LÍNGUA INGLESA
LÍNGUA INGLESA
ASPECTO PERFECT
ASPECTO PERFECT
Professora Leila Eto
Present Perfect
Usamos o Present Perfect para uma ação no
passado com um resultado agora.
Formação
have / has
+
Exemplos
ƒI’ve lost my key. (I can’t find my key now)
ƒWe’ve bought
g a new house. ((we have a new
house now)
ƒGeorge is on vacation. He has gone to London.
past participle
1
O present perfect faz referência ao presente. Não
usaremos o present perfect se não houver relação
com o presente.
Vejam
j
os exemplos:
p
ƒAlexander Graham Bell invented the telephone (e
não has invented).
ƒMachado de Assis wrote many books (e não has
written).
Agora cuidado:
I
you
we
they
he
she
it
O present perfect é usado para ações que
aconteceram em um tempo antes de agora. O
tempo exato não é importante, com isso não
usaremos expressões específicas de tempo como:
ƒyesterday
ƒone year ago
ƒlast week
ƒwhen I was a child
ƒwhen I lived in Boston
ƒat that moment
have + past participle
has + past participle
ƒMy father is a writer. He has written many books.
Isso significa que ele ainda escreve livros.
2
Podemos usar expressões não específicas de
tempo como:
ƒever
ƒnever
ƒonce
ƒmany times
ƒseveral times
ƒso far
ƒalready
ƒyet
ƒ I have never been to London.
ƒ I have been to London twice.
ƒI think I have seen that TV program before.
ƒShe has never traveled by plane.
Principais usos de Present Perfect:
1. Experiência
Podemos usar o Present Perfect p
para indicar a
experiência ou a falta de certa experiência.
Exemplo
ƒ
I have been to London.
2. Mudança com o tempo
ƒYou have grown since the last time I saw you.
g
has improved
p
since I moved to
ƒMyy Portuguese
Brazil.
ƒA: Have you ever met him?
ƒB: No, I have not met him.
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3. Realizações
Usaremos o Present Perfect para listar realizações
de indivíduos e da humanidade. Não se menciona
o tempo especifico.
ƒOur daughter has learned how to read.
ƒDoctors have cured many deadly diseases.
5. Geralmente usamos o Present Perfect para
anunciar um acontecimento recente.
ƒThe road is closed. There has been an accident.
4. Uma ação incompleta que estamos esperando
Geralmente usaremos o Present Perfect para
expressarmos uma ação que era esperada e não
ocorreu. Esse uso sugere que ainda estamos
esperando a ação acontecer.
ƒIt hasn’t stopped raining yet.
ƒGeorge has still not arrived.
Formação
Forma Interrogativa
Have
I
you
we
they
Has
he
she
it
+ past participle?
4
Infinitive
begin
break
come
do
eat
fly
Short answers
ƒYes, I have.
ƒNo, I haven’t.
ƒYes, she has.
ƒNo, she hasn’t.
Infinitive
past simple
past participle
give
go
see
ring
speak
write
gave
went
saw
rang
spoke
wrote
given
gone
seen
rung
spoken
written
past simple
began
broke
came
did
ate
flew
past participle
begun
broken
come
done
eaten
flown
Usamos o Present Perfect com today/ this
morning/ this evening quando tais períodos ainda
não terminaram no momento da fala.
ƒI haven’t seen Diane this morning.
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The first time + Present Perfect
Diferença entre gone (to) e been (to)
A expressão this is the first time … quando faz
referência a um evento imediato é normalmente
usada com present perfect.
ƒPatrick is always on vacation. He has gone to
France. (ele está lá agora)
ƒIs this the first time you’ve flown on Air
Canada?
ƒIt’s the first time she has driven a car.
EXERCÍCIOS DE FIXAÇÃO
1. Complete as frases com um verbo da lista.
not / see
go
g
forget
g
invite
ƒAre you going to the bank?
No, I’ve already been to the bank. (já voltou)
c. I know that man but I ____________________
his name.
d. I’m looking for Mary. ______________ you
____________ her?
a. Where’s Susan? She ________________out.
b. Lauren is having a party tomorrow. She
___________________ a lot of people.
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EXERCÍCIOS DE FIXAÇÃO
Present perfect continuous
2. Use been ou gone.
a. Carol isn’t here at the moment. She’s _____ to
the post office.
b. Robert has ________ out. He’ll be back in about
an hour.
c. I’ve just _________ to the supermarket. I bought
lots of things.
É usado para uma ação que finalizou
ç
no p
passado e ainda
recentemente ou começou
prossegue no tempo.
Formação
Have / has + been + verb-ing
ƒIt has been raining. (a rua ainda está molhada)
ƒI’ve been studying English for five years. (e ainda
estudo)
Usamos o present perfect continuous para
perguntar ou dizer há quanto tempo alguma coisa
está acontecendo.
ƒHow long have you been reading that book?
ƒI’ve been working on the project for two weeks.
ƒShe’s been talking on the phone for twenty
minutes.
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Forma interrogativa
Have
Has
you been + verb-ing
they been + verb-ing?
we been + verb-ing
Short answers:
Yes, I have / No, I haven’t.
Yes they have / No,
Yes,
No they haven
haven’tt.
Yes, she has / No, she hasn’t.
she been + verb- ing?
he been + verb- ing?
it been + verb- ing?
Vejamos a diferença:
ƒI’m studying French. (agora)
y g French since August.
g
ƒI’ve been studying
ƒHow long have you been studying English?
Uso de for / since
Usamos for e since para expressarmos o tempo
decorrido de determinado acontecimento.
acontecimento
For
É usado para indicar período de tempo.
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Exemplos
ƒI have known her for a long time.
ƒLouise has been learning Spanish for one year.
year
Não usamos for + all
Usos comuns de for
ƒtwo days
ƒan hour
ƒa weekk
ƒfive months
ƒten years
ƒtwenty minutes
ƒa long time
Since
É usado para indicar início de período.
ƒI’ve worked here all my life ( e não for all my life)
ƒLouise has been learning Spanish since 2010.
2010
ƒI’ve lived in Miami since I was nine years old.
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Usos comuns de since
ƒWednesday
ƒ10 o
o’clock
clock
ƒMay
ƒ1999
ƒI arrived
c. I’________________(read) a book _________
January.
d. She ______________ (cook) ________ half an
hour.
EXERCÍCIOS DE FIXAÇÃO
1)Complete as frases com os verbos entre
parênteses e use for/since
a. Tom ______________________ (study English)
______ two hours.
b. They __________________ (play soccer)
_______ 4 o’clock .
2. Complete as frases usando for ou since.
a. My sister has lived in Montreal _____________
five years.
b. They have been in Ottawa _____________
1994.
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just / already / yet
c. She has been married _______________
December.
d. He has studied History ________________ a
long time.
Just
Significa pouco tempo atrás.
ƒ Is Bob here?
No, he’s just gone. (he has just gone)
Already
ƒAre you hungry?
No, I’ve just had lunch.
Significa antes do esperado.
ƒDon’t forget to send the email, will you?
I’ve already sent it.
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Yet
Significa até agora.
ƒHave Karen and Phil arrived yet?
No, not yet.
É usado em frases negativas e interrogativas.
Geralmente aparece ao final da frase.
ƒHave you made the phone calls?
No, I haven’t made them yet.
ƒAre Karen and Phil here?
No, they haven’t arrived yet.
ƒHas Richard started a new job yet?
No, he starts next week.
EXERCICÍOS DE FIXAÇÃO
1. Complete as frases. Use already + present
perfect.
c. Do you want to call her?__________________
_______________________________________
d. When does your sister start a new job?______
_______________________________________
a. What time is Ann leaving? _________________
________________________________________
b. Don’t forget to invite Sue. __________________
________________________________________
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2. Escreva frases usando yet.
a. ________________________________?
(Karen and Phil / arrive)
y
No, not yet.
ever / never
Ever
ƒ Have you ever been to New York? (In your life)
Yes, once.
b. Have you done your homework?
__________________________________
(I / do)
Never
ƒI’ve never played hockey.
Ever = já (alguma vez)
EXERCÍCIOS DE FIXAÇÃO
ƒHave you ever been to China?
Yes, once.
1.
ƒHave you ever played hockey?
No, never.
a. (you / ever / climb/ mountain?)
______________________________________
b. (you / ever / be / London?)
______________________________________
Faça perguntas
parênteses:
p
com
as
palavras
entre
13
ago
c. (you / ever/ eat / caviar?)
______________________________________
d. (you / ever / speak / famous person?)
______________________________________
Ago = antes de agora
É usado com passado.
ƒJennifer started a new course three days ago.
ƒI had lunch twenty minutes ago.
Vejam a diferença entre ago e for:
ƒSusan and Dennis got married 10 years ago.
ƒSusan
S
and
d Dennis
D
i have
h
b
been
married
i d for
f
t
ten
years.
Ago e for
ƒWhen did Lauren arrive in Montreal?
She arrived in Montreal five days ago.
ƒHow long has she been in Los Angeles?
She has been to Los Angeles for two days.
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EXERCÍCIOS DE FIXAÇÃO
1. Complete as frases com as palavras entre
parênteses + ago ou for.
c. I bought this CD _________________ (a few
days).
d. Flo has been studying English ______________
((five yyears).
)
a. They have been married _________________
(ten years).
b. They got married _________________ (ten
years).
Past Perfect
Enquanto o present perfect refere-se a um tempo
até o momento, o past perfect refere-se a um
tempo até um momento no passado.
Estudemos:
Há uma semana:
At 9:30:
ƒPaul went to the party but he didn’t see Mary.
He went home at 11:00 and Mary arrived at the
party at 11:30.
When Mary arrived at the party, Paul had left.
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Vejamos a linha do tempo:
A
B
C
hoje
uma semana atrás
A: Paul went to the party at 9:30.
B: He went home at 11:00.
C: Mary arrived at 11:30.
When Mary arrived at the party, Paul had left.
When I arrived home, my parents had already left.
(Primeira ação: meus pais partiram. Segunda
ação: eu cheguei em casa).
Formação
Had + past participle
Com isso diremos que:
O past perfect é usado quando duas ações
ocorreram no passado.
Para a primeira ação (no tempo) utilizaremos o
past perfect e para a segunda o simple past.
EXERCÍCIOS DE FIXAÇÃO
1. Coloque o verbo no tempo verbal correto, past
perfect ou simple past.
a. I was very tired when I got home, so I
_____________________ (go) straight to bed.
b. The house was quiet when I arrived. Everybody
_______________________ (go) to bed.
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Past Perfect Continuous
c. When Jane finished her homework, Joe
_______________________ (leave) for work.
Formação
had been + verb -ing
ing
Exemplos:
ƒHe had been waiting there for more than two
hours when she finally arrived.
Forma interrogativa
Had he been waiting there for more than two
hours when she finally arrived?
Forma negativa
He had not been waiting there for more than two
hours when she finally arrived
Principais usos
1. Duração de tempo antes de alguma coisa no
passado
passado
X
presente
futuro
ƒ They had been talking for two hours before
Helen arrived.
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2. Causa de algo no passado
ƒRichard was tired because he had been playing
tennis.
Past continuous x past perfect
O Past Continuous enfatiza ações que são
interrompidas e o
Past Perfect Continuous
enfatiza uma duração de tempo antes de algo no
passado.
ƒHe was tired because he was working hard.
ƒHe was tired because he had been working
hard.
Will have done (future perfect)
2. Também demonstra que algo acontecerá antes
de determinado tempo no futuro.
past p
participle
p p
para dizer
1. Usamos will have + p
que algo acontecerá antes de outra ação no
futuro.
ƒ We’re late. The p
party
y will have started byy the
time we arrive.
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Outro uso de will have + past participle:
ƒ By next July, I will have received my promotion.
ƒ I am not going to have finished this lesson by
2 o'clock.
ƒ Paul and Sharon have been married for 9 years.
ƒ Next year they will have been married for 10
years
EXERCÍCIOS DE FIXAÇÃO
1. Complete as frases com will be –ing ou will
have + past participle.
a. Don’t call me between 8 and 9. I
_________________ (watch) the soap opera.
b. Call
me
after
9
o´clock.
I
_____________________(finish) dinner then.
c) This time next week I ___________________
(swim) in the sea.
d) I’m going to study French from 5 o’ clock until 6
o’clock. At 5:30 I ___________________ (study)
French.
e) Ann goes to school at 7:00 a.m, so she won’t be
at
home
at
9:00
a.m.
She____________________ (go) to school.
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GABARITO
GABARITO
Present Perfect
Present Perfect
1.
a. has gone
b. has invited
c. have forgotten
d. Haven’t / seen
2.
a. gone
b. gone
c. been
GABARITO
Present perfect continuous / for / since
1.
a. has been studying English for
b. have been playing soccer since
c. ‘ve been reading a book since
d. has been cooking for
GABARITO
Ever / never / for / since
2.
a. for
b. since
c. since
d. for
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GABARITO
already
1.
a. Ann has already left.
b. I have already invited her.
c. I have already called her.
d. She has already started it.
GABARITO
Ever / never
a. Have yyou ever climbed a mountain?
b. Have you ever been to London?
c. Have you ever eaten caviar?
d. Have you ever spoken to a famous person?
GABARITO
yet
2.
a. Have Karen and Phil arrived yet?
b. I haven’t done my homework yet.
GABARITO
Ago
1.
a. for ten years
b. ten years ago
c. a few days ago
d. for five years
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GABARITO
Past perfect
1.
a. went
b. had gone
c. had left
GABARITO
Future perfect
a. will be watching
b. will have finished
c. will be swimming
d. will be studying
e. will have gone
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