FORUM BELLAGIO ON THE ESTABLISHMENT OF
A U.N. WORLD SECURITY UNIVERSITY
April 44-8, 2011
Emilio C. Viano, Director
CONCEPT PAPER AND MATERIAL FOR DISCUSSION
TABLE OF CONTENTS
BRIEF HISTORY OF THE PROJECT
2
OBJECTIVES OF THE FORUM
2
PROPOSAL FOR THE CREATION OF THE UNIVERSITY
4
Nature and Functions of the University
4
Relationship with U.N. Bodies
4
Relationship with other entities
5
Name of the University
6
Goal and Mission of the University
6
Areas of competence
6
Relations with the U.N. University (Tokyo)
7
Introductory material on the Forum in Portuguese
8
Proposal of Ministro Antonio Cezar Peluso (English translation)
10
Proposição do Ministro Antonio Cezar Peluso
12
Defining Security and Related Sample Curricula
16
Associations that can support the University
33
Proposal to Create a World Commission on the University
35
1
BRIEF HISTORY OF THE PROJECT
The idea of establishing a World Security University under the aegis of the United
Nations was born in the aftermath of the work of the Permanent Commission of
Latin America for the Revision of the U.N. Minimum Rules for the Treatment of
Prisoners, a major project completed in 2010 under the sponsorship of the
International Penal and Penitentiary Foundation. The Revised Rules were
approved by the 12th U.N. Congress on Crime Prevention & Criminal Justice held
in Salvador da Bahia, Brazil in April, 2010. The current initiative to establish a
U.N. World Security University is the fruit of considerable work and planning that
took place since the U.N. Congress in April 2010, especially in Brazil. Reportedly,
the new President of Brazil, Dilma Roussef, supports the idea and has discussed it
with the U.N. Secretary General who has also expressed his support.
OBJECTIVES OF THE FORUM
The main objectives of the Forum are:
-Agree on a definition of what “public security” is; this could include law
enforcement concerns, different elements like combating terrorism or corruption
where this is a problem but also include the environment, food, water, public health,
prevention of infectious diseases, the role of customs relative to cargo and
merchandise, international inspections of food production and handling at the point
of origin and in transit and more. How limited or encompassing is the concept of
“security” for this purpose?
-Agree on the most precise and functional format for the initiative: a research
institute, a “think tank”, a graduate institution, a training facility; an institution
with its central seat in a specific country selected for its experience and credibility
in the subject matter but then possibly also allowing for regional or national
satellite campuses with specific areas of expertise and specialization
-Demonstrate the need and outline a strong rationale for this initiative and for a
multidisciplinary focus
-Identify countries, institutions, people who are experts in some or various aspects
of what security is and how to address it and who can play a substantial role in the
formulation, organization and delivery of this Security University
2
-Provide support and give a stamp of approval to the idea and possibly to a country
that would take a lead on hosting and principally supporting the proposed
university
-Plan the proposed university from the academic point of view (format, major
objective, curriculum, experts for its faculty etc.), leaving political questions to other
forums and negotiations
Some of the themes for discussion and consensus building are:
Security: what does it mean? What does it encompass? What are
among competing security fields?
the priorities
Public security and criminal justice: individual and collective rights: A discussion
on individual rights as a limit to the intervention of the organs of public security
and on the role of criminal justice in balancing different rights in a democratic
society
Pacification and human rights: a discussion on the multi-disciplinary approach
needed in the interventions of public security in its different manifestations,
focusing on practical examples and addressing the ideal conditions for the
successful introduction of the programs
Transitional justice in post-conflict areas like Haiti, Colombia, Rwanda
Public security and cultural diversity: a debate on the politics of bringing security
to diverse environments, either where there are conflicts rooted in multiculturalism
like xenophobia or racism, or where the intervention of the State must adapt itself
to its public, for example in slums, inner cities, favelas…
Media, perceptions of insecurity, social communications.
Definition of the best format for the initiative and of an interdisciplinary
curriculum. For example, should it be a research institute, a graduate institution or
a “think tank”? It seems clear that a multidisciplinary approach and focus is needed
to address question of public security. Also, that there is already considerable
expertise in different countries to address this issue that should be utilized.
Another objective of the Symposium is to create a network and a Forum of Experts
that will provide input as the work toward the creation of the U.N. World Security
University continues.
3
PROPOSAL FOR THE CREATION OF THE UNIVERSITY
Nature and Functions of the University
The proposed university should provide teaching of the highest level, imparted by
the best specialists coming from all parts of the world, and thus guarantee that
students will acquire shared knowledge and shared training confirmed by the
granting of university degrees and certificates of training recognized everywhere in
the world. This is an essential condition to prepare and place in key positions
excellent people in charge of elaborating and effectively applying national, regional
and international policies and norms.
The proposed university should be a World Center of knowledge and know-how on
public security with consultative status with many international organizations (UN,
Council of Europe, Organization of American States, African Union, ASEAN etc.)
ready to assist the relevant organs and institutions of the United Nations and
others (e.g., Security Council, ECOSOC, the Commission for Crime Prevention and
Criminal Justice, Office of Drug and Crime Prevention and also UNESCO, UNDP,
UNICEF, WHO, ILO, FAO etc. and other related entities like INTERPOL,
EUROPOL, EUROJUST and others).
A major function of the proposed university should be to encourage and assist the
best scholars and specialists of public security to conduct research in cooperation
and collaboration or at least coordination with each other across countries and
continents. This will strengthen their links and increase their reciprocal
understanding and confidence. The goal is to train and form graduates that will
understand each other, trust each other and work together, thus establishing an
international network of security professionals supporting each other and the ideals
of public security. The University should rapidly become a place where
professionals, scholars, researchers and practitioners meet, identify and discuss
problems and find common solutions.
Relationship with U.N. bodies:
The mission of the University must be clearly defined to avoid conflicts of interest
and competence with other organs and institutions of the United Nations:
-first and foremost, with the Commission of Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice,
and through this Commission with the ECOSOC, both organs of a political nature,
responsible for preparing and guiding criminal policy within the United Nations
4
-secondly with the UNODC, an administrative organ, with the mission of applying
the decisions and directives of the Commission, the ECOSOC, and the General
Assembly of the United Nations
-thirdly, with the inter-regional (UNICRI) and regional institutes of the United
Nations (HEUNI, UNAFRI, UNAFEI, ILANUD) that are scientific consultative
bodies. Their mission is clearly connected with the University. If these Centers have
not always fulfilled the expectations that the scholarly, professional and political
communities had of them, it is maybe in part because they are not university
centers where teaching and research enrich and stimulate each other and where
students, researchers, professors, and administrators strive to be open and
responsive to the world and its differences and challenges. This is a strong element
that justifies, with others, the establishment of this University.
To avoid conflicts and competition with the Institutes mentioned above it is
proposed that these Institutes
-be informed officially of the plans to create the University
-offer them to become part of this project as members of a network to be created
within the University
-insisting on the mutual complementarity between the University, focused on
teaching and research, and the Institutes, focused on applied research, the
formulation of criminal policy and collaboration in criminal matters.
-these U.N. Institutes could be involved with the University as decentralized units
of the proposed University for teaching and university training, especially through
internships, research training, intensive courses, and “semester abroad” programs.
This would be a “win-win” arrangement: the Institutes would be revitalized by the
presence and work of the University students and faculty, and the University could
offer at modest cost decentralized teaching and training that is an integral part of
the offerings of the University. Both sides would greatly benefit from this
arrangement.
Relationship with other organizations, governments and private sector
The University will establish mutually beneficial relationships with other
international and regional organizations, with appropriate ministries and entitites
of various governments, and with the private sector. Example of organizations are
the World Bank, the IMF, the Inter-American Development Bank, the Organization
of American States, ASEAN, the African Union and others. A sample list of
5
associations that may be very supportive of the University is included at the end of
this document.
Name of the University:
The name of the University must be clear, simple and as brief, concise as possible,
easy to understand by the specialist as well as by the lay person. The term: “Public
Security” is a concept that, even though not that clear and equally understood by all
in the same manner, is sufficiently expressive and meaningful to convey to everyone
what the University is about. The names proposed are “U.N. World Security
University”, “U.N. Public Security University”, “U.N. World University for Public
Security”, “U.N. International Public Security University.”
Goal and mission of the University:
The University will be established and will focus on teaching, training and research
on public security. This will be its specific mission and its reason for existing. This
will distinguish it from being a generic, international U.N. University. Public
security has its “territories”. It is important to determine which ones or if all will be
covered by teaching and research. It is assumed that public security related to
delinquency, street crimes, drug trafficking, war crimes, and crimes against
humanity will be included. But what of insecurity as the results of pandemics,
natural disasters, civil wars, guerrillas, insurrections, general strikes,
environmental degradation and depredation, and major economic crises and
depressions? Depending on which “territory” of security will be included under the
umbrella of this University, different organs and institutions of the United Nations
will be involved (Security Council, ECOSOC, ILO, UNDP, UNESCO, UNICEF and
also WHO, IATA, IOM and others). Similarly, regional organizations and their
institutions may be involved with and support the University like, for example, the
European Union (EUROPOL, EUROJUST), ASEAN, African Union, the Arab
League and others.
Areas of competence
It is essential that the Bellagio Forum identify as clearly as possible the areas
covered by the expression: “public security.” This identification of the subject areas
of competence of the University will be widely communicated to various
international, regional, national and private entities and organizations in order to
obtain the widest support possible for the creation of the new institution. Possibly,
it may be wise to begin modestly, with a narrow and circumscribed area of activity:
that of public security as it is defined by criminal lawyers and criminologists.
6
However, participants in the Bellagio Forum have been carefully selected, to the
extent possible, to represent more than police, military, criminal justice and
criminology concerns and approaches. Current events in North Africa and the
Middle East strongly point us to a wider, more encompassing understanding of
what public security is. Health, environmental concerns, famine and drought, the
status of women and children demand attention and serious consideration as
legitimate areas included in a realistic “public security” concern.
We must be careful, however, not to jeopardize the chance of establishing this
University and see it flourish by openly advocating for too large an area of
competence and jurisdiction. This may be interpreted negatively by institutions and
individuals who may fear their status, power, careers and future jeopardized and
who would therefore oppose the establishment of the University. Regardless, we
must act quickly and decisively. The typical inertia of large institutions may
paradoxically represent a major opportunity for us to introduce change and
innovation.
Relationship of this University with the U.N. University in Tokyo:
The statute of the U.N. University (Tokyo) must be carefully studied to see what the
possibilities are. It is proposed here that the U.N. World Security University be
established preferably as an independent University with the ability to govern itself
and receive and seek its own funding.
7
INTRODUCTORY MATERIAL ON THE FORUM IN PORTUGUESE:
A idéia de estabelecer uma universidade da segurança do mundo sob a égide dos
United Nations nasceua nas consequências do trabalho da comissão permanente de
América Latin para a revisão das régras mínimas dela ONU para o tratamento dos
prisioneiros, um projeto principal terminado em 2010 sob o patrocínio da fundação
internacional penal e da penitenciária. As régras revisadas foram aprovadas pelo
Congresso dela ONU sobre Crime, Prevenção de crime; e Justiça penal realizado
em Salvador, Baía, Brasil em abril, 2010.
Os objetivos principais do fórum são:
- Concorde com uma definição do que “a segurança pública” é; isto poderia incluir
interesses da aplicação de lei, elementos diferentes como combate de terrorismo ou
corrupção onde este é um problema, mas igualmente inclui o meio ambiente, o
alimento, a água, a saúde pública, a prevenção de doenças infecciosas, o papel da
alfândega relativas a carga e mercadoria, inspeçãos internacionais da produção
alimentar e da manipulação no ponto da origem e no trânsito e em mais.
Como limitado ou abranger é o conceito da “segurança” com esta finalidade?
- Concorde com o formato o mais preciso e o mais funcional para a iniciativa: um
instituto de investigação, uma “equipe”, uma instituição graduada, uma facilidade
de treinamento; uma instituição com seu assento central em um país específico
selecionado para suas experiência e credibilidade no assunto mas por outro lado
possivelmente igualmente permitir centros satélites regionais ou nacionais com
áreas de perícia específicas e de especialização
- Demonstre a necessidade e esboce uma base racional forte para esta iniciativa e
para um foco multidisciplinar
- Identifique os países, as instituições, os povos que são peritos no algum ou vários
aspectos do que a segurança é e de como o endereçar e que pode jogar um papel
substancial na formulação, na organização e na entrega desta universidade da
segurança
- Forneça a sustentação e dê um selo da aprovaçã0 à idéia e possivelmente a um
país que tome um papel principal em hospedar e em suportar a universidade
- Planeie a universidade proposta do ponto de vista académico (formato, objetivo do
major, currículo, peritos para sua faculdade etc.), deixando perguntas políticas a
outros fóruns e negociações
Alguns dos temas para discussão e consenso são:
-Segurança: que significa? Que abrange? O que são as prioridades entre campos de
segurança de competência?
8
-Segurança pública e justiça penal: direitas individuais e coletivas: Uma discussão
em direitos individuais como um limite à intervenção dos órgãos da segurança
pública e no papel da justiça penal em balançar direitas diferentes em uma
sociedade democrática
-Pacificação e direitas humanas: uma discussão na aproximação multidisciplinar
necessário nas intervenções da segurança pública em suas manifestações diferentes,
de centrar-se sobre exemplos práticos e de endereçar as condições do ideal para a
introdução bem sucedida dos programas
-Justiça transitória em borne-o por áreas como Haiti, Colômbia, Rwanda
-Segurança pública e diversidade cultural: um debate na política de trazer a
segurança aos ambientes diversos, qualquer uma onde há uns conflitos enraizados
no multiculturalismo como a xenofobia ou o racismo, ou onde a intervenção do
estado deve se adaptar a seu público, por exemplo nos precários, centros da cidade,
favelas…
-Meios, percepções da insegurança, comunicações sociais.
-Definição do melhor formato para a iniciativa e de um currículo interdisciplinar.
Por exemplo, deve ser um instituto de investigação, uma instituição graduada ou
uma “equipa”? Parece desobstruído que uma aproximação e um foco
multidisciplinares são necessários endereçar a pergunta da segurança pública.
Também, aquela lá é já perícia considerável nos países diferentes para endereçar
esta edição que deve ser utilizada.
-Um outro objetivo do simpósio é criar uma rede e um fórum dos peritos que
fornecerão a entrada como o trabalho para a criação da universidade da segurança
do mundo do U.N. continua.
9
Proposal of Ministro Antonio Cezar Peluso presented in his acceptance Speech at
his Swearing-in as President of the Supreme Federal Court of Brazil, on the 23rd of
April of 2010 (Translated by Emilio C. Viano).
Justification for the creation of the United Nations International Public Security
University:
University
Opening ways to ensure lasting public security with appropriate methods must
always pass through the university where studies and research join to facilitate the
use of policies of cooperation with pedagogical approaches to fortify the credibility of
the legal systems of prevention, investigation, repression and execution of the penal
sanction with responsibility shared in all the continents. Utilizing science through
the centers of innovation of universities is essential in order to have well articulated
activities of public security.
It is following this approach, that the United Nations has a chance to open a new
horizon in history with the creation of the International University of Public
Security. It will be a forum of the international community capable of spreading
knowledge to generate solutions to the peculiarities of crime and violence that
generate regional instabilities and feed criminality without borders, threatening the
peace and the security of the world.
No country can face alone the epidemic of crime and violence. However, cooperation
between governments is still very much weaker than that used by organized crime.
Note, for example, that in the meeting of the UN Security Council on December 9,
2009, Ban Ki-moon, UN Secretary General, warned that “the routes of drug
trafficking are becoming a more serious threat each time, affecting all the regions of
the world”.
This way, the definition of a new standard of public security needs to provide
answers to the forms of contamination of the quality of life caused by the criminal
phenomenon, in the context of the effects of globalization, with bigger degrees of
interdependence between peoples, therefore requiring, each time more, the
alternative development of ways to control crime, enforcing local laws and
international rules.
Objectives of the University
University
I.
II.
To strengthen the interregional interchange, supporting the regulation of the
global system of cooperation, collecting experiences to analyze, understand
and find adequate solutions to the different forms of crime in the national,
and transnational arena, in conflict zones and in areas of reconstruction
after-conflicts.
To implement, in the judiciary systems, mechanisms of increased
transparency and trustworthiness in public policies.
10
III.
IV.
V.
To stimulate the scientific and technological development of police
performance in its continuous process of integration with the community.
To raise funds, along with organisms and agencies of development, to finance
programs, projects and plans of action.
To define policies of cooperation and collaboration following the models
dictated by the Economic and Social Committee of the United Nations
(ECOSOC).
Areas of Activity of the University
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
Instruments of prevention and control of crime.
Application of laws and international rules against organized crime.
Combat the propagation of terrorism.
Fight against environmental degradation.
Institutional cooperation.
Composition of the University
I.
Office of the President/Rector
II. General Secretariat
III. Board of Directors
IV. Academic Senate for Teaching and Research
V. Satellite centers
VI. Representational and marketing offices
VII. Regional institutes for training, research and training courses.
VIII. Databases.
IX. Library.
The University and the Millenium Goals of the United Nations
The creation of the International University of Public Security of United Nations
will be an excellent reply to the Millenium Summit held by the UN from the 6th to
the 8th of September of 2000, in New York, with the goal to develop strategies
generating lasting solutions to the problems of poverty, exclusion, environmental
degradation, fear and insecurity that impact billions of people in the globe.
The problems currently found in the response to a great variety of crimes have
weakened world-wide security. No nation is totally protected against the harmful
effect of globalization. Visible or underground, crime ignores borders, especially
today, with the use of the Internet, in illicit operations of drug traffic, money
laundering, cloning of credit cards, fraud, propagation of viruses and dishonoring
others in social media pages. This demonstrates the daily dimension of all the forms
and degrees of delinquency, be they small, big, individual or established through
networks and criminal organizations.
11
The current crisis that has generated generalized feelings of fear and insecurity
demands a closer cooperation between all the countries members of the United
Nations. The International University of Public Security of the United Nations will
certainly give substance to the commitment of the UN to find better ways to ensure
improvements in all areas of human life, in the family and in society.
Security and freedom are essential factors for the protection of the planet.
Proposição do Ministro Antonio Cezar Peluso apresentada
apresentada no seu Discurso de
Posse na Presidência do Supremo Tribunal Federal do Brasil, em 23 de Abril
de 2010.
Justificativa para a criação da UISPNU
A abertura de caminhos com métodos apropriados para manter a segurança
pública duradoura passa sempre pelos meios universitários, onde os estudos e
pesquisas concorrem para facilitar o emprego de políticas de cooperação com
diretrizes pedagógicas em condições de fortalecer a credibilidade dos sistemas
jurídicos de prevenção, de investigação, de repressão e de execução penal com
responsabilidade compartilhada em todos os continentes. O exercício da ciência
pelos centros de inovação das universidades é imprescindível para as atividades
bem articuladas da segurança pública.
É seguindo esta ótica, que a Organização das Nações Unidas tem a
oportunidade de abrir um novo horizonte na história com a criação da Universidade
Internacional de Segurança Pública. Será um foro da comunidade internacional
capaz de disseminar conhecimento para fazer surgir soluções às peculiaridades do
crime e da violência que geram instabilidades regionais e alimentam a
criminalidade sem fronteiras, ameaçando a paz e a segurança do mundo.
Nenhum país pode enfrentar sozinho a epidemia do crime e da violência,
todavia, a cooperação entre governos ainda está muito aquém da cooperação entre
as redes do crime organizado. Veja-se, por exemplo, que na reunião do Conselho de
12
Segurança da ONU, no dia 9 de dezembro de 2009, Ban Ki-moon, Secretário Geral
da ONU, advertiu que “as rotas do tráfico de drogas estão se tornando uma ameaça
cada vez mais grave, afetando todas as regiões do mundo”.
Deste modo, a definição de um novo padrão de segurança pública precisa dar
respostas às formas de contaminação da qualidade de vida pelo fenômeno criminal,
em face dos efeitos da globalização com maior grau de interdependência entre os
povos, por isso mesmo requerendo, cada vez mais, desenvolvimento alternativo de
monitoramento do crime com respeito às leis na fonte e às regras internacionais.
Objetivos da UISPNU
I. Fortalecer o intercâmbio inter-regional, favorecendo a regulação do
sistema global de cooperação, reunindo experiências para analisar,
compreender e encontrar soluções adequadas às formas de expressão
do crime em âmbito nacional, transnacional, em zonas de conflitos e em
áreas de reconstrução pós-conflitos.
II. Implementar, nos sistemas judiciários, mecanismos de aumento da
transparência e confiabilidade das políticas públicas.
III. Estimular o desenvolvimento científico e tecnológico de atuação da
polícia, no seu contínuo processo de integração com a comunidade.
IV. Reunir fundos junto a organismos e agências de desenvolvimento para
financiar programas, projetos e planos de ação.
V. Definir políticas de cooperação e de colaboração nos moldes
ditados pelo Conselho Econômico e Social das Nações Unidas
(ECOSOC).
Linhas de Atuação da UISPNU
I. Instrumentos de prevenção e controle do crime.
II. Aplicação da lei e das regras internacionais contra o crime organizado.
III. Combate à propagação do terrorismo.
IV. Luta contra a degradação ambiental.
13
V. Cooperação institucional.
Composição da UISPNU
I. Reitoria
II. Secretaria Geral
III. Conselho de Administração
IV. Conselho de Ensino e Pesquisa
V. Sedes Adjuntas
VI. Representações
VII. Institutos Regionais para treinamentos, pesquisas e cursos de
formação
VIII. Banco de dados.
IX. Biblioteca.
A UISPNU e as Metas do Milênio das Nações Unidas
A criação da Universidade Internacional de Segurança Pública das Nações
Unidas será uma excelente resposta à Cúpula do Milênio, realizada pela ONU, de 6
a 8 de setembro de 2000, em Nova York, visando metas com estratégias de soluções
duradouras aos quadros de miséria, exclusão, desordem ambiental, medo e
insegurança que atingem bilhões de pessoas em todo o globo.
Os problemas atualmente encontrados no tratamento da grande variedade
da criminalidade têm fragilizado a segurança mundial. Nenhuma nação está
protegida totalmente contra os efeitos nocivos da globalização. Visível ou
subterrânea, a criminalidade ignora fronteiras, hoje especialmente, com o uso da
internet, em operações ilícitas de tráfico, lavagem de dinheiro, clonagens, fraudes,
propagação de vírus e ofensas à honra de pessoas em sites ou páginas de
relacionamento. Isso mostra a dimensão cotidiana de todos os canais e escalas da
delinqüência, seja pequena, grande, individual ou estabelecida em redes e
14
organizações criminosas.
A crise contemporânea, que favoreceu a difusão dos sentimentos de medo e
insegurança, pede, de modo imperativo, a inauguração de uma colaboração mais
estreita entre os Países Membros da Organização das Nações Unidas. A
Universidade Internacional de Segurança Pública das Nações Unidas certamente
virá para dar substância ao empenho da ONU em busca de melhores práticas em
favor da vida saudável em todos os domínios da convivência humana, na família e
na sociedade.
Segurança e liberdade são fatores essenciais para a proteção do planeta.
15
Defining Security and Related Curricula
How can we define a concept like “public security” ?
Ramesh Thakur, Vice Rector, Peace and Security,
Security, United Nations University:
Human security refers to the quality of life of the people of a society or polity.
Anything which degrades their quality of life, demographic pressures, diminished
access to or stock or resources, and so on, is a security threat. Conversely, anything
which can upgrade their quality of life, economic growth, improved access to
resources, social and political empowerment, and so on is an enhancement of
human security.”
Ramesh Thakur. “From National to Human Security.” AsiaAsia-Pacific Security: The
Economics--Politics Nexus. Eds. Stuart Harris, and Andrew Mack. Sydney: Allen &
Economics
Unwin, 1997, p. 5353-54.
The United Nations Development Programme
“Human security can be said to have two main aspects. It means, first, safety from
such chronic
chronic threats as hunger, disease, and repression. And second, it means
protection from sudden and hurtful disruptions in the patterns of daily life -whether in homes, in jobs, or in communities. Such threats can exist at all levels of
national income and
and development.”
The list of threats to human security is long, but most can be considered under
several main categories:
Economic Security
Food Security
Health Security
Environmental Security
Personal Security
Community Security
Political Security
United
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Human Development Report
1994. New York: Oxford University Press, 23.
<http://www.undp.org/hdro/1994/94.htm>
http://www.undp.org/hdro/1994/94.htm> 08/02/01
United Nations Deputy SecretarySecretary-General Louise
Louise Frechette:
16
“What do we mean by human security? We mean, in its most simple expression, all
those things that men and women anywhere in the world cherish most: enough food
protection
ion
for the family; adequate shelter; good health; schooling for the children; protect
from violence whether inflicted by man or by nature; and a State which does not
oppress its citizens but rules with their consent.”
Statement by the United Nations Deputy SecretarySecretary-General Louise Frechette to a
highhigh-level panel discussion on the occasion
occasion of the twentieth anniversary of the
Vienna International Centre (VIC), Octover 9, 1999.
<http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/1999/19991012.dsgsm70.doc.html>
http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/1999/19991012.dsgsm70.doc.html> 08/02/01
Summary
In short, any study on “public security,” must focus not only on the protection of
individuals from crime and violence, but also on the protection of families,
communities, and society at large from threats that threaten a stable standard of
life. These threats
threats may, to be sure, can be referenced in terms of violence, but they
also function at a much larger scale. Any single factor which can degrade quality of
life is a threat to security, be it plague, food shortage, or even social and political
unrest. Public
Public security, then, is an allall-encompassing insurance against any radical
drop in the living standards of society.
Existing Studies on Public Security
Because the definition of security at a human level is by nature broad, there are
dozens of existing curricula
curricula around the United States and the globe focusing on
different aspects of humanity’s drive to be “secure.” The following is a
comprehensive list of select graduate, undergraduate, and certificate programs
focusing on security issues. It is by no means
means allall-inclusive, but rather a selection of
unique and leading programs with concentrations in terrorism and crime
prevention, environmental security, health security, and humanitarian needs.
Master of Homeland Security in Public Health Preparedness
Penn State
State University
Focuses on:
Disaster planning and coordination
Agricultural safety and biosecurity
Critical infrastructure protection against disaster and terrorist emergencies
naturall
The political, legal, psychological, and social aspects of terrorism and natura
disasters.
The principles of hazard analysis and incident management with respect to natural
disasters, as well as chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear incidents.
17
More information:
http://www.worldcampus.psu.edu/MasterinHomelandSecurity_Curriculum.shtml
The National Institute for Corporate and Public Security Studies
A private firm focused on training members of organizations, both public and
private, on competencies
competencies related to:
Intelligence
Gang Awareness
Law Enforcement
4) Correctional Facility Administration
Customs and Border Control
Violent Extremists Preparedness
More information:
http://nicpss.com/GovernmentPartnerships/tabid/801/Default.aspx
George Mason University: Center of Infrastructure Protection and Homeland
Security
Offering programs focusing on:
Economic Security
Energy Security
Homeland Security
IT and Communications
Communications Security
Medical and Public Health
More information: http://cip.gmu.edu/
The Naval Postgraduate School and the US Department of Homeland Security
The Center for Homeland Defense and Security
Offers a master degree
degree program centric to the United States quest for security
amid global terrorism.
From the program’s website: “The curriculum is structured around the key policy
and organizational design problems that future homeland security leaders are
likely to confront,
confront, and the analytic skills they will need to meet those challenges.”
Courses Offered:
Introduction to Homeland Security
18
The Unconventional Threat to Homeland Security
Policy Analysis and Research Methodology
Technology for Homeland Security
Intelligence for Homeland Security: Organizational and Policy Challenges
Critical Infrastructure: Vulnerability Analysis and Protection
Special Topics in American Government for Homeland Security: “Framing the
Discourse”
MultiMulti-discipline Approaches to Homeland Security
Security
Comparative Government for Homeland Security
Strategic Planning and Budgeting for Homeland Security
The Psychology of Fear Management and Terrorism
More information: http://www.chds.us/?masters/curriculum
http://www.chds.us/?masters/curriculum
Cincinnati State Technical and Community College
Undergraduate Degree Program in Safety and Security Management:
Environmental Safety and Security
More Information: http://www.cincinnatistate.edu/realhttp://www.cincinnatistate.edu/real-worldworld-academics/academicacademics/academicdivisions/healthdivisions/health-publicpublic-safety/programssafety/programs-certificatescertificates-1/hps/hps-curriculum/safetycurriculum/safety-andandsecuritysecurity-managementmanagement-environmentalenvironmental-safetysafety-andand-securitysecurity-majormajor-curriculum
Berkeley School of Law
University of California
Berkeley Center on Health, Economic, and Family Security
Mission: To address the increasing insecurity faced
faced by workers and families in the
United States through the development of integrated and interdisciplinary policy
solutions.
More information: http://www.law.berkeley.edu/chefs.htm
Georgetown School of Law
Law
Georgetown University
Stylized for JD students who are interested in studying within fields of
international security.
The courses in this area of the curriculum examine the domestic and international
nternational relations more
legal frameworks that shape U.S. foreign policy and iinternational
generally. They also explore particular substantive areas of security policy and law.
Some of the courses in this field have a core content that is relatively consistent
over time, while others change markedly from year to year in light of world events
and related developments in the law.
More information:
http://www.law.georgetown.edu/curriculum/tab_clusters.cfm?Status=Cluster&Detai
l=17
19
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
International and Domestic Border Security Training Curriculum
Formal instruction in:
Radiation Safety
Weapons of Mass Destruction Threat Analysis
Nuclear Production
Nuclear Smuggling
Checmical Materials
Biological
Biological Materials
Agricultural Threat
Radiation Detection
Delivery Systems
Radiological Dispersal Devices
Transportation of Radioactive Materials
CountryCountry-specific response procedures for radiation alarms
CountryCountry-specific operational response procedures
More information: http://interdict.pnl.gov/training/curriculum.stm
College of Public Health and Health Professions
The University of Florida
Master of Public Health Program
Courses include:
Statistical
Statistical Methods for Health Science
Introduction to Biostatistical Methods
Principles of Epidemiology in Public Health
Introduction to the US Health Care System
Environmental Health Concepts in Public Health
Psychological, Behavioral, and Social Issues in Public Health
More information: http://www.mph.ufl.edu/programs/masterspublichealth.htm
Advanced Crime Analysis Certificate Curriculum
Portland State University
Description: Portland
Portland State University offers an online Certificate of Advanced
Crime Analysis that provides handshands-on educational training for those aiming to
20
become a central figure in crime prevention. Program coursework utilizes crime
data from sources such as police homicide
homicide reports, the FBI and Department of
Corrections. The Certificate in Advanced Crime Analysis is awarded by the College
of Urban and Public Affairs.
Curriculum:
Crime Control Strategies
Crime Analysis
Criminal Justice Research
Geographic Criminology
Applied
Applied Crime Mapping
Crime, Grime, and Fear
http://online.ccj.pdx.edu/advancedhttp://online.ccj.pdx.edu/advanced-crimecrime-analysisanalysis-certificatecertificate-curriculum/
Gerald J. and Dorothy R. Friedman School of Nutrition
Nutrition Science and Policy
Tufts University
Offers coursework focusing on human nutrition and international food security and
public policy.
More information: http://nutrition.tufts.edu/1177953852913/Nutrition
http://nutrition.tufts.edu/1177953852913/Nutritionnutrition.tufts.edu/1177953852913/Nutrition-PagePagenl2w_1178203760221.html
Feinstein International Center
Tufts University
M.A Program in Humanitarian Assistance
one--year joint degree offered
The Master of Arts in Humanitarian Assistance is a one
by the Friedman
Friedman School and the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts
University. The program is geared toward midmid-career professionals who have
significant field experience in humanitarian assistance. The program offers an
academic setting where professionals can develop their knowledge and skills in
areas of nutrition, food policy, and economic, political, and social development as
they relate to humanitarian action in complex emergencies and other disasters.
Curriculum
Fundamentals of Nutrition Science
Development
Development Aid in Practice
International Human Rights Law
Gender, Culture, and Conflict in Complex Humanitarian Emergencies
Nutrition in Life Cycle
Daily Risks and Crisis Events: How People and Planners Cope With Vulnerability
21
Humanitarian Studies in the Field
Field
Seminar on International Mediation
Advanced Seminar in Development and Conflict Resolution
Microeconomics of Development
Human Rights Protection of Civilians During Situations of Armed Conflict
Field Research Methods in Humanitarian Settings
Introduction to Forced Migration: Overview, Causes, and Institutional Responses
Critical Issues in Forced Migration
More information:
https://wikis.uit.tufts.edu/confluence/display/FIC/M.A.+in+Humanitarian+Assistanc
https://wikis.uit.tufts.edu/confluence/display/FIC/M.A.+in+Humanitarian+Assistanc
e
Bloomberg School of Public Health
Johns Hopkins University
MPH Concentration in Crisis and Humanitarian Assistance
The MPH concentration in Health in Crisis and Humanitarian Assistance focuses
on health of populations
populations in crisis, internationally and domestically. These include
refugees, internally displaced persons, populations affected by natural and humanhumanmade disasters, victims of human rights abuse, and trafficked women and children.
Students will learn approaches to:
Identify, protect, and advocate for vulnerable groups
Develop appropriate public health care responses for refugees and displaced
persons
Measure health and demographic indicators in crisis settings
Plan food, water, and sanitation programs for displaced populations
Implement and monitor humanitarian assistance programs
More information:
http://www.jhsph.edu/academics/degreeprograms/mph/curriculum/Concentrations/h
s/mph/curriculum/Concentrations/h
http://www.jhsph.edu/academics/degreeprogram
ealth_in_crisis.html
B.S. in Environmental Health
Western Carolina University
Curriculum:
Intro to Environmental Health
Water Quality Control and Lab
Food Protection Sanitation and Lab
Environmental Toxicology
22
Arthropod
Arthropod Vectors and Public Health Pests and Lab
Air Quality Control
Quantitative Air Analysis Lab
Industrial Hygiene
Environmental Regulation and Law
Principles of Epidemiology
More information: http://www.wcu.edu/4665.asp
http://www.wcu.edu/4665.asp
Global Health Concentration
Center for Global Health Systems, Management, & Policy
Boonshoft School of Medicine
Wright State University
Masters in Public Health: Global Health Concentration
Description: Students learn to approach health issues with indepth understanding
of the causes and possible measures to improve health outcomes and health care
systems of the United States and the world. Students are prepared to assume roles
as local or global leaders in interdisciplinary settings.
More information:
information: http://www.med.wright.edu/mph/curriculum.html
Master of Public Health Program
1.
Concentration Description and Learning Objectives
2.
Listing of Concentration Courses
3.
Course Detail for Concentration Courses - Extracted from Wright State
University Graduate Course Catalog August, 2010
Students learn to approach health issues with indepth understanding of the causes
and possible measures to improve health outcomes and health care systems of the
United States and the world. Students are prepared to assume roles as local or
global leaders in interdisciplinary settings.
Learning Objectives
Global Health Concentration aims to provide students the knowledge and skills to:
1. Integrate knowledge, practical skills and scientific data to analyze health
systems of nations:
23
•
Students will use core skills in epidemiology, general public health,
health policy, promotion, environmental health, and health economics
to identify public health issues such as pure water, universal access to
health care and chronic diseases that have global effects on health.
•
2. Understand the determinants of health issues within a nation and in the
world:
•
Students will learn the determinants of health, their similarities and
differences within different geographic regions and how cultures and
policies affect those determinants.
•
3. Design and Conduct a research study to evaluate and improve current health
systems.
•
Competency in public health will be enriched by developing and indepth understanding of global/international politics, practices, and
cultures that affect health systems and health care in regions and
across the nation. Students will demonstrate theory, specific
knowledge and practical skills to enable independent research and
methodical advancement with the field of global health.
Course Listing
Group A: Required Core Principles (Must take in sequential order)
CMH 771: Global Health
CMH 772: Global Health Systems
Group B: Global Health
Health Electives - Select a Minimum of Two
CMH 714: Public Health Ethics & Policy
CMH 764: Public Health Aspects of Disaster Management
CMH 766: Terrorism and the Effects on Public Health Issues
EC
635: Comparative Capitalist Institutions
EC
644: Problems of Economic Development and Transition
EC
719: International Economics
24
GEO 647: Geographic Information Systems
MBA 720: Analysis of Global Economic Conditions
MBA 750: Leading Teams and Organizations
PLS
551: Western European Politics
PLS
554: Governments of Eastern Europe
PLS
560: Politics of Developing Nations
PLS
562: Politics Systems of Japan
PLS
571: Current World Problems
PLS
572: International Organizations
PLS
575: Human Rights in USA
PLS
576: Peace Studies
PLS
581: National Security Politics
PLS
582: US – Japan Foreign Relations
PLS
606: Globalization & Gender Politics
PLS
634: Political Leadership
PLS
639: Bioethics & Law: Abortion, Death/Med
PLS
648: Gender Violence & American Politics
PLS
649: International Politics – Gender Violence
PLS
651: Contemporary African Politics
PLS
652: International Human Rights
PLS
654: Politics of the Middle East
PLS
659: Contemporary Brazil
PLS
661: Social Movements and Protests
PLS
670: Seminar in International Relations
25
PLS
671: International Law
PLS
672: International Terrorism
PLS
675: Women, Gender & World Politics
PLS
687: History & Politics – Intelligence Gathering
PLS
730: Theories of International Relations & Comparative Politics
PTX 770: Principles of Toxicology, Chemical
PTX 771: Principles of Toxicology, Biological
URS 620: Pubic Safety Administration
URS 621: Comparative Public Administration
URS 623: Public Management Strategies
URS 650: Ethics in Public Service
Course Details
Group A. Required Courses in the Global Health
Health Concentration
CMH 771 - Global Health
This course will introduce the students to global health concepts. Social constructs
of health will be reviewed, as well as how environmental factors and political
decision-making affect global and international health.
CMH 772 - Global Health Systems
This course introduces the principles of structures and mechanisms of global health
systems focused on the developed countries. It will explore the possible approaches
to improve the health systems at national and global levels.
Group B.
B. Selective Courses in the Global Health Concentration
CMH 714 - Public Health Ethics & Policy
26
This course introduces the foundational ethical principles, federal statutes and case
law, and current controversies in public health. The course involves a mix of formal
presentations, team projects, and independent research.
CMH 764 - Public Health Aspects of Disaster Management
This course is designed to meet the need for a recognized curriculum in the Public
Health aspects of disaster care and organized emergency medical services systems.
Analytical and assessment skills will be emphasized.
CMH 766 - Terrorism and the Effects on Public Health Issues
The course provides an understanding of terrorism, the motivation, and ways in
which it impacts individuals and society and the effects of a terrorist incident on
Public Health.
EC 635 - Comparative Capitalist Institutions
This course compares economic institutions of industrialized countries including the
newly industrialized counties (NIC’s). Addresses such issues as industrial relations,
roles o state, methods of corporate finance, and social safety nets.
EC 644 - Problems of Economic Development and Transition
This course explores the problems of economic development in the third world and
in economies in transition from socialism. Topics include hunger, unemployment,
environmental degradation, privatization, gender, and ethnicity.
EC 719 - International Economics
This course covers trade theories, commercial policy, and theories of international
investment and migration, theories of exchange rate determination and open
macroeconomics. Special attention is paid to international economic institutions and
current financial crises.
GEO 647 - Geographic Information Science Principles
Principles, structures, and applications of geographic information systems and use
of data from topographic, remotely sensed, and photogrammetric sources.
MBA 720 - Analysis of Global Economic Conditions
Theories, practices, and patterns of international business and the effect of
globalization on the business environment. Interrelationships between interest
27
rates, unemployment, economic growth, inflation, and balance of payments impact
on businesses.
MBA 750 - Leading Teams and Organizations
A hands-on, experience-based course devoted to leading people and teams in today's
workplace. Emphasizes communication, conflict resolution, influence strategies, and
empowerment principles.
PLS 551 - Western European Politics
Comparative study of the political systems of Great Britain, France, and Western
Germany.
PLS 554 - Governments of Eastern Europe
Introduction to the governments and politics of Eastern Europe, particularly since
World War II. Includes current developments in Poland, Czechoslovakia, East
Germany, Hungary, Rumania, Bulgaria, and Yugoslavia.
PLS 560 - Politics of Developing Nations
Comparative analysis of various problems, particularly political, confronting
developing nations in nations building and development.
PLS 562 - Politics Systems of Japan
This course surveys Japanese government and politics, with emphasis on postWorld War II and the American occupation. The government-guided economic
recovery, Japanese political parties, and relations with Russia and China are also
examined.
World
PLS 571 - Current W
orld Problems
Various views and perspectives on selected contemporary problems and trends in
international politics.
PLS 572 - International Organizations
Analysis of developing structures and functions of the United Nations and other
international organizations, and concepts relating to world government.
PLS 575 - Human Rights in USA
28
Examines controversies over human rights in the U.S. Considers contending
definitions of human rights and debates over policy by focusing on a range of issues
including immigration, pornography, gay rights, race relations, and poverty.
PLS 576 - Peace Studies
Study of war, peace, and current efforts in dealing with international conflict.
Examines the roots of war in American society and alternative strategies for
elimination of war as an instrument of policy.
PLS 581 - National Security Politics
Study of U.S. national defense and security policy process and the major strategic
issues facing the U.S. government.
PLS 582 - US - Japan Foreign Relations
Examines the course of the relationship between the U.S. and Japan. Includes
political, security, and economic issues.
PLS 606 - Globalization & Gender Politics
Examines contending theories of the international political economy, including
mercantilist, liberal, (neo) Marxist, and feminist perspectives.
PLS 634 - Political Leadership
Involves the study of political attitude development. The acquisition of basic
political orientations and values, beginning with childhood and proceeding through
adolescence and adulthood. Investigation of the role of various socializing agents.
PLS 639 - Bioethics & Law: Abortion, Death/Med
New biological technologies are emerging that increase our control over human
behavior. Course examines legal implications of new biological technologies,
particularly mind and behavior control, genetic engineering, birth and death control
and organ transplantation.
PLS 648 - Gender Violence & American Politics
Examines gender violence in the U.S. Considers the range of violence, its sources,
and solutions. Topics include domestic violence, rape, eating disorders, reproductive
rights, and pornography.
PLS 649 - International Politics – Gender Violence
29
Cross cultural examination of gender violence. Considers the range of violence, its
sources, and solutions. Topics include domestic abuse, rape, female genital
surgeries, prostitution, and reproductive rights.
PLS 651 - Contemporary African Politics
Political processes and governmental institutions of sub-Saharan Africa; special
attention to dynamics of political development and socioeconomic change.
Comparative analysis of selected African political systems.
PLS 652 - International Human Rights
Examines the role of human rights in international relations. Considers contending
definitions of human rights and debates over policy by focusing on case studies
including South African, China, Guatemala, and Bosnia.
PLS 654 - Politics of the Middle East
Introduction to governments and politics of the Middle East with special attention
to cultural and historical background and the Arab-Israeli conflict.
PLS 659 - Contemporary Brazil
Introduction to Brazilian politics, society and economy. Topics include Brazil’s
political and economic liberalization, its international relations, gender and race
relations, and the environment.
PLS 661 - Social Movements and Protests
Examines group behavior motivated by the desire to change political economic and
social systems. Special attention will be given to movements outside of the United
States, including cross-national and global movements.
PLS 670 – Seminar in International Relations
Readings, research, reports, and discussion on selected topics and problems.
PLS 671 - International Law
Study of rules governing the conduct of international politics with emphasis on their
relevance to current world problems.
PLS 672 - International Terrorism
30
Surveys the phenomenon of terrorism: who employs it, how and why it occurs in
international politics, and how targets respond to terrorism.
PLS 675 - International Terrorism
An examination of the position of women and the power of gender in world politics
through the feminist international relations theory and case studies of women in
international politics.
PLS 687 - History & Politics – Intelligence Gathering
This course examines the history of intelligence gathering, analysis and application
in policymaking in the United States. The tension inherent in a secret agency
operating within a democratic state and the role of technology are addressed.
Comparative
PLS 730 - Theories of International Relations & Compa
rative Politics
Introduction to the theories and concepts employed in modern political analysis
with emphasis on the study of international relations and comparative policies.
PTX 770 - Principles of Toxicology: Applications to Medical Chemical Defense
This course will provide an in depth understanding of chemical warfare threat
agents and medical intervention. It will also introduce requirements for government
and contract research standards for study design, development and execution.
PTX 771 - Principles of Toxicology: Applications to Medical Biological Defense
This course will provide an in depth understanding of biological warfare threat
agent pathogenesis, toxicology, and medical intervention. The course will also
introduce requirements for Government and Contract Research standards for
working with highly pathogenic microorganisms, study design, development, and
execution to include issues with regard to Good Laboratory Practices, Institutional
Animal Care and Use Committee, Quality Assurance, and safety pharmacology.
URS 620 - Public Safety Administration
Policing, corrections, fire emergency medical services, and emergency management
systems will be surveyed to provide an understanding of the services offered,
technologies used, problems faced, and alternatives available in each of the areas.
URS 621 - Comparative Public Administration
31
Investigates changes in public administration in the USA and internationally that
are caused by globalization and urbanization. The changes relate to organizational
structure, functions, partnerships and values.
URS 623 - Issues in Urban Administration
Courses taught under this title will explore issues and topics related to the
administration of nonprofit organizations, community development agencies, and
local governments in metropolitan areas.
URS 650 - Ethics in Public Service
Systematic development of ethics in public service, including individual roles and
obligations, values, standards, and codes of conduct.
ASSOCIATIONS THAT CAN SUPPORT THE UNIVERSITY
•
American Society for Industrial Security
o ASIS International is the preeminent organization for security
professionals. Founded in 1955, ASIS is dedicated to increasing the
effectiveness and productivity of security professionals by developing
educational programs and materials that address broad security
interests, such as the ASIS Annual Seminar and Exhibits, as well as
specific security topics.
o By providing members and the security community with access to a
full range of programs and services, and by publishing the industry's
No. 1 magazine—Security Management—ASIS leads the way for
advanced and improved security performance.
o http://www.asisonline.org/about/history/index.xml
32
•
Australian Security Industry Association
o ASIAL is the peak national body for the Australian Security Industry.
Since its establishment in 1969, ASIAL has grown from a small
network of security companies to one that today represents
approximately 85% of the security industry in Australia:
o http://www.asial.c om.au
•
British Association of Private Security Companies
o BAPSC works to promote the interests and regulate the activities of
UK based firms that provide armed defensive security services in
countries outside the UK. BAPSC aims to raise the standards of
operation of its members and this emergent industry and ensure
compliance with the rules and principles of international law by
establishing a code of conduct and sanctions.
o http://www.bapsc.org.uk/
o BAPSC Charter: http://www.bapsc.org.uk/key_documents-charter.asp
•
British Security Industry Association
Association
o BSIA is the professional trade association for the security industry in
the UK. Our over 500 members are responsible for more than 70% of
UK security business, including CCTV, access control, manned
security, information destruction, physical security, cash-in-transit and
alarm manufacture, distribution and installation:
o http://www.bsia.co.uk/
•
Confederation of European Security Services
o The purpose of CoESS, founded in 1989, is to ensure in Europe the
defence of the interests of the organisations and national companies
that provide security services in all their forms and to represent these
joint interests, in particular, through involvement in the work aimed
at the harmonisation of national legislation concerning the activities of
its members:
o http://www.coess.org/
•
Homeland Security Industries Association
o HSIA is an American non-profit corporation established in August,
2002. Our mission is to provide a mechanism for government and the
private sector to coordinate on a wide range of homeland security
issues:
o http://www.hsianet.org/
•
International Security Industry Organization
o The International Trade Organization is a trade organization for the
security industry. ISIO is either the official or partner endorsing or
33
supporting security industry trade organization to most security
exhibitions and conferences world - wide. Bi Lateral Affliliations to
other organizations in the security industry - bring ISIO into the new
world order - which is the liberalization and globalization of the world's
security products and services. ISIO provides benefits to listed and
unlisted members, as well as, issues security industry updates to
subscribers.
o http://www.intsi.org/about%20isio/isio.htm
•
The National Association of Security Companies (NASCO)
o is the nation's largest contract security trade association, representing
private security companies that employ more than 250,000 of the
nation's most highly trained security officers servicing every business
sector. NASCO is leading efforts to set meaningful standards for the
private security industry and security officers by monitoring state and
federal legislation and regulations affecting the quality and
effectiveness of private security services.
o http://www.nasco.org/
•
LINK TO MAJOR SOCIETIES AND ASSOCIATIONS:
http://www.mainesecurity.com/Security_Organizations.htm
PROPOSAL FOR THE CREATION OF A WORLD COMMISSION ON
THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE U.N. WORLD SECURITY
UNIVERSITY
1. It is proposed that one of the outcomes of the Bellagio Forum be the
creation of a World Commission on the Establishment of the U.N. World
Security University. It will be composed of 32 members.
2. 13 Members will constitute the Executive Committee
3. It will be the responsibility of the Executive Committee to coordinate and
manage the technical and scientific planning of the Project within 18
months from the end of the Bellagio Forum and to take all the steps
34
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
necessary to see that the Brazilian Government will forward the Project to
the U.N. Secretary General.
The final draft of the Project will approved by the General Assembly of the
Commission with all Members qualified and entitled to vote. To carry a
motion, a simple majority of the members present will be sufficient.
Seventeen members present will constitute a quorum.
The World Commission will have 3 Co-presidents:
Ministro A. Cezar Peluso, Supreme Federal Court of Brazil
The Brazilian Minister of Justice
The Brazilian Minister of Foreign Affairs.
Each in turn can nominate a representative to preside on the
Commission’s activities. These representatives may vote on their behalf.
The total of the votes that the Presidency of the Commission can cast is 3.
Other suggested members of the Executive Committee are:
Prof. Edmundo Oliveira, Brazil
Prof. Emilio C. Viano, USA
Prof. Pierre-Henri Bolle, International Penal & Penitentiary Foundation
At least a representative from Africa
At least a representative from Asia
At least a representative from Australia
At least a representative from Europe
A representative of the United Nations
At least 2 women nominated at large
An Executive Secretary will be selected by the Executive Committee
among its members.
The Members of the Commission will assist and support the scientific and
technical work of the Executive Committee. They will all have the right to
participate in the General Assembly and to vote on the final Project.
The Members of the Commission will, to the extent possible, be selected
and voted on at the Bellagio Forum, held from the 4th to the 8th of April
2011 at the Rockefeller Foundation’s Bellagio Center in Italy.
35