mais aprofundados que na edição anterior. Nestes capítulos, o leitor acessará conhecimentos essenciais ao bom projeto bioclimático e à eficiência energética. O último capítulo do livro presta atenção ao aspecto mais importante no tema, o “projeto de arquitetura bioclimática”, onde o leitor irá trilhar pelos principais conceitos de projeto arquitetônico e verá como as variáveis discutidas no livro interagem ao longo do processo de projeto. Esta terceira edição é completamente revisada e ampliada em relação à edição anterior, publicada em 2004. Traz 366 páginas e tem, ao todo, 334 ilustrações, das quais 137 são novas. Estas ilustrações seguem o mesmo padrão das edições anteriores (são coloridas e, na sua maioria, feitas completamente à mão) e buscam tornar claro e atraente um tema que, apesar de importante, nem sempre é facilmente digerido pelos estudantes das engenharias e da arquitetura e pelos próprios profissionais destas áreas. Espera-se, com isso, que o livro possa informar, conscientizar e preparar o arquiteto e demais profissionais da construção civil para enfrentar um novo desafio, projetar e construir edificações não somente adequadas às condicionantes ambientais do local e às necessidades de conforto do usuário, mas também com eficiência energética e a consequente sustentabilidade. ROBERTO LAMBERTS, LUCIANO DUTRA e FERNANDO O. R. PEREIRA eficiência energética na arquitetura vii lamberts, viii dutra e pereira eficiência energética na arquitetura sumário Capítulo 1: Um Segundo Breve Histórico O Conceito de Eficiência Energética .................................................. 5 Da Arquitetura Vernacular aos Nossos Dias .......................................... 8 A Crise de Petróleo ...................................................................... 15 A Situação Atual.......................................................................... 16 Consumo nos Setores Residencial, Comercial e Público............................ 16 Normalização ............................................................................. 20 O Conceito de Sustentabilidade ....................................................... 22 Bons Exemplos de Arquitetura Contemporânea ..................................... 23 A Atuação de Cada Profissional ........................................................ 31 Estrutura do Livro ........................................................................ 33 REFERÊNCIAS ............................................................................. 34 Bibliografia também consultada ....................................................... 37 Capítulo 2: Conforto Ambiental Conforto Térmico ........................................................................ 43 Mecanismos Termorreguladores ..................................................... 44 Conceito de Conforto ................................................................. 46 Variáveis de Conforto Térmico ...................................................... 46 Índices de Conforto Térmico ......................................................... 49 Programas de Análise e Simulação de Conforto Térmico ........................ 51 Instrumentos de medição ............................................................ 53 Conforto Visual ........................................................................... 57 Nível de Iluminação ................................................................... 57 Contraste ............................................................................... 58 Ofuscamento ........................................................................... 59 Escalar e Vetor Iluminação ........................................................... 62 REFERÊNCIAS ............................................................................. 64 eficiência energética na arquitetura ix lamberts, dutra e pereira Capítulo 3: Arquitetura e Clima Variáveis Climáticas .................................................................... 71 Radiação Solar......................................................................... 72 Luz Natural ............................................................................ 76 Temperatura........................................................................... 77 Vento ................................................................................... 79 Umidade ................................................................................ 80 Climas do Mundo ........................................................................ Os Climas do Brasil ...................................................................... Microclima ................................................................................ A Bioclimatologia Aplicada à Arquitetura............................................ Zona de Conforto ..................................................................... Zona de Ventilação Natural ......................................................... Zona de Inércia Térmica Para Resfriamento ...................................... Zona de Resfriamento Evaporativo e Umidificação .............................. Zona de Aquecimento Solar ......................................................... Zonas de Condicionamento Artificial com Isolamento Térmico ................. Zona de Sombreamento............................................................... Interseções entre Estratégias ....................................................... Métodos de Avaliação Bioclimática ................................................... Avaliação Bioclimática com Dados Climáticos Horários .......................... Avaliação Bioclimática pelas Normais Climatológicas ............................ Zoneamento Bioclimático Brasileiro .................................................. 81 81 83 83 86 87 88 88 89 90 91 91 92 92 93 97 ZONA 1 ................................................................................. ZONA 2 ................................................................................. ZONA 3 ................................................................................. ZONA 4 ................................................................................. ZONA 5 ................................................................................. ZONA 6 ................................................................................. ZONA 7 ................................................................................. ZONA 8 ................................................................................. Programas de Análises Bioclimáticas ................................................. O Programa Analysis-Bio ............................................................. “Painel Bioclimático” ................................................................... REFERÊNCIAS ............................................................................. 98 98 98 98 98 98 98 99 100 100 101 103 x eficiência energética na arquitetura Capítulo 4: Geometria Solar A Radiação Solar como Fonte de Calor ............................................... 112 Trajetória da Terra em Torno do Sol ................................................. 114 Posição do Sol no Céu ................................................................... 116 Norte Geográfico versus Norte Magnético ............................................ 116 Horário Local versus Horário Solar .................................................... 117 A Carta Solar.............................................................................. 119 Aplicações práticas da carta solar .................................................. 124 O Transferidor de Ângulos .............................................................. 127 O ângulo A .............................................................................. 127 O ângulo B .............................................................................. 128 O ângulo G .............................................................................. 129 Análise de insolação e sombreamento de obstruções e aberturas................ 130 Análise de proteções solares ........................................................... 131 Proteção Solar horizontal ............................................................ 131 Proteção solar vertical ............................................................... 133 Projeto de proteções solares ........................................................... 135 Análise de sombreamento e projeto de proteções solares com aparatos de simulação em maquetes ............................................................................. 140 Relógio Solar ........................................................................... 140 Heliodons e Solarscópio .............................................................. 141 Análise de maquetes com heliodons e solarscópios .............................. 142 Simulação de sombreamento e acesso solar com auxílio de programas computacionais ............................................................................................. 143 Analysis-SOL-AR ........................................................................ 143 Outros Aplicativos ..................................................................... 144 Tabela de Brises.......................................................................... 145 REFERÊNCIAS ............................................................................. 145 Capítulo 5: Iluminação Natural Fontes de Luz Natural ................................................................... 151 Avaliação da Iluminação Natural ...................................................... 152 Céu Artificial ............................................................................. 154 Céu artificial do tipo Caixa de Espelhos ........................................... 154 Céu artificial do tipo Hemisférico .................................................. 154 Céu artificial do tipo Hemisférico com/sem domo translúcido ................. 154 Céu artificial do tipo Hemisférico com domo opaco reflexivo .................. 154 eficiência energética na arquitetura xi lamberts, dutra e pereira Medindo a Contribuição de Iluminação Natural com o céu artificial .......... 154 Estratégias de Iluminação Natural .................................................... 155 Pátios e Átrios ......................................................................... 155 Prateleiras de Luz .................................................................... 156 Cores .................................................................................... Distribuição e posicionamento de Janelas ........................................ Orientação ............................................................................. Iluminação Zenital .................................................................... 157 157 158 158 Iluminação Artificial como Suplemento da Iluminação Natural .................. Sensor Fotoelétrico ................................................................... Distribuição das Luminárias ......................................................... Dimmer ................................................................................. Sensor de Presença ................................................................... Programador de Tempo ou Minuteria .............................................. Iluminação de Tarefa ................................................................. Programas de Análise de Iluminação ................................................. Radiance e Desktop Radiance ....................................................... Ecotect Analysis 2011 ................................................................ Apolux .................................................................................. TropLux................................................................................. Lux ...................................................................................... Relux .................................................................................... DIALux .................................................................................. REFERÊNCIAS ............................................................................. 160 160 160 161 161 161 162 163 163 164 166 166 167 167 167 168 Capítulo 6: Ventilação Natural A rosa-dos-ventos ....................................................................... 174 Correção da velocidade do vento ..................................................... 175 Coeficiente de pressão do vento ($CPL) ............................................. Área útil de ventilação ................................................................. Fluxo de ar ............................................................................... Redução do fluxo de ar ................................................................. Número de Trocas de Ar (N) ........................................................... Influência da implantação e da orientação na ventilação natural ............... Barreiras de Vento ...................................................................... Ventilação Cruzada ..................................................................... xii eficiência energética na 176 176 177 178 179 181 183 185 arquitetura Captadores de vento, peitoris ventilados, mansardas, lanternins e torres de ventilação ............................................................................................. 186 Elementos direcionadores e filtrantes da ventilação natural ..................... 187 Ventilação noturna ...................................................................... 190 Ventilação em fachada dupla e periférica ........................................... 190 Túneis de Vento e Mesa d’Água ........................................................ 191 Túnel de Vento com Serragem ......................................................... 191 Túnel de Vento com Fumaça ........................................................... 191 Mesa d’Água .............................................................................. 191 REFERÊNCIAS ............................................................................. 191 Capítulo 7: Propriedades Térmicas dos Elementos Construtivos Fechamentos Opacos e Transparentes ................................................ 197 Fechamentos Opacos.................................................................. 197 Fechamentos Transparentes ......................................................... 198 Absortividade, refletividade, transmissividade e emissividade ................... 208 Condutividade térmica .................................................................. 210 Resistência térmica ...................................................................... 210 Resistência Térmica Superficial ..................................................... 212 Resistência térmica de câmaras de ar ............................................. 213 Transmitância térmica .................................................................. 215 Densidade de Fluxo de Calor ........................................................... 216 Temperatura SOL-AR .................................................................... 217 Fluxo de Calor ............................................................................ 218 Capacidade térmica ..................................................................... 220 Fator Solar ................................................................................ 221 REFERÊNCIAS ............................................................................. 225 Capítulo 8: Equipamentos e Sistemas Eficientes Sistemas de Aquecimento de Água .................................................. Elétrico ............................................................................... A Gás ................................................................................. Solar .................................................................................. A Biomassa (lenha) .................................................................. Sistemas de Iluminação Artificial .................................................... Lâmpadas ............................................................................... Incandescentes ...................................................................... eficiência energética na arquitetura 231 231 232 232 232 232 233 234 xiii lamberts, dutra e pereira Descarga Gasosa .................................................................... Novos Tipos de Lâmpadas .......................................................... Luminárias .............................................................................. Reatores ................................................................................ 235 238 241 242 Controle da Iluminação ............................................................... Climatização Artificial ................................................................. Ventilação Mecânica ................................................................ 243 243 243 Aquecimento ......................................................................... Aquecimento a Biomassa ........................................................... Aquecimento a Gás .................................................................. Resfriamento ........................................................................... Ar Condicionado de Janela ........................................................... Mini Centrais de Pequeno Porte ou Split .......................................... Multisplit ............................................................................. Self Contained ....................................................................... Chiller & Fan-Coil ................................................................... REFERÊNCIAS ........................................................................... 245 248 249 249 249 250 251 252 253 253 Capítulo 9: Projeto de Arquitetura Bioclimática O Partido Bioclimático ................................................................ Análise do Terreno ..................................................................... Análise do Clima Local ................................................................. Análise dos Usuários e dos Horários de Uso ......................................... Programa de Necessidades ........................................................... 261 261 262 262 262 A Função ................................................................................ A Forma ................................................................................. Os Materiais Construtivos ............................................................. O uso das Estratégias Bioclimáticas de Forma Integrada ......................... A Expressividade Arquitetônica ....................................................... Definição dos Elementos Bioclimáticos a serem Empregados ..................... Ventilação ............................................................................ Resfriamento Evaporativo e Umidificação ........................................ Usar Inércia Térmica ................................................................. Aquecimento Solar Passivo ......................................................... Ar Condicionado ..................................................................... Aquecimento Artificial .............................................................. Outras Técnicas para Diminuir o Consumo de Energia .......................... 262 263 267 268 268 269 269 271 274 275 277 278 279 xiv eficiência energética na arquitetura Iluminação Natural e Artificial ..................................................... Análise e Síntese da Primeira Alternativa de projeto .............................. Simulação e Propostas Alternativas ................................................. Uso de Energia Alternativa ............................................................ 284 288 289 290 Captação da Água da Chuva .......................................................... Reutilização de Água ................................................................... Projeto de Arquitetura Bioclimática ................................................. 290 291 291 REFERÊNCIAS ........................................................................... 296 Referências Bibliográficas Referências Bibliográficas ............................................................. 299 Apêndices APÊNDICE 1: Paineis Bioclimáticos ................................................... APÊNDICE 2: Confecção de um Relógio Solar para uma Latitude Específica .... APÊNDICE 3: Tabela de Brises ......................................................... APÊNDICE 4: Tabelas de Propriedades Térmicas ................................... APÊNDICE 5: Unidades e Conceitos Físicos ......................................... Quantidades Térmicas .............................................................. Princípios Termodinâmicos ......................................................... Psicrometria ......................................................................... Processos Psicrométricos ........................................................... APÊNDICE 6: Carga Térmica .......................................................... Conceitos ............................................................................. Exemplo Numérico .................................................................. 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