PAULO TUNHAS
ALEXANDRA ABRANCHES
AS QUESTÕES
QUE SE REPETEM
UMA BREVE HISTÓRIA
DA F I L O S O F I A
7
ÍNDICE
Introdução
9
I.
$)LORVRÀD$QWLJDPaulo Tunhas
11
II
$)LORVRÀD0HGLHYDOAlexandra Abranches
75
III
$)LORVRÀDGR5HQDVFLPHQWRPaulo Tunhas
121
IV
$)LORVRÀD0RGHUQDPaulo Tunhas
139
V.
O Século XIX, Paulo Tunhas
237
VI.
De 1900 aos nossos dias, Paulo Tunhas
289
8
AS QUESTÕES QUE SE REPETEM
A FILOSOFIA ANTIGA
11
I. A FILOSOFIA ANTIGA
$ÀORVRÀDFRPHoDFRPRVJUHJRVeXPDWULYLDOLGDGHGL]rOR
PDVpXPDWULYLDOLGDGHYHUGDGHLUDeFHUWRTXHRVSULQFtSLRVGDÀORVRÀDJUHJDSURORQJDPDVDEHGRULDRULHQWDOEDELOyQLFDRXHJtSFLD QRPHDGDPHQWH QR TXH GL] UHVSHLWR jV WHRULDV GD FULDomR GR
FRVPRVDVFRVPRJRQLDVHjLGHLDGHXPFDRVSULPRUGLDODSDUWLU
GRTXDOWXGRVHRUJDQL]DRFDRVWUDQVIRUPDVHHPFRVPRV0DV
pFRPRVJUHJRVTXHVHDFUHVFHQWDjLQWHUURJDomRVREUHDRULJHP
GRFRVPRVDTXHOHTXHpRJHVWRLQDXJXUDOGDÀORVRÀDXPD
UHÁH[mRVREUHRSUySULRDFWRGHSHQVDUHVREUHDRULJHPGR
2TXHpSHQVDU"
SHQVDPHQWRQRHVSDQWRRXPDUDYLOKDPHQWRFRPDSUySULD
H[LVWrQFLDGHXPPXQGRRUGHQDGRGHXPFRVPRV8PDUHÁH[mRTXHVHGHVGREUDQXPLQTXpULWRVREUHDQDWXUH]DGDQRVVD
YLGDPRUDOHSROtWLFDHVREUHDHVVrQFLDGDEHOH]D(VWHVWUrVWHPDV
²QDWXUH]DPRUDOHEHOH]D²PDQWHUVHmRRVWUrVREMHFWRVSULQFLSDLVGDÀORVRÀDDRORQJRGDVXDKLVWyULDDRSRQWRGHTXDVHVHSRGHUGL]HUTXHDÀORVRÀDFRQVLVWHQDVYiULDVIRUPDVGHRVSHQVDUH
GHRVOLJDUHQWUHVL
$UHÁH[mRSDUWHGRPLWR$ULVWyWHOHVGL]LDTXHDTXHOHTXHDPD
RVPLWRVpMiÀOyVRIRSRLVTXHXPPLWRVHFRPS}HGHPDUDYLOKDV
VXVFLWDRHVSDQWR(QHVVHVHQWLGRDTeogoniaGH+HVtRGRSRUH[HPSORFRQWpPMiHOHPHQWRVÀORVyÀFRVFRPRRVFRQWrPRVWH[WRV
yUÀFRV2HVTXHPDJHUDOGHVWDVGRXWULQDVPDLVDQWLJDVREHGHFHD
XPSDGUmRFRPXP28QLYHUVRRUJDQL]DGRWHYHRULJHPQR&DRV
12
Teses
AS QUESTÕES QUE SE REPETEM
QR$ELVPRQD1RLWHHpDWUDYpVGHXPSULQFtSLRGHGLIHUHQFLDomR
TXHYmRVXUJLQGRWRGDVDVIRUPDVTXHFRQKHFHPRVGRPXQGR$R
PHVPRWHPSRVXUJHPQHVWHFRQWH[WRFRQFHLWRVFRPRRVGHQHFHVVLGDGHHGHMXVWLoDTXHSURJUHVVLYDPHQWHYmRDGTXLULQGRVLJQLÀFDo}HVLQGHSHQGHQWHVGDTXHODVTXHSRVVXHPQDVFRVPRJRQLDV(P
+RPHURHGHSRLVQRVSRHWDVWUiJLFRVeVTXLOR6yIRFOHVH(XUtSLGHVHQFRQWUDPRVMiFRORFDGDDTXHVWmRGDUHVSRQVDELOLGDGHKXPDQDQDVXDUHODomRFRPDYRQWDGHGLYLQDHDSDUHFHPRVWHPDV
éticos da moderação e do excesso, bem como o da imortalidade da
DOPD7RGDVHVWDVTXHVW}HVVmRDLQGDWUDWDGDVGHXPSRQWRGHYLVWD
VLPXOWDQHDPHQWHFRVPROyJLFRHDQWURSROyJLFRTXHUGL]HUVHPD
DXWRQRPLDHVSHFtÀFDTXHSRVVXHPKRMHPDVRTXHLPSRUWDpTXH
VmRHIHFWLYDPHQWHFRORFDGDV'HUHVWRPHVPRKRMHYHQGREHPDV
FRLVDVDVLWXDomRQmRpDVVLPWmRGLIHUHQWH
$ ÀORVRÀD SURSULDPHQWH GLWD FRPHoD QR HQWDQWR TXDQGR D
SDUWLUGRPDJPDPtWLFRVHYmRGHVSUHQGHQGRXPFHUWRQ~PHUR
GHFRQFHLWRVTXHGRVJUHJRVDWpQyVFRQVWLWXHPRQ~FOHRIXQGDPHQWDOGDVVXDVSUHRFXSDo}HVFRQFHLWRVFRPRRVGHVXEVWkQFLD
FDXVDHLQWHOLJrQFLD(QFRQWUDPRODVWRGDVQRVÀOyVRIRVFKDPDGRVSUpVRFUiWLFRVLVWRpQDVYiULDVHVFRODVGHSHQVDPHQWRTXH
ÁRUHVFHUDPHPGLYHUVDVSDUWHVGD*UpFLDDQWHVGH6yFUDWHVHRVHX
GLVFtSXOR3ODWmRWHUHPGDGRXPDLPDJHPGRTXHpHVVHQFLDOjLQWHUURJDomRÀORVyÀFDTXHPDLVVHDSUR[LPDGDQRVVD
2VSULPHLURVGHVWHVÀOyVRIRVKDELWDYDPD-yQLDXPDSURYtQFLD
JUHJDQDÉVLD0HQRU(RSULPHLURGHVWHVSULPHLURVÀOyVRIRVIRL7DOHV
FD&²FD&GDFLGDGHGH0LOHWR$ÀORVRÀDSURFHGH
DPDLRUSDUWHGDVYH]HVSRUWHVHVSRUDÀUPDo}HVGHH[LVWrQFLD
1RFDVRGRVÀOyVRIRVSUpVRFUiWLFRVWDLVWHVHVQRSURORQJDPHQWRGDVFRVPRJRQLDVPDLVDQWLJDVWrPPXLWDVYH]HVDYHU
FRPRHOHPHQWRSULPRUGLDOGRFRVPRVDTXHOHQRTXDOWRGRVRV
RXWURVWrPDVXDRULJHP1RFDVRGH7DOHVWUDWDVHGDiJXD$iJXD
pRSULQFtSLRGDVFRLVDVRHOHPHQWRQRTXDOWXGRRUHVWRWHPDVXD
JpQHVHHDWHUUDQHODUHSRXVD
A FILOSOFIA ANTIGA
13
(P$QD[LPDQGURFD&²FD&GLVFtSXORGH7DOHV
RSULQFtSLRHHOHPHQWRSULPRUGLDOGRVVHUHVDTXLORTXHKiGHPDLV
DUFDLFRpRLQÀQLWRRXLQGHWHUPLQDGRFRPRVHTXHLUDWUDGX]LUD
SDODYUDJUHJDapeiron2LQÀQLWRpXPDVXEVWkQFLDLPRUWDOHLQGHVWUXWtYHO $ SDUWLU GR LQÀQLWR QDVFHP RV FRQWUiULRV TXHQWH H
IULRK~PLGRHVHFRHWFTXHFRQVWLWXHPRPXQGR'HIDFWR
QDVFHPPHVPRYiULRVPXQGRVPXQGRVHPQ~PHURLQÀQLWR
$RSRVLomRGRVFRQWUiULRVUHSUHVHQWDXPHOHPHQWRHVVHQFLDO
GRSHQVDPHQWRJUHJRHDEHPGL]HUGHWRGRRSHQVDPHQWR
GHVGH R SHQVDPHQWR VHOYDJHP FRPR R PRVWURX R DQWURSyORJR
&ODXGH/pYL6WUDXVVDWpDRSHQVDPHQWRFLHQWtÀFRPDLVUHÀQDGR
1mRSRGHPRVFRPHIHLWRSHQVDUVHPRSRUDRSRVLomRpDEDVH
GHWRGRRSHQVDPHQWR(P$QD[LPDQGURDJpQHVHGRVFRQWUiULRV
DSDUWLUGDVXEVWkQFLDGRapeironLQGLFDDSUySULDSHUHFLELOLGDGHGH
WXGRTXHQmRVHMDRSUySULRapeironSRLVRVFRQWUiULRVGHVWURHPVHIRUoRVDPHQWHVHPSUHXQVDRVRXWURV8PIUDJPHQWRFpOHEUHGH
$QD[LPDQGURHQyVVyFRQKHFHPRVRVHVFULWRVGRVSUpVRFUiWLFRV
DSDUWLUGHDOJXQVIUDJPHQWRVTXHQRVIRUDPFRQVHUYDGRVDRORQJRGRVWHPSRVRTXHWRUQDTXDOTXHULQWHUSUHWDomRTXHIDoDPRVGR
VHXSHQVDPHQWRVHPSUHPXLWRFRQMHFWXUDOIDODQRVGLVVRRFRQÁLWRGRVFRQWUiULRVSDJDVHQHFHVVDULDPHQWHFRPDPRUWHHKiQLVVR
DOJRFRPRXPDMXVWLoDLPDQHQWHDR8QLYHUVRRPHVPRYDOHSDUD
RVLQÀQLWRVPXQGRV1RQRVVRPXQGRDWHUUDVXVWHQWDGDSRUXP
HTXLOtEULRGHIRUoDVHQFRQWUDVHURGHDGDSRUDUTXHSRUVXD
YH]VHHQFRQWUDFLUFXQGDGRSRUIRJR$WHUUDFRQWpPHPVLD
iJXDHpQDiJXDTXHWRGRVRVDQLPDLVWrPDVXDRULJHP(Qcontramos assim em Anaximandro uma doutrina dos quatro
HOHPHQWRVDUiJXDWHUUDIRJRTXHVRERXWUDVIRUPDVVHHQFRQWUDMiSUHVHQWHQDVFRVPRJRQLDVSULPLWLYDVHTXHDÀORVRÀDSUpVRFUiWLFDHQmRVyH[SORUDUiGHP~OWLSODVPDQHLUDV
2~OWLPRGRVÀOyVRIRVGH0LOHWRp$QD[tPHQHVD&²
D&$WHVHGH$QD[tPHQHVpDGHTXHpRDURSULQFtSLRGH
WRGDVDVFRLVDV$QRVVDDOPDpFRQVWLWXtGDSRUDUHRDUFLUFXQGD
2SRVLo}HV
Elementos
Harmonia
AS QUESTÕES QUE SE REPETEM
R8QLYHUVRLQWHLUR'RDUQDVFHPWRGDVDVFRLVDV(VVDJpQHVHHVVH
QDVFLPHQWRVypSRVVtYHOSRUTXHRDUVHHQFRQWUDHPSHUSpWXRPRYLPHQWRHSURFHGHSRUGLIHUHQFLDomR2VRSHUDGRUHVGHVVDGLIHUHQFLDomRTXHFRQGX]jFULDomRGDVVXEVWkQFLDVVmRDUDUHIDFomRRX
UHOD[DomRHDFRQGHQVDomR5DUHID]HQGRVHRDUWUDQVIRUPDVHHP
IRJRFRQGHQVDQGRVHHPYHQWRGHSRLVHPQXYHPGHSRLVDLQGD
HPiJXDHPWHUUDHHPSHGUD
$ÀORVRÀDGH+HUDFOLWRGHeIHVRFD&²FD&²XPD
FLGDGHWDPEpPORFDOL]DGDQDÉVLD0HQRU²pQXPFHUWRVHQWLGR
PDLVFRPSOH[DGRTXHDVDQWHULRUHV$WpSHODSUySULDLGHLDGHÁX[RXQLYHUVDOTXHDDWUDYHVVDGHXPDSRQWDDRXWUD&RPHIHLWRRV
IUDJPHQWRVGH+HUDFOLWRDÀUPDPFRQVWDQWHPHQWHDWUDQVLWRULHGDGH
HDLPSRQGHUDELOLGDGHWDQWRGDVFRLVDVGRPXQGRTXDQWRGRVXMHLWRTXHDVFRQKHFHXPDLGHLDTXHYROWDUHPRVDHQFRQWUDUPXLWRPDLVWDUGHHVREXPDIRUPDGLIHUHQWHHP0RQWDLJQH©1XQFD
QRVEDQKDPRVGXDVYH]HVQRPHVPRULRªXPGRVIUDJPHQWRVPDLV
FpOHEUHVGH+HUDFOLWRVLJQLÀFDSUHFLVDPHQWHLVVRQDGDSHUPDQHFH
HVWiYHOGHXPPRPHQWRSDUDRRXWURWXGRRTXHDSDUHFHORJRGHVDSDUHFHSDUDUHYHVWLURXWUDIRUPD(DRPHVPRWHPSRVRPRVHQmR
VRPRV7XGRHVWiQXPSHUSpWXRGHYLUWXGRpXPSHUSpWXRGHYLU
(VWDÀORVRÀDGDPRELOLGDGHXQLYHUVDOWHPQRHQWDQWRXPDFRQWUDSDUWLGD(HVVDFRQWUDSDUWLGDpTXHDDSDUHQWHPHQWHLUUHGXWtYHO
GLYHUVLGDGHGHWXGRGHYHÀQDOPHQWHVHUSHQVDGDVREDIRUPDGH
XPDXQLGDGHGRVFRQWUiULRV+iXPDLQWHOLJrQFLDTXHWXGRJRYHUQD
HTXHWXGRSHQHWUDHTXHpXQD$VDEHGRULDFRQVLVWHHPVHJXLUWDO
LQWHOLJrQFLD(FRPRRID]HU"&RQFLOLDQGRDVDQWtWHVHV2SHQVDPHQWRGDVRSRVLo}HVHQFDPLQKDVHHP+HUDFOLWRGHIDFWRSDUDXPDGLDOpFWLFDTXHGHVWDYH]DQWHFLSDSHORPHQRV
IRUPDOPHQWH+HJHO2XQRHWHUQRpRIRJRUHHQFRQWUDPRVPDLVXPDYH]DTXLDGRXWULQDGRVHOHPHQWRVIRJRHWHUQDPHQWHYLYRTXHFRPMXVWDPHGLGDWXGRFRQVRPHeQRIRJR
TXHDKDUPRQLDGRVFRQWUiULRVVHGiDYHUDKDUPRQLDTXHUHVXOWD
GDOXWDHGDJXHUUDHWHUQDGRFRQWUDVWHGDGHVDUPRQLDDSDUHQWH
A FILOSOFIA ANTIGA
15
$JXHUUDpDPmHGHWRGDVDVFRLVDV$KDUPRQLDRFXOWDGL]QRV
XPRXWURIUDJPHQWRFpOHEUHpPHOKRUGRTXHDDSDUHQWHpXPD
KDUPRQLDTXHVHUHDOL]DSRUWHQV}HVRSRVWDVFRPRDVGRDUFRH
GDOLUD$VVLPR'HXVRXQRpGLDQRLWHLQYHUQRYHUmRJXHUUDSD]VDFLHGDGHIRPHYLGDPRUWH2VFRQWUiULRVVmRGHVWHPRGR
SHUPXWiYHLVHLGrQWLFRV2FDPLQKRSDUDFLPDpRPHVPRTXHR
FDPLQKRSDUDEDL[R
$JLUGHDFRUGRFRPDQDWXUH]DHFRPSUHHQGrODSDVVDSHORH[HUFtFLRGRDXWRFRQKHFLPHQWRHSHORVHJXLPHQWRGDUD]mRXQLYHUVDO
HWHUQDHLPDQHQWHDWXGReHVVDUD]mRRlogosTXHIDODSHODERFD
GH+HUDFOLWRFRPRVHHOHQmRIRVVHDSHQDVXPLQGLYtGXRHQWUHRXWURV PDV R SRUWDYR] GR XQR HWHUQR 1DWXUDOPHQWHTXHSRXFRV
FRQVHJXLUmRVHJXLUOKHRVFRQVHOKRV²RSHQVDPHQWRGH+HUDFOLWR
pDULVWRFUiWLFRGRSULQFtSLRDRÀPTXHUGL]HUGHVWLQDVHDSHQDVD
XQVSRXFRV²HTXHDPDLRULDYLYHFRPRVHGRUPLVVHLQFDSD]GH
XPDFRPSUHHQVmRUHDOGDVFRLVDV
(QFRQWUDPRVXPDIRUPDGHDULVWRFUDWLVPRGLIHUHQWHQDFKDPDGDHVFRODSLWDJyULFDIXQGDGDSRU3LWiJRUDVGH6DPRVFD&²
FD&2SLWDJRULVPRGHVHQYROYHVHVREUHWXGRQDVFROyQLDV
JUHJDVGD,WiOLDPHULGLRQDO$VXDLQÁXrQFLDpHQRUPHWDQWRHP
FHUWRVDVSHFWRVGRSODWRQLVPRTXDQWRQDÀORVRÀDGR5HQDVFLPHQWR
HLVVRVREUHWXGRHPIXQomRGDLPSRUWkQFLDPtVWLFDDWULEXtGDjPDWHPiWLFD,PSRUWDVXEOLQKDUTXHPDLVDLQGDGRTXHQRVUHVWDQWHVSUpVRFUiWLFRVRFRQKHFLPHQWRGRSHQVDPHQWRGRSUySULR3LWiJRUDVp
REVFXUR2TXHPHOKRUVHFRQKHFHVmRRVWUDoRVJHUDLVGDVXDHVFROD
(VWH~OWLPRGHWDOKHpLPSRUWDQWH3LWiJRUDVIXQGRXFRPHIHLWRXPD
HVFRODTXHHUDDRPHVPRWHPSRXPDFRPXQLGDGHFRPUHJUDVSUySULDVTXHDEUDQJLDPYiULRVDVSHFWRVGDYLGDHTXHLQFOXtDPDREULJDomRGHVLOrQFLRVREUHRVFRQWH~GRVGDVGRXWULQDVQHODHQVLQDGDV
6DEHPRVQRHQWDQWRTXHWDLVGRXWULQDVTXHHPSDUWHVmRFRPXQV
jWUDGLomRyUÀFDLQFOXtDPDLGHLDGDLPRUWDOLGDGHHGDWUDQVPLJUDomRGDVDOPDVLVWRpGDSDVVDJHPGDVDOPDVGHFRUSRSDUDFRUSRH
QmRDSHQDVGHFRUSRKXPDQRSDUDFRUSRKXPDQRPDVLJXDOPHQWH
AS QUESTÕES QUE SE REPETEM
GRFRUSRKXPDQRSDUDRGHDQLPDLVHGHDOJXQVYHJHWDLV7DOGRXWULQDLPSOLFDYDDDÀUPDomRGHXPSDUHQWHVFRHVVHQFLDOHQWUHWRGDV
DVFRLVDV6HFXQGDULDPHQWHFRQGX]LXDRSUHFHLWRGRYHJHWDULDQLVPR
0DVDSDUWHPDLVIHFXQGDGRHQVLQDPHQWRGH3LWiJRUDVIRLDLPSRUWkQFLDFRQFHGLGDjPDWHPiWLFD2VQ~PHURVUHSUHVHQWDPSDUD
RSLWDJRULVPRDHVVrQFLDDVXEVWkQFLDGDVFRLVDVHQHVVHVHQWLGR
RSLWDJRULVPRDIDVWDVHGDWUDGLomRDQWHULRUGHXPDEXVFDGRHOHPHQWRItVLFRPDLVDUFDLFRTXHHVWDULDQDRULJHPGHWXGR&RPRDV
FRLVDVItVLFDVRXRXWUDVGHULYDPGRVQ~PHURV²HODVVXUJLULDPSRU
LPLWDomRGRVQ~PHURV²pGLItFLOGHFRPSUHHQGHUFRPRMi$ULVWyWHOHVQRWRXPDVWDOGHULYDomRHUDGHIDFWRSDUWHGDGRXWULQDGRV
SLWDJyULFRV8PGHWHUPLQDGRQ~PHURSRUH[HPSORDSDUHFHOKHV
FRPRDHVVrQFLDGDMXVWLoD7RGRVRVQ~PHURVSURYrPGDXQLGDGHLQGLYLVtYHOHGLYLGHPVHHPSDUHVHtPSDUHVRVSULPHLURVVLJQLÀFDQGRRLOLPLWDGRHRVVHJXQGRVROLPLWDGRQDOJXPDVYHUV}HV
DFUHVFHQWDVHXPDPLVWXUDGRSDUHGRtPSDUGRLOLPLWDGRHGROLPLWDGR3RUDTXLRSLWDJRULVPRHQTXDGUDVHQDMiUHIHULGDWHRULD
GDVRSRVLo}HVIXQGDPHQWDOQRSHQVDPHQWRJUHJR$GRXWULQDGDV
RSRVLo}HVFRPSOHWDVHWDOFRPRHP+HUDFOLWRSRUXPDGRXWULQD
GDKDUPRQLDDVSDUWHVGR8QLYHUVRDUWLFXODPVHHPIXQomRGHXPD
KDUPRQLDQXPpULFD$VFRLVDVGLVVHPHOKDQWHVSUHFLVDPHQWUHVLGH
KDUPRQLDGDFRPSRVLomRGHFRLVDVPLVWDV
2FRQFHLWRGHKDUPRQLDpIXQGDPHQWDOQRVSLWDJyULFRVFRPR
VHUiGHSRLVHPWHUPRVGLVWLQWRVHP/HLEQL]HDKDUPRQLDQmR
VHQGRDSHQDVPXVLFDOpRWDPEpPHSRULVVRQmRKiKLVWyULDGD
WHRULDPXVLFDOTXHQmRWHQKDXPFDStWXORVREUHRVSLWDJyULFRV(OHV
FRQFHELDPWRGRR8QLYHUVRDRPRGRPXVLFDO2PRYLPHQWRGRV
DVWURV SRU H[HPSOR JHUD XPD KDUPRQLD VHPHOKDQWH DR GH VRQV
SURGX]LGRVVLQIRQLFDPHQWHeDFpOHEUHKDUPRQLDGDVHVIHUDV(D
DOPDpHODSUySULDFRQFHELGDDSDUWLUGRPRGHORGDKDUPRQLDEHP
como a sociedade.
'LVWLQWDGDÀORVRÀDGH3LWiJRUDVpDGRVFKDPDGRVHOHDWDV$FR
PHoDUSHODGRSHUFXUVRUGRHOHDWLVPR;HQyIDQHVGH&yORIRQF
A FILOSOFIA ANTIGA
17
D&²FD&(QFRQWUDPRVDTXLDRLQYHUVRGRTXHYLPRVSDVVDUVHFRP+HUDFOLWRXPDÀORVRÀDGDLPRELOLGDGH28QLYHUVRSDUD
;HQyIDQHVQmRQDVFHXQHPQXQFDVHGLVVROYHUi3HUPDQHFHVHPSUH
LGrQWLFRDVLPHVPR$IDVWDVHDVVLPGRJURVVRGDVGRXWULQDVTXH
DÀUPDPRFDUiFWHUHVVHQFLDOGDVRSRVLo}HV2XWUDGRXWULQDIXQGDPHQWDOGH;HQyIDQHVpDGDDEVROXWDGLVWLQomRHQWUHRVGHXVHVHRV
KXPDQRVTXHUQRTXHUHVSHLWDDRFRUSRTXHUDRSHQVDPHQWR'HXV
WXGRYrWXGRSHQVDWXGRVHQWHeGHQyVFRPSOHWDPHQWHGLVWLQWRH
SRULVVRFRQFHErORjQRVVDLPDJHP²DQWURSRPRUÀ]iORDWULEXLQGROKHSDL[}HVHFULPHVFRPRRÀ]HUDP+HVtRGRH+RPHUR²pVLQDOGHLPSLHGDGH&RPRHVFUHYHQXPDSDVVDJHPPXLWRFRQKHFLGD
©VHRVERLVRVFDYDORVHRVOH}HVWLYHVVHPPmRVHFRPHODVSXGHVVHP
GHVHQKDUHUHDOL]DUREUDVFRPRRVKRPHQVRVFDYDORVGHVHQKDULDP
ÀJXUDVGHGHXVHVVHPHOKDQWHVDRVFDYDORVHRVERLVDRVERLVHIRUPDULDPRVVHXVFRUSRVjLPLWDomRGRSUySULRª$GLIHUHQoDUDGLFDO
HQWUH'HXVHRVKXPDQRVSURORQJDVHQRSODQRHSLVWHPROyJLFR(QTXDQWRRFRQKHFLPHQWRGH'HXVpSHUIHLWRRFRQKHFLPHQWRKXPDQRpSXUDPHQWHFRQMHFWXUDOLVWRpSHUWHQFHDRGRPtQLRGDRSLQLmR
3RSSHUS{GHSRULVVRUHLYLQGLFDU;HQyIDQHVFRPRXPSUHFXUVRUGD
VXDSUySULDWHRULDGRFRQKHFLPHQWR©2VGHXVHVQmRPRVWUDPDRV
KRPHQVWXGRGHVGHRSULQFtSLRPDVHVWHVSURFXUDPHFRPRWHPSR
HQFRQWUDPRPHOKRUª
&RP3DUPpQLGHVGH(OHLDSULPHLUDPHWDGHGRVpFXORVD&
DSDUHFHDOJRGHUDGLFDOPHQWHQRYRQDÀORVRÀD$RFRQWUiULRGRV
ÀOyVRIRVDQWHULRUHV3DUPpQLGHVQmRpXPSHQVDGRUGRVHOHPHQWRV2VHXSHQVDPHQWRGLULJHVHLPHGLDWDPHQWHSDUDDOJRPDLV
DEVWUDFWR3DUDFRPHoDUKiXPDUHFXVDDEVROXWDGDVHQVDomR
FRPRPHLRSDUDFKHJDUjYHUGDGH$VHQVDomRpXPFDPLQKR
HUUDGRSDUDDLQYHVWLJDomRSRUTXHHQJHQGUDFRQWUDGLo}HVH
FRQIXQGHRTXHH[LVWHFRPRTXHQmRH[LVWHRVHUFRPR
QmRVHU2~QLFRFULWpULRGHFRQKHFLPHQWRÀiYHOpDUD]mR
(DUD]mROHYDQRVDHVFROKHUDYLDGDYHUGDGHTXHDÀUPDTXHR
VHUpHQmRSRGHGHL[DUGHVHU$YLDGDRSLQLmRTXHpDYLDGR
2SLQLmR
Verdade
18
AS QUESTÕES QUE SE REPETEM
HUURGL]QRVSHORFRQWUiULRTXHRVHUQmRpHpQHFHVViULRTXH
QmRVHMD$YLDGDYHUGDGHOHYDQRVDLGHQWLÀFDURVHUFRPRSUySULRSHQVDPHQWRSHQVDUpQHFHVVDULDPHQWHSHQVDURVHURVHUp
QHFHVVDULDPHQWHSHQVDGR6HPG~YLGDTXHRVÀOyVRIRVDQWHULRUHV
GHVHQYROYLDPMiXPDWHRULDGRVHUDTXLORDTXHVHFKDPDXPDRQWRORJLDPDVpGHIDFWRFRP3DUPpQLGHVTXHSHODSULPHLUDYH]D
TXHVWmRRQWROyJLFDVHHQFRQWUDSOHQDPHQWHIRUPXODGDHIRUPXODGDGHXPPRGRHPTXHPHWDItVLFDHOyJLFDVHLQWHUSHQHWUDP'H
3ODWmRD+HLGHJJHUDLQWHUURJDomRSDUPHQtGLFDSHUVLVWLUi
4XDLVVmRRVDWULEXWRVGRVHU"(OHpLQJpQLWRLVWRpQmRpFULDGRpLQGHVWUXWtYHOpFRPSOHWR~QLFRSOHQDPHQWHLJXDODVLPHVPRFRQWtQXRHVIpULFRLQGLYLVtYHOLPyYHOHVHPÀP3HORPHQRV
jVXSHUItFLHDÀORVRÀDGH3DUPpQLGHVpFRPRVHYrDQWLWpWLFDGD
GH+HUDFOLWR&RPHIHLWRVHDÀORVRÀDGH+HUDFOLWRFRQVLVWHHVVHQFLDOPHQWHQDWHVHGRGHYLUDÀORVRÀDGH3DUPpQLGHVUHFXVDD
SUySULDSRVVLELOLGDGHGHSHQVDURGHYLU2GHYLU²RWHPSRDJpQHVHRQDVFLPHQWRDFULDomRDPXGDQoDDWUDQVIRUPDomRDGHVWUXLomRDPRUWH²pLQGL]tYHOHLQH[SULPtYHO(QmRpVyRGHYLUTXH
pLQGL]tYHOHLQH[SULPtYHOSDUD3DUPpQLGHVDVSUySULDVRSRVLo}HV
YrHPVHUHOHJDGDVSDUDRGRPtQLRGDPHUDRSLQLmR
=HQmRGH(OHLDFD&²FD&H0HOLVVRGH6DPRVVpculo VD&IRUDPRVGRLVPDLVFRQKHFLGRVGLVFtSXORVGH3DUPpQLGHV
=HQmRSURVVHJXLXDYLDGH3DUPpQLGHVFRPEDWHQGRDSOXUDOLGDGH
VREUHWXGRGHXPPRGRSROpPLFR$ULVWyWHOHVFRQVLGHUDYDRRIXQGDGRUGDGLDOpFWLFD2PpWRGRGH=HQmRFRQVLVWLDHPPRVWUDUDVFRQVHTXrQFLDVFRQWUDGLWyULDVTXHUHVXOWDPGDDGPLVVmRGDPXOWLSOLFLGDGH
DVFRLVDVWHUmRTXHVHUDRPHVPRWHPSRHPQ~PHURÀQLWRHLQÀQLWRLQÀQLWDPHQWHSHTXHQDVHLQÀQLWDPHQWHJUDQGHVHWF'RPHVPR
PRGRQRo}HVFRPRDGHOXJDURXGHPRYLPHQWRDPEDVLQVHSDUiYHLV
GDDGPLVVmRGDSOXUDOLGDGHHQFRQWUDPVHHQYROYLGDVHPGLÀFXOGDGHVLQVXSHUiYHLV2PDLVFpOHEUHGRVH[HPSORVFRQWUDRPRYLPHQWR
DSUHVHQWDGRSRU=HQmRpRGH$TXLOHVHDWDUWDUXJD1XPDFRUULGD
HPTXHDWDUWDUXJDSDUWHjIUHQWHGH$TXLOHVHVWHQXQFDDFRQVHJXL-
A FILOSOFIA ANTIGA
19
UiDSDQKDU3RUTXHSDUDFKHJDUVHTXHUDROXJDUGHRQGHDWDUWDUXJD
SDUWLX$TXLOHVWHUiSULPHLURTXHFKHJDUDPHWDGHGHVVDGLVWkQFLDH
DQWHVGLVWRWHUiTXHFKHJDUDPHWDGHGHVWDHDVVLPVXFHVVLYDPHQWH
GDGDDLQÀQLWDGLYLVLELOLGDGHGRHVSDoR$YLDGH0HOLVVRSDUHFHQmR
WHUVLGRQHJDWLYDDRPRGRGDGH=HQmRPDVDÀUPDWLYDSURFXUDQGR
reiterar as teses de Parménides, nomeadamente a da imutabilidade e
GDXQLGDGHGRVHUDRPHVPRWHPSRTXHUHMHLWDYDDSHUFHSomRVHQVtYHORYD]LRRPRYLPHQWRHDYDULHGDGH
2VSUREOHPDVSRVWRVSHODDÀUPDomRGHXPDXQLGDGHSULPRUGLDO
OHYDPjRSomRSHODSOXUDOLGDGHRULJLQiULD(QFRQWUDPRVWDORSomR
H[SRVWDGHPRGRVGLIHUHQWHVHP(PSpGRFOHV$QD[iJRUDV/HXFLSR
H'HPyFULWR2FDVRGH(PSpGRFOHVFD&²D&QDVFLGRHP$JULJHQWRQD6LFtOLDpWDOYH]RPDLVHPEOHPiWLFR6HJXQGR(PSpGRFOHVRPXQGRpFRQVWLWXtGRSRUTXDWURHOHPHQWRVDU
iJXDWHUUDHIRJRHHVVHVHOHPHQWRVIXQGHPVHHVHSDUDPVH
FLFOLFDPHQWHVRERHIHLWRGHGXDVIRUoDVRSRVWDVD$PL]DGH
HRÐGLRTXHVmRUHVSHFWLYDPHQWHIRUoDVGHDWUDFomRHUHSXOVmR$GRXWULQDpPXLWRFXULRVDSRLVHVWDEHOHFHXPDGXDOLGDGH
HQWUHHOHPHQWRVHRSHUDo}HVDVIRUoDV$VIRUoDVRSHUDPVREUHRVHOHPHQWRVLPSRQGROKHVDOWHUQDGDPHQWHDVIRUPDVGR8QR
$PL]DGHHGR0~OWLSORÐGLR$UHODomRGR8QRHGR0~OWLSORRFXSDUiDÀORVRÀDDRORQJRGHWRGDDVXDKLVWyULD4XDQGRD
$PL]DGHGRPLQDLQWHJUDOPHQWHWRGRR8QLYHUVRVHWRUQDXPDHVIHUDSHUIHLWDPHQWHKRPRJpQHDGHRQGHWRGDDGLYHUVLGDGHLQWHUQD
VHHQFRQWUDH[FOXtGDXPSRXFRjPDQHLUDGR6HUGH3DUPpQLGHV
0DVTXDQGRpRÐGLRTXHYHQFHHQWmRWXGRVHHQFRQWUDVHSDUDGRGHWXGR2UDHPTXDOTXHUGHVWHVGRLVFDVRVH[WUHPRVQmRKi
OXJDUSDUDRVVHUHVYLYRV2VVHUHVYLYRVVyDSDUHFHPQRVHVWDGRV
LQWHUPpGLRVTXDQGRD$PL]DGHHRÐGLRVHHQFRQWUDPHPSURSRUo}HVUD]RDYHOPHQWHHTXLYDOHQWHV0DLVFXULRVDPHQWHRVVHUHV
YLYRVSDUHFHPFRQVWLWXLUVHXPSRXFRDRDFDVRDWDOSRQWRTXH
QRLQtFLRGDVXDIRUPDomRSRGHUtDPRVWHUYLVWRVHUHVWmRHVWUDQKRV
como bois com cabeças de homens, homens com cabeças de bois, e
Elementos
2SHUDo}HV
20
3HUFHSomR
AS QUESTÕES QUE SE REPETEM
DVVLPSRUGLDQWH0DVSRXFRDSRXFRQHVWHVSHUtRGRVLQWHUPpGLRV
HQWUHRVUHLQRVDEVROXWRVGD$PL]DGHHGRÐGLRDVHVSpFLHVWHUVHLDPFRQVWLWXtGRGHXPDIRUPDÀ[DHHVWiYHO$HVWDELOLGDGHpQR
HQWDQWRUHODWLYDSRLVTXHDJHUDomRHDFRUUXSomRRQDVFLPHQWRH
DPRUWHVHGmRQXPFRQWtQXRWXGRVHHVWiVHPSUHWUDQVIRUPDQGR
HWUDQVIRUPDQGRQRHOHPHQWRGHXPDSOHQLWXGHWRWDOQmRKiSDUD
(PSpGRFOHVYD]LR7XGRLVWRPRVWUDDUHODomRDPEtJXDTXH(PSpGRFOHVPDQWpPFRPXPDÀORVRÀDFRPRDGH3DUPpQLGHV6HSRU
XPODGRRVHXSOXUDOLVPRDGRXWULQDGRVTXDWURHOHPHQWRVVHRS}H
GHFODUDGDPHQWHDRSDUPHQLGLVPRRPRPHQWRGRSULPDGRDEVROXWRGD$PL]DGHDVVHPHOKDVHSURIXQGDPHQWHDR6HUSDUPHQtGLFR
$WHRULDGRFRQKHFLPHQWRSDUWLFXODUPHQWHGDSHUFHSomRGHVHQYROYLGDSRU(PSpGRFOHVpLJXDOPHQWHFXULRVD2QRVVRFRQKHFLPHQWRGDVFRLVDVpLPSHUIHLWRPDVSRGHGHVHQYROYHUVH1mR
pVyRLQWHOHFWRTXHSDUDHOHFRQWULEXLPDVFRQWUDULDPHQWHD
3DUPpQLGHVWRGRVRVVHQWLGRVWDPEpPHHPLJXDOSURSRUomR
WRGRVHOHVQmRPDLVDYLVWDGRTXHRWDFWRSRUH[HPSORHDTXL
(PSpGRFOHVGLVWLQJXHVHGHSUDWLFDPHQWHWRGDDWUDGLomRÀORVyÀFD
TXHSULYLOHJLDDYLVmR$LVWRDFUHVFHQWDVHRIDFWRGHDSHUFHSomR
VHUVHPSUHGRVHPHOKDQWHSHORVHPHOKDQWHRTXHSDVVDDWUDYpVGRV
QRVVRVSRURVpDTXLORTXHQRVpVHPHOKDQWHRGLVVHPHOKDQWHSHUPDQHFHQRVLPSHUFHSWtYHO3UDWLFDPHQWHWRGDDÀORVRÀDJUHJDFRQFHGH
JUDQGHLPSRUWkQFLDDHVWHWHPDHGXDVFRUUHQWHVGLVWLQWDVORJRVH
IRUPDPRXDSHUFHSomRpVHPSUHSHUFHSomRGRVHPHOKDQWHRXGR
GLVVHPHOKDQWH(PSpGRFOHVFRPRVHGLVVHHQTXDGUDVHGHQWURGD
SULPHLUDFRUUHQWH2TXHGHUHVWRFRORFDXPSUREOHPDQRLQWHULRUGR
VHXVLVWHPDSRLVRSULPDGRGRVHPHOKDQWHpHTXLYDOHQWHDRSULPDGR
GD$PL]DGHRXGR8QRGDDEVROXWDLQGLIHUHQFLDomRGRVHOHPHQWRV
QXPWRGR2UDQR8QRQDSHUIHLWDHVIHUDQmRKiOXJDUSDUDRVVHUHVYLYRVDXWyQRPRV&RPRHQWmRSRGHULDKDYHUSHUFHSomR"(QmR
pDSHQDVDSHUFHSomRTXHVHID]XQLFDPHQWHDWUDYpVGDVHPHOKDQoD
eRFRQKHFLPHQWRHPJHUDO(QmRVyRFRQKHFLPHQWR2SUySULR
SUD]HUVyVHGiFRPRVHPHOKDQWHRGLVVHPHOKDQWHSURYRFDDGRU
A FILOSOFIA ANTIGA
21
$ÀORVRÀDGH$QD[iJRUDVFD&²D&RSULPHLURJUDQ
GHÀOyVRIRDYLYHUHP$WHQDVSDUWLFLSDWDPEpPHODGHVWDUHMHLomR
DPEtJXDFRPRVHGLVVHGDXQLGDGHSDUPHQtGLFD$QD[iJRUDVpR
ÀOyVRIRGDFRQWLQXLGDGHSRUH[FHOrQFLD(PSULPHLUROXJDUFRQWLQXLGDGHHQWUHRYLVtYHOHRLQYLVtYHO2VIHQyPHQRVHVFUHYHXVmR
XPYLVOXPEUHGRLQYLVtYHO2TXHVLJQLÀFDTXHHQWUHDTXLORTXH
RVVHQWLGRVQRVID]HPFRQKHFHUHDUHDOLGDGHtQWLPDGDVFRLVDV
QmRKiVHSDUDomRDEVROXWDKiDQWHVXPDSDVVDJHPTXHOLJDRYLVtYHODRLQYLVtYHO2TXHWDPEpPUHYHODTXHHQWUHRLQWHOHFWRDSDODYUD
JUHJDpnousHRVVHQWLGRVQmRKiUXSWXUDDEVROXWDSRUPXLWRTXHR
LQWHOHFWRSRVVXDSDUD$QD[iJRUDVXPDLQGLVFXWtYHOSUHHPLQrQFLDp
HOHTXHPRUJDQL]DR8QLYHUVRHS}HRVVHUHVHPPRYLPHQWRHHVVH
pXPSRQWRGHFLVLYRQDÀORVRÀDGH$QD[iJRUDVRLQWHOHFWRRSHUD
FRPRD$PL]DGHHRÐGLRHP(PSpGRFOHVVREUHDUHDOLGDGHGDVFRLVDVRUJDQL]DDV2LQWHOHFWROHYDRFRQKHFLPHQWRjTXLORGHTXHRV
VHQWLGRVDSHQDVFRQVHJXLDPVXVSHLWDUDHVWUXWXUDLQWHUQDGDVFRLVDV
(PVHJXQGROXJDUFRQWLQXLGDGHHQWUHWRGDVDVFRLVDVGR8QLYHUVR
7XGRHVWiHPWXGR4XHUGL]HUFDGDFRLVDGR8QLYHUVRHVWiHPUHODomRFRPWRGDVDVRXWUDVHVyVHSRGHYHUGDGHLUDPHQWHSHUFHEHU
QHVVDUHODomR1mRKiLJXDOPHQWHGHVFRQWLQXLGDGHUDGLFDOHQWUHD
YLGDHDPRUWH1DGDYHUGDGHLUDPHQWHQDVFHRXSHUHFHKiDSHQDV
PRYLPHQWRVGHXQLmRHVHSDUDomR'HLJXDOPRGRDFRQWLQXLGDGH
PDQLIHVWDVHQDJUDQGH]DHQDSHTXHQH]QmRKiXPJUDXPi[LPR
GHJUDQGH]DQHPXPJUDXPtQLPRGHSHTXHQH]WXGRpLQÀQLWDPHQWHGLYLVtYHO(VWHVDVSHFWRVIXQGDPHQWDLVGRSHQVDPHQWRGH$QD[iJRUDVLUHPRVHQFRQWUiORVGHVHQYROYLGRVPXLWRVVpFXORVPDLVWDUGH
QDÀORVRÀDGH/HLEQL]TXHDVVHQWDLQWHLUDPHQWHQHVWDVVXSRVLo}HV
8PRXWURDVSHFWRLPSRUWDQWHGDÀORVRÀDGH$QD[iJRUDVpDVXD
WHRULDGDSHUFHSomR(ODUHSUHVHQWDDVROXomRLQYHUVDGDGH(PSpGRFOHV&RPHIHLWRSDUD$QD[iJRUDVDSHUFHSomRpVHPSUHGR
GLVVHPHOKDQWH(ODQDVFHGRVFRQWUiULRV6ySHUFHSFLRQDPRVDTXLOR
TXHVHQRVRS}HRVHPHOKDQWHQmRSRGHVHUDIHFWDGRSHORVHPHOKDQWHDSHQDVSHORGLVVHPHOKDQWH
9LVtYHO
,QYLVtYHO
22
ÉWRPRV
Vazio
AS QUESTÕES QUE SE REPETEM
2 SULQFtSLR GH FRQWLQXLGDGH TXH RUJDQL]D WRGD D ÀORVRÀD GH
$QD[iJRUDVHQFRQWUDVHSRVWRHPFDXVDSHORVÀOyVRIRVDWRPLVWDV
/HXFLSRSULPHLUDPHWDGHGRVpFXORVD&H'HPyFULWRFD
&²FD&GH$EGHUD2DWRPLVPRUHSUHVHQWDXPFDVRPXLWRVLQJXODUQDÀORVRÀDJUHJDH[DFWDPHQWHSHODGLVMXQomRDEVROXWDTXHHVWDEHOHFHHQWUHRYLVtYHOHRLQYLVtYHOHQWUHDDSDUrQFLDHD
UHDOLGDGH1mRpGHHVWUDQKDUTXHDÀORVRÀDPHFDQLFLVWDGRVpFXOR
XVIIWHQKDUHDELOLWDGRPXLWRVDVSHFWRVGHVWDGRXWULQDSRLVTXHHOD
WDPEpPVHHUJXHUiVREUHDWHVHGDGHVFRQWLQXLGDGHHQWUHRVVHQWLGRVHDYHUGDGH
6HDUHMHLomRGRXQRSDUPHQtGLFRpHP(PSpGRFOHVRX$QD[iJRUDVPDWL]DGDQRVDWRPLVWDVHODpUDGLFDO$PXOWLSOLFLGDGHpRULJLQiULD
HLUUHGXWtYHO28QLYHUVRpFRQVWLWXtGRSRUiWRPRVHQWLGDGHVLQGLYLVtYHLVHYD]LRSHORVHUHSHORQmRVHUHRVSULPHLURVFRQVWLWXHPXPDLQÀQLGDGHGHVXEVWkQFLDV2ViWRPRVPRYHPVHQR
YD]LRRTXHVLJQLÀFDTXHVmRGHVFRQWtQXRV5HXQLQGRVHGmR
OXJDUjVJHUDo}HVGHVDJUHJDQGRVHjGHVWUXLomR1RDWRPLVPRD
GHVFRQWLQXLGDGHSULPDDEVROXWDPHQWHVREUHDFRQWLQXLGDGH+iVHP
G~YLGDFRQWDFWRHQWUHDVVXEVWkQFLDVRViWRPRVPDVHVVHFRQWDFWR
DSUySULDSHUFHSomRpFRQFHELGDXQLFDPHQWHDWUDYpVGRFRQWDFWRWDO
FRPRRSHQVDPHQWRDPERVVHREWrPSRUFKRTXHVHQWUHiWRPRV
QmRHVWDEHOHFHQHQKXPDFRQWLQXLGDGHQR8QLYHUVR(QFRQWUDPRV
GHIDFWRQRDWRPLVPRRXWUDLGHLDTXHRPHFDQLFLVPRGRVpFXORXVII
UHFXSHUDUiDGDSULPD]LDGRFRQWDFWR2FRQWDFWR²VREUHWXGRVRED
IRUPDGRFKRTXH²UHSUHVHQWDUiDIRUPDPi[LPDGHLQWHOLJLELOLGDGH
QRTXHGL]UHVSHLWRjUHODomRHQWUHRVFRUSRV$DFWLYLGDGHHDSDVVLYLGDGHGHÀQLUVHmRDWUDYpVGRFRQWDFWR2FRUSRTXHQXPFKRTXH
À]HURRXWURPRYHUVHVHUiDFWLYRRPRYLGRSDVVLYR
2ViWRPRVVmRWRGRVLGrQWLFRVHQWUHVLQRTXHUHVSHLWDjVXD
QDWXUH]D0DVSRGHPGLYHUJLUVREWUrVDVSHFWRVDIRUPDDRUGHPHDSRVLomR$ULVWyWHOHVH[SRQGRDGRXWULQDGH'HPyFULWR
GDUiXPDLPDJHPGHVWHVWUrVDVSHFWRVUHFRUUHQGRjVOHWUDVGRDOIDEHWR$VVLP$GLIHUHGH1SHODIRUPD$1GLIHUHGH1$SHOD
A FILOSOFIA ANTIGA
23
RUGHP1GH=SHODSRVLomR(VWDVGLIHUHQoDVVmRUHDLVPDVUHSLWDVHHODVQmRUHSUHVHQWDPSDUDRDWRPLVPRGLIHUHQoDVTXDQWR
jSUySULDQDWXUH]DGRViWRPRV1DVXDHVVrQFLDHOHVVmRWRGRV
LGrQWLFRVXQVDRVRXWURV
8PDRXWUDPDQLIHVWDomRGDLPSRUWkQFLDGDGHVFRQWLQXLGDGHQR
SHQVDPHQWRGH/HXFLSRH'HPyFULWRpDGLVWLQomRHQWUHTXDOLGDGHV
REMHFWLYDVHTXDOLGDGHVVXEMHFWLYDVTXHRVpFXORXVII também retoPDUiFRP/RFNHDWUDYpVGDRSRVLomRHQWUHTXDOLGDGHVSULPiULDVH
TXDOLGDGHVVHFXQGiULDV$GLVWLQomRFRQWpPHPVLDGLVWLQomRHQWUH
YHUGDGHHRSLQLmR2GRFHRDPDUJRRIULRHDFRUGL]HPGLUHFWDPHQWHUHVSHLWRjQRVVDSHUFHSomRVXEMHFWLYDGDVFRLVDVQmRFRQVWLWXHPDVXDUHDOLGDGH6mRRSLQLmRQmRYHUGDGH(PFRQWUDSDUWLGD
RViWRPRVHRYD]LRGHWHUPLQDPHIHFWLYDPHQWHDQDWXUH]DGDTXLOR
TXHH[LVWH('HPyFULWRHQXQFLDDLQGDXPDRXWUDWHVHTXH/RFNH
WDPEpPUHSHWLUiDYHUGDGHLUDQDWXUH]DGDVFRLVDVLVWRpDVVXDV
TXDOLGDGHVSULPiULDVpHP~OWLPDDQiOLVHLQFRJQRVFtYHO0HVPR
TXHRLQWHOHFWRDSRVVDSHQVDUHODHQFRQWUDUVHiVHPSUHWmRGLVWDQWHGRVQRVVRVVHQWLGRVTXHRQRVVRFRQKHFLPHQWRGLÀFLOPHQWH
D FDSWXUDUi &RPR WDPEpP GLÀFLOPHQWH FDSWXUDUi D QHFHVVLGDGH
PHFkQLFDDEVROXWDTXHRUGHQDR8QLYHUVR
1RSyORRSRVWRGDÀORVRÀDGH'HPyFULWRWDQWRQRVWHPDVFRPR
QDPDQHLUDGHSHQVDUHQFRQWUDPRVHVVDLPSRUWDQWHFRUUHQWHLQWHOHFWXDOTXHHQJOREDDXWRUHVPXLWRGLYHUVRVHQWUHVLHTXHDWUDGLomR
DSHOLGRX©VRItVWLFDª(VWDGHVLJQDomRHPERUDFyPRGDpSUREOHPiWLFDDYiULRVWtWXORVVREUHWXGRGRLV(PSULPHLUROXJDUSHODUD]mR
TXHDFDEiPRVGHDSRQWDURVYiULRVDXWRUHVDSUHVHQWDPÀORVRÀDV
GLYHUVDV(PVHJXQGROXJDUSRUTXHGHVGH3ODWmRH$ULVWyWHOHVD
SDODYUD©VRÀVWDªYHPUHYHVWLGDGHXPDFDUJDSHMRUDWLYDHODUHIHUH
QmRDSHQDVDOJXpPTXHRVWHQWDXPSVHXGRVDEHUDSDUHQWDQGRWHU
FRQKHFLPHQWRVVREUHWRGDVDVFRLVDVFRPRSDUD3ODWmRH$ULVWyWHOHVDOJXpPTXHFRPHWHRSpVVLPRSHFDGRGHYHQGHUHVVHSVHXGRVDEHUGHVHUSDJRSHORVHXHQVLQRXPPRGRGHYLGDTXHSRU
DPERVHUDPDOYLVWR0DVPHVPRVHQGRSUREOHPiWLFDQmRIDULD
5HODWLYLVPR
AS QUESTÕES QUE SE REPETEM
VHQWLGRDTXLOXWDUFRQWUDHVWDGHVLJQDomR$WpSRUTXHFRPDVUHVHUYDVTXHVHTXLVHUHODDSHVDUGHWXGRDSRQWDSDUDXPWUDoR
FRPXPTXHDEUDQJHRVYiULRVSHQVDGRUHVGHSURIXQGLGDGH
GLYHUVDTXHSRUHODVHHQFRQWUDPGHÀQLGRVRUHODWLYLVPR
e H[DFWDPHQWH HVVH UHODWLYLVPR TXH HQFRQWUDPRV QXP
GRVPDLVFpOHEUHVVRÀVWDV3URWiJRUDVGH$EGHUDFD&²
D&2KRPHPpDPHGLGDGHWRGDVDVFRLVDVGLVVHHOH$
SURSRVLomRSRGHVHUHQWHQGLGDGHGLYHUVDVPDQHLUDV$LQWHUSUHWDomRTXH3ODWmRGHODIH]QRGLiORJRTeetetopXPDHQWUHYiULDV
SRVVtYHLVFDGDVHUKXPDQRGHÀQLULDDYHUGDGHHPIXQomRGDVVXDV
FRQGLo}HVSDUWLFXODUHVRTXHVHULDYHUGDGHSDUDXPVHULDIDOVLGDGHSDUDRXWUR2UHODWLYLVPRVHULDDTXLGHIDFWRUDGLFDO8PD
RXWUDLQWHUSUHWDomRQRHQWDQWRVXJHUHTXH3URWiJRUDVVHUHIHULULD
DRKRPHPFRPRHVSpFLHHQmRFRPRLQGLYtGXR$WHVHSHUPDQHFHULDVHPG~YLGDUHODWLYLVWDPDVRUHODWLYLVPRVHULDGHWLSRGLIHUHQWHPDLVPLWLJDGR
6HMDFRPRIRURSHQVDPHQWRGH3URWiJRUDVSHORPHQRVDDFUHGLWDUPRVQDRSLQLmRGH3ODWmRHGH$ULVWyWHOHVSDUHFHWHUVHHQFDPLQKDGRSDUDXPDUHMHLomRGRSULQFtSLRGDQmRFRQWUDGLomR$V
FRLVDVSRGHULDPVHUHQmRVHUDRPHVPRWHPSR6REUHFDGDPDWpULD SRGHP VHU SURGX]LGRV GRLV GLVFXUVRV DQWLWpWLFRV HVFUHYHX
3URWiJRUDV(HVVHVGLVFXUVRVVHUmRDPERVVHPSUHSHUIHLWDPHQWH
YiOLGRV$SUiWLFDGRVGLVFXUVRVFRQWUDGLWyULRVpFHUWDPHQWHXP
WUDoRFRPXPDYiULRVVRÀVWDVHDGLVVROXomRGRSULQFtSLRGDQmRFRQWUDGLomRHVWiQDRULJHPGRHORJLRTXH+HJHOQRVpFXOR XIX,
IDUiGDWUDGLomRVRItVWLFD
3ROLWLFDPHQWHRSHQVDPHQWRGH3URWiJRUDVpPXLWRLQWHUHVVDQWHQRPHDGDPHQWHQRTXHGL]UHVSHLWRDXPSRQWRHPTXHGLYHUJH
SURIXQGDPHQWHGH3ODWmR(QTXDQWRSDUDHVWHDSROtWLFDGHYHVHU
H[HUFLGDDSHQDVSRUHVSHFLDOLVWDVRVÀOyVRIRVUHLVFRPRYHUHPRV
PDLVDGLDQWH3URWiJRUDVGHIHQGHTXHDDUWHSROtWLFDpSURSULHGDGH
GHWRGRV6LPSOLÀFDQGRXPERPERFDGRSRGHPRVGL]HUTXH3URWiJRUDVpXPSHQVDGRU©GHPRFUiWLFRªeLJXDOPHQWHDOJXpPTXHHP
A FILOSOFIA ANTIGA
25
PDWpULDUHOLJLRVDSUDWLFDRDJQRVWLFLVPR1XPDFRQKHFLGDSDVVDJHP
OHPRVTXHRVQRVVRVSRXFRVSRGHUHVGHFRQKHFHUHDEUHYLGDGH
GDQRVVDYLGDQRVLPSHGHPGHVDEHUVHRVGHXVHVH[LVWHPRXQmR
2PRYLPHQWRVRÀVWDFRQFHGHXXPDJUDQGHLPSRUWkQFLDjOLQJXDJHPHjUHWyULFD*yUJLDVGH/H{QFLRFD&²FD&
num texto intitulado Elogio de Helena SURFXURX GHPRQVWUDU
TXH+HOHQDQmRWHYHUHVSRQVDELOLGDGHDOJXPDQRIDFWRGHWHU
DEDQGRQDGRRPDULGRSDUDSDUWLUFRP3iULVSDUD7UyLDGDQGRDVVLPLQtFLRjJXHUUDUHODWDGDQDIlíada(QmRWHYHUHVSRQVDELOLGDGHSRUTXH3iULVDWHULDHQIHLWLoDGRFRPDVXDSDODYUD2
GLVFXUVRIXQFLRQDFRPRXPDGURJDDSDODYUDJUHJDppharmakon,
IiUPDFRTXHDJHVREUHRVDXGLWRUHVUHWLUDQGROKHVDYRQWDGHSUySULDHVXEPHWHQGRRVLQWHLUDPHQWHDRSRGHUGHTXHPIDOD$WpFQLFDUHWyULFDTXH$ULVWyWHOHVDQDOLVDUiGHÀQLWLYDPHQWHQRVWUrVOLYURV
da RetóricaQDGDGHPDLVSURIXQGRIRLHVFULWRGHSRLVGHOHVREUHD
PDWpULDpYLVWDSRUXPERPQ~PHURGHVRÀVWDVFRPRRPDLVHOHYDGRGRVFRQKHFLPHQWRV
*yUJLDVpWDPEpPRDXWRUGHXPRXWURWH[WRDa natureza, ou do
não-serRQGHSURFXUDUHIXWDUDYLVmRSDUPHQtGLFDGRVHU$VVXDV
WHVHVIXQGDPHQWDLVHPQ~PHURGHWUrVVmRFRQYHQLHQWHPHQWHSDUDGR[DLV1DGDH[LVWH$LQGDTXHDOJRH[LVWDpLQDFHVVtYHODRV
KRPHQV0HVPRTXHVHMDFRQFHEtYHOpLQH[SOLFiYHOHLQFRPXQLFiYHODRVRXWURV7UDWDVHGHXPSXURH[HUFtFLRGHYLUWXRVLGDGH
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