Assessing the diversity of herpetofauna in Gorongosa National Park
Author:
Francisco Domingos Francisco
Valério Macandza
TOPICS
1. Introduction
2.
Objectives
3.
Location of the Study Area
4. Methodology
5. Results
6. Conclusion
7. Recomendations
INTRODUCTION
• In recent decades, environmental conservation concerns have been the subject of
discussion and research worldwide.
• They are known in the world about 5,000 species of amphibians and more than 8000
species of reptiles.
• Studies of inventorying and distribution of herpetofauna communities of an area is an
essential step to the knowledge of their natural heritage.
• Allows you to identify threatened populations contributing to the periodization of these
areas in allocating conservation efforts
OBJECTIVES
General

Specif
To assess the diversity of the herpetological fauna and its distribution in GNP
 Identify the herpetological species and their abundance in habitats Cheringoma Upland
and Chitengo;

Compare the richness and diversity of herpetofauna species between habitats and
sampling sites;
LOCALIZACAO DA AREA DE ESTUDOS
• Precipitação
média
anual
840mm – 2.000mm no Vale do
Rift e 1200 a 1300 mm no Planalto
de Cheringoma
•Vegetação
de
Cheringoma
dominada por floresta de miombo,
caracteriza-se pela predominância
da espécie arbórea Brachystegia
que incluem a Brachystegia
longifolia, a
Julbernardia
globiflora
(Mussassa),
o
Combretum sp., a Terminalia
sericea, o Strychnos sp. a
Sclerocarya birrea.
SELECÇÃO DOS LOCAIS DE AMOSTRAGEM DO ESTUDO
DIFERENTES HABITATS DA AREA DE ESTUDOS
Pantanoso
F
Florestado
Ribeirinho
Lacustre
METHODOLOGY
Data Colection
 Demand and direct observation consisted of hiking with an average duration of 8
hrs per day, made by three people who traveled on foot, slowly, systematically
searching fauna along three transects:

Each transect contained an estimated width of 2m in all visually accessible
micro-habitats, in which were recorded occurrences of reptiles and amphibians

In the mornings the searches took place from 6:00 to 10:00 and in the afternoon
and evening from 17:00 to 21:00
 The searches took place in different areas in terms of gradients of moisture
Intercept and Fall Trap (IFT)
Each consisted of four plastic buckets 50 cm deep and 30 cm in diameter with 4m spacing
between them.
Each of the 4 buckets composing each trap remained six days making a total of 24 "trapnights".
Traps were inspected 2 times a day (morning and late afternoon).
RESULTADOS
Classe
Nr de
especies
Nr de
familia
Nr
Ordens
Anfibios
31
11
1
42
19
3
Repteis
 In the amphibian class, the family with the largest representation was Hyperolidae, which
includes 3 genera and 11 species.

As for the conservation status of these species according to the IUCN Red List, 48%
are stable, 7% in growing, 16% in decline, 13% is unknown and 16% had not yet been
evaluated or cataloged.

The most represented was the order Squamata with 10 and;
 The Colubridae family that has the highest number of genera with a total of 9 and 11
species
RESULTADOS – Cont.
RESULTADOS
30
S -repteis
S - anfibios
H - Anfibios
H - Anfibios
1.5
25
20
1
15
10
0.5
5
0
Indice de Shannon (H)
Numero de especies (S)
Numero de espécies e Índice de diversidade por Habitats
0
Florestados
Ribeirinhos
Pantanosos
Lacustres
Caracteristicas do habitat
RESULTADOS-Cont.
30
S -repteis
S - anfibios
H - Anfibios
H - Anfibios
3
25
2.5
20
2
15
1.5
10
1
5
0.5
0
0
LA-1
LA-2
LA-3
Local de Amostragem
LA-4
Indice de Shannon (H)
Numero de especies (S)
Numero de espécies e índice de diversidade por Locais de Amostragem
Algumas das sp identificada
Figura A16: Amietophynus
maculatus
Leptopelis flavomaculatus
Atractaspis bibronii
Hiperolius argus
Pelusius sinuatus
Amietophrynus maculatus
Chamaleo dilepis
CONCLUSIONS
• Of the 84 species of amphibians and 280 species of reptiles found in Mozambique, at least 31
amphibian and 42 reptile species occur in GPN:
• The Hyperolidae family has the highest taxonomic diversity being distributed in 3 genera and
11 species:
• The largest number of species found is in the order Squamata
• The greatest number of amphibian species was observed in marshy habitats of each LA:
• In Reptilia class, the highest richness of species is found in forested regions
RECOMENDATIONS
To GPN:
• Monitor the diversity and abundance in the studied sites;
• Expand the survey in areas not covered in this study;
• Strengthen the conservation areas'' hot spot'' in species whose populations tend to decline in
the IUCN Red List, such as Delicatus Afrixalus, Arthroleptis enodactyloides, Hyperolius argus,
Leptopelis mossambicus and Leptopelis flavomaculatus;
To Local Communities:
•That they become aware of the need to prevent of watercourses pollution and deforestation.
Assessment of genetic variability chanfuta (Afzelia quanzensis Welw.) In Michafutene forest:
implications for species conservation programs
Militão E., Maquia I., Mazivele M., Chirinzane C., Goulão L. Ribeiro N. e Ribeiro A.
FOLLOWING OF THE PRESENTATION
 GENERAL
 The Importance of Chanfuta
 Problem
 AIMS
 METHODOLOGY
 Results and Discussion
 Content ISSR
 phenetic analysis
 CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES
GENERAL
 Conservation of the populations
unsustainable use of natural resources
non-uniform resource distribution
 → Forests - vital source for life on earth
illegal exploitation, lack of working capital and short cycles of tree felling
lack of replacing of felled resources
Chanfuta occupies a top place
Fabaceae, cesaelpinoideae. Height 4-24 m. Can reachup to 35m. It has great value in
construction, handicrafts, firewood, medicine (treatment of gonorrhea, snake bites, visual
problems, chest pain), cultural (believed to bring luck), ornamental.
Importância da Chanfuta
Ambiente

Estabilidade dos ecossistemas

Madeira para construção (exportação)
Socioeconomia Alimentação animal
Saúde

Cultura
Medicina tradicional


Adereços
Mitos e crenças
4
Problem
Michafutene Plantation is one of the few areas of the country with ex situ conservation
from an area of 1000 ha with more than 20 species, there were only about 50 ha left
largely unknown diversity
progressive degradation
It is urgent to develop conservation strategies
OBJECTIVES

General
To evaluate the degree of genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships in the existing
population of the chanfuta Forest of Michafutene

Specif
Sampling

Develop ISSR molecular markers for this species

Characterize diversity of the Michafutene Forest

30 samples taken from 15 plots

geographic reference of the áreas through GPS

Leaves were preserved in silica

Frozen in liquid nitrogen and preserved at -80°C
Cont.
 Extracção e purificação de DNA genómico
 Selecção de primers ISSR (27 testados, 4
seleccionados).
 Análise dos primers seleccionados
 Eletroforese capilar em sequenciador
automático
 Análise fenética
9
RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÃO
a
b
0 3 _ P 3 _ 1 3 _ 1 .E 0 2 _ 1 3 0 2 0 5 1 2 H O
0 4 _ P 5 _ 5 9 _ 1 .D 0 7 _ 1 3 0 2 1 2 1 2 O F
8000
1000
900
7000
800
886.60
230.57
6000
700
289.35
886.13
292.13
118.00
600
5000
500
274.70
4000
297.54
286.21
400
75
133.90
350
200
284.44
3000
300
500
248.57
650
1000
876.90
69.86
850
200
896.04
750
255.70
536.83
258.48
71.95
2000
950
876.55
895.46
100
565.99
81.23
1000
50
0
550
79.21
75.43
-100
0
100
200
300
400
500
S ize ( n t)
600
700
800
900
1000
Dye Signal
Dye Signal
150
200
250
150
200
250
66.26
302.62
541.54
450
350 370.83
550.80
0
0
50
100
300
S ize ( n t)
350
400
450
500
550
600
Exemplo de um padrão de fluorescência
gerado por 2 primers nos acessos 13 e 59
10
RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÃO
Conteúdo ISSR
Primer
ISSR 6
ISSR 18
ISSR 23
ISSR 24
Total
Media
Sequência (5’-3’)
VHV(GT)7
BDB(CA)7
(AC)8YG
(GA)8YC
NTB
45
34
30
30
139
34.75
NBP
45
33
29
27
134
33.5
P%
100.00
97.06
96.67
90.00
95.93
Y = C + T; B = T + C; D = A + T + G; V = A + C + G; R = A + G
 Maquia et al. (2013)
 Anand et al. (2010b)
 Malice et al. (2007)
São adequados para indivíduos
cujo genoma é desconhecido,
Afzelia quanzensis.
11
Análise fenética
Similaridades genéticas variaram de 5.71%
a 83.33%.
Cada cluster e
constituído por
indivíduos de
diferentes
subtalhões
Maquia et al. (2013)
Acharya et al. (2011)
Daima (2008)
Willan (1981)
12
Phenetic analysis

genetic differentiation(Gst) - 0.5683

estimation of gene flow (Nm)- 0.3799

Shannon index(I) - 0.4289
High degree of genetic diversity among individuals
Análise de Componentes Principais
14
Correlação entre as similaridades genéticas
e distâncias geográficas
 MxComp (r) 0.089 (t= 0.876, p= 0.809)
 Excel (r) 0.137 (t= 10.755, p= 0.598)
Bom
indicativo
de
que
aquando do estabelecimento
da
plantação
houve
uma
adequada seleção do material
inicial.
Não houve nenhuma correlação
15
CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES

ISSR Molecular markers were adequate for A. quanzensis.

From the agglomerative analysis, it was concluded that the population of A. quanzensis
has a high degree of diversity and each block of the forest represents a set of different
genotypes.
 Increase sampling and follow-up for other species.
 To contribute to the recovery of this area and to the knowledge of the germplasm in
Mozambique.
 genetically characterize the population of chanfuta nationally.
 Contribute to the design of conservation strategies
Engaging people
G. Allport, N. Aransay,
C. Bento, M. Ngwenyama,
M.Taylor
Local Empowerment
Strengthen and grow a network of people who value wild birds, biodiversity and the wider
environment
Integrate bird conservation needs into the wider natural resource management for the benefit of
both people and biodiversity
Formal research links
•
Collaboration with existing institutions such as UEM and Museu Naturale maximises capacity
building
Citizen
Science
• Surveys and monitoring
(for key species and IBAs)
• SABAP2
• eBird for bird casual and
scientific observations
(now available in
Portuguese)
www.ebird.org
•
Success in simple science for wide participation e.g African Wetland Survey, Christmas Bird
Count
•
AACEM focus on citizen science project :
“Indian Crow (Corvus splendens) expands its distribution and grows in number in Maputo City. "
Carlos M. Bento e Madyo Couto
TAXONOMIC CLASSIFICATION OF THE INDIAN CROW
•
Classe – Birds
•
Order – Passerine
•
Family – Corvidae
•
Species – Corvus splendens
COLONIZAÇÃO E EXPANSÃO PELO MUNDO
Durban
Cape Town
OCORRÊNCIA EM MOÇAMBIQUE
Associado aos Portos de Moçambique
Província de (nos últimos 15 anos):
1. Nampula
Nacala Porto
Nacala
Beira
2.
Sofala (nos últimos 15 anos):
Cidade da Beira
De Ponta Gea á Macuti (ao longo
da mariginal)
3.
Maputo
• Cidade de Maputo (nos últimos
12 anos):
(Sommershield, Zona Militar,
Mercado Janet, Centro
Cultural Universitário e
Praça Robert Mugabe)
•
Ilha da Inhaca
(Por toda a ilha; nos anos 70’s).
•
Península de Machangulo (nos
anos 70’s).
• Ilha dos Portugueses (nos anos
70’s).
Casos Confirmados
Maputo
Museu de História Natural - UEM
Este é um caso para a Associação dos
Municípios!
Lixeira do Maputo
Aeroporto de Maputo
Praia da Costa do Sol
LOCAIS DE
OCORRÊNCIA DO
CORVO INDIANO
NA CIDADE DE
MAPUTO
Museu de História Natural - UEM
DISTRIBUIÇÃO ACTUALIZADA DO CORVO
Problems caused by the Indian Crow
The Noise and Craps in places of rest and food bring environmental problems. Feces spoil houses painting and disfigure statues.

Tourism Problems (tourists avoid places with crows)
•
Spread Diseases such:
•
•
Entamoebas
•
Giardias
•
Salmonella
•
Cholera Vibrios
• Damage to electrical cables - causing short circuits because the nests are built on the wires
•
Occasionally attack people (e.g.: Inhaca Island).
•
The biggest threat to urban fauna, because they kill native species, as well as small domestic
animals (e.g.: Inhaca Island)
•
Due to the fact that this birds gather in floks in the vicinity of Maputo Airport they may cause
serious collisions with aircrafts
•
Potential carriers of Bird Flu
Program for control and eradication of the Indian crow in Mozambique

Multi-institutional and multi-disciplinary
•
Should involve voluntarily all citizen
•
Transfer the experience to other locations in the country with the same problem.
Objetives
 General
 Establish a program to control and eradicate the indian crow from Maputo City
 To convey the experience to other Mozambican cities , also infested by this
plague
 Specific
 Assess the population of the indian crow distribution and size in Maputo City
 Promote na awareness campaign
 Initiate the design and implementation of progrm of control and eradication of
the indian crow
 To make a joint analysis with national maritime authorities so the vessels that
berth our ports don’t bring plagues such as this. Material e Métodos
 Presently the adequate method to eradicate this plague is poisoning and nest
destruction.During the campaign the next steps should be taken:
 An observer volunteer team from UEM and AACEM will visit the several locations of Maputo City
to register the occurence of indian crow. During this recognition the precise location where the
bird was observed should be recorded, with the help of GPS, such as the activity that it was
being performed and the habitat in which he was observed.
 Common citizen can also participate in this study via SMS or phone call. The coordinating team
will open a green line of mobile telephone
 The different sites where the crow was observed will be compiled into a map, showing the main
arteries and sites in Maputo City. Based on this information the area of posible occurence of the
indian crow will be marked. This work will responsability of the Museu de História Natural and
AACEM.
 Compiled information will serve as basis to choose the neighborhoods where awareness
campaigns and subsequently eradication program will take place.
 Awareness programs will involve media a lot
 Creation of a pamphlet about the eradication of the indian crow campaign in Maputo City.
 During the campaign citizen will learn to distinguish indian from normal crow.
 As soon as citizen observe na indian crow they should report it to the coordinating team via
SMS or phone call
 For the success of the campaign the city council should collaborate in the protection and proper
handling of garbage in the city.