América Latina: Desarrollo de capacidad multi-país en
cumplimiento del Protocolo de Cartagena en Bioseguridad
(COLOMBIA, PERU, COSTA RICA, BRASIL)
1. Informe técnico final de subproyectos

Project Name
Development of operational guidelines to minimize effects of maize GM crops on non-target organisms

Principal Investigator
Simone Martins Mendes

Institution
Embrapa Milho e Sorgo

Justificación
Throughout all over world, there is a concern around the commercial release of GM crops. In Brazil, the release of the planting and marketing of
genetically modified maize by the National Technical Commission on Biosafety (CTNBio), since 2008, fostered discussions and raised questions. The
adoption of Bt maize in Brazil has been occurred very fast: after four years since the CTNBio release GM plants, 65% of Brazilian maize crop
(2011/2012) has been planted with transgenic seeds (Menezes et al. 2011).
These crops should not interfere in the population dynamics of non-target organisms and ecosystem services such as biological control, decomposition,
pollination or herbivory reducing the benefits of GM crops. The tritrophic interactions need to be better understood (Zwahlen et al 2000), because there
are many factors affecting the ecosystem. Questions regarding the Bt maize cultivation in large areas can impact the population dynamic and the
community composition of insect. The selection of indicator species for risk analysis must be done according to the degree of exposure to the Bt protein,
which depends on some variables, like prey availability and gene expression in Bt maize. These aspects need to be coupled with prior knowledge about
ecology ecosystem, including, the species susceptibility and their role in the IPM programs.
Many developing countries currently require formulating an effective insect monitoring and crop management strategies to mitigate potential impact
of Bt crops after the release of one commercial GM cultivar. In Brazil, for example, before the GM plants release, the scientific community needs
CTNBio permission to develop research using transgenic species, consequently, this additional bureaucracy delays or inhibits such research which
explains the lacking of basic information about important non-target species susceptibility to the Bt toxins. For this reason there is a demand, for this
project, to do field and laboratory researches to increment the local database. Specifically to maize agro ecosystem, there are some key species of
predators and parasitoids that need a GMO impact study to evaluate. Two main predator species in the Brazilian corn field were evaluated: the earwigs
(Doru luteipes) and pirate bug (Orius insidiosus). Besides, studies on soil biosafety and susceptibility of soil organisms were also developed.

Objectives
Strategies for agro ecosystem management tracking/ monitoring potential effects on non target organisms to manage insect pest/minimize
potential adverse effects from transgenic maize

Methods and Project structure description
The present research was supported on two specific objectives: i) Baseline database for tracking/monitoring potential effects on non-targets
organisms and ii) Survey of GM maize management strategies adopted by farmers for insect resistance management (IRM).
To achieve the first specific objective “Baseline database for tracking/monitoring potential effects on non targets organisms”, it was carried
out A) A species composition inventory on maize in Brazil at different regions in Minas Gerais state (Brazil) and B) Some laboratory assays with
some key non target species on maize agrossystem in Brazil to support the database construction about Brazilian non-target organisms. These two
activities were essential to increment information about the susceptibility of non target species to Bt toxins in Brazilian maize crops (Figure 1).
To achieve the second specific objective “Survey of GM maize management strategies adopted by farmers for insect resistance
management (IRM)” diverse activities were executed, including: A) A literature review about some IRM strategies; B) A survey about agribusiness
stakeholders knowledge and farmer perceptions about IRM and C) Experimental assays about the potential resistance on Spodoptera frugiperda - the
main target pest species on Brazilian maize crops – carried out on two thesis research: “Life history of Spodoptera frugiperda on Bt Maize expressing
Cry1Ab protein” and “Selection and characterization of resistance in a strain of Spodoptera frugiperda to transgenic corn expressing Cry1F “
(Figure 1).

RESULTS
BASELINE DATABASE FOR TRACKING/MONITORING POTENTIAL EFFECTS ON NON-TARGET ORGANISMS
Activity 1. Information increment about the susceptibility of non target species to Bt toxins in Brazilian maize crops
1 – Species composition inventory on Bt maize field
Main results: 1) There were great differences between regional insect communities in maize crops, proved by ecological diversity indices, but, there was
not any effect of maize expressing different Bt proteins on this pattern. The regional landscape seems to be more related to the insect community richness
than the other local characteristics, so, this factor must be considered delineating future researches. 2) Two new occurrences of mites were found on
maize crops in Brazil: Catarhinus tricholaenae Keifer (Diptilomiopidae) and Aceria zeala (Keifer) (Eriophyidae) and these species present good
potential to be used as bioindicators to Bt crops. 3) Using different microbiological parameters (metabolic profile, enzymatic activity to nitrogen and
phosphorous cycle, acid phosphatase and others), transgenic plants expressing Cry1Ab e Cry1F did not affect negatively the soil biological quality.
These soil attributes are important to the stability and functioning of natural and agroecossystems.
2- Laboratory assays with key non target species on maize agroecosystem in Brazil
Main results – Assays with key predators to Brazilian maize crops showed that, when exposed exclusively to S. frugiperda larvae fed on Bt maize, O.
insidiosus did not show differences on biological variables, in contrast to D. luteipes and P. nigrispinus. Furthermore, the predation behavior of the three
species was different when exposed to these larvae. O. insidiosus, for example, preferred to feed on these larvae, since they present less reaction to the
attack. It was suggested a more attention to behavior tests in risk analysis
.
Figure -Project structure “Development of operational guidelines to minimize effects of maize GM crops on non-target organisms”
Activity 2 – Literature review of potential effects on non-target organisms on post release tracking/monitoring on maize and Database
construction about Brazilian non target organisms
Main results: Using an extensive literature review, a database was constructed with 1471 records (non target species cases evaluated for
susceptibility to Bt toxin), from 146 papers or scientific reports. According to the records, 283 (19,2%) came from studies with proteins to
Coleoptera control and 1149 (78%) came from studies with proteins to control Lepidoptera species and, 385 (26,2%) of these were did in Brazil.
In general, the data collected here suggest, to Brazil, impacts from Bt maize similar to the observed in other world regions. Negative impacts
occurred more frequently to herbivories and parasitoids, affecting more Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera and Diptera orders. Laboratory assays
presented more negative records than field studies in Brazil than in other countries. Field studies, in general, tend to couple species information
into families or orders, what impoverish impact analysis to non target organisms. Field studies focusing on ecological and economical important
taxonomic groups evaluating behavior tests were suggested.
Activity 3 – Specialists Workshop – Non-target organisms
Main results: 1) Non-target organisms: The specialists concluded that studies must focus into ecosystem functioning (environmental
services) - mainly predation, parasitism, pollination and decomposition - rather than total biodiversity. Furthermore, studies must not consider just
beneficial known organisms, because megadiverse countries, like Brazil, can have many other species associated to the agroecosystem with
unknown functions. It is also necessary to evaluate the landscape role around to the insect community structure into maize crops. The selection of
species to risk analysis must consider information like exposition route, tritrophic interactions and possible chain effects. 2) Non-target pests: The
specialists highlight changes in dominance between traditional maize pests, since some species not considered problematic before, now are
reaching higher abundances. It can be emphasized some species with feeding habits piercing-suckings such as the corn leaf hopper Dalbulus
maidis, the Corn leaf aphid Rhopalosiphum maidis and other bugs, the trips Frankliniela williamsi and some mites. So, these non target pests must
be monitored after the commercial release of Bt events, allowing evaluating the need for IPM strategies.
SURVEY OF GM MAIZE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES ADOPTED BY FARMERS FOR INSECT RESISTANCE MANAGEMENT (IRM)
Activity 1. Literature review about some IRM strategies
Main results: In this study, the state of the art about the use of transgenic maize in Brazil and the main IRM strategies were considered.
The study organizes the knowledge about IRM, aiming analyzing the real possibilities for farmers. The main IRM strategies detected include highdose and refuge, more frequently recommended, and others like the additional use of biological control or the use of attractive plants.
Activity 2. Survey about agribusiness stakeholders knowledge and farmer perceptions about IRM
Main results: This study pointed that the farmers do not know enough about refuge area is and its function. Many farmers (38%) confuse
refuge area and the coexistence area (regulated by Brazilian Law), not distinguishing their roles. Despite 69% of farmers, using Bt maize, declared
have been planted the refuge area as recommended, just 38% planted the refuge area correctly, far less than 800 m from the Bt crop.
Activity 3. Potential resistance on Spodoptera frugiperda – the main target pest species on Brazilian maize crops
Main results: 1) Life history of Spodoptera frugiperda on Bt maize expressing Cry1Ab protein: The populations collected in conventional
and transgenic maize crops on the most productive regions in Minas Gerais state (Brazil) showed different behavior when exposed to Bt maize
expressing Cry1Ab protein, suggesting the existence of different biotypes. So, the susceptibility and the potential to the resistance evolution are
different between different populations of S. frugiperda. 2) Selection and characterization of resistance in a resistant strain of Spodoptera
frugiperda to transgenic corn expressing Cry1F: Resistant strains of insect pests in laboratory are important to analyze the risk of resistance
evolution and to elaborate and develop strategies for management resistance to transgenic plants. The selection was achieved in the laboratory,
with chronic exposure of S. frugiperda to maize leaves expressing Cry1F toxin. After four generations, it was possible to obtain a strain with high
survival rates, with similar survivorship of a control strain, maintained without selection pressure. Gradual exposure to the toxin was not so
effective to the resistance evolution.
Activity 4. Specialists panel Workshop – IRM Strategies
Main results: The specialists highlight the need for coupled actions among the different agribusiness segments on Bt maize to improve
educational activities related to the IRM strategies and the adoption of refuge areas, since some farmers confuse the concept and the function of
refuge and the coexistence areas. In general, they do not know about the federal law that regulated the coexistence areas. In order to improve the
IRM strategies, future studies must focus on the ecology of species (target and non-target) associated to maize crops, on the effectiveness of
different host plants on refuge areas, on cross resistance and heritability of resistance genes.

Conclusiones
-
The non-target impacts can’t be minimized, but managed;
-
Many studies are still needed because in countries such as Brazil, that has a megadiversity involved, there are too many questions to be
answered;
-
Adjust on requirements made by CTNBio, regarding risk analysis, must be constant, considering the dynamism of the knowledge
generated.
2. Sumary of subproject activities advance
Non targets - Maize
Research: Simone M. Mendes
Institution: Embrapa Milho e Sorgo
Development of operational guidelines to minimize effects of maize GM crops on non-target organisms
Fecha de inicio
Programada
Efectiva
Objective 1: Baseline database for tracking/monitoring potential effects on non target organisms
Actividad 1
Literature review of potential effects on non target organisms on Bt
May, 2010 July, 2011
maize on post release tracking/monitoring
A) Data review by the research group collected project BioSafety of
May, 2010
July, 2011
LAC from 2008 to 2010
B) Review of data collected by other groups working in Brazil and based
May, 2010
July, 2011
of literature
Fecha de finalización
Indicadores de resultados
por actividad
Pro
gramad
a
Compro Obtenidos a la
metidos
fecha
Efectiva
May, 2012
100%
May, 2012
100%
May, 2012
100%
July, 2011
March, 2012
100%
July, 2011
May, 2012
100%
July, 2011
May, 2012
100%
Objective 2: Survey of GM maize management strategies adopted by farmers for resistance insect management
Actividad 1 Adaptation of management strategies and operational
May, 2010 November, 2011
May, 2012
guidelines, evaluating damage and the economic benefit
Actividad 2 Technical meetings for selecting most relevant potential
May, 2010 November, 2011
April, 2012
effects and management strategies
100%
Actividad 2
May, 2010
Literature review of existing management strategies on Bt maize
A) Data review by the research group collected project BioSafety of
May, 2010
LAC from 2008 to 2010
B) Review of data collected by other groups working in Brazil and based
May, 2010
on literature
Observaciones
100%
Some adjustments in the project structure were necessary to achieve the goal and
objective proposed
RESULTS
Baseline database for tracking/monitoring potential effects on non target organisms
Activity 1. Information increment about the susceptibility of non target species to Bt toxins in Brazilian maize crops
1 – Species composition inventory on Bt maize field
a)
FADINI, M. A. M.; GABRYEL, O. A.; MENDES, S. M. Efeito de milho Bt Cry1A(b) e Cry1F sobre ácaros fitófagos. In: CONGRESSO
BRASILEIRO DE ENTOMOLOGIA, 23., 2010, Natal. Anais. Natal: Sociedade Brasileira de Entomologia, 2010.
http://www.alice.cnptia.embrapa.br/handle/doc/871858\
b)
FADINI, M. A. M.; ARAUJO, O. G.; MENDES, S. M.; WAQUIL, J. M. Dinâmica populacional de Catarhinus tricholaenae keifer
(diptilomiopidae: acari) sobre cultivares de milho Bt. In: SIMPÓSIO BRASILEIRO DE ACAROLOGIA, 3., 2011, Campinas. [Resumos].
Campinas: Instituto Biológico, 2011. http://www.alice.cnptia.embrapa.br/handle/doc/890015
c)
MARRIEL, I. E.; OLIVEIRA, C. A. de; CALAZANS, G. M.; MENDES, S.; MARUCCI, R. C.; SOUZA, F. A. de; GOMES, E. A.
Qualidade biológica do solo rizosférico de plantas transgênicas de milho, expressando proteínas CryAb e Cry1F. In: CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO
DE MICROBIOLOGIA, 26., 2011, Foz do Iguaçu. Resumos. Foz do Iguaçu: Sociedade Brasileira de Microbiologia, 2011.
http://www.alice.cnptia.embrapa.br/handle/doc/903312
d)
MENDES, S. M. Benefícios e impactos do milho Bt na comunidade de insetos no agroecossistema. In: SIMPOSIO DE CONTROLE
BIOLÓGICO, 12, 2011, São Paulo. Mudanças climáticas e sustentabilidade: quebra de paradigmas: resumos. São Paulo: Sociedade Entomológica do
Brasil, 2011. p. 83. http://www.alice.cnptia.embrapa.br/handle/doc/898241
e)
F. A.; MENDES, S. M.; ARAÚJO, O. G.; CARVALHO, T. F.; MORAES, J. C. Resposta funcional de Doru luteipes (Dermaptera: forficulidae)
sobre Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: noctuidae) alimentadas com milho Bt e não Bt. n: SIMPOSIO DE CONTROLE BIOLÓGICO, 12, 2011,
São Paulo. Mudanças climáticas e sustentabilidade: quebra de paradigmas: resumos. São Paulo: Sociedade Entomológica do Brasil, 2011. p. 140.
Anexo 1
f)
WAQUIL, J. M.; MENDES, S. M.; MARUCCI, R. C. Ocorrência de espécies de Diabrotica em milho no Brasil: qual a predominante, Diabrotica
speciosa ou Diabrotica viridula? Sete Lagoas: Embrapa Milho e Sorgo, 2010. 6 p. (Embrapa Milho e Sorgo. Comunicado Técnico, 178).
2- Laboratorial assays with key non target species on maize agro ecosystem in Brazil
g) SANTOS, F. A.; MENDES, S. M.; MORAES, J. C.; ARAÚJO, O. G.; CARVALHO, T. F. Efeito do pólen de milho Bt expressando a toxina
Cry1A(B) sobre aspectos biológicos de Doru luteipes (Scudder, 1876) (Dermaptera: foficulidae). In: SIMPOSIO DE CONTROLE BIOLÓGICO, 12.,
2011, São Paulo. Mudanças climáticas e sustentabilidade: quebra de paradigmas: resumos. São Paulo: Sociedade Entomológica do Brasil, 2011. p. 91.
Anexo 2
h)
SANTOS, F. A.; CARVALHO, T. M. F. de; MORAES, J. C.; MENDES, S. M.; ARAÚJO, O. G.; BOREGAS, K.
G. B. Preferência alimentar de adultos de Doru luteipes (Scudder) nos eventos contendo as toxinas Cry1A(B), Cry1F e
seu isogênico não Bt. In: SIMPOSIO DE CONTROLE BIOLÓGICO, 12, 2011, São Paulo. Mudanças climáticas e
sustentabilidade: quebra de paradigmas: resumos. São Paulo: Sociedade Entomológica do Brasil, 2011. p. 91.Anexo 3
i)
SANTOS, F. A. S.; MORAES, J. C. de; CARVALHO, T. M. F. de; MENDES, S. M.; CONCEICAO, R. R. P. da; ARAUJO, O. G.; BOREGAS,
K. G. B. Efeito do milho Bt expressando a toxina Cry 1 A(b) sobre a biologia de Doru luteipes (Scudder, 1876) (Dermaptera: Forficulidae).
j)
MENDES, S. M., BOREGAS, K. G. B.; WAQUIL, M. S., MARUCCI, R. C., WAQUIL, J. M. Aspectos biológicos e comportamentais do
percevejo predador, Orius insidiosus (Say, 1832) em milho Bt e não-Bt – Papper Bioscience Journal
http://www.seer.ufu.br/index.php/biosciencejournal/author/submission/13713 – anexo 06
k) LEITE, N. A. MENDES, S. M. PEREIRA, E. Avaliação do efeito de milho Bt expressando diferentes proteínas sobre o predador Podisus nigrispinus,
como indicador de organismo não alvo. Em fase de publicação - anexo 07 – Paper in submission
Activity 2 – Literature review of potential effects on non target organisms on post release tracking/monitoring on maize and Database
construction about Brazilian non target organisms
RESENDE; D. C.; MENDES, S. M.; WAQUIL, J. M. Sugestões ao protocolo de monitoramento de efeitos adversos do cultivo do milho Bt sobre
espécies não-alvo - Paper in submission
SURVEY OF GM MAIZE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES ADOPTED BY FARMERS FOR INSECT RESISTANCE MANAGEMENT (IRM)
Activity 1. Literature review about some IRM strategies
LEITE, N. A.; MENDES, S. M.; WAQUIL, J. M.; PEREIRA, E. J. G. O milho Bt no Brasil: a situação e a evolução da resistência de insetos. Sete
Lagoas: Embrapa Milho e Sorgo, 2011. 46 p. il. (Embrapa Milho e Sorgo. Documentos, 133).
Activity 2. Survey about agribusiness stakeholders knowledge and farmer perceptions about IRM
RESENDE; D. C.; MENDES, S. M.; WAQUIL, J. M.; DUARTE J. O.; SANTOS, F. A. Milho Bt e a adoção do refúgio como estratégia de manejo de
resistência – Paper in submission
9
Activity 3. Potential resistance on Spodoptera frugiperda – the main target pest species on Brazilian maize crops
1) LEITE, Natália Alves, M.Sc., Universidade Federal de Viçosa, fevereiro de 2012. Seleção e caracterização da
resistência de uma linhagem de Spodoptera frugiperda ao milho transgênico expressando Cry1F. Orientador:
Eliseu José Guedes Pereira. Coorientadores: Simone Martins Mendes e Raul Narciso Carvalho Guedes.
2) SOUSA, Fernanda Freitas, M.Sc., Universidade Federal de Viçosa, julho de 2011. História de vida de populações de Spodoptera frugiperda
previamente expostas ao milho Bt expressando Cry1Ab. Orientador: Eliseu José Guedes Pereira. Co-orientadores: Simone Martins Mendes, Marcelo
Coutinho Picanço e Raul Narciso Carvalho Guedes.
3) SANTOS, F. A. Milho Bt e silício na resistência a Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: noctuidae). 2011. 39 p. Dissertação (Mestrado em
Entomologia Agrícola) - Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, 2011.
Activity 4. Especialists Workshop – IRM Strategies
MENDES, S. M. CARNEIRO, A.A. WAQUIL, J. M. Workshop de Milho Transgênico (1: 2012: Sete Lagoas). Palestras [do] I Workshop de Milho
Transgênico: realidade & perspectivas, Sete Lagoas, 7 a 9 março de 2012-– Sete Lagoas: Embrapa Milho e Sorgo, 2012. 105 p. : il. -- (Documentos /
Embrapa Milho e Sorgo, ISSN 1518- 4277; 136).
EVENTS ORGANIZED
1) Workshop de milho transgênico: Realidade e Perpectivas - available: www.cnpms.embrapa.br/milhotrans/
News: http://www.faesc.com.br/portal/senar/noticias_ler.php?noticia=2267;
http://grao.cnpms.embrapa.br/noticia.php?ed=NA==&id=MTI=; http://agrolink.com.br/agrolinkfito/noticia/workshop-apresentadiagnostico-de-cultivo-de-ogms-na-america-latina_145871.html; http://www.cnpms.embrapa.br/noticias/mostranoticia.php?codigo=698;
http://www.cnpms.embrapa.br/noticias/mostranoticia.php?codigo=699;
http://www.cnpms.embrapa.br/noticias/mostranoticia.php?codigo=700http://agroevento.com/agenda/workshop-milho-transgenico/
2) Panel : IN: 12º. SICONBIOL, Simpósio de Controle Biológico, São Paulo-SP, 18 a 21 de julho de 2011, Palácio das Convenções do Anhembi”
Cultivares Geneticamente Modificadas: benefícios e impactos no controle biológico no agroecossistema”. Coordenação e Introdução: Evolução da
culturas transgênicas – Dr José Magid Waquil - RIT DA/CNPq. http://www.eventus.com.br/siconbiol2011/index.html
3) Panel: O cultivo de milho Bt IN: 21de novembro de 2011, Fundação Rio Verde - Rodovia MT 449 - Km 08 - Lucas do Rio Verde (MT)
http://www.cnpms.embrapa.br/noticias/mostranoticia.php?codigo=685
10
News: http://www.noticiasagricolas.com.br/noticias/milho/99217-variedade-de-milho-bt-e-discutida-emlucas-do-rio-verde.html; http://www.clichoje.com.br/noticias/69509/;
http://www.diadecampo.com.br/zpublisher/materias/Materia.asp?id=25542&secao=Artigos%20Especiais&c2=Manejo
Activity 4. Potential resistance on Spodoptera frugiperda – the main target pest species on Brazilian maize crops
a)
MENDES, S. M.; BOREGAS, K. G. B.; LOPES, M. E.; WAQUIL, M. S.; WAQUIL, J. M. Respostas da lagarta-do-cartucho a milho
geneticamente modificado expressando a toxina Cry1A(b). Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, Brasília, DF, v. 46, n. 3, p. 239-244, mar. 2011.
b)
MENDES, S. M.; WAQUIL, J. M.; VIANA, P. A. Área de refúgio é necessária? Campo & Negócios, Uberlândia, v. 9, n. 104, p. 80-81, out. 2011.
Agriculture farmer magazine.
c)
MENDES, S. M.; BOREGAS, K. G. B.; WAQUIL, J. M. Resposta diferenciada. Cultivar Grandes Culturas, Pelotas, v. 13, n. 151, p. 14-15, dez.
2011. Agriculture farmer magazine.
d)
LEITE, N. A.; SANTOS, C. A.; MALIA, H. A. E.; ARAUJO, O. G.; NAZARET, A. M.; MENDES, S. M.; PEREIRA, E. J. C.
Características biológicas de uma população da lagarta-do-cartucho relacionadas ao milho Bt expressando a toxina Cry1F. In: SIMPÓSIO
DE ENTOMOLOGIA, 3., 2011, Viçosa, MG. Resumos. Viçosa, MG: Universidade de Viçosa, 2011. p. 23.
http://www.alice.cnptia.embrapa.br/handle/doc/898627
e)
SOUSA, F. E.; MENDES, S. M.; SANTOS, C. A.; ARAÚJO, O. G.; NAZARET, A. M. Desenvolvimento das fases imaturas de Spodoptera
frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: noctuidae) em milho convencional Bt. In: SIMPÓSIO DE ENTOMOLOGIA, 3., 2011, Viçosa, MG. Resumos.
Viçosa, MG: Universidade de Viçosa, 2011. p. 116. http://www.alice.cnptia.embrapa.br/handle/doc/898621
Another publications
1) CONCEIÇÃO, R. R. P. da; QUEIROZ, V. A. V.; MENDES, S. M.; COSTA, R. V. da; FERREIRA, P.; ALVES, G. L. O. Ocorrência de
fumonisinas totais em milho Bt e com aplicação de inseticidas. In: Informativo ABRATES, Londrina, v. 21, n. 2, p. 4, ago.
Training of students involved:
A) Fabíola Alves Santos – MS student – Universidade Federal Lavras – UFLA - MS. Tesis - Santos, Fabíola Alves. Milho Bt e silício na resistência a
Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) / Fabíola Alves Santos. – Lavras: UFLA, 2011. 39 p.
B) Ferndanda Freitas - MS Student – Universidade Federal de Viçosa – UFV - MS. Tesis – Freitas, F. Desenvolvimento de Spodoptera frugiperda
em Milho Bt: Influência em Características de História de Vida e Crescimento Populacional
C) Natália Alves Leite - MS Student – Universidade Federal de Viçosa – LEITE, Tesis - Natália Alves, M.Sc., Universidade Federal de Viçosa Seleção e caracterização da resistência de uma linhagem de Spodoptera frugiperda ao milho transgênico expressando Cry1F.
D) Octavio Gabryel Araújo – under graduation UNIFEMM (Sete Lagoas)
E) Christiane Almeida dos Santos – under graduation UNIFEMM (Sete Lagoas)
F) Tatiane Aparecida Nascimento Barbosa – under graduation UNIFEMM (Sete Lagoas)
11
G) Henrique Albano - under graduation UNIFEMM (Sete Lagoas)
H) Matheus Soares Waquil – under graduation - Universidade Federal de Viçosa
I) Giovana Moura Calazans - under graduation– UNIFEMM
J) Daiane Cristina Diniz Caldeira - under graduation– UNIFEMM