Relative pronoun and clauses
Friends are those who try to help you find your place in life, not those who try to take
your life away.
The word who is a relative pronoun. It is used to introduce words which define or add
information to the noun.
Use:
Who to refer to people.
Where to refer to places.
Which to refer to inanimate things.
Whose to add information about a person or thing you’ve just mentioned.
That : can be used in all the situations
She’s the best lawyer that I know.
I’m the only one that can afford the trip.
The necklace and the bracelet that you found belong to Ms. Nielsen.
1. Match the columns.
1 This is the house
2 Josh is the student
3 Emily called the plumber
4 I couldn’t find the book
5 That’s the dog
6 I hated the belt
7 The parents and children
8 Jack is the lucky man
(
) whose father has died.
(
) that you bought me. It’s too thin!
(
) that bit my sister.
(
) where I used to live.
(
) that showed up for the meeting have left.
(
) who’s traveling to Hawaii tomorrow.
(
) who fixed the pipes in our house.
(
) you recommended.
2. Combine the sentences using an appropriate relative pronoun.
1 Dengue is a dangerous disease. It is transmitted by a mosquito.
________________________________________________________________
2 Katie Holmes is an American actress. She is married to Tom Cruise.
________________________________________________________________
3 Julian Lennon is a songwriter. John Lennon was his father.
________________________________________________________________
4 A man went to Paris to meet his girlfriend.
________________________________________________________________
5 When he got to her house, he found her lying on the sofa.
________________________________________________________________
6 When she woke up, he gave her a diamond ring and asked if she would be his wife.
________________________________________________________________
Interpretação de textos
Técnicas para interpretar textos em inglês.
Muitas pessoas acham impossível interpretar um texto em inglês, ao se depararem
com tantas palavras desconhecidas entram em pânico. Calma há pequenas dicas que ajudam e
muito na interpretação.
1ª - Skimming
Esta é uma técnica usada para identificar a idéia principal de um texto. Ela pode ser usada em
várias situações, tais como:
a) Entender o tópico principal do texto.
Para compreender o tópico central do texto, leia o primeiro e o último parágrafo. Geralmente
o primeiro parágrafo tem o que é chamado de topic sentence que é o resumo do que será
discutido. O último parágrafo, por sua vez, apresenta a conclusão.
Com a leitura destes dois parágrafos, podemos ativar o nosso conhecimento prévio sobre o
assunto e mais tarde usá-lo para compreendermos o texto todo.
Leia o primeiro e último parágrafos do texto abaixo e veja se consegue inferir a respeito do
tema central.
b) Descobrir sobre o que se trata o texto usando as palavras chaves e o título.
Quando lemos o título de um texto, manchetes de jornais por exemplo, podemos
ter a noção do seu conteúdo. Em linhas gerais, os títulos são um resumo do tópico a
ser discutido no texto, uma vez que eles trazem a palavras chaves das idéias centrais
do que será abordado. Eles também, podem expressar uma idéia crítica do autor sobre
o tema.
2. Scanning
Quando queremos encontrar informações específicas em um texto, usamos o scanning
technique. Imagine que seus olhos são como um radar que irá procurar pontos
específicas em um texto.
As questões que podem ser respondidas com esta técnica podem ser diretas, incluindo
detalhes como datas, nomes, lugares ou ações específicas.
3. Forecast – uso de imagens para prever o texto.
Antes de ler os textos é possível prever o assunto através das imagens (figuras,
ilustrações, gráficos, etc) que os acompanham. Cada pedaço de informação visual na
página, incuindo o layout do texto, é util para prever o assunto a ser abordado ou
mesmo entender o contexto geral.
EXERCÍCIOS DE INTERPRETAÇÃO.
DARE TO STAND OUT!
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bright, confident, and either a current university undergraduate or have recently graduated,
then get involved with Dare to Stand Out.
Dare to Stand Out is an exciting, brand new reality show that will offer students the
opportunity to win three postgraduate scholarships in England. The winners are also
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– and the 1st prize winner will get a car on successful completion of their course.
The fun, challenging competition is a totally fresh take on how to pursue your ambitions
and aspirations. Dare to Stand Out is kindly sponsored by the English Trust, people
unafraid to think outside the box, and who – like us – are excited about offering
competitors the chance of a lifetime.
Registration for the show is open from 1 November to 1 December. Apply online, and
should you be one of the lucky ones to qualify for pre-selection, you will be contacted by
email or SMS. After pre-selection, 25 participants will go through to the next round, with all
certificates and references authenticated. After this, 12 finalists will be chosen to
participate in the Dare to Stand Out TV series.
Participants will compete both individually and in teams, with tasks designed to test
competence, character, and creativity. A panel of three judges will evaluate contestants
and decide on who to evict each week. The three last remaining contestants will take part
in a grand finale to decide who will become the overall winner.
If you think you have what it takes, step up to the challenge – and dare to stand out.
1. De acordo com o texto:
a) qualquer estudante pode participar do programa.
b) somente estudantes do ensino superior podem participar do programa.
c) você deve ter diploma do ensino superior para participar do programa.
d) estudantes do ensino médio e do ensino superior podem participar do programa.
2. The three final contestants will get:
a) jobs in top publicity companies.
b) scholarships for English universities.
c) cars.
d) all of the above.
3. It can be inferred from the text that:
a) participants will be judged based on their school reports.
b) participants will be judged according to their personality.
c) participants must have access to a computer or a mobile phone.
d) participants will be voted out by the public through SMS text messaging.
4. A palavra THIS refere-se:
a) ao preenchimento do formulário online.
b) à seleção de 25 participantes
c) ao recebimento de um email ou mensagem de texto.
d) à checagem de documentos e referências.
Philanthropy and ecology during the Industrial Revolution
Titus Salt was born on 20th September 1803 in a small town near Leeds. His father was a
fairly successful wool dealer, so he could afford to send Titus to a Grammar School. Titus
would eventually join the family firm, which prospered and became one of the most
important companies in Bradford.
Over the next 20 years, Titus Salt became the largest employer in Bradford. The
population grew fast and so did pollution: over 200 factory chimneys, a sewage filled river,
outbreaks of cholera and typhoid would soon give Bradford the title of most polluted city in
England. He now owned five textile mills and started showing concern for his employees’
health. He installed burners which produced little pollution. In 1848 Titus became mayor of
Bradford but even with his position he could not get the council to pass laws forcing factory
owners to change their burners as well. Most did not accept the idea that the smoke was
damaging people’s health. Titus soon realized no action would be taken, so he made a
drastic decision: he built an industrial community (Saltaire) on the banks of the River Aire
and 3 miles from Bradford. It would be 20 years before his project was completed. At the
centre of the village was the mill, the largest and most modern in Europe. He had a lot built
underground, so noise was reduced. Dust and dirt were constantly removed from the
factory floor and the less pollutant burners were used.
850 houses were built for his workers, so they would not have to commute. Saltaire had its
own park, church, school, hospital, library and lots of different shops. Houses were
provided with fresh water, lavatories and gas for providing lighting and heating. When Titus
Salt died in 1876, his family was horrified to discover his fortune was gone. This man, who
may have been one of the first proactive ecologists in the world and a true philanthropist,
had probably given away over £500,000 to good causes.
1. Which of the following does not characterize Bradford in the early 1800’s?
a) There was air pollution.
b) There were lost of diseases.
c) There was water pollution.
d) There were lots of homeless people.
2. What was the first measure taken by Titus Salt to improver workers’ condition?
a) He made changes to his factories.
b) He used his position as mayor to pass laws.
c) He built a village.
d) He cleaned the river.
Responda em português.
3. Que medidas Titus Salt tomou para garantir o bem estar de seus trabalhadores
nas fábricas e em casa?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
4. Baseado no texto, você acha que a família de Titus Salt participava ativamente
nos seus projetos?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Comparatives and superlatives
We add -er and -est to form the comparative and superlative forms of short adjectives.
The weather there is better than any place you’ve been to…
…read this brief description of the largest country in Latin America…
When the adjective has more than two syllables, we use more/less…than and …the
most/least.
Brasília is more beautiful than Curitiba.
Pará is less populous than Goiás.
Brasília is the most beautiful city in Brazil.
Some people think São Paulo is the least violent city in Brazil.
Exceptions:
good – better – the best
bad – worse – the worst
old – older/elder – the oldest/the eldest
far – farther/further – the farther/the furthest
We can also use as… as and not so/as… as.
History is as interesting as geography.
Men are not so romantic as women. OR Men are not as romantic as women.
Other examples:
Small cities are getting more and more violent as well.
São Paulo is getting bigger and bigger.
The sooner, the better.
The more you eat sweets, the fatter you get.
2. Choose the correct alternative.
1 My aunt is (less / the least) fluent in German than my uncle.
2 Which is (the more easy / the easiest) subject at school?
3 Math is (less / the least) difficult subject for me.
4 Are you (smarter / the smartest) than your brother?
5 January is (hotter than / more hot than) March.
6 Brazil is (the most large / the largest) country in South America.
7 She cooks (the worst / the baddest) food in the world.
8 My car is (most economical / more economical than) yours.
3. Fill in with one word.
1 A Mercedes is ______________ so fast as a Ferrari.
2 Driving is as easy ________________ riding a bike.
3 Golf is not so exciting _______________ boxing.
4 A pair of jeans is not _________________ expensive as a pair of sneakers.
4. Are you good at geography? Complete the following sentences with the
superlative form of the adjectives in parentheses.
1 Europe is the world’s second ___________________ continent. (small)
2 Africa is the world’s second _____________________ continent. (large)
3 The ___________________ mountains are found in Asia. (high)
4 The Amazon is now considered to be the world’s _______________________ river.
(long)
5. Write in the missing forms.
Adjective
clean
tall
Comparative
Superlative
honest
dirty
dry
religious
unhappy
6. Write sentences using the comparative of superiority.
1 Her skirt / smart / mine. _______________________________________________
2 The USA / large / Mexico. ____________________________________________.
3 Math / difficult / English. _____________________________________________.
4 A Mercedes / comfortable / a Ford. _____________________________________.
Os Modal Verbs (verbos modais) ou Anomalous
Verbs (verbos anômalos) são um tipo especialde verbos auxiliares que quando são usados com
um verbo principal alteram ou completam o sentido desse verbo. Eles podem indicar
possibilidade, obrigação, dedução, permissão, habilidade, pedido, etc.
Características Gerais
a) não possuem infinitivo;
b) possuem uma única forma para todas as pessoas;
c) não possuem conjugação regular ou completa;
d) são invariáveis, ou seja, não são flexionados (não recebem s/es na 3ª pessoa do singular no
presente, não possuem gerúndio ou formam o passado com a terminação ed);
e) são seguidos de verbo no infinitivo sem to (exceção: ought to);
f) não precisam de outros verbos auxiliares para as formas negativa e interrogativa.
Exemplos de alguns Modal Verbs
Presente Can May Will Shall Must
Passado Could Might Would Should Ought to
Uso dos Principais Modal verbs
Verbo Usado para Exemplos
Can
1. exprimir habilidade, capacidade.
2. fazer pedidos, pedir permissão.
3. exprimir possibilidade, probabilidade.
1. I can speak English.
(Eu sei falar inglês).
2. Can I go to the toilet?
(Posso ir ao banheiro?)
3. Something can go wrong.
(Algo pode dar errado).
Could 1. exprimir habilidade, capacidade no passado.
2. fazer pedidos e pedir permissão de uma forma mais formal.
3. exprimir possibilidade, probabilidade.
1. She could dance when she was younger. (Ela podia dançar quando ela era mais jovem).
2. Could you please help me? (Você poderia me ajudar por favor?)
3. We could go out tonight. (Nós poderíamos sair hoje a noite).
May
1. exprimir possibilidade, probabilidade (50%).
2. pedir permissão, autorização de uma forma mais formal.
1. She may play tennis today.
(Ela poderá jogar tênis hoje).
2. May I help you?
(Posso ajudá-lo?)
Might 1. exprimir probabilidade remota (10%).
2. pedir permissão, autorização de uma forma mais formal.
1. It might rain today.
(Pode ser que chova hoje).
2. Might I come in?
(Posso entrar?)
Will
1.
exprimir ações futuras.
1. They will be at home tonight.
(Eles estarão em casa hoje à noite).
Would
1. exprimir certeza, grande probabilidade.
2. indicar possibilidade.
3. fazer pedido ou solicitação delicada.
1. Nobody would agree with this.
(Ninguém concordará com isso)
2. I would travel if I had money.
(Eu viajaria se tivesse dinheiro)
3. Would you like a cup of coffee?
(Você gostaria de uma xícara de café?)
Shall
(formal)
1. exprimir ações no futuro.
2. formular regras.
1. We shall be in Rio by 2:00 pm.
(Nós deveremos estar no Rio às 2 da tarde)
2. The students shall arrive on time.
(Os alunos deverão chegar na hora certa).
Should
1. exprimir expectativa.
2. fazer uma recomendação.
3. fazer uma crítica.
1. This film should be good.
(Este filme deve ser bom).
2. You should stop smoking.
(Você deveria parar de fumar).
3. You shouldn’t have done it!
(Você não deveria ter feito isso!)
Must
1. exprimir obrigação ou necessidade.
2. deduzir.
1. We must save our planet.
(Nós devemos salvar nosso planeta)
2. She is pale. She must be sick.
(Ela está pálida. Deve estar doente)
Must not ou Mustn’t
1. exprimir proibição. 1. You mustn’t walk on the grass.
(É proibido pisar a grama).
Forma Negativa
Para se formar frases negativas usando os Modal Verbs basta apenas acrescentar a partícula
de negação not depois do verbo modal. Na maioria dos casos ocorre a contração do verbo
modal com a partícula de negação.
Ex: She should not visit him now / She shouldn’t visit him now. (Ela não deveria visitá-lo agora).
Forma Interrogativa
Para se formar perguntas usando os Modal Verbs deve-se inverter a posição do sujeito
(pronome) com o verbo modal. Dessa forma, a frase será iniciada
pelo verbo modal e terá o ponto de interrogação no final da frase.
Ex: Would you help me with my homework? (Você poderia me ajudar a fazer meu dever de
casa?)
ESTUDO DIRIGIDO
1 O que são os Modal Verbs?
2 Quais são as características gerais dos Modal Verbs?
3 Como são formados a negativa e a interrogativa usando os Modal Verbs?
EXERCÍCIOS RESOLVIDOS
1 Complete a frase “I’m sure she isn’t here. She__________ be ta home” com o verbo modal
adequado.
a) must.
b) can.
c) will.
d) shall.
Resolução: Traduzindo a frase, temos: “Eu tenho certeza de que ela não está aqui. Ela
_______estar em casa”. Para completar a frase, em português, usaríamos “deve” que indica
uma dedução. O verbo modal usado para expressar dedução é must. Então, a resposta correta
é a letra a.
2 Marque a alternativa que corresponda à tradução correta da frase “Ele não deveria ter feito
isso!”.
a) He musn’t have done that.
b) He cannot have done that.
c) He wouldn’t have done that.
d) He shouldn’t have done that.
Resolução: A frase em português indica um conselho, uma recomendação que em inglês é
expressa pelo verbo modal should. Como a frase está na forma negativa, deve-se usar should
not ou shouldn’t. Então, a resposta correta é a letra d.
EXERCÍCIOS
1 Marque a alternativa cuja frase não apresente um
Modal Verb.
a) You shouldn’t drink much.
b) May I ask you a question?
c) She had gone to Italy.
d) We must obbey the law.
2 A frase “You mustn’t take medicine” expressa:
a) uma ordem.
b) uma obrigação.
c) uma advertência.
d) uma proibição.
3 Usando os verbos modais, complete a frase “We
_________ go to the club. It depends on the
weather” (Nós _______ ir ao clube. Vai depender
do clima.) corretamente.
a) might.
b) must.
c) will.
d) can.
4 Qual é a alternativa que completa corretamente a
frase “________ you play the keyboard?” (Você
________ tocar teclado?)?
a) May.
b) Can.
c) Shall.
d) Would.
5 Qual é a forma negativa da frase “They could
work together”?
a) Not they could work together.
b) They not could work together.
c) They could not work together.
d) They could work together not.
6 Qual é a forma interrogativa da frase “I should
have lunch with him”?
a) Have I should lunch with him?
b) Do I should have lunch with him?
c) I should have lunch with him?
d) Should I have lunch with him?
7 Marque a alternativa que tenha a correspondência correta entre o verbo modal da frase e o
uso desse verbo.
a) Everybody would like to live in a better world. – Indica certeza.
b) Ted might get a job soon. – Probabilidade remota.
c) We shall leave work at 6 p.m. – Indica expectativa.
d) Carol must be at school now. – Dedução.
8 Julgue C (certo) ou E (errado) as afirmações abaixo:
1 Os Modal Verbs não são considerados verbos auxiliares.
2 Eles não usam verbos auxiliares para formar a negativa e a interrogativa.
3 Os verbos modais são invariáveis.
4 O Modal Verb Shall é usado apenas em situações formais.
5 Quando se quer indicar uma habilidade no passado usa-se o modal Can