A RESPONSABILIDADE
SOCIAL E AMBIENTAL
PARA UMA
INCLUSÃO SUSTENTÁVEL
Seminário | 19.Novembro.2012
Amadora, Agência Portuguesa do Ambiente
Sustentabilidade Social:
Indicadores e Métricas
Oikos – Cooperação e Desenvolvimento
João José Fernandes
Planet Boundaries
The safe and just space for humanity
Adaptado de: Raworth K. (Oxfam,
Social Sustainability
Like the general concept of sustainable development,
social sustainability is an open and contested concept.
While the concept of sustainable development (SD)
generally refers to achieving a balance among the
environmental, economic, and social pillars of
sustainability, the meaning and associated objectives of
the social pillar remain vague. Moreover, the social
dimensions of sustainability have not received the same
treatment as the other two pillars and there are various
interpretations regarding what issues should be addressed
(Dixon & Colantonio, 2008)
Sustainable development metrics initiatives by
governmental and institutional organizations
Initiative
Brief description
Inclusion of social sustainability
themes
Human Development
Report Indices
UNDP, early 1990s
Human Development Index,
Human Poverty Index
The indices have a focus on the basic need
theme of social sustainability
CSD Indicators for
Sustainable
Development (UN,
1995)
50 core indicators part of a set of 96
indicators.
Social indicators include: (i) poverty; (ii)
governance; (iii) health; (iv) education; and (v)
demographics
Well-being
assessment (IUCN &
IDRC, mid-1990s)
It is based on the Well-being of
Nations survey, introducing the‘Egg of
Well-being’ formed bythe Ecosystem
Well-being Index (EWI) and Human
Well-being Index (HWI)
HWI focuses on: (i) health andpopulation; (ii)
wealth; (iii) knowledgeand culture; (iv)
community; and(v) equity. Aggregation uses
severaltechniques (unweighted
averages,weighted, and lowest value)
Genuine Progress
(i) crime and family breakdown;(ii) household
Indicator and Index of
Indicators that attempt to improve the and volunteer work;(iii) income distribution;
Sustainable Economic
Gross National Product measurements (iv) changes in leisure time; and (v) lifespan of
Welfare
including environmental and social
consumer durables and public infrastructure.
values
Their aggregation method is still being
Redefining Progress and
developed
Herman Daly, mid-1990s
Statistical fields related to social issues :(i)
demography; (ii) social aspects;(i)
Urban Audit
demography; (ii) social aspects;(iii) civic
A collection of 336 variables collected
involvement; (iv) training and education; (v)
Eurostat and DG REGIO, in nine statistical fields, divided into
travel and transport; and(vi) culture and
piloted 1997-2000
25 domains.
recreation. The initiative evaluates the
relevance that different stakeholders assign to
each value.
Sustainable development metrics initiatives by
governmental and institutional organizations
Initiative
Policy Performance Index
Jochen Jesinghaus on behalf of the
European Commission, 1999
City Development Index
Habitat, 2001
Eurostat Sustainable
Development Indicators
Eurostat, 2001
The Sustainability Dashboard
Brief description
Aggregation process of several
indices chosen and weighted
according to consensus and
international standards formed by
five indices:(i) infrastructure; (ii)
waste;(iii) health; (iv) education;
and(v) city product
Inclusion of social sustainability themes
It has not been tested yet. Could be
controversial in how group consensus is built
(UNCSD, 2001)
Three indices measure aspects ofsocial
Formed by five indices:(i)
sustainability, but relevant issuesare left out. The
infrastructure; (ii) waste;(iii) health;
overall aggregation considers all the indices to
(iv) education; and(v) city product
have the same weighting
Indicators are divided into 10
themes. There are level I, II and II
indicators for each theme
The main focus on social sustainability is on
poverty and social exclusion, ageing society, and
governance
The indicators and aggregation onEconomic
Information panel formed by three
Performance and SocialHealth are very general
Consultative Group on Sustainable
dials labelled as ‘Environmental
and basic.The Social Health Index is based onthe
Development Indicators, IUCN, early Quality’,‘Economic Performance’ and
UNDP’s Human Development Index(UNCSD,
2000s
‘Social Health’
2001)
Sustainable Communities
Indicators - Egan Review
Egan Review, UK, 2004
EU Sustainable Communities
Indicators
ERBEDU and CUDEM, Leeds
Metropolitan University, UK, 2007
50 indicators, 30 of which are
‘objective’, or statistically based, and
20 of which are ‘subjective’, based
on surveys and questionnaires
First attempt to develop indicatorsexplicitly to
monitor the sustainablecommunities approach as
set out in theBristol Accord. Indicators are
groupedin eight themes linked to the
eightcharacteristics of sustainablecommunities
described
These are EUROSTAT and Urban
Audit Indicators mapped against the
eight characteristics of sustainable
communities. Each theme is
subdivided into a number of subthemes
The initiative calls for the EU statistical services
(Eurostat and Urban Audit) to collect data that
monitor progress with in individual communities,
whether they be neighborhoods, towns, cities or
metropolitan regions
Main social capital initiatives, tools and techniques
Initiative/tool/technique
Brief description/comment
Social Capital Assessment Tool (SOCAT)
quantitative/qualitative tool. An important feature is the
detailed information about structural and cognitive
Multifaceted instrument designed to collect social capital
social capital that is collected at the level of the
data at the household, community and organizational
household, which is crucial to link social capital
levels. It is an integrated
information with poverty and household welfare
outcomes.
World Bank, http://www.worldbank.org
This tool is based on the ONS survey matrix developed in
2001, and contains related questions from 15 major
Social Capital Question Bank
government and non-government surveys. It uses the
Office for National Statistics (ONS),UK,
same themes as the original matrix and allows users to
http://www.statistics.gov.uk/socialcapital/
see the actual wording of questions. The matrix is divided
into accessible, interactive blocks linked together through
the matrix grid
Social Capital Impact Assessment (SCIA) and
Social Capital Building Toolkit
The Saguaro Seminar at Harvard University, USA
Social Capital as a Public Policy Tool
Policy Research Initiative, Canada
Social Capital Indicators
The Siena Group at OECD
SCIA can be used to analyze the impact of the
implementation of a program or project on social capital.
Launched in January 2003, this tool is intended as a
reference tool for measuring social capital for use by the
public policy research community within the Government
of Canada.
Indicators proposed by the Siena Group for social
statistics based on a module of standardized questions
Main CSR and SRI initiatives, tools and techniques
Initiative/tool/technique
Organisation/website
The Sustainability Assessment Model
(SAM). University of Aberdeen. The
limitations of this model stem from the
lack of an operational definition of
sustainability. The question of
British Petroleum (BP)
substitutability between several forms of
capital and the extent to which an
organisation can be held responsible are
also unclear (Baxter et al., 2002)
Brief description/comment
The Sustainability Assessment Model (SAM) follows a Full
Cost Accounting(FCA) approach that considers the full lifecycle of a project and identifiesall its internal and external
costs and translates them into monetary values.
Social Accountability International (SAI)
SA 8000 is promoted as a voluntary, universal standard
for companies interested in auditing and certifying labour
practices in their facilities and those of their suppliers and
vendors. It is designed for independent third-party
Equator Principles
http://www.equator-principles.com
The Equator Principles is a framework for financial
institutions to manage environmental and social issues in
project financing.
Global Sullivan Principles
Leon Sullivan,
http://www.thesullivanfoundation.org
Global Reporting Initiative (GRI)
http://www.globalreporting.org
SA8000 certification
Dow Jones Sustainability Index
KLD Social Indices
Corporate codes of conduct designed to increase the
active participation of corporations in the advancement of
human rights and social justice
Sustainability Reporting Guidelines set a globally
applicable frameworkfor reporting the economic,
environmental, and social dimensions of anorganisation’s
activities, products, and services. It is the most widely
used andinternationally recognised standard for corporate
sustainability measurementand reporting
http://www.sustainability-index.com
Dow Jones Sustainability Index (DJSI) is described as the
first global index tracking the financial performance of the
leading sustainability-driven companies worldwide.
Company questionnaire is designed to assess
opportunities and risks deriving from economic,
environmental and social activities of companies.
KLD, http://www.kld.com
Indices for investors who integrate environmental, social
and governance factors into their investment decisions.
Examples of such indices include: Domini 400 Social
Index; Dividend Achievers Social Index; Global
Climate100 Index; Large Cap Sudan Free Social Index.
Main CSR and SRI initiatives, tools and techniques
Initiative/tool/technique
Organisation/website
FTSE4Good
http://www.ftse.com/ftse4good/index.jsp
Smart Growth Network
http://www.smartgrowth.org
Amnesty International Human
Amnesty International, http://web.amnesty.org
Rights Principles for Companies
Balanced Scorecard
Robert Kaplan and David Norton,
http://www.balancedscorecard.org
Brief description/comment
The FTSE4Good Index Series was
created by FTSE, a UK-based financial
index company, in response to the
increasing interest in SRI. Its inclusion
criteria measures the performance of
companies that meet globally recognised
corporate responsibility standards.
The Smart Growth Network (SGN) was
formed in response to increasing
community concerns about the need for
new ways to grow local communities
while boosting the economy, protecting
the environment, and enhancing
community vitality.
Amnesty International has produced an
introductory checklist of human rights
principles to assist multinational
companies in the following areas: (i)
company policy on human rights; (ii)
security; (iii) community engagement;
(iv) freedom from discrimination; (v)
freedom from slavery; (vi) health and
safety; (vii) freedom of association and
the right to collective bargaining; (viii)
fair working conditions; and (ix)
monitoring human rights
Developed in the early 1990s, the
balanced scorecard is a management
system (not only a measurement system)
that enables organisations to clarify their
vision and strategy and translate them
into action. This approach provides a
clear prescription as to what companies
should measure in order to ‘balance’ the
financial perspective. Other types of
scorecards include stakeholder and key
performance indicator scorecards.
Main CSR and SRI initiatives, tools and techniques
Initiative/tool/technique
Sustainability Balanced
Scorecard
The Corporate Responsibility
Index
Organisation/website
Brief description/comment
Möller and Schaltegger
A modification of the Balanced Scorecard
that shows a greater focus on
environmental reporting.
Business in the Community,
http://www.bitc.org.uk
Management and benchmarking
index/tool that assesses the extent to
which corporate strategy is integrated
into business practice throughout an
organisation. It provides a benchmark for
companies to evaluate their management
practices in four key areas of corporate
responsibility and performance: (i)
community; (ii) environment; (iii) market
place; and(iv) work place
Social Sustainability Key Themes and Domains
Traditional
Basic needs, including
Emerging
Demographic change (ageing
Housing
and international migration)
Education and skills
Equity
Employment
Human rights
Poverty
Social justice
Empowerment, Participation
and Access
Identity, Sense of Place and
Culture
Health and Safety
Social mixing and cohesion
Social Capital
Well being, Happiness and
Quality of life
Theoretical Research Approaches to
Social Sustainability
Approach
Main Authors
Timeline
Equity and Human
Rights (e.g. poverty studies and
Sen (1985, 1992), Sachs (2001)
Since mid-1980s
Capital Stock
Coleman (1988), Putnam (1993),
Rees and Wackernagel (1996)
Since late 1980s
Institutional Theory and
Governance
Chambers (1992)
Healey (1992)
Since early 1990s
Business and Corporate
studies
Elkington (1994)
Since mid-1990s
unequal development)
(e.g. Social Capital, Environmental
capital equity and cities’ footprint)
(e.g. participation and stakeholder
analysis)
(e.g. Triple Bottom Line, Corporate
Social Responsibility)
Behavioural and Social
Sciences
Layard (2005)
Since late 1990s
Transition Theory
Rotmans, Loorbach et al. (2006)
2000s
(Well-being, health and happiness
perspective)
Social Sustainability Indicators
Traditional
Static
Mainly Quantitative
Product
Descriptive
Mono-dimensional
Target oriented
Top down selection
Emerging
Intergenerational with uncertainty
Hybrid
Process
Strategic
Multi-dimensional
Principles and Objectives driven
Deliberative and reiterative selection
© Colantonio
(2009)
Social
Sustainability
Assessment
Framework (SSAF)
Social
Sustainability
Social
mixing/
cohesion
Practice
Methods,
Themes and
Indicators
Empowerment,
Participation,
Access
Identity,
Image,
Heritage
Social Capital
Well-being
Housing &
Health and
Education EmploymentDemography
Environment
Safety
Sustainability Assessment
Policy
Principles and
Objectives
Theory
Approaches
Recognition
Protection and
Intra- and interand
Promotion of
Generational
Preservation of
Health and
Equity
Diversity
Safety
Equity and
Capital Stock
Human Rights
Uncertainty PrecautionarySubsidiarity
Principle
Principle
Principle
Institutional
Business
Behavioural and
Transition
Theory and
and
Welfare
Theory
Governance Corporate studies Economics
Aplicabilidade no âmbito de iniciativas de
regeneração urbana em várias cidades europeias.
Tema urbano
Sant Adriá de Besos
(Barcelona)
saúde

Habitação
e
ambiental
Educação e habilidades
Cardiff
Rotterdam
Turin
Leipzig
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Saúde e segurança
Mudança
do
perfil
demográfico
(envelhecimento,
migração e mobilidade)
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Coesão e social mixing
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Identidade, sentido de
pertença a um lugar e
cultura
Empoderamento,
participação e acesso

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Capital social, bem-estar
(well-being), felicidade e
qualidade de vida

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Equidade
Direitos
humanos
género
Pobreza
Justiça social
x
e

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x
x
x
x
x
x
x

x
x

x

x
x
x

SSAF: Scoring System and Visualisation
Theory of Change and Social
Impact Assemssment
Social Impact Assessment (SIA) is a framework for catalyzing
transformational change empowering e to re-think how an
organizational model can address root causes of systemic social
problems.
SIA Approach: Define, Quantify, and Track
 DEFINE: Use the Theory of Change to describe why the planned
activities will lead to the ultimate desired outcomes. Use the
Impact Value Change to describe how activities will lead to the
desired outcomes.
 QUANTIFY: Identify measurable Social Impact Indicators that
will most strongly correlate with the desired social
outcomes. Explain how these indicators will be tracked as part of
your normal operations. Provide calculations for these indicators
and incorporate them into Impact Value Chain. (For Business,
cooperatives and other Social enterprises, Selection of social impact
indicators from the Impact Reporting and Investment
Standards (IRIS) is encouraged.)
 TRACK: Explain how the chosen indicators will be tracked as part of
the your operations. Outline a clear and feasible plan for impact
measurement and evaluation, including ongoing monitoring of
unintended and/or negative consequences of the
projects/investments/business operations.
Theory of Change and Social
Impact Assessment
A Theory of Change describes why a chain of activities lead
to the desired social outcomes. A Theory of Change can often
be summarized in an “If…then” statement and the change in
the ultimate social outcome is expressed as an increase or
decrease.
For example:
 If low-income, marginalized teenagers have first-hand
experience running a business, they will be more successful
in their later careers.
 If customers’ water usage is metered and they have to pay
for it, they will use less water.
 If jobs are created in low-income areas, personal well-being
will increase and the quality of life in those neighborhoods
will increase.
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APA | Seminário sobre Responsabilidade Ambiental e Social para uma Inclusão Sustentável |
Amadora | 19.Nov.2012
Theory of Change and Social
Impact Assessment
The Impact Value Chain is a tool that illustrates how the v activities
lead to the ultimate desired outcome and impact. The Impact Value
Chain builds on your Theory of Change by articulating the relationship
between the activities, outputs, outcomes, and impact.
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APA | Seminário sobre Responsabilidade Ambiental e Social para uma Inclusão Sustentável |
Amadora | 19.Nov.2012
Theory of Change and Social
Impact Assessment
Social impact indicators are specific operational metrics that can
be utilized to assess whether a project/investment or organization
is progressing towards their social benefit objectives. A social
impact indicator should distinguish between a measure that is easy
to count but unrelated to actual impact, and one that is both
quantifiable and is in fact a valid proxy for impact.
The Impact Reporting & Investment Standards, or IRIS, is a
framework for describing the social and environmental
performance of an organization. IRIS provides a library of
indicators, with standard definitions, that enable comparison and
communication across the breadth of organizations that have social
or environmental impact as a primary driver.
IRIS indicators: http://iris.thegiin.org/iris-standards
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APA | Seminário sobre Responsabilidade Ambiental e Social para uma Inclusão Sustentável |
Amadora | 19.Nov.2012
Theory of Change and Social
Impact Assessment
Dimensions of Social Impact
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APA | Seminário sobre Responsabilidade Ambiental e Social para uma Inclusão Sustentável |
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SROI: Social Return on Investment
SROI: Social Return on
Investment
Framework for telling us how effectively money is spent
(Value for Money)
 Adjusted form of cost-benefit analysis.
SROI = value of positive + negative outcomes
investment (or cost)
 Essentially a measure of the efficiency of achieving
outcomes
 It considers triple-bottom-line benefits and investments
– economic, social & environmental
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APA | Seminário sobre Responsabilidade Ambiental e Social para uma Inclusão Sustentável |
Amadora | 19.Nov.2012
SROI: Social Return on
Investment
SROI Principles
1. Involve Stakeholders
2. Understande what changes
3. Value the things that mater
4. Only include what is material
5. Do not over claim
6. Be transparent
7. Verify the result
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APA | Seminário sobre Responsabilidade Ambiental e Social para uma Inclusão Sustentável |
Amadora | 19.Nov.2012
SROI
Ways of measuring
Select ‘ways of knowing’ that an outcome (a change) has taken
place = indicators
Stakeholder
Outcome
Indicators
Stakeholder (A): long
term unemployed
Beneficiary (A) has
sustainable,
meaningful
employment
• (A) sustains
employment for at
least 6 months
• (A) reports levels of
job satisfaction
• (A) improved
financial situation
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APA | Seminário sobre Responsabilidade Ambiental e Social para uma Inclusão Sustentável |
Amadora | 19.Nov.2012
Ways of measuring
Stakeholder
Outcome(s)
Indicators (Data
Collection Method)
Stakeholder (B):
Volunteers (DDAs)
Increased employability
• (B) increase in salary
Increased well-being
e.g. confidence,
empowerment,
aspiration
• (B) reported
Improved economic
situation
• Increase in tax take
Improved economic
situation (from
volunteering)
• Increased tax take
from salary increase
Stakeholder (C): State
Stakeholder (D): UK
State
improvements in wellbeing
• Reduction in use of
state services (if
relevant)
SROI
Valuing and Pricing
SROI analyses value to all material stakeholders, not just the one
funding the activity.
Value means different things to different people.
 How much is your house/flat worth?
 Who sets the price of fish?
BUT
 What does it mean to an Amadora resident to have a job?
 SROI uses financial proxies to estimate the social value of nontraded goods to different stakeholders.
 Common currency
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APA | Seminário sobre Responsabilidade Ambiental e Social para uma Inclusão Sustentável |
Amadora | 19.Nov.2012
SROI
Financial Proxies
 Sometimes this is straightforward
 mainly with outcomes to the State (e.g. value of health)
 More difficult with non-traded outcomes
 These do not have a ‘price’ and so require a proxy, or
stand-in (e.g. emotional well-being)
 Standard economic valuation techniques
 Contingent Valuation
 Willingness to pay (e.g. new park) or willingness to accept compensation (e.g.
noise pollution)
 Revealed Preference
 Hedonic pricing (e.g. high risk job); Travel cost method (e.g. local service);
Observed spending on related goods (e.g. leisure)
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APA | Seminário sobre Responsabilidade Ambiental e Social para uma Inclusão Sustentável |
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SROI
Monetisation
 Each outcome is then valued
 Where no direct financial value is available, we use financial
proxies to represent the social value created
Stakeholder
Outcome
Possible proxy value
Beneficiary (A): long term
unemployed
Beneficiary (A) has
sustainable, meaningful
employment
£ Value of increased earning
potential
OR
£ Cost of fees for a skills
development training course
Stakeholder (B):
Volunteers
Increased well-being e.g.
confidence, empowerment,
aspiration
Contingent valuation: what
would (B) pay for to get
similar level of well-being?
Revealed preference – what
do we observe (B) does to
get a similar level of wellbeing?
SROI
Understanding impact
 Deadweight: what would have happened anyway?
 Attribution: how much is down to this project, and how much
down to other factors?
 Displacement: have we just moved an outcome to / from
somewhere else?
 Benefit period: how long does the outcome last, and does the
effect ‘drop off’ over time?
SROI
Development of a Social Cash Flow
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APA | Seminário sobre Responsabilidade Ambiental e Social para uma Inclusão Sustentável |
Amadora | 19.Nov.2012
Muito Obrigado!
João José Fernandes
Director Executivo
Oikos – Cooperação e Desenvolvimento
E-mail: [email protected]
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