BIOLOGICAL
ASPECTS
OF
SCIAENIDAE
PARALONCHURUS
BRASILIENSIS CAPTURED IN DIFFERENT ISÓBATAS IN THE COAST OF
THE NORTH RIO DE JANEIRO STATE, BRAZIL
Márcia Regina Fragoso Machado
Aquaculture Center, Caunesp
Jaboticabal, São Paulo State, Brazil
Helena de Oliveira Souza, Sara de Oliveira Ferreira, Rafael Rabelo, Mariana de
Paiva Macedo, José Vitor Miranda Martins, Alexandre de Azevedo
Ecology and Development Ambient Partner Nucleus of Macaé
Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - NUPEM/UFRJ
Macaé, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil
Introduction
The coastal environment plays an essential role in the development of larvae and young
of fish, constituting relatively rich regions in food, that can function as criadouros
natural for many species (BRAGA and GOITEIN, 1984). However, the exploration of
demersais resources of the Southeastern region if must to a large extent to the technique
of fishes of drag, that is an efficient method in the capture of the shrimp, but presents
low selectivity. The product of this exploration is characterized by a great multiplicity
faunístic, which is composed of crustaceans, clams, fish, echinoderms and cnidários
(GRAÇA-LOPES et al., 2002), and which had to the low commercial value is returned
died to the sea, being unknown the impact caused for the mortality of this fauna in the
ecological balance. Part of this rejected fauna is composed for individuals without
economic value or youthful of explored species (GRAÇA-LOPES et al., 2002;
BRANCO, 1994).
Sciaenidae, Haemulidae, Sparidae, Synodontidae, Serranidae and Paralichthyidae they
are the found families of demersais fish more in the areas of occurrence of the shrimps
Penaeidae (SHERIDAN et al., 1984). In accordance with Menezes e Figueiredo (1980),
great part of the loss of biomass is represented by species of the Sciaenidae family and
bigger importance collected in the region Southeast-South (SOARES-GOMES &
FIGUEIREDO,2002).
The fish of the Sciaenidae family constitute the most important resource fishing boat in
coastal and estuarinas waters of the world (CHAO, 1986), being represented in Brazil
for 21 sorts and about 54 sea species (MENEZES et al., 2003), being the Paralonchurus
brasiliensis the pertaining species to this more frequent family in you fish of arrastos of
the type to “otter trawl” effected in flat waters (BRAGA, BRAGA & GOITEIN, 1985).
In this way, Paralonchurus brasiliensis quali-quantitative studies, in the one until then
almost unknown population coastal it Rio de Janeiro states becomes it necessary, in
order to raise pertinent information to subsidize the possible exchange of the period of
fenced season in fishes of the shrimp seven-beards, that today are focaize in the cycle of
life of the species-target and thus being able, desestabilization important populations of
brasiliensis the trófica chain as P. Considering it importance of the research for this
species, the present study with the objective was developed fishes to study it of
Paralonchurus brasiliensis (Sciaenidae Family) in different isóbatas and morfometric to
characterize the brasiliensis species of Paralonchurus in the different stations of the
year, in the coast of Macaé, Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil.
Materials and Methods
The collections had been carried through in points predetermined in the coast north of
the State of Rio De Janeiro, in the city of Macaé (41º 78 ' 37 W and 22º ' S) in the
period of March of 2008 the February of 2009 in isóbatas 5, 10, 15, 25, 35, 45 m of
depth in six transectos, throughout the line of the coast of Macaé, located between the
Barra beach (41º 37 ' 17 W and 22º ' S) and the Campestre Campestre (41º 40 ' 27 W
and 22º ' S). The oceanographical campaigns had been effected in camaroeiras boats,
equipped with nets of deep drag of of the type “otter-trawl”, opening of mouth of 4.5 m,
20 mm between us in panagem and 15 mm in the sacker. The arrastos had been carried
through by a period of 15 minutes with the boat in speed of 2.1 nautical miles/for about
1 km of extension in six points predetermined for GPS. In the boat, the specimens had
been separate, duly labelled and conditioned in thermal boxes I contend perforated ice.
In the laboratory the individuals had been identified according to Figueiredo & Menezes
(1978). After that they had been weighed in a scale of precision (0.01g) and mensurados
using itself of a ruler (0.1cm) how much to the total length (Lt) - measured of the
extremity of the snout until the extremity sharpest of the paddle volume; length standard
(Ls) - measured of the extremity of the snout to the beginning of the paddle volume.
The data of lengths (cm) and weight (g) had been analyzed sazonalmente, for such
considered summer the period of January the March; autumn, of April the June; July
winter the September; e spring of October the December.
For analysis statistics 2806 registers of total length, partial length and weight of
Paralonchurus brasiliensis had been used. The weight data had been transformed for
logarithms (base ten) of the weight, in reason of the extreme coefficient of observed
variation, that reduced the quality of the adjustment of polynomial models. The data had
been submitted to the analysis of variance of linear models for data desbalanceados for
verification of the significance of the effect of the interaction depth and time. The effect
of depth at each time was esteem by means of polynomial equations. The choice of the
model that better was adjusted to the data was made considering it significance of the
parameters of the regression, the value of the determination coefficient (R2) and the
meaning biological of the estimates. The exclusion I intercept of it of the adjusted
models was necessary to maximize the value of R2. The effect of time in each depth
was compared by means of the test of adjusted Tukey-Kramer. The level of significance
adopted in all the procedures was 5%, used the statistical program Statistical Analysis
Sistem (SAS), version 8.
Results
It had effect (p<0,05) of the interaction between depth and time on the total length (CT),
the partial length (CP) e the logarithms of the weight of Paralonchurus brasiliensis.
The esteem equations of regression of total length (CT) in depth function, at each time
(Figure 1) had been Y1 = 2,42538X -0,12739X2 + 0,00187X3 (R2 = 0,9237)
(March/2008), Y2 = 4,7787X - 0,53632X2 + 0,02639X3 - 0,00058806X4 +
0,00000484X5 (R2 = 0,9473) (April the June/2008), Y3 = 5,51557X - 0,63630X2 +
0,03169X3 - 0,00070297X4 + 0,0000057X5 (R2=0,9300) (July the September/2008), Y4
= 4,43138X - 0,47112X2 + 0,02331X3 - 0,00053479X4 + 0,00000456X5 (R2 = 0,9354)
(October the December/2008) e Y5 = 4,73484X - 0,48812X2 + 0,01998X3 0,00027315X4 (R2 = 0,9281), in January and February of 2009.
The gotten coefficients of determination had shown that the regression equations had
more than explained 90% of the variation of the data of total length, at each evaluated
time, suggesting raised trustworthiness in the estimates with the adjustment of the
models to the data.
Figure 1. Effect of the depth on the total length (cm) of Paralonchurus brasiliensis, at
each time.
The comparison between observed averages of total length (CT) for time in each depth
meets presented in Table 1. It did not have effect (p>0,05) of time for total length,
partial (Tabela2) and weight (Table 3) of Paralonchurus brasiliensis gotten with 15m of
depth. It was observed that the average total length gotten in July the September
(winter) was bigger of what the total length gotten of October the December (spring), in
the depths of 5 and 35 meters. Inverse behavior occurred in the depths of 10 and 45
meters, for the three analyzed variable. Paralonchurus brasiliensis the population of
small transport is pertaining fish, with average length around 16cm, as found in the
present work for the depth of 5 and 35 meters in the period of the spring. Already in the
depth of 10 and 45 meters, they had presented average total length between 18.45 cm
and 17.81 cm, respectively, similar data had been found by Branco et al. (2006) that
they had presented values of total length of Paralonchurus brasiliensis, low 18cm
(Table 1). In accordance with Cunningham and Diniz-Son (1995), Paralonchurus
brasiliensis reach the size of first gonadal maturation with 15.4 cm of total length, being
that from 19.2 cm all the captured units are considered adult. Only one composed
population for young individuals can itself be concluded that the area of collection
between 5 and 35 meters can be called “nursery” for this species, having, estimating
that, in its great majority they had not reached nor the first gonadal maturation. E in the
spring in the 10 isóbatas of and 45m can be considered adult fish.
Table 1. Adjusted averages of minimum squares of total length (cm) in each
combination of time and depth (m).
Time
Depth
5
10
15
25
35
45
March
14,03
10,22d
8,96c
ab
b
c
b
April - June
14,96
13,10
15,22
14,09
13,90
16,50b
July - September
16,35a
10,63b
16,39
16,28b
16,57a
15,86b
b
a
b
b
October - December
12,55
18,57
15,17
16,24
14,36
17,81a
January - February
13,06ab 17,34a
14,57
18,84a
14,43ab CV (%)
25,86
Averages of minimum squares followed by different letters in the column differ
between itself for the test of adjusted Tukey-Kramer, 5% of probability.
The esteem equations of regression of CP in depth function, at each time (Figure 2) had
been: Y1 = 1,98147X -0,10432X2 + 0,00153X3 (R2 = 0,9160) (March/2008), Y2 =
4,14851X - 0,48150X2 + 0,02409X3 - 0,00054098X4 + 0,00000447X5 (R2 = 0,9403)
(April the June/2008), Y3 = 4,65679X - 0,55130X2 + 0,02783X3 - 0,00062252X4 +
0,00000507X5 (R2=0,9228) (July the September/2008), Y4 = 3,58717X - 0,38718X2 +
0,01940X3 - 0,00044929X4 + 0,00000385X5 (R2 = 0,9271) (October the
December/2008) e Y5 = 4,06778X - 0,43161X2 + 0,01783X3 - 0,00024443X4 (R2 =
0,9170), in January and February 2009.
Figure 2. Effect of the depth on the partial length (cm) of Paralonchurus brasiliensis, at
each time.
Considering the value of the partial length of the fish analyzed in this study (Table 2), in
the winter (July-September) in the depths of 5 and 35 meters it was bigger of what the
gotten one in the spring (October the December), however occurred inverse behavior in
the depths of 10 and 45 meters.
Table 2. Adjusted averages of minimum squares of partial length (cm) in each
combination of time and depth (m).
Time
Depth
5
10
15
25
35
45
d
c
March
11,41
8,23
7,11
April - June
12,64a
10,79b
12,20
11,38c
11,24b
13,35ab
a
b
b
a
July - September
13,63
8,06
13,08
12,96
13,12
12,57b
October - December
10,08b
14,79a
12,07
13,02b
11,34b
14,27a
ab
a
a
b
January - February
11,27
13,64
11,59
15,02
11,11
CV (%)
27,54
Averages of minimum squares followed by different letters in the column differ
between itself for the test of adjusted Tukey-Kramer, 5% of probability.
The esteem equations of regression of the logarithms of the weight in depth function, at
each time (Figure 3) had been: Y1 = 0,25213X -0,01402X2 + 0,00020989X3 (R2 =
0,8507) (March/2008), Y2 = 0,47075X - 0,05343X2 + 0,00263X3 - 0,00005842X4 +
0,0000004780859X5 (R2 = 0,9329) (April the June/2008), Y3 = 0,52409X - 0,06162X2
+ 0,00313X3 - 0,00007047X4 + 0,0000005781789X5 (R2 = 0,9081) (July the
September/2008), Y4 = 0,38129X - 0,04107X2 + 0,00213X3 - 0,00005144X4 +
0,0000004585276X5 (R2 = 0,9105) (October the December/2008) e Y5 = 0,41464X 0,04090X2 + 0,00163X3 - 0,00002202X4 (R2 = 0,9097), in January and February 2009.
Figure 3. Effect of the depth on the brasiliensis logarithms of the weight (g) of
Paralonchurus, at each time.
Table 3. Adjusted averages of minimum squares of logarithms of the weight (g) in each
combination of time and depth (m).
Time
Depth
5
10
15
25
35
45
Marc
1,33
0,82c
0,64c
ab
b
b
ab
April - June
1,48
1,23
1,47
1,35
1,37
1,59b
July - September
1,57a
0,79c
1,56
1,56a
1,55a
1,47b
c
a
a
b
October - December
1,06
1,76
1,36
1,53
1,23
1,72a
January - February
1,16bc
1,64a
1,39
1,73a
1,38ab
CV (%)
30,23
Averages of minimum squares followed by different letters in the column differ
between itself for the test of adjusted Tukey-Kramer, 5% of probability.
With the sobrepesca of Paralonchurus brasiliensis, beyond having the reduction of the
number of individuals of this species, it will be able to also have a disequilibrium of this
ecosystem, what it can reach since invertebrates the vertebrates (PERES, 2004).
Considering the value of the length of the analyzed fish, one concludes that during the
period of the study the collection area can be called “nursery” for this species,
estimating that, in its great majority they had not reached nor the first gonadal
maturation and that the sobrepesca of these will cause a total disequilibrium in the local
ecosystem.
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Corresponding author:
Alexandre de Azevedo
Ecology and Development Ambient Partner Nucleus of Macaé
Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - NUPEM/UFRJ
Macaé, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil
[email protected]