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1
Estamos cientes de que há hoje outras formas de explicar a idéia de moira entre os gregos,
especialmente a de Heidegger. No entanto, aqui, estamos assumindo a interpretação canônica com a
finalidade de mostrar a singularidade da idéia de liberdade moderna.
2
Cf. HEIDEGGER, M. 6HPLQiULRVGH=ROOLNRQ Petrópolis: Vozes, 2001, p. 143.
3
Estamos aqui pensando o lugar de Deus no pensamento de Descartes ou mesmo Hegel.
4
O conteúdo aqui exposto pode ser encontrado em KANT, I. &UtWLFDGDUD]mRSUiWLFD São Paulo: Martins
fontes, 2002, p. 25 e 112 s eg.
3URJUDPD(GXFDFLRQDOSDUDD3URPRomRGDeWLFDSDOHVWUD
3DOHVWUDQWH$OH[DQGUH0DUTXHV&DEUDO
7HPDeWLFDGD/LEHUGDGH
'DWDGHVHWHPEURGH
OLJDQGRDVXEMHWLYLGDGHDXPREMHWRQmRFDSWDGRQDH[SHULrQFLD JHUDQGR RV
PHLRV FDSD]HV GH WRUQiOR YLJHQWH $VVLP D YRQWDGH p OLYUH SRUTXH QmR p
FRPDQGDGD SHOD IDFWLFLGDGH GRV GDGRV GD H[SHULrQFLD H SRUTXH FULD WDQWR R
TXH QmRHVWiQDH[SHULrQFLDFRPRGHWHUPLQDRTXHGHYHVHUHKDYHUQRUHDO
2 H[HUFtFLR GD OLEHUGDGH IDULD GR KRPHP XP VHU TXH WUDQVFHQGH R
GHWHUPLQLVPRGDQDWXUH]DHTXHDJHFRQIRUPHDVOHLVTXHHOHGHWHUPLQDVHP
QHFHVVLWDU GR DX[tOLR GH 'HXV SDUD DJLU H SDUD OHJLWLPDU DV OHLV TXH VXD
FRQVFLrQFLDSUHVFUHYH
2 SUHVVXSRVWRGDLGpLDPRGHUQDGHVXMHLWRHVWiQDGLFRWRPLDPHWDItVLFD
VXMHLWRREMHWR 6H QD ,GDGH 0pGLD REMHFWXP p WRGR HQWH SUHVHQWH QD UD]mR
>HQVUDWLRQLV@ QDPRGHUQLGDGHREMHWRpWRGRUHDOTXHVHGiQRKRUL]RQWHGH
FRPSUHHQVmRGRVXMHLWRRXVHMDVHJXQGRRVFULWpULRVSRUHVWHFRQFHELGRV2
HX FRPRIXQGDPHQWRGRUHDOHOHYDRKRPHPDXPDLQVWkQFLDSDUDDOpPRX
SDUD
DTXpP
GD
WRWDOLGDGH
GRV
HQWHV
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SDODYUDV
IXQGDPHQWDOPHQWHRKRPHP HVWi IRUD GD UHDOLGDGH FULDQGR R UHDO VHJXQGR
VHX FRQKHFLPHQWR >FLrQFLD@ H VXD OLEHUGDGH 2 TXH RXWURUD IRUD GR OXJDU GR
'HXV FULDGRU RX GDV PRLUDL DJRUD QD PRGHUQLGDGH p RFXSDGR SHOR HX
KXPDQR 7RGR UHDO p IUXWR GR VHX ODERU 3RU LVVR D LGpLD GD OLEHUGDGH p D
WUDGXomR GH XPD FRQFHSomR RQGH R HX KXPDQR p R ³GHXV´ GD KLVWyULD ,VWR
H[SOLFD WRGRYLJRUGHWRGRVLGHDLVYLJHQWHVQDPRGHUQLGDGHSULQFLSDOPHQWHD
WHFQRFLrQFLD H R LGHDO GH OLEHUDOLVPR SROtWLFRHFRQ{PLFR 6HQWDGR QR VHX
WURQRDGLYLQGDGHGRHXKXPDQRSDVVDDDQLTXLODUWRGRVRVDQWLJRVGHXVHV
TXH QDGD PDLV VmR TXH RV REVWiFXORV TXH LPSHGHP TXH R KRPHP VH
SRVLFLRQH FRPR³GHXV´GRUHDORXFRPRIXQGDPHQWR$SDODYUDOLEHUGDGHTXH
VHPSUH WHYH GRLV VHQWLGRV TXDLV VHMDP R QHJDWLYR TXH D ID] VHU OLEHUGDGH
³GH´ DOJRHRSRVLWLYRTXHDSUHVHQWDDOLEHUGDGHFRPROLEHUGDGH³SDUD´DOJR
ILFRX QDPRGHUQLGDGHTXDVHTXHUHVWULWD DR VHX FDUiWHU QHJDWLYR 6RPRX
VH DVVLP WRGDV DV IRUoDV SDUD DQLTXLODomR GH WRGRV RV RXWURV IXQGDPHQWRV
5
Cf. HEIDEGGER, M op cit., p. 143.
3URJUDPD(GXFDFLRQDOSDUDD3URPRomRGDeWLFDSDOHVWUD
3DOHVWUDQWH$OH[DQGUH0DUTXHV&DEUDO
7HPDeWLFDGD/LEHUGDGH
'DWDGHVHWHPEURGH
TXH QmR R HX &RQVHTrQFLD ³'HXV PRUUHX´ $ EHOD H[SUHVVmR
QLHW]VFKLDQD Mi GL] WXGR $ PRGHUQLGDGH p R OXJDU GR DVVDVVLQDWR GH 'HXV
³1yVRPDWDPRV´ (OHPRUUHXDVVDVVLQDGR(VHXKRPLFtGLRIRLFDXVDGRSHOD
DVFHQVmRGRHXDIXQGDPHQWRGRUHDO3DUDTXHRHXVHWRUQDVVHOLYUH SDUD
DWXDU FRPR IXQGDPHQWR IRL QHFHVViULR SULPHLUDPHQWH OLEHUWDUVH GH 'HXV
RX VHMD GH TXDOTXHU IXQGDPHQWR KHWHURJrQHR $ OLEHUGDGH GR HX SDVVD D
FDGD YH] PDLV D VH LGHQWLILFDU FRP D OLEHUWDomR GH TXDOTXHU DOWHULGDGH TXH
YLVDVVH IXQGDPHQWDU R UHDO &RUURHU WRGRV RV VXSRVWRV D[LROyJLFRV OyJLFRV
SROtWLFRVHFRQ{PLFRVHWFSDVVDDVHUSDUWHGRSURFHVVRGHDVFHQVmRGRHXH
IUXWRGDYDORUL]DomRGHVXDOLEHUGDGH
$ TXHVWmRpTXHFRPHVVDLGpLDGHOLEHUGDGHRHXVyVHUHVSRQVDELOL]D
SHOR YLJRU GD SUySULD OLEHUGDGH 2 RXWUR SDVVD D VHU XP RXWUR HX RXWUR
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SUHVHUYDGD ± HLV D UDL] GD LGpLD GH FRQWUDWR VRFLDO RX YRQWDGH JHUDO GH
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FRQVLGHUDGR XP iWRPR IHFKDGR HP VL IRUD GR UHDO H IXQGDGRU GH WRGD
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1R HQWDQWR D LGpLD GH TXH R KRPHP p XP iWRPR p WDQWR TXDQWR
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QmR QRUWHDGDVSHODUDFLRQDOLGDGH$H[LVWrQFLDKXPDQDDQWHVGHVHJPHQWDUR
UHDO HP VXMHLWRREMHWR FRQYLYH HP FRPXQKmR FRP HOH GH WDO IRUPD TXH D
LSVHLGDGH KXPDQD QmR HVWi GDGD GH DQWHPmR PDV p R UHVXOWDGR KLVWyULFR
WHPSRUDO GRV PRGRV GH VHU FRP TXH R KRPHP SDXODWLQDPHQWH FRQVWUyL VXD
H[LVWrQFLDHFRPHODGHL[DYLJHUDWRWDOLGDGHGRUHDO 1HVWHVHQWLGRRHQWH
KXPDQRIRUPDXPDXQLGDGHLQGLVVRO~YHOFRPD WRWDOLGDGHGRUHDORTXH ID]
NIETZSCHE, F. $ JDLDFLrQFLD. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2002, § 125, p. 147-148.
Ibidem.
8
Cf. as considerações de BORNHEIM, G. Notas para o estudo de uma Ética enquanto Problema. IN:
0HWDItVLFDH)LQLWXGH São Paulo: Perspectiva, 2001, p. 15-26.
6
7
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VHU XP VHUFRPWRGRVRVHQWHV GHVWDFDQGR QHVWD XQLGDGH R RXWUR KXPDQR
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9 $&TXDQGRRDGMHWLYRHWKLNpIRLXVDGRSRU$ULVWyWHOHVSDUDTXDOLILFDUXP
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9
Este é o resultado de duas obras significativos do século XX, que marcaram o destino do pensamento
ocidental. Trata-se de 6HUH7HPSR de Martin Heidegger e 2 6HUHR1DGD de Jean Paul Sartre.
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3DOHVWUDQWH$OH[DQGUH0DUTXHV&DEUDO
7HPDeWLFDGD/LEHUGDGH
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TXDLV VHMDP ORJLNp H SK\VLNp SDUD GHILQLU DV GLVFLSOLQDV SURSULDPHQWH
ILORVyILFDVeWLFDHQWmRSDVVRXDVHUD³FLrQFLDGRpWKRV´ RXVHMDRVDEHU
UDFLRQDO LQYHVWLJDGRU GD HVWUXWXUDomR GR pWKRV H GH VXD FRQVHTHQWH
DVVLPLODomRRXDSURSULDomRSRUSDUWHGRLQGLYtGXRKXPDQR0DVTXHpLVWR±
R pWKRV"
3ULPHLUDPHQWH R pWKRV p DOJR SURSULDPHQWH KXPDQR SRU PDLV TXH
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SK\VLV IRUD FRPSUHHQGLGD HQWUH RV JUHJRV FRPR R UHLQR GD QHFHVVLGDGH
QRUWHDGRUDGDWRWDOLGDGHGRUHDORpWKRVpRUHLQRHPTXHQHFHVVDULDPHQWHR
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GHYLGR j SUi[LV D SK\VLV VH KXPDQL]D $SHVDU GR pWKRV GHYLGR j SUi[LV
URPSHU FRP D QHFHVVLGDGH GD SK\VLV VXD GLQkPLFD GH UHDOL]DomR GH IRUPD
DOJXPD p GHVRUGHQDGD H VHP XQLGDGH 2V JUHJRV YLUDP TXH D QHFHVVLGDGH
SUHVHQWH QR pWKRV TXH HUD IUXWR GR KiELWR >Kp[LV@ YLJRUDYD FRPR D
FRQVWkQFLDGHFHUWRVPRGRVGHVHUTXHWUDGX]LULDPQDVLQJXODULGDGHGHDomR
D LGpLDGHEHPLQVWLWXtGDSHOROyJRV
2 HVWDU QR pWKRV p SUySULR GD FRQGLomR KXPDQD 3RU LVVR R SULPHLUR
VHQWLGR GDSDODYUDpWKRVHVFULWRFRPDOHWUDHWDpPRUDGDRXORFDQGD7RGR
KRPHPTXHUTXHLUDTXHUQmRHVWiQDH[SHULrQFLDGRpWKRV3RULVVRDILUPRX
+HUiFOLWR ³eWKRV DQWKUySRX GDtPRQ´ TXH SRGH VHU WUDGX]LGR ³$ PRUDGD
GR KRPHP p D GLYLQGDGH >GDtPRQ´@ ,VWR VLJQLILFD TXH R KRPHP HVWi
DVVHQWDGR QR GDtPRQ TXH SDUD RV JUHJRV p R VHQWLGR GR VHU RX R VHQWLGR
UHDOL]DGRUGDH[LVWrQFLD 3RUWDQWRRpWKRVpDORFDQGDHPTXHR KRPHP
VH IL[D FRPR TXH HP XP HL[R SDUD GHOH H[WUDLU R VHQWLGR UHDOL]DGRU GH VXD
Cf. VAZ, H. C. L. (VFULWRVGHILORVRILD,9,QWURGXomRjeWLFD)LORVyILFDSão Paulo: Loyola, 1999, p. 1113.
11
_____________ (VFULWRVGHILORVRILD,,eWLFDH&XOWXUD São Paulo: Loyola, 1993, p. 12.
12
Cf. Ibidem, p. 13.
13
HERACLITO. Fragmento 119. In: 2VSHQVDGRUHVRULJLQiULRV: $QD[LPDQGUR3kUPHQLGHV+HUiFOLWR
Bragança Paulista: São Francisco, 2005, p. 90
14
Cf a interpretação deste fragmento de Heráclito por Heidegger em &DUWDVREUHRKXPDQLVPR. Rio de
Janeiro: Tempo Brasileiro, 1967, p. 88.
10
3URJUDPD(GXFDFLRQDOSDUDD3URPRomRGDeWLFDSDOHVWUD
3DOHVWUDQWH$OH[DQGUH0DUTXHV&DEUDO
7HPDeWLFDGD/LEHUGDGH
'DWDGHVHWHPEURGH
H[LVWrQFLDeGHVWDPRUDGDTXHRKRPHPFRQTXLVWDDIRQWHGHRQGHSODVPD
VHXV FRVWXPHVSDUDGHL[DUFRQVXPDURVHQWLGRGHVXDYLGD
2 DUUDQMR GH FRVWXPHV FULDGRV SHOD FXOWXUD TXH WHP FRPR REMHWLYR
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VHJXQGR H GHUUDGHLUR VHQWLGR GD SDODYUD pWKRV DJRUD HVFULWR FRP D OHWUD
pSVLORQ 3DUD $ULVWyWHOHV H 6 7RPiV HVWH VHQWLGR GH pWKRV DGYpP GD
FRQVWkQFLD GD SUi[LV TXH QRUWHLD RV GHVHMRV KXPDQRV >RUp[LV@ 'HVWD
FRQVWkQFLD QDVFHP RV KiELWRV TXH VH FRQIRUPHV j H[SHULrQFLD GR pWKRV
PRUDGDpVLQ{QLPRGHYLUWXGH2EHPVHULDHQWmRRVHQWLGRGRVHUDGYLQGR
GR pWKRVPRUDGD SDUkPHWUR QHFHVViULR SDUD D FODVVLILFDomR GRV KiELWRV GR
LQGLYtGXR
9HULILFDVH HQWmR DV GLIHUHQoDV HQWUH pWLFD H PRUDO $ SULPHLUD p
FRQGLomR GH SRVVLELOLGDGH GD VHJXQGD $ pWLFD HP VHQWLGR RULJLQiULR p D
H[SHULrQFLD SUpUHIOH[LYD TXH WRGR LQGLYtGXR ID] GR pWKRVPRUDGD HP FXMR
VHLR D KLVWyULD GH VXD VRFLHGDGH VH GHVGREUD (P XP VHQWLGR SRVWHULRU D
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SRVWHULRU j pWLFD Mi TXH WRGR KiELWR PDQWHQHGRU GRV FRVWXPHV Vy YLJRUD
FDVR RpWKRVPRUDGDDSUHVHQWHVHHPVXDYLJrQFLD
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Vy WHP VHQWLGR VH IXQGDGD HP XPD H[SHULrQFLD SUpPRUDO 3RU LVVR p TXH
PHVPR TXH PXLWRV SRYRV QmR WHQKDP SUHVFULo}HV QRUPDWLYDV PRUDLV
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TXH QmR WUDQVFULWRV VH IXQGDP QR pWKRVPRUDGD GRDGRU GR VHQWLGR
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JHUDULDXPUHODWLYLVPRMiWmRFULWLFDGRSRUGLYHUVDVFRUUHQWHVGRSHQVDPHQWR
FRQWHPSRUkQHR )UHQWH D LVWR GHYHVH REVHUYDU TXH D H[LVWrQFLD KXPDQD
OXJDU RQGH WRGR pWKRV VH IXQGD SRU PDLV TXH VHMD SOiVWLFD RX KLVWyULFR
3URJUDPD(GXFDFLRQDOSDUDD3URPRomRGDeWLFDSDOHVWUD
3DOHVWUDQWH$OH[DQGUH0DUTXHV&DEUDO
7HPDeWLFDGD/LEHUGDGH
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WHPSRUDOSRVVXL³LQYDULDQWHV´RXRTXHSRGHPRVFKDPDUGH³DEVROXWRV SUp
FXOWXUDLV´ &RPR" $SHVDU GDV FRUUHQWHV KLVWRULFLVWDV GLVVROYHUHP TXDVH TXH
SRU FRPSOHWR >RX FRPSOHWR"@ WRGRV RV SULQFtSLRV DEVROXWRV PHWDKLVWyULFRV
IDWR p TXH D H[LVWrQFLD KXPDQD YLJRUD QD GHSHQGrQFLD LQYDULiYHO GRV HQWHV
KXPDQRV H QmR KXPDQRV $ QHFHVVLGDGH GH UHVSRQVDELOL]DUVH SHOR RXWUR
FRPR EHP YLX (PPDQXHO /pYLQDV p XPD H[SHULrQFLD WUDQVFXOWXUDO H
WUDQVKLVWyULFD 0DLV SRGHPRV GL]HU TXH D UHVSRQVDELOLGDGH SHORV HQWHV QmR
KXPDQRV GRV TXDLV D WRWDOLGDGH GR UHDO HP TXH R KRPHP HVWi LQVHULGR
GHSHQGH SDUD SHUPDQHFHU H YLJRUDU QR VHU p WDPEpP XPD H[SHULrQFLD
WUDQVFXOWXUDO H WUDQVKLVWyULFD 3RUpP R PRGR GH YLJRUDPHQWR GHVWD
UHVSRQVDELOLGDGH p SRU VL Vy KLVWyULFR (VWD GHSHQGrQFLD FRPXP D TXDOTXHU
KXPDQR H IRQWH GR LPSHUDWLYR j UHVSRQVDELOLGDGH p R TXH FKDPDPRV GH
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GH XPD FXOWXUD HP UHODomR D RXWUD HVWi QR IDWR GH IDYRUHFHU RV KXPDQRV D
DVVXPLUHP VXD UHVSRQVDELOLGDGH SHORV HQWHV TXH FRPS}HP VHX PXQGR
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H[LVWrQFLD HP XP PRGR UHVSRQViYHO SHORV RXWURV H GHPDLV HQWHV GR UHDO
,VWRVLJQLILFDTXHDpWLFDIXQGDVHFRPRYLX/pYLQDVHPXPDLQVWkQFLDSUp
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p TXH D pWLFD p D FLrQFLD GR pWKRV RX VHMD QmR Vy HVWXGD RV KiELWRV H VXD
IRUPDomRQRVLQGLYtGXRVGHXPDFHUWDFXOWXUDFRPRHOXFLGDDPRUDGD>pWKRV@
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15
Cf. LÉVINAS, E. +XPDQLVPRGRRXWURKRPHP Petrópolis: Vozes, 1993, p. 67-70.
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3DOHVWUDQWH$OH[DQGUH0DUTXHV&DEUDO
7HPDeWLFDGD/LEHUGDGH
'DWDGHVHWHPEURGH
GHPRUDORXVHMDWRUQDVHDVGLVSRVLo}HVHVWiYHLV>KiELWRV@HPFRQVRQkQFLD
FRP XPLGHDOSUHVFULWRGHEHP
2 SULPHLUR VLJQLILFDGR GH pWLFD p R TXH DTXL PDLV QRV LQWHUHVVD (OH
VXSHUD WDQWRRUHODWLYLVPRTXDQWRRGRJPDWLVPRPRUDLVSRVVLELOLWDQGRMXOJDU
GH IRUPDSODXVtYHODWRWDOLGDGHGHXPDFXOWXUD
& 3RUXPDHOXFLGDomRGRLGHDOGHPRFUiWLFR
$ SDODYUD GHPRFUDFLD IXQFLRQD FRPR FDUURFKHIH WDQWR GRV GLVFXUVRV
SROtWLFRV TXDQWR GR LGHDO SROtWLFR QRUWHDGRU GD SROtWLFD PXQGLDO 7RGRV RV
SDtVHV TXH UHFHQWHPHQWH VRIUHUDP DV Do}HV GH JRYHUQRV WRWDOLWiULRV
HQFRQWUDP QD GHPRFUDFLD R UHPpGLR SDUD VHXV UHVSHFWLYRV PDOHV SROtWLFRV
,QTXHVWLRQiYHOFRPRYDORUDGHPRFUDFLDYHPGLUHFLRQDQGRDVDWXDLVSUiWLFDV
WDQWRGDHVTXHUGDTXDQWRGDGLUHLWD2SUREOHPDpTXHHPQtYHORQWROyJLFR
R
LGHDO GHPRFUiWLFR FDUHFH GH XPD XUJHQWH UHIXQGDPHQWDomR 2V
SUHVVXSRVWRV TXH RXWURUD GHUDP IRUoD DR LGHDO GHPRFUiWLFR KRMH FRP D
SURFODPDomR QLHW]VFKLDQD GD ³PRUWH GH 'HXV´ H FRP R FRQVHTHQWH QLLOLVPR
SRU HVWDJHUDGRVHHVYDtUDP,VWRJHUDDQHFHVVLGDGHGHXPDGHVFRQVWUXomR
GR
LGHDO GHPRFUiWLFR GHVFRQVWUXomR HVWD TXH QmR p VLQ{QLPR GH
DQLTXLODPHQWR PDV GH UHFRORFDomR GHVWH LGHDO HP XP VROR RQWROyJLFR
RULJLQiULR e PLVWHU TXH VH DVVXPD HVWD WDUHID &DVR FRQWUiULR R LGHDO
GHPRFUiWLFRVHUiWmRVRPHQWHPDLVXP³IODWXVYRFLV´TXHDRODGRGHRXWURV
FRQWLQXDUiVHUYLQGRGHDOLFHUFHSDUDFRQVWUXomRGHLGHRORJLDV
(P WRGD D KLVWyULD RFLGHQWDO R LGHDO GHPRFUiWLFR Vy YLJRURX RQGH D
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TXH VXUJH R FDPSR KHUPHQrXWLFR HP FXMR VHLR Ki D SRVVLELOLGDGH GH
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1mR IRL SRU DFDVR TXH R
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H[LVWrQFLDGDVOHLVSUHVFULWDVHPIRUPDGHFRQVWLWXLomR$GHPRFUDFLDHQWmR
16
Cf. VAZ, H. L. (VFULWRVGHILORVRILD,, op cit., p. 264.
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3DOHVWUDQWH$OH[DQGUH0DUTXHV&DEUDO
7HPDeWLFDGD/LEHUGDGH
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DSDUHFHX FRPR VREUHWXGR SUREOHPD D[LROyJLFR Mi TXH UHVSRQGLD j TXHVWmR
GR PHOKRU RX GR PDLV SHUIHLWR SDUDGLJPD GH JRYHUQR (VWD H[SHULrQFLD GR
ELRV SROLWLNyV IH] GR HVSDoR SROtWLFR XPD KLHUDUTXLD GH ILQV YLVDQGR
VREUHWXGRQRSHQVDPHQWRDULVWRWpOLFROHYDURFLGDGmRDXPDSUi[LVYLUWXRVD
FRQVHTXHQWHPHQWHDXPDYLGDIHOL]
3DUD RV JUHJRV D VXSHULRULGDGH GH XP PRGHOR GH JRYHUQR Vy p
SHQViYHODSDUWLUGRQH[RHVVHQFLDOHQWUHpWLFDHSROtWLFD+iSDUDHOHVXPD
ILQDOLGDGH pWLFD HP WRGD SUi[LV SROtWLFD (VWD p XPD SRQWH SDUD TXH R
LQGLYtGXR DWUDYpV GH XPD YLGD YLUWXRVD DOFDQFH VXD DXWDUTXLD LVWR p D
SRVVHVVmR GH VHX SUySULR VHU (VWH FULWpULR pWLFR FRQIHULX DRV JUHJRV D
SRVVLELOLGDGH GH DILUPDUHP TXH D GHPRFUDFLD HUD VXSHULRU DR GHVSRWLVPR
YLVWR TXH DWUDYpV GD LVRQRPLD >LJXDOGDGH GD OHL SDUD WRGRV@ GD HXQRPLD
>HTLGDGHGDOHL@HGDLVHJRULD>GLUHLWRjSDODYUD@DDVVHPEOpLDGRVKRPHQV
OLYUHV FRQWDYD FRP D SDUWLFLSDomR GH FDGD FLGDGmR QR DQGDPHQWR GD YLGD
SROtWLFDGRVJUHJRV(VWDSDUWLFLSDomRQRUWHDGDSHODLGpLDpWLFDGHEHPID]LD
GD GHPRFUDFLDXPDIRUPDH[FHOHQWHGHSDUDGLJPDSROtWLFR
&RP R DGYHQWR GD PRGHUQLGDGH FRPR Mi GLWR D LGpLD GH OLEHUGDGH
SDVVD D LGHQWLILFDUVH FRP R OLYUH DUEtWULR (VWD LGHQWLILFDomR FRQVXPRX D
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GD UDFLRQDOLGDGH1RkPELWRSROtWLFRDPRGHUQLGDGHWHQWRXUHVVXVFLWDURLGHDO
GHPRFUiWLFRJUHJRFRPDILQDOLGDGHGHVHGHVDWDUGDVUpGHDVGDPRQDUTXLD
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PRPHQWR KLVWyULFR HP TXH R UHDO p SRVVH GR VXMHLWR 1mR p j WRD TXH
VRPHQWH QD PRGHUQLGDGH R UHDO S{GH VH PDQLIHVWDU FRPR SURSULHGDGH
SULYDGD e TXH HVWD QmR p RXWUD FRLVD TXH R SURGXWR GD DomR GR HX VREUH D
QDWXUH]D TXH OKH LPSULPH XP YDORU RXWURUD LQH[LVWHQWH H D ID] SRVVH GH
DOJXpP /LEHUGDGH H SRVVHVVLYLGDGH SDVVDP D VHU GRLV ODGRV GD PHVPD
PRHGDQDPRGHUQLGDGH
$ GHPRFUDFLD PRGHUQD HQWmR FRP D JrQHVH GRV HVWDGRVQDo}HV VHUi
PDUFDGD SHOD GHVRULHQWDomR D[LROyJLFD Mi TXH SDXODWLQDPHQWH D LGpLD GH
EHP JUHJD TXH HVWDYD RQWRORJLFDPHQWH MXVWLILFDGD IRUD WUDQVSRVWD SDUD R
YROXQWDULVPR GDV VXEMHWLYLGDGHV 3RU LVVR D LGpLD GH YRQWDGH JHUDO GH
5RXVVHDX QDGD PDLV p TXH D WHQWDWLYD GH ID]HU GD VRFLHGDGH XP JUDQGH
VXMHLWR YROXQWDULVWD 2UD FRPR RV LQWHUHVVHV GR VXMHLWR YDULDP D FDGD
LQVWDQWH H FRPR QD PRGHUQLGDGH DV OHLV HVWmR VXEMXJDGDV QmR D XP
IXQGDPHQWR RQWROyJLFR XQLYHUVDO H PHWDKLVWyULFR PDV DRV LQWHUHVVHV
VXEMHWLYLVWDVGRVLQGLYtGXRVRXGHJUXSRVDPRGHUQLGDGHIRLDpSRFDHPTXH
R 2FLGHQWHPDLVYLVOXPEURXUHYROXo}HV &DGDUHYROXomRPRVWUDDLQVXEPLVVmR
GR KRPHP PRGHUQR D TXDOTXHU OHL TXH QmR WHQKD VLGR SRVLWLYDGD SRU HOH
PHVPR 1HQKXP JRYHUQR WHP FRQWLQXLGDGH SRLV FDGD PRGHOR GHYH VHU
DQLTXLODGRSHORHXSDUDTXHHVWHH[HUoDVXDOLEHUGDGH (LVDtDLQVXUUHLomRj
WUDGLomR
(VWDQGR j PHUFr GR HX D GHPRFUDFLD PRGHUQD VH WRUQRX R SDOFR GDV
PDLV QRFLYDV JXHUUDV GH SRGHU DEULQGR HVSDoR SDUD D WRWDO GHVRUJDQL]DomR
GR DQGDPHQWR GDPiTXLQDHVWDWDOHQIUDTXHFHQGRFRPRVHYrKRMH R QH[R
HVSLULWXDO GR SRYR $OpP GLVVR D GHPRFUDFLD PRGHUQD SRU VXSRU TXH D
OLEHUGDGHp R H[HUFtFLR YROXQWDULVWD GR VXMHLWR TXH p VHPSUH YLVWR FRPR XP
iWRPR
DXWRVXILFLHQWH OHJLWLPRX R YLJRUDPHQWR GR FDSLWDOLVPR FRPR
HVWUXWXUDGRUGDHFRQRPLD6HUFDSLWDOLVWDpVHUGHPRFUiWLFR3RLVSURGX]LUR
3URJUDPD(GXFDFLRQDOSDUDD3URPRomRGDeWLFDSDOHVWUD
3DOHVWUDQWH$OH[DQGUH0DUTXHV&DEUDO
7HPDeWLFDGD/LEHUGDGH
'DWDGHVHWHPEURGH
TXHVHTXHUHFRPRVHTXHUpVLQWRPDGDOLEHUGDGHGRHXOLEHUGDGHHVWD Mi
SUHVVXSRVWD QD GHPRFUDFLD PRGHUQD &RQFOXVmR p D SUySULD GHPRFUDFLD
PRGHUQDTXHFULDVHXPRQVWURGHYRUDGRU(LVDUD]mRSRUTXHDGHPRFUDFLD
KRMH VRIUH GH XPD SURIXQGD FULVH HP WRGD VXD DPSOLWXGH e TXH VRE DV
UpGHDV GR FDSLWDOLVPR R LGHDO GHPRFUiWLFR p Vy PDLV XPD H[SUHVVmR
PDQLSXOiYHOSHODERFDGHHPSUHViULRVHGHSXEOLFLWiULRV
2
SUREOHPD p TXH DWp KRMH R LGHDO GHPRFUiWLFR FDUHFH GH
IXQGDPHQWDomRRQWROyJLFD6HRVJUHJRVFRQVHJXLUDPFRPVXDLGpLDGHEHP
XPD SUiWLFD GHPRFUiWLFD PDLV VyOLGD H FRQWtQXD TXH D PRGHUQD IDWR p TXH
VXD IXQGDPHQWDomRRQWROyJLFDIRLWDQWRWRWDOLWDULVWDTXDQWRLGHROyJLFDMiTXH
VRPHQWHGDSRSXODomRHUDPFRQFHELGRVFRPRFLGDGmRVSRLVPXOKHUHV
FULDQoDV HVFUDYRV H HVWUDQJHLURV QmR WLQKDP GLUHLWR j SDUWLFLSDomR
GHPRFUiWLFD3RURXWURODGRDPRGHUQLGDGHSRUUHGX]LURUHDODRHXIH]GD
GHPRFUDFLD XP VLQWRPD GR VHX QLLOLVPR FRQVWLWXWLYR FKHJDQGR DR SRQWR GH
OHJLWLPDU D SUiWLFD FDSLWDOLVWD QRV VHXV iWULRV &RPR HQWmR IXQGDPHQWDU D
GHPRFUDFLD"
2 LGHDO GHPRFUiWLFR Vy ORJUDUi VXFHVVR FRP R UHSHQVDPHQWR GR
KRPHP (VWHQmRSRGHVHUFRQFHELGRFRPRVHQGRXPiWRPRDXWRVXILFLHQWH
FRPR RVXMHLWRPRGHUQRWDPSRXFRSRGHHVWDUjPHUFrDXPDLGpLDGH EHP
IRUPDOXQLYHUVDOHGHVFDUDFWHUL]DGRUDGDVLQJXODULGDGHGHFDGDXP&RPRMi
GLWR RULJLQDULDPHQWH VHU KRPHP p VHU XP IHL[H GH GHSHQGrQFLDV HP
GLQkPLFD KLVWyULFRWHPSRUDO GH UHDOL]DomR (OH p XP FRPSOH[R GH UHODo}HV
HP GHYLU2UDLVWROHYDDGL]HUTXHWDQWRRGHYLUTXDQWRDVGHSHQGrQFLDVVmR
RV HOHPHQWRV DEVROXWRV HP TXH VH PRYH D H[LVWrQFLD 6H SHQVDUPRV QD
PHWiIRUDGRRUJDQLVPRSRGHVHFRQFHEHURKRPHPFRPRXPDFpOXODVHPSUH
DUWLFXODGD FRP DV GHPDLV H HP GHVHQYROYLPHQWR GH DWLYLGDGH $
UHVSRQVDELOLGDGH SRU VL H SHOD WRWDOLGDGH GD TXDO ID] SDUWH p R XQLYHUVDO
FRQFUHWR KXPDQR RX VHMD p R HOHPHQWR XQLYHUVDO TXH VH HQFDUQD QD
FRQFUHWXGH VLWXDFLRQDO GH FDGD KRPHP 2 H[HUFtFLR GH PDQXWHQomR GD
17
Essa problemática da relação do homem moderno com o passado histórico está perfeitamente descrita
3URJUDPD(GXFDFLRQDOSDUDD3URPRomRGDeWLFDSDOHVWUD
3DOHVWUDQWH$OH[DQGUH0DUTXHV&DEUDO
7HPDeWLFDGD/LEHUGDGH
'DWDGHVHWHPEURGH
XQLGDGH GLIHUHQFLDGD GHVVH FRPSOH[R UHODFLRQDO p R GHYHU TXH FDEH D FDGD
XP
2
LGHDO GHPRFUiWLFR GHYH VHU FRQFHELGR FRPR R PRGR GH
JRYHUQDELOLGDGH TXH IDYRUHFH D FDGD KXPDQR FRQTXLVWDU R VHX VHU
UHVSRQVDELOL]DQGRVH FRQFRPLWDQWHPHQWH SHORV GHPDLV HQWHV GR UHDO ,VWR
VLJQLILFD R LGHDO GHPRFUiWLFR p D IRUPD GH JRYHUQR VXEVHUYLHQWH j XQLGDGH
DQWURSRFyVPLFD 6RPHQWH TXDQGR FDGD LQGLYtGXR KXPDQR DVVXPH
UHVSRQVDYHOPHQWH D TXLQKmR TXH OKH FDEH QD PDQXWHQomR GHVWD XQLGDGH
GLIHUHQFLDGDTXHSHUID]DWRWDOLGDGHGHTXHHOHID]SDUWHHQmRSHUGHVHDVL
PHVPR RLGHDO GHPRFUiWLFRID]VH SUHVHQWH ,VWR JDUDQWH D FRQWLQXLGDGH GD
JRYHUQDELOLGDGHHOKHDEUHRHVSDoRQHFHVViULRSDUDDVPXGDQoDV(VWDVQmR
DSDUHFHP FRPR IUXWR GR YROXQWDULVPR GR HX PDV GRV GHVHTXLOtEULRV
SUHVHQWHVHPVHWRUHVGDWRWDOLGDGHRUJkQLFDHPTXHVHPRYHRKRPHP
' &RQFOXVmRDFRSHUWHQoDGHpWLFDUHVSRQVDELOLGDGHHGHPRFUDFLD
eWLFD UHVSRQVDELOLGDGH H GHPRFUDFLD p R WHPD GD QRVVD GLVFXVVmR
9LVWR GH ORQJH R WHPD DUWLFXOD WUrV SDUWHV RX VHWRUHV TXH SDUD VH XQLUHP
GHYHP VHUMXVWDSRVWRV$YtUJXODHR(DSDUHFHPFRPR SDUWtFXODV VRPDWLYDV
RX DJOXWLQDGRUDV TXH IRUPD R QH[R TXH GH IRUD IXQGH WDLV UHJL}HV 0DV p
MXVWDPHQWHLVWRTXHWHQWDPRVQHJDUDRORQJRGHVWDH[SRVLomRSRUPDLV TXH
DLQGD QmR HVWHMD FODUR 7DQWR D YtUJXOD TXDQWR R ( IDODP GH FRSHUWHQoD
RQWROyJLFD RX GH XQLGDGH FRQVWLWXWLYD ,VWR QmR H[FOXL GLIHUHQFLDo}HV
3RUWDQWRpDIDODGHXPDXQLGDGHGLIHUHQFLDGDRXpDIDODGHLGHQWLGDGHVQD
GLIHUHQoD&RPRHQWmRSHQVDUHVWDLPEULFDomR"
9LPRV TXH RULJLQDULDPHQWH D pWLFD p XP PRGR GH VHU GH FDGD HQWH
KXPDQR e XP PRGR GH VHU TXH R ID] VLPXOWDQHDPHQWH DOWHUDUVH RX
GLIHUHQFLDUVH SRU FDXVD GD VXD KLVWRULFLGDGHWHPSRUDOLGDGH H D FDGD YH]
UHVSRQVDELOL]DUVHSHORIHL[HGHUHODo}HVFRPDWRWDOLGDGHGRVHQWHVHPPHLR
por VAZ, H. L. Ibidem, p. 250-256.
3URJUDPD(GXFDFLRQDOSDUDD3URPRomRGDeWLFDSDOHVWUD
3DOHVWUDQWH$OH[DQGUH0DUTXHV&DEUDO
7HPDeWLFDGD/LEHUGDGH
'DWDGHVHWHPEURGH
D TXDO HOHVHPSUH HVWi LQVHULGR 7XGR PXGD WRGRV PXGDP H FDGD KXPDQR
WDPEpPPXGD6yQmRPXGDRIDWRGHOHHVWDUDFDGDVLWXDomRUHPHWLGRH
UHVSRQViYHOSHODLQWHJULGDGHHGLJQLGDGHGHFDGDHQWH
2UD FRPR YLPRV R H[HUFtFLR GH DVVXPLU WHPSRUDOPHQWH DV
GHSHQGrQFLDV p D SUySULD OLEHUGDGH KXPDQD (VWD QDGD WHP D YHU FRP D
QHIDVWD LGpLD PRGHUQD GR H[HUFtFLR YROXQWDULVWD GR HX Mi TXH SRU HX R
2FLGHQWHPRGHUQRHQWHQGHDFRQVFLrQFLDVROLSVLVWDGRKRPHPIRQWHGHWRGR
VHU RXVHQWLGRGRUHDO3ULPDULDPHQWHRKRPHPQXQFDpXPDFiSVXODDFLPD
GR UHDOSRUpPHOHYLJHDIHWDGRjPHUFrYXOQHUiYHOjWRWDOLGDGHGRV HQWHV
FRP RV TXDLV QD H[LVWrQFLD HOH VH GHSDUD e Dt TXH HOH YHP D VHU TXHP GH
IDWR HOH p 3RU VHU DWLYLGDGH RX GLQkPLFD WHPSRUDO GH UHDOL]DomR R KRPHP
QmR WHPDOLEHUGDGHFRPRWHPDVXDGLVSRVLomRRXDUWHIDWRV$OLEHUGDGHQmR
p VXD SRVVH 0DV p FRQTXLVWD GiVH VRPHQWH HP VHX H[HUFtFLR GH VHU (OD
FRQVLVWHQDFRQTXLVWDGHXPDH[LVWrQFLDTXHQmRVHSHUFDDRUHVSRQVDELOL]DU
VH SRU VXDV GHSHQGrQFLDV 2UD QmR p LVWR FRPR GLWR pWLFD QR VHQWLGR
RULJLQDO" 2EYLDPHQWH 3RU LVVR Ki XPD FRSHUWHQoD RQWROyJLFD HQWUH
UHVSRQVDELOLGDGHHpWLFDMiTXHDSULPHLUDpMXVWDPHQWHRPRGRGHUHDOL]DomR
GD FRQTXLVWDKXPDQDGDOLEHUGDGH
3RU VXD YH] D GHPRFUDFLD DSUHVHQWRXVH FRPR IRUPD GH JRYHUQR
VXEVHUYLHQWH j UHDOL]DomR GR SUySULR H[LVWLU KXPDQR 2 SRGHU GR JRYHUQR
GHPRFUiWLFR QmR FRQVLVWH WmRVRPHQWH QR FHUFHDPHQWR H EDOL]DPHQWR GH
DOJXPDVDo}HVKXPDQDV1DGDGLVVR&RQFHErORDVVLPpDQLTXLODUVXDUHDO
GLJQLGDGH 2 SRGHU GHPRFUiWLFR FRQVLVWH QD FDSDFLGDGH GH IDYRUHFHU D
SRWHQFLDOL]DomRKXPDQDQRTXHVHUHIHUHDRSDUWHMDPHQWRGHXPDH[LVWrQFLD
UHVSRQViYHO SHOD WRWDOLGDGH GRV HQWHV H TXH WRUQHVH FRQFRPLWDQWHPHQWH
OLYUH (VWD p D UD]mR RQWROyJLFD TXH REULJD R (VWDGR GHPRFUiWLFR D VHPSUH
VRPDU HVIRUoRV SDUD D VXSHUDomR GDV GHVLJXDOGDGHV VRFLDLV 2UD VH D
GHPRFUDFLDpXPDIRUPDGHJRYHUQRVXEVHUYLHQWHDRKRPHPHODQXQFDSRGH
VH GHWHUPLQDU GH IRUPD DEVROXWD LPXWiYHO 3HOR FRQWUiULR R JRYHUQR
GHPRFUiWLFRGHYHWHUDPHVPDOHYH]DSUHVHQWHQDH[LVWrQFLDKXPDQDTXHD
3URJUDPD(GXFDFLRQDOSDUDD3URPRomRGDeWLFDSDOHVWUD
3DOHVWUDQWH$OH[DQGUH0DUTXHV&DEUDO
7HPDeWLFDGD/LEHUGDGH
'DWDGHVHWHPEURGH
FDGDPRPHQWRPXGDSDUDDFKDUDIRUPDDGHTXDGDSDUDPHOKRUUHVSRQGHUjV
VXDV GHSHQGrQFLDV
9rVHHQWmRTXHDGHPRFUDFLDpMXVWDPHQWHDH[WHQVmRGDpWLFDHGD
UHVSRQVDELOLGDGHSDUDRkPELWRGDJHUrQFLDGDSUySULDWRWDOLGDGHRUJkQLFDGD
TXDO RKRPHPID]SDUWH1HVWHVHQWLGRUHDELOLWDPRVGHIRUPDGLIHUHQFLDGDD
YHOKD XQLGDGH JUHFRPHGLHYDO HQWUH pWLFD H SROtWLFD 8PD VH QXWUH GD RXWUD
QXPD FLUFXODULGDGHVHPILP
(P XP PRPHQWR HP TXH WRGRV ILQJHP WXGR VDEHU VREUH GHPRFUDFLD
TXDQGR D H[SUHVVmR ³GHPRFUDWL]DomR QDFLRQDO´ IDFLOPHQWH p SURIHULGD SRU
WRGDHTXDOTXHUDXWRULGDGHHFLQLFDPHQWHDFXOWXUDSUHVHUYDHPVHXERMRR
SDGUmR HFRQ{PLFR FDSLWDOLVWD JHUDQGR PLOK}HV GH SREUHV H PLVHUiYHLV QR
PXQGR LQWHLUR SRUWDQWR FODUDPHQWH FRQWUDGL]HQGR R LGHDO GHPRFUiWLFR
TXDQGR QLVWR SHQVDPRV H DSyV HVWH EUHYH HQVDLR YLVOXPEUDPRV DV UDt]HV
RQWROyJLFDVGDGHPRFUDFLDVXUJHQRVXPSURIXQGRDVFRHPUHODomRjJUDQGH
KLSRFULVLD TXH SRU VpFXORV R 2FLGHQWH VXVWHQWD 0DV VHPSUH QRV UHVWDUi D
SRVVLELOLGDGHGRHQJDMDPHQWRUHVSRQViYHOSHODFRQTXLVWDGHQRVVDOLEHUGDGH
HQJDMDPHQWR HVWH TXH QHFHVVDULDPHQWH QRV LPSHOH j WUDQVILJXUDomR GR
VWDWXV TXRFXOWXUDOHQRVID]SODQWDUDVVHPHQWHVGHXPQRYRWHPSR±WHPSR
HP TXHDGHPRFUDFLDQmRpVLQ{QLPRGHGHPDJRJLD
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3URJUDPD(GXFDFLRQDOSDUDD3URPRomRGDeWLFDSDOHVWUD
3DOHVWUDQWH$OH[DQGUH0DUTXHV&DEUDO
7HPDeWLFDGD/LEHUGDGH
'DWDGHVHWHPEURGH
%,%/,2*5$),$
%251+(,1*HUG0HWDItVLFDH)LQLWXGH 6mR3DXOR3HUVSHFWLYD
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BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB &DUWD VREUH R KXPDQLVPR
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5LR GH -DQHLUR 7HPSR
.$17,PPDQXHO&UtWLFDGDUD]mRSUiWLFD 6mR3DXOR0DUWLQV)RQWHV
/(9,1$6(PPDQXHO+XPDQLVPRGRRXWURKRPHP 3HWUySROLV9R]HV
1,(7=6&+( )ULHGULFK $ *DLD &LrQFLD 6mR 3DXOR &RPSDQKLD GDV /HWUDV
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9$=+/(VFULWRVGH)LORVRILD,,eWLFDH&XOWXUD 6mR3DXOR/R\ROD
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