Revista de Biologia e Ciências da Terra
ISSN: 1519-5228
[email protected]
Universidade Estadual da Paraíba
Brasil
Araújo Montenegro, Ana Karla; Crispim, Maria Cristina; Torelli, Jane; Araújo Marinho, Randolpho
Sávio
The influence of the methodology in the results of food diet analysis of Steindachnerina notonota
(MIRANDA RIBEIRO, 1937), in Taperoá II Dam, Paraiba State
Revista de Biologia e Ciências da Terra, vol. Supl., núm. 1, 2006, pp. 180-191
Universidade Estadual da Paraíba
Paraíba, Brasil
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REVISTA DE BIOLOGIA E CIÊNCIAS DA TERRA
ISSN 1519-5228
Suplemento Especial - Número 1 - 2º Semestre 2006
The influence of the methodology in the results of food diet analysis of
Steindachnerina notonota (MIRANDA RIBEIRO, 1937),
in Taperoá II Dam, Paraiba State
Ana Karla Araújo Montenegro1; Maria Cristina Crispim2; Jane Torelli3; Randolpho Sávio Araújo Marinho4
ABSTRACT
Several studies related with fish food diet, showed different methods of fish gut contents analysis..
Nevertheless, few works have been proposed to compare the fixation methods to preserve the feeding
contents in fish gut. This work aimed to verify the influence of the methodology in the food diet
analysis of Steindachnerina notonota (Miranda Ribeiro, 1937), in Taperoá II Dam in paraiban semiarid. The fishes used in this study had similar size. This region exhibit the lowest precipitation values
of Brazil, with two seasonal periods the rainy and dry one, the later lasting longer than 8 months. The
sampling was realized in March 2006, during day and night periods, using hand nets, trap nets and drag
nets. In the field part of the sampling was preserved in 10% formalin and the other part in ice. In the
laboratory the ice sample was preserved in formalin also. Test t (p<0.05) was applied to verify if there
were siginifficant differences between the tested methodologies. Food diet based in both methodologies
registered 71 food items, being 53.6% common to both samples, 83.1% were exclusive from formalin
samples and 69.0% were exclusive from the ice samples, However the opposite items of the formalin
food components that were abundant in these samples were scarce. The mean frequence of food items
by stomach in the formalin sample was superior comparing with the ice sample 22.1±6.7 and 13.6±5.3,
respectively, presenting significant differences among food diet analyzed (t = 3.82; p<0.01). The feed
items from the ice sample showed a bad preservation, making the identification difficult. We can
conclude that the species showed a food diet based in detritus, associated with vegetable remains and
microalgae, independent of the methodology used. The formalin sample presented a better
methodology, with more diverse food items and a better preservation making the identification of the
contents in the gut easier, so we recommend this kind of method for diet content analysis in fish guts.
Keyords: methodology, food diet, Steindachnerina notonota, Caatinga aquatic environments
RESUMO
Vários estudos relacionados com a dieta alimentar de peixes, têm apresentado diversos métodos de
análises do conteúdo, revisão de técnicas que têm sido mais empregadas, dentre outros. Entretanto,
poucos trabalhos têm sido propostos com a finalidade de comparar as formas de fixação do conteúdo
estomacal. Este trabalho tem por objetivo, verificar a influência da metodologia na análise da dieta
alimentar de Steindachnerina notonota (Miranda Ribeiro, 1937), do açude Taperoá II no semi-árido
paraibano. A região apresenta os menores índices pluviométricos do Brasil com duas estações
climáticas bem definidas, a chuvosa e a de estiagem que é superior a 8 meses. A coleta foi realizada no
mês de março de 2006, nos períodos diurno e noturno, fazendo uso de tarrafas, redes de espera e
180
arrasto. Uma parte da amostra coletada foi fixada com formalina a 10% no próprio local da coleta e a
outra acondicionada numa caixa térmica com gelo e posteriormente fixada no laboratório. Aplicou-se o
teste t (p < 0,05), para verificar se houve diferença significativa entre as duas metodologias. A dieta
alimentar de S. notonota, com base nas duas metodologias empregadas, registrou um total de 71 itens
alimentares, sendo que 53,6% destes são comuns as duas, sendo 83,1% registrados para a amostra
formolizada no campo e 69,0% para a previamente congelada. A freqüência média dos itens
alimentares por estômago na amostra formolizada diretamente no campo foi superior à previamente
congelada, 22,1±6,7 e 13,6±5,3, respectivamente, apresentando diferenças significativas entre as dietas
(t = 3,82; p<0,01). Os itens alimentares provenientes da amostra previamente congelada apresentaramse mal conservados e das muitas vezes de difícil identificação. Concluiu-se que, a espécie apresentou
uma dieta à base de detritos associada principalmente, a restos vegetais e microalgas, independente da
metodologia empregada. A dieta alimentar da amostra previamente formolizada apresentou uma
variedade de itens superior à congelada, sendo portanto, a mais indicada para uma determinação
precisa.
Palavras-chave: metodologia, dieta alimentar, Steindachnerina notonota, ambientes aquáticos da
Caatinga
1 INTRODUÇÃO
The trophic ecology of fishes give us
great information about the relationships among
fishes, the rest of aquatic organisms and quality
of the water body, acknowledging the need to
support for the management of conservation
programs to improve the environment.
Nevertheless, the majority of studies
about fish trophic ecology in Brazil are only
with commercial interesting species and some
studies about the environment impact caused by
hidrelectrical
constructions
(FERREIRA,
2004). Although a great number of fish species
are not of commercial importance, research
about the feeding of this group are important to
provide information about fish stocks because
they can be protential competitors or predators
of commercial species, interfering in their death
rates (HOFLING et al. 2000).
Following Rodrigues (1987), in the
northeast region of Brazil, studies about feeding
have been developed in order to give support to
the commercial exploration, estuarine and
marine cultivation and reintroduction in
reservoirs.
This region shows the more changed
aquatic environments in the country, especially
due to the deforestation and the introduction of
exotic species in dams by the Departamento
Nacional de Obras Contra as Secas (DNOCS)
(GURGEL, 1998; GURGEL et al., 2002).
Several studies related with the trophic
ecology of fishes have presented different
methods to analyse the food diet, (HYNES,
1950; HELLAWELL & ABEL, 1971;
KAWAKAMI & VAZZOLER, 1980), revisons
of the more frequent methodologies (HAHN &
DELARIVA, 2003), as well the elaboration of
new methods for this kind of study (ARANHA,
1993). Some studies show the advantage or
disadvantage of the different methods of fixation
of gut contents, Prejs (1981) e Zavala-Camin
(1996), but none compared the efficacy of
different preservation methods in the same
study.
Among the studies related with food
diet, some used formalin as a mean of
conservation of gut contents, in the local of
fishing, Santos (1981; 1982), Perrone & Vieira
(1991), Vitule (2002), Giora & Fialho (2003),
Kone (2003), Hermes-Silva et al. (2004),
Alvim & Peret (2004), Ferreira (2004), Melo et
al. (2004), Mérona & Rankin-De-Merona
(2004), Moraes et al. (2004), Novakowski et al.
(2004), Pelicice & Agostinho (2005), while
181
others used the freezing and later in laboratory
used the formalin, Soares et al. (1998), Hofling
et al. (2000), Dias et al. (2001), Gurgel et al.
(2002), Cardoso et al. (2003), Chaves et al.
(2003); Hajisamae et al. (2003), Mazzoni &
Resende (2003), Torelli et al. (2003), Cardoso
et al. (2004a; 2004b), Chaves (2004), Marinho
et al. (2004a; 2004b), Teixeira & Gurgel
(2004), Torelli (2004), Araújo et al. (2005),
Montenegro et al. (2005). Nevertherless few
studies have been focused in the comparison of
the different gut content fixation methods. It is
important to know which is the best way,
because the results of a study about feeding
habits depends on the accuracy to observe the
different items, and the fixation of them. When
not well preserved, the food items can not be
identified, because they suffer a decomposition
process, specially the animal ones, they
decompose faster then vegetal or algal ones,
because they present a cellular wall that
delayed the digestion process.
The aim of this work is to verify the
influence of the preservation methodology on
the food items analysis in Steindachnerina
notonota (Miranda Ribeiro, 1937) gut contents,
in the Taperoá II dam in Caatinga region of
Paraíba state.
2 METHODOLOGY
This work was developed with material
from Taperoá II dam which is located in central
region of Paraíba state (Fig. 1) between
07°11’44”S e 07°13’44”S and 36°52’03” W e
36°50’09” W coordinates is part of Taperoá
River Basin, being used for human and animal
water supply (PARAÍBA, 2000).
The region show the lower pluviometric
indices of Brazil (DANTAS, 2003), between
350 e 600 mm/year, besides high evaporation
indices with two well defined seasons the rainy
from 3 a 4 months and the dry one the rest of
the year (BARBOSA, 2002).
Fig. 1 – Map showing colecting places (from 1 to 4) in Taperoá II dam, paraiban semi-arid. Source: (BARBOSA,
2002).
The study species Steindachnerina
notonota, usually known as “sagüiru”, belongs
to Curimatidae Family, is constituted by small
indivuduals, completely lack of iliophag teeth,
feeding on the bottom detrits of the
environments (BRITSKI, 1970). Its endemic of
the ecoregion of Maranhão-Piauí and Middle
Northeast and has their phylogenetic relations
not well defined (ROSA et al., 2005). These
organisms migrate for reproduction.
This species was selected specifically for
its high capture frequence, and its importance in
the food net among grazing species. Although it
is not important commercially, it is used by
population as a protein source. Nevertheless
there are few studies about the eed habits of this
species.
Sampling took place in March 2006,
during day and night periods, using hand nets
of 15 mm, drag nets de 0,2 mm of mesh and
with 10 meters of length, hand nets of 0,2 mm
182
and trap nets of 15, 20 e 25 mm, among
together knots.
In the field the separation, identification
and biometry of specimens was developed. 10
animals were fixed in a 10% formalin, injected
by a syringe in order to optimize the
preservation, another 10 were kept cold in ice
and transported in thermos boxes to the
laboratory of Aquatic Ecology/DSE/UFPB,
where they were kept frozen and only 24 or 48
hours the guts were preserved in formalin. We
had the care of work with animals similar in
length, in order not to allow differences
dependent of the age.
Afterwards, the guts of both groups of
animals were taken off and transfered to a 70%
alcohol flasks, where they remained untill be
analyzed. The taxonomic identification of the
fishes was based in Vari (1991). Some
individuals were separated and sent to the
Ictiological Collection of UFPB.
For the knowledge of the food diet, the
gut contents were analyzed in the individuals
from both samples (formalized and frosty). The
gut contents were analyzed macro and
microscopically. The diet items were classified
to lowest taxonomic category possible. For the
determination of diet habits the frequency of
occurrence method was applied (ZAVALACAMIM, 1996).
T test was used (p < 0,05), to verify if
there was significantly differences among the
frequency mean of food item between the both
methodologies.
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The specimens analyzed presented
maximum length of 10.7 cm and minimum of
7.2 cm, with a mean of 9.2 cm, and maximum
weight of 33.6 g and minimum of 11.2, with
mean of 23.0 g.
The results of the food diet of S.
notonota, based in both methodologies
registered 71 food item being 50.70 % common
to both samples, 83.09% observed in
formalized sample and 69.01 in the frosty
sample (Table I).
Table I - Frequency of occurrence of item present in the food diet of S. notonota, applying both methodologies.
Food Item
Formolizada
X
Congelada
X
Superior vegetable remains
X
X
Seeds
X
X
Eggs
X
X
Detritus
Microalgae
Bacyllariophyceae
Acnanthes sp
X
Caloneis bacillum (Grunow) Cleve (1894)
X
X
Cocconeis sp
Cyclotella meneghiniana F.T. Kützing(1844)
X
Cymbella sp
X
X
Diploneis sp
X
Ephitemia sp
X
Eunotia sp
X
Fragilaria sp
X
X
Gomphoneis sp
X
X
Gyrosigma sp
X
X
Mastogloia smithii Thwaites ex W. Smith 1856
X
X
Melosira granulata (Ehrenberg) Ralfs in Pritchard 1861
X
X
Navícula sp
X
X
Neidium sp
X
183
Nitzschia sp
X
Pinnularia sp
X
X
X
X
Rhopalodia sp
Surirella sp
X
X
Synedra ulna (Nitzsch) Ehrenberg 1832
X
X
Alga filamentosa
X
X
Ankistrodesmus falcatus (Corda) Ralfs 1848
X
X
Ankistrodesmus spiralis (W.B. Turner) Lemmermann 1908
X
X
Chlorella vulgaris Beijerinck 1890
X
X
Closterium sp
X
Chlorophyceae
Cosmarium sp
X
Crucigenia tetrapedia (Kirchner) W. West & G.S. West 1902
Eudorina sp
X
Kirchneriella contorta (Stearn 1973)
X
Oocystis sp
X
Scenedesmus acuminatus (Lagerheim) Chodat 1902
X
Scenedesmus quadricauda (Turpin) Brébisson sensu Chodat, 1913
X
X
X
X
Schroederia setigera (Schröder) Lemmermann 1898
X
Selenastrum sp
X
Cianophyceae
Anabaena sp
X
X
Calothrix sp
X
X
Chroococcus turgidus (Kützing) Nägeli 1849
X
X
Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Woloszynska) Seenayya and Subba Raju
X
X
Gloetrichia sp
X
Lyngbya sp
X
X
X
Mycrocistis sp
Oscillatoria sp
X
X
Planctothrix sp
X
X
Euglena sp
X
X
Phacus sp
X
Strombomonas sp
X
Trachelomonas sp
X
Euglenophyceae
X
Zooplâncton
Rotifera
Bdelloidea sp
X
X
Brachionus falcatus (Zacharias, 1898)
Lecane sp
X
Lecane stenroosi (Meissner, 1908)
X
Não identificado
X
Ceriodaphnia cornuta (Sars, 1886)
X
Diaphanosoma spinulosum (Herbst, 1967)
X
Moina minuta (Hansen, 1899)
X
Náuplio
X
X
Cladocera
X
Copepoda
Não identificado
Conchostraca
X
X
X
X
184
Ostracoda
X
Nematoda
X
Oligochaeta
X
X
Família Glossiphoniidae
X
Insect remains
X
X
Família Athericidae
Família Chiromidae (pupa)
Família Chironomidae (larva)
X
X
X
X
Scales
TOTAL
A
Food diet of S. notonota preserved with
formalin in the field
This sample showed a diet composed
by 59 item, being 35.6 % exclusive of it:
Chironomidae, Cymbella sp, Diploneis sp,
Ephitemia sp, Eunotia sp, Neidium sp,
Eudorina
sp,
Kirchneriella
contorta,
Scenedesmus
acuminatus,
Scenedesmus
quadricauda, Gloetrichia sp, Phacus sp,
Strombomonas sp, Bdelloidea sp, Lecane
59
49
setenroosi,
Diaphanosoma
spinulosum,
Copepoda
(Náuplio),
Moina
minuta,
Oligochaeta, fish scale and Ostracoda.
The more frequent food item in the
studied species were: detritus, vegetable rests,
Bacyllariophyceae,
Chlorophyceae,
being
present in 100% of the guts, followed by
zooplankton (Cladocera and Copepoda, 90%
each), eggs and Cyanophyceae (both 80%),
Nematoda, Conchostraca, Ostracoda and
Rotifera 60% each. (Fig.2).
100
Frequência de ocorrência (%)
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
Re
De
s
t
Re tos r ito
ve s
st
os
ge
de tai
in s
s
Se etos
m
en
te
Ba
s
cy
lla
O
rio
vo
Ch p hy s
c
lo
ro eae
Ci p hy
an ce
Eu op ae
h
gl
en yc e
a
op
hy e
ce
a
Ro e
tif
e
Cl
a d ra
oc
Co era
pe
p
Ne o d
m a
at
od
E
a
Co sc a
nc ma
ho s
st
ra
O
s t ca
ra
c
O
lig o da
oc
ha
et
a
0
Fig. 2 – Frequency of occurrence of food diet of S. notonota from the sample preserved in field with formalin 10%
In different species of Steindachnerina,
Giora & Fialho (2003) and Melo et al. (2004),
observed similar food diets as the present
species with the preferential food item being
detritus. But on first study, analyzing S.
brevipinna, the authors identified other
associated item like Diatomaceae, Desmidiacea
and other Chlorophyceae and Protozoa, and on
the second study analyzing S. aff. Elegans, the
authors identified only vegetable remains
185
associated with detritus. Nevertheless, detailed
studies about food diet of S. notonota are
scarce, making difficult other comparisons
about this subject.
Food diet of S. notonota preserved in ice in
the field
The guts analyzed by this method
revealed a less varied diet, being composed by
49 item, from these 24.5 % occurred only in
this
sample:
Athericidae
(Diptera),
Glossiphoniidae
(Hirudínea);
microalgas:
Cocconeis sp, Rhopalodia sp, Cosmarium sp,
Acnanthes sp, Caloneis bacillum, Crucigenia
tetrapedia, Schroederia setigera, Selenastrum
sp, Mycrocistis sp; e zooplâncton: Brachionus
falcatus.
The more frequent food item preserved
by this method were: Bacyllariophyceae,
Chlorophyceae, being these present in 100 % of
the guts, followed by vegetable remains 90 %,
eggs and Cianophyceae 80% each. The
zooplankton food , represented by Cladocera
and Copepoda presented a low frequency of
occurrence, comparing with the other sample
preserved with formalin in the field (Fig. 3).
The mean frequency of the food item in
guts in the sample preserved with formalin in
the field was superior to the sample frosty in
the field, 22.1±6.7 and 13.6±5.3, respectively,
showing statistic significant differences among
diets (t = 3,82; p < 0,01).
100
Frequência de ocorrência (%)
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
R
es D
e
R tos trit
es
ve os
to
ge
s
de ta
i
in s
se
to
s
S
em
en
B
te
ac
s
yl
la
rio O
ph vo
C
yc s
hl
ea
or
e
op
hy
C
c
ia
ea
no
e
E
ug ph
yc
le
no
e
ph ae
yc
ea
e
R
o
tif
er
C
a
la
do
ce
C
op ra
C
e
o
nc po
ho da
st
ra
ca
0
Fig. 3 – Freqüência de ocorrência dos itens alimentares na dieta de S. notonota da amostra cujos estômagos foram
previamente congelados.
Comparing our results with others found
by Teixeira & Gurgel (2004), about the
nutrition dynamics of S. notonota in Riacho da
Cruz (RN) Dam, which sample was frosty in
the field, we can observe that its diet is similar
of this work in many item as: detritus, algae
(Chlorophycea, Cianophyceas, Diatoms and
Euglenophycea) and rotífers, excepting
tecamebas, Desmidiacea and
inorganic
sediment. Following the same author, sediment,
diatoms and detritus were frequent in 100 % of
the analyzed guts, being followed by rotifers
and Chlorophycea in frequency of occurrence
of 81.82% e 78.79%, respectively.
186
Considerations about the food diet of S.
notonota
According with Luz (2001), the great
trophic plasticity presented by tropical water
fishes is the reflection between quality and
quantity of available food in the environment,
and the restriction morphological-behavior
degree exhibited by species, being the latter
subordinated to ontogenetic variations. This
plasticity following the same author make easy
the establishment of this species in closed
lagoons,
where
great
environmental
fluctuations are expected, affecting the
availability of food, as we can observe in
paraiban semi arid aquatic environments.
The food diet of the study species, who
has the habit of feed on detritus, independent of
the methods applied, presented few recognized
items in a macroscopic observation, as
observed in the gut contents of detritus feeder
species analyzed by Mérona & Rankin-DeMerona (2004), showing the importance of the
microscopic analyzes in the food diet studies in
detritivorous fishes.
The item food coming from samples
frosty presented a bad conservation and mostly
of the difficult identification, confirming what
was found for Zavala-Camin (1996), that the
frozen, decrease, but do not stop the digestive
process. The reverse was observed in formalin
samples which presented a better preservation,
allowing the identification of a higher number
of the food item.
The analyzes of the food diet of S.
notonota following the two methodologies, in
the present study, demonstrated that detritus has
an important part in the species diet as observed
earlier by Hahn et al. (1997), this item was
important in the diet of 18.7 % of the analyzed
species in the Segredo – Paraná Reservoir. The
same was observed in the detritivorous fishes of
the Paraná River floodplain, which ingest great
quantity of thin and thick particles together
with microorganisms and unicellular algae
(HAHN et al. 2003).
Independent of the applied methodology
detritus, vegetable remains Bacyllariophyceae
and Clorophyceae in all analyzed fishes.
CONCLUSIONS
This species presented a diet specially
detritivorous associated with vegetable remains,
Bacyllariophyceae and Chlorophyceae.
The food diet observed in the sample
formalized in the field presented a higher
variety of feed item comparing with that from
frosty sample.
The microscopic analyzes showed that
the preservation method in ice on field, is not a
good method, because a great quantity of food
item were already in decomposition, making
worst the identification process.
We recommend the use of formalin in
the field in studies of food diet in fishes.
In order to not affect the volume of the
gut contents, the quantity of formalin
introduced in the gut, should be identified.
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[1] Mestranda do PPGCB - Zoologia,
DSE/CCEN/UFPB, Campus I. Bolsista Capes*.
[email protected]
[2] Profª. Drª., UFPB/ CCEN /DSE.
[email protected]
[3] Mesc. em Ciências Biológicas UFPB/
CCEN /DSE. [email protected]
[4] Graduando em Ciências Biológicas, UFPB/
CCEN /DSE [email protected]
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