Nuclear Techniques in Material Sciences:
The Ion Beam Laboratory
Coordinator: Eduardo Alves
Mission:
National facility to provide the Scientific and Industrial
communities with unique ion beam processes for material
characterization and modification.
Strategy:
Continue and expand expertise into new areas with
particular emphasis on:
• Development of new materials for optoelectronic
and magneto-optic applications;
• Nanotechonologies and Advanced materials;
• Biomedical and Health applications;
• Environmental applications;
• Art and Archaeometry;
• Geosciences.
E. Alves, NuPECC Meeting (Lisbon 2004)
Where we are.....
E. Alves, NuPECC Meeting (Lisbon 2004)
The Site
E. Alves, NuPECC Meeting (Lisbon 2004)
The Laboratory
PIXE/NRA
2.5 MV Van de Graaff
RBS-C
ERDA
m-probe
ION
Implantation
E. Alves, NuPECC Meeting (Lisbon 2004)
The Groups (ITN/CFNUL)
Materials Science
External Users
Applications
Nuclear MicroProbe
Applications
Eduardo Alves
Experimental Nuclear
Rui Coelho da Silva
Reactions
Luís C. Alves
Adelaide de Jesus (Fac. of Sci. Nuno Barradas(20%)
Materials, Art
and Tech.)
Ana Rita Ramos(20%)
João Pires Ribeiro( Faculty of Katharina Lorenz (Post
and
Sciences)
Doc)
Arqueometry
João Cruz (PhD student)
Vitória Corregidor (Post
Luís C. Alves
Bruno Braizinha (PhD student)
Doc)
Rui C. Silva
Joana V. Pinto (PhD
Márcia Vilarigues
student)
(PhD Student)
Carlos Marques (PhD
student)
Technical staff
Elisabete
Rita (PhD
Elemental
J. Rocha
student)
Speciation
F. Baptista
Alexandra
Fonseca
(PhD
Miguel Reis
R. Pinheiro
Student)
Paula Cristina (PhD
P. Pereira
Users and Collaborators
Student)
Mark Breese
Carl McHargue
Manuel Ribeiro da Silva
Luís Redondo
Andreas Kling
João Guilherme Correia
Uli Whal (Postdoc)
Health and Biology
Teresa Pinheiro
Patrícia Napoleão (PhD
student)
Carlos Monteiro (PhD
student)
Ana Veríssimo
(Fellowship)
Micaela Amim (MsC
student)
Inês Batista (Lic.
student)
Collaborators
Maria Cristina Santos
(FC-UL)
Ana Viegas-Crespo
(FC-UL)
Paulo Filipe (FM-UL)
J. Silva FM-UL (PhD
student)
Raquel Silva (FM-UL)
Bugalho de Almeida
(FM-UL)
Materials for Fusion reactors
Impurity content & chemical
compatibility
Max.
2640 µm
Max.
SEI
Min.
1400
Si
Nuclear
Microprobe
Biomedicine
Human pathologies
(metabolism)
Skin permeability
Min.
Mask A
SiC uncoated
Invert Mask
1200
Be
C
C ounts
1000
N
800
O
600
Si
400
200
100
200
300
400
500
Channel
Cell resolution capabilities
Mineralogy
Art
Elemental zonation
Stained glass & paint
structure
Max.
Photo
Photo Fe
Ti
Min.
V
Pb
Fe
E. Alves, NuPECC Meeting (Lisbon 2004)
Zn
Number and individual
composition,
thickness and extent of
intermixing
Materials
Science
8
g(HL) Ha multilayer coating
2.0
IBA
Ion Beam Analysis
absorption (a.u.)
1.5
2.0
0.5
E = 2.5 MeV
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
1.0
400
500
600
700
800
900
wavelength (nm)
400
thickness (nm)
3
Modification of electronic,
optical, electrical, magnetic
properties
– defects, dopant levels,
structure
Quantum dots and multilayers
counts (/10 )
Oxides and semiconductors
300
200
100
0
H L H L H L H L H L H L H L H L H
layer type
characterization
0.0
300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
channel number
Ion
Implantation
Lattice Site location
1.2
normalized yield
New Materials
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
Direct compound
formation
– surface alloying
– corrosion & tribology
<0001>
Ga
Er
0.0
1.2
normalized yield
Metals and alloys
<0001>
1.0
<1011>
1.0
0.8
<1011>
0.6
0.4
0.2
Ga
N
-3 -2 -1
0
1
angle(deg.)
2
3
Ga
N
0.10
1.4
0.08
Se (mg/L)
Protein Carbonyls (nmol/mg)
Human Health and Biomedical Studies
Alteration of plasma Se concentration and oxidation markers
in COPD patients
P<0.01
1.2
P<0.05
0.06
P<0.01
P<0.01
1.0
0.8
0.04
0.6
0.02
0.4
0.2
0.00
Ex-smokers
Smokers
Controls
Patients
0.0
Controls
Ex-smokers
Smokers
Patients
STIMscep
Plasma Fe (mg/ml)
Skin Fe correlates with plasma Fe content in
heamochromatosis patients
5.0
Fe
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
0 200 400 600 800 100012001400
Epidermal Fe (mg/g dw)
min
max
Regression and 95% confidence limits
[Plasma Fe] = 1.6 + 0.002 x [Epidermal Fe]; r=0.91, p<0.03
E. Alves, NuPECC Meeting (Lisbon 2004)
Elemental Characterization and
Speciation
• Environmental applications
– Aerosol samples
– Biomonitoring samples
– Uptake modelling
• Fundamental development
Satellite data for the 29th of February
2000. Courtesy of SeaWiFS Project
NASA/GSFC and ORBIMAGE
– a quest for PIXE based speciation
1.50
L no Al-foil
W
2.5
L1-N5 11.856 keV
4
L av. with Al-foil
4
1.25
L teo
4
1.00
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.75
0.50
1.5
1.8
+
2.1
H - Energy (MeV)
2.4
Linear Fit
1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4
Line ratio (%)
Line ratio
L1-M2 9.525 keV
W
L no Al-foil
11
2.0
L av. with Al foil
11
Linear Fit
1.5
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
1.0
0.5
1.5
1.8
2.1
2.4
+
H - Energy (MeV)
E. Alves, NuPECC Meeting (Lisbon 2004)
1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4
Art and Archaeometry
Techniques, provenance, authenticity…
Strategies for conservation and restauration
(remediation, recovery)…
Ex.: corrosion in medieval K-rich stained-glass compositions
ER
D
1,5
Mechanisms…
contagens/10
3
Decomposition by water
…
Na
+
K+
Ca
H3
H O+ H2
+
O
Slits: ERD (0.6 mm)
1,0
0,5
Si
O2
2+
9,0
0,0
0
100
200
300
400
500 8,5 600
canal
8,0
pH
Dissolution of glass
network …
Reactions with CO2 ,
SO2, …
E = 2.0 MeV, Q = 3mC
Vidro Modelo
Após 7 dias de imersão
pHfinal = 8.41
700
800
Lin
ear
!
7,5
7,0
6,5
6,0
5,5
0
S
i
m-PIXE
H incorporation
C
a
Elemental distribution
ion exchange
1
2
3
4
tempo
C
a
structural change,
E. Alves, NuPECC Meeting (Lisbon 2004)
ion exchang
Mineralogy and Geosciences
Trace element distribution – Vanadium
Photo
µPIXE elemental distribution
Fe
Ilm
Ti
Ilm
V
Ilm
A-Sp
A-Sp
A-Sp
A
Elemental Zonation - Ag
S
100 µm
Cu
Ag
Min.
E. Alves, NuPECC Meeting (Lisbon 2004)
Sb
Max.
Charge collection efficiency in polycrystalline
diamond detectors
- Charged beam creates electron-hole pairs
- The sample is also the detector
Detector - SEM image
IBIL - Ion Beam Induced Luminescence
- radiative recombination of charge carriers
- use of a photomultiplier (panchromatic mode)
Max.
Min.
SEM
IBI
C
IBI
C
IBI
L
Co-planar electrode structure
IBIC - Ion Beam Induced Charge
- Charge collection efficiency
map
- Crystallite size and
crystallite boundary role
- There are no grains with both
high IBIC and IBIL signals
- “dead” zones are observed - non
radiative recombination
E. Alves, NuPECC Meeting (Lisbon 2004)
Support Activities
Si(100)/Al2O3 500nm/(CoFeB 2 nm/Al2O3 0.9 nm)×4/Ta 2nm
Software development for
IBA analyses (N.P.
Barradas, NIM
B217(2004)479)
- Double scattering
- Roughness, voids,
inclusions
- Sharp resonance
convolution
- Efficient Bayesian
inference
70
Non-Rutherford CrossSection
Measurements (A.R.
Ramos, NIM
B190(2002)95)
Measured x-section for =178º
Calculated (Gurbich, NIM B136-138 (1998))
60
Ratio To Rutherford
•
50
40
30
20
10
Technical Developments:
Furnaces, Electronics....
0
500
1000
1500
Energy (keV)
E. Alves, NuPECC Meeting (Lisbon 2004)
2000
2500
Output: (2003/2004)
Publicatio
ns
Conferences and Workshops
Invite
d: 4
Oral: 11 Posters: 39
Collaborations
International:
11
National:
18
Projects
Journals
Theses
Published:
59
Submitted:
48
PhD: 2
MSc: 2
Lic.:3
National
International
Accepted: 13
Submitted: 10
Accepted: 7
Submitted: 1
E. Alves, NuPECC Meeting (Lisbon 2004)
That’s all
thanks for your attention
E. Alves, NuPECC Meeting (Lisbon 2004)