INTERVIEWS Interviewee(s) Sex Interview place(s) Year(s) R/U 001 Adolfo SS M Nhazónia 2009 R 002 Adriana M F Tongogara 2010 R 003 Alberto SM M Tongogara 2010 R 004 Alice C F Sabão/Katanga 2010 R 005 Ambrósio DC M Catandica 2010 R 006 Amélia C F Sabão 2010 R 007 André AG M Tongogara 2010 R 008 Andrew J M Sabão 2010 R 009 Angelina GA F Catandica 2012 R 010 António G M Catandica 2010 R 011 Arnoldo MC M Tongogara 2010 R 012 Augusto BC M Sabão/Katanga 2010 R 013 Baltazar G M Nhamuca 2010 R 014 Barega B M Sabão 2010 R 015 Bento GC M Sabão 2010 R 016 Berinha A F Sanhatunze 2012 R 017 Bernardo M M Nhanzanze 2010 R 018 Bonifácio TQ M Catandica 2010 R 019 Caibossi SG M Barauro 1 2010 R 020 Chadreque FS M Nhamanga 2010 R 021 Cipriano NS M Seguma 2010 R 022 Costa FC M Chimoio 2010 R 023 Crecia JS F Nhazónia 2010 R 024 Dete E M Seguma 2010 R 025 Draiva ST M Nhamuca 2012 R a 026 Dudzai MS M Chinda 2012 U 027 Elias TM M Vulamite 2012 R 028 Elígio MB M Sabão 2012 U 029 Elisabete T F Nhachigo 2012 R, U 030 Eliza V F Matucuzi 2010 U 031 Érina J F Sabão 2010 U 032 Ernesto TM M Sabão 2010 R 341 033 Fabião JN M Catandica 2010 R 034 Sra. Faindane F Seguma 2010 R 035 Fernando SC M Sabão 2010 R 036 Fernando VGT M Catandica 2012 R 037 Filimone WN & Matias FD MM Chôa Sede 2010 R 038 Francisca M F Cagole 2009 R 039 Francisco JB M Chissano 2010 R 040 Francisco L M Sabão 2010 R 041 Fungai TN M Mangawe 2012 R 042 Girasse L M Sabão 2010 R 043 Gribete TS (& Ediasse SS) M Mpataguenha 2009, 2010 R 044 Henriques QC M Catandica 2009 R 045 Henriques Q M Chôa Sede 2010 U 046 Herbert SG M Barauro 1 2010 R 047 Ioanes CN M Catandica, Mpataguenha 2010, 2012 R 048 Isaque T M Tongogara 2010 R 049 James IM M near Chôa Sede 2012 R 050 Jorge S M Tongogara 2010 R 051 José A M Chimoio 2010 U 052 José L M Sabão/Katanga 2010 R 053 José NS M Sabão 2010 R 054 Lapson JT M Seguma 2010 R 055 Lourenço J M Tongogara 2010 R 056 Lucas J M Seguma 2010 R 057 Lúcia C F Sabão 2010 R 058 Lúcia J F Sabão/Katanga 2010 U 059 Luís AC M Catandica 2010 R 060 Luís MS M Sanhatunze 2012 R 061 Luís NCM M Cruzamento Macossa 2009 R 062 Macaque A M Sabão 2010 R 063 Marcelino SN M Munene 2009 R 064 Margarita FJ F Tongogara 2010 R 065 Maria F F Sabão/Katanga 2010 R 066 Mariano TP M Nhamanga 2010 R 067 Mary M F Nhachigo 2012 R 342 068 Matias SN M Mussinze 2009, 2010 R 069 Maurício JC M Nhampassa 2010 R 070 MS M Mpataguenha 2010 U 071 Melo MN M Cagole 2009, 2010 R 072 Merisina G F Sabão/Katanga 2010 R 073 Micheque FS M Nhamuca 2010 R 074 Mony B F Cagole 2010 U 075 Muchabande N M Nhacuacueto 2010 R 076 Mutarato LC M Nhabuto 2012 R 077 Nanipenzi A M Nhanzunde 2010 U 078 Neto VM M Catandica 2010 R 079 Oniasse BS M Munene 2010 R, U 080 Paulino FS M Nhanzunde 2010 R 081 Pedro MN M Tongogara 2010 R 082 Pedzai SM M Tongogara 2010 R 083 Pita GN M Sabão 2010 R 084 Pita MM M Chinda 2010 R 085 Pita PC M Sabão 2010 R 086 Quenesse JS M Nhamuca 2010 R 087 Raul VR M Chissano 2010 R 088 Roberto JC M Chicodo 2012 R 089 Roberto TP M Tongogara 2010 R 090 Rosalina M F Sabão/Katanga 2010 R 091 Samai M F Tongogara 2010 R 092 Samuel M M Chôa, near Sede 2010 R 093 Simão GT M Honde 2009 R 094 Soda GC M Seguma 2010 R 095 Sovria S F Tongogara 2010 R 096 Sueta AC M Tongogara 2010 R 097 Suzana C F Munene 2009 R 098 Tapera JM M Munene 2009 R 099 Tique Z M Sabão/Katanga 2010 R 100 Tomás SCS M Mussianhalo 2009, 2010 R 101 Tonito MM M Sabão/Katanga 2010 R 102 Vasco BN M Munene 2010 R 343 103 Vasco MM M Nhazónia 2010 R 104 Vasco T M Sanhatunze 2012 R 105 Zacarias NG M Chuala 2010 R 106 Tamme H M The Hague 2011 R 107 José JD & Ana CFD MF Macau 2012, 2013 U Note a: Interviewed at a place along the road to Chôa Sede Other persons not listed above providing information (through email communications in 2013 and 2014 by field assistant Joaquim MM) were: Charles SN, Eulária L, João CI, Neva SM, and Suzana NJ. 344 MAPS Map 1: Present-day Southern Africa Map 2: Present-day Mozambique with capital, provinces and provincial capitals Map 3: Main rivers in Mozambique Map 4: Approximate contours of Barue Kingdom and location of Mbombona Map 5: Colonial places in Mozambique with approximate location of prazos in 18th century Map 6: Barue and the Mozambique Company Map 7: Barue District with administrative posts Map 8: Chiefdoms in Barue District without names of rivers (approximate contours) Map 9: Chiefdoms in Barue District with names of rivers (approximate contours) Maps are not to scale and for illustrative purposes only. Maps 4, 5 and 6 contain present-day contours of Mozambique to ease identification of historical locations. Concerning Map 7, all earlier relevant maps I know of depict the northern boundary of Chôa Administrative Post with Nhampassa Administrative Posts as a continuation of the boundary between Catandica and Nhampassa Administrative Posts. However, such continuation must be incorrect, since the northern boundary is north of Nhabuto. In Maps 8 and 9 the main locations (sedes) of the three administrative posts are repeated to facilitate comparison. Sources: - Southern Africa, Mozambique general: INDE (2009); <http://images.nationmaster.com/images/motw/africa/mozambique_pol95.jpg>, accessed 21 April 2014; - Barue general: ICRISAT (2004: 5); USA 1964a; 1964b; <www.maplandia.com>, accessed 29 April 2014; - Map 4: cf. this thesis; Arnold (1901); Bhila (1982: 142n37, 167n38); Newitt (1973: 77, 219); Pélissier (1994 vol. 1: 434-435); Serra ([ed.] 2000: 45); - Map 5: Newitt (1973: 15, 77); - Map 6: Serra ([ed.] 2000: 210, 314); INDE (2009); Meyrelles do Canto e Castro, F. (1900); - Map 7: Báruè (n.y.: map 4); ICRISAT (2004: 5); fieldwork; - Maps 8 and 9: fieldwork. 345 Map 1: Present-day Southern Africa Kigali N Bujumbura Angola Congo DRC Luanda Angola Rwanda Burundi Dar-es-Salam Tanzania Malawi Lilongwe Zambia Lusaka Harare Madagascar Zimbabwe Mozambique Windhoek Botswana Namibia Gaborone Pretoria Maputo Great Zimbabwe ruins Swaziland (Mbabane) South Africa Cape Town 1000 km 346 Lesotho (Maseru) Map 2: Present-day Mozambique with capital, provinces and provincial capitals Lake Niassa Cabo Delgao Niassa Pemba Lichinga Malawi Zambia Malawi N nia a z n Ta Tete Nampula Nampula Tete Swaziland South Africa Zimbabwe Zambézia Quelimane Manica Sofala Chimoio Beira Mozambique Channel Inhambane Gaza Inhambane Maputo Matola Xai-Xai Maputo 500 km 347 Map 3: Main rivers in Mozambique Cahora Bassa hydro-electric dam Rovuma Lake Niassa N Zambezi Pungue Mozambique Channel Save Limpopo 500 km 348 Lake Niassa Map 4: Approximate contours of Barue Kingdom and location of Mbombona Chidima (Mutapa) Mungari Missongue N Zambezi Tete Sun gu Luenha Mbombona e 17°S Catandica Pungue Manica Manyika Tewe Sena G Ch oron go er sa in go m a BARUE 19°S 21°S Save 33°E 35°E 349 250 km Lake Niassa Map 5: Colonial places in Mozambique with approximate location of prazos in 18th century N Ibo Island Mozambique Island Zumbo Tete Angoche Sena Zambezi River Quelimane Macequece (Manica) Sofala Bazaruto Island Inhambane Lourenço Marques 500 km 350 Map 6: Barue and the Mozambique Company N 33°E Gu Ch 17°S Ta Ma Circunscrição Barue, directly under control of colonial government Present-day Barue District 22°S Area of operation of Mozambique Company Present-day districts: Ch: Changara Gu: Guro Ma: Macossa Ta: Tambara 500 km 351 Map 7: Barue District with administrative posts N Nhampassa Mpataguenha Cruzamento Macossa road to Macossa Nhassacara Nhabuto Nhampassa Nhauroa Barauro 1 Nhazónia Chinda Chôa Sede Sabão Catandica Cagole Chôa Pandagoma Honde Catandica Nhamatema EN7 national road 50 km 352 Map 8: Chiefdoms in Barue District without names of rivers (approximate contours) N SAMANHANGA SANHAMÁUÈ SAHATSIRO SALUANZA SABÃO MPANZE SANHATUNZE 50 km 353 SANHANTAMBA MACUFA SEGUMA MPANZE Map 9: Chiefdoms in Barue District with names of rivers (approximate contours) Mupa River N Nhabuto River Mwalazi River SAMANHANGA Pandira River SANHAMÁUÈ Caerezi River Nhamuca River Toranhanga River SAHATSIRO SALUANZA SABÃO MPANZE SANHATUNZE MACUFA Malomwe River Ruera River Pungue River SANHANTAMBA SEGUMA 50 km 354 Nhacangale River Txatora River Nhazónia River MPANZE PHOTOS Photo 1: Part of zimbahwe near Catandica, 2010 Photos 2: Makombe Cassiche receives Colonel Arnold; Mungari, 1900 a: General; b: Enlarged. Left oval: probably Cassiche; right oval: probably Arnold Copyright Royal Geographical Society, London – printed with permission Photo 3: Régulo Samanhanga with Mozambican Constitution and pangolin, Mpataguenha, 2012 Photo 4: Inauguration ceremony of Régulo José Notice Sabão, 12 May 2010 Mayor Eusébio Lambo (standing behind table) speeches after the new régulo got from the mayor his uniform and signed documents; next to him right (on photo) Régulo José Notice Sabão; left Chefe de Localidade Sra. Lúcia Conforme; with part of the audience Photos 5: Ntsuanda Mountain and ritual site a: Ntsuanda Mountain seen from Catandica. The ritual site mentioned in Appendix D is left on the mountain on the lower part of the slope. b: Future Régulo José Notice Sabão demonstrating the addressing of the spirit Chato at the rain ritual site. Left and right in the surface of the horizontal rock are holes from which the participants drink. (Posed photo, taken moments after actually addressing the spirit.) Photo 6: 1 May manifestation, Catandica, 2010, with Frelimo flag 355 Photo 1: Part of zimbahwe near Catandica, 2010 356 COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL, ONLY IN PRINT VERSION Photo 2a: Makombe Cassiche receives Colonel Arnold; Mungari, 1900; general. Copyright Royal Geographical Society, London – printed with permission 357 COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL, ONLY IN PRINT VERSION Photo 2b: Makombe Cassiche receives Colonel Arnold; Mungari, 1900; enlarged. Left oval: probably Cassiche; right oval: probably Arnold. Copyright Royal Geographical Society, London – printed with permission 358 Photo 3: Régulo Samanhanga with Mozambican Constitution and pangolin, Mpataguenha, 2012. (The pangolin is an animal which, when found, is customarily handed over to a chief.) 359 Photo 4: Inauguration ceremony of Régulo José Notice Sabão, 12 May 2010 Mayor Eusébio Lambo (standing behind table) speeches after the new régulo got from the mayor his uniform and signed documents; next to him right (on photo) Régulo José Notice Sabão; left Chefe de Localidade Sra. Lúcia Conforme; with part of the audience 360 Photo 5a: Ntsuanda Mountain and ritual site; Ntsuanda Mountain seen from Catandica. The ritual site mentioned in Appendix D is left on the mountain on the lower part of the slope. 361 Photo 5b: Ntsuanda Mountain and ritual site; future Régulo José Notice Sabão demonstrating the addressing of the spirit Chato at the rain ritual site. Left and right in the surface of the horizontal rock are holes from which the participants drink. 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