INTELECTUAIS da
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&EJÎÍPTFUFNCSPEF
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Ï VNB JOJDJBUJWB EB 3FEF EF $PNVOJEBEFT EP "MJNFOUP EP #SBTJM DPN P PCKFUJWP QSJODJQBM EF GBDJMJUBS B DPNVOJDBÎÍP
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&TUBNPT FN DPOUBHFN SFHSFTTJWB QBSB P 5FSSB .BESF P &ODPOUSP .VOEJBM EBT
$PNVOJEBEFT EP "MJNFOUP /FTUB TFHVOEB FEJÎÍP EP FWFOUP DPNVOJEBEFT EP
BMJNFOUP EF DPOUJOFOUFT BHSJDVMUPSFT DSJBEPSFT QFTDBEPSFT F QSPEVUPSFT
BSUFTBOBJT DIFGFT EF DP[JOIB F VOJWFSTJEBEFT FTUBSÍP KVOUPT FN
5VSJN o *UÈMJB QBSB DPNQBSUJMIBS FYQFSJÐODJBT F EFCBUFS QSPQPTUBT DPODSFUBT QBSB VN OPWP
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6N EPT UFNBT QSJODJQBJT EP 5FSSB .BESF Ï "DFTTP B .FSDBEPT UFNB EF JOUFSFTTF
NVOEJBM QPJT PT QFRVFOPT QSPEVUPSFT BSUFTBOBJT TÍP PCSJHBEPT B TF EFGSPOUBS DPN B
DPODPSSÐODJB FTNBHBEPSB EB QSPEVÎÍP F EJTUSJCVJÎÍP BHSPBMJNFOUBS FN HSBOEF FTDBMB
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EP "MJNFOUP EP #SBTJM OFTUF WPMVNF PT *OUFMFDUVBJT EB 5FSSB EJTDVUFN P BDFTTP BP NFSDBEP
MFWBOEP FN DPOTJEFSBÎÍP B SFBMJEBEF CSBTJMFJSB BQSFTFOUBOEP FYQFSJÐODJBT EF TVDFTTP
BT GSBHJMJEBEFT F BT OFDFTTJEBEFT EF BQSJNPSBNFOUP %FOUSF PT BSUJHPT EJTDVUFTF P
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1
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DPOKVOUB RVF CVTDBN SFMBÎÜFT NBJT FRàJUBUJWBT FOUSF
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%JWFSTBT TÍP BT GPSNBT FN RVF P $+4 Ï QSBUJDBEP 7ÍP EPT
OÓWFJT JOUFSOBDJPOBM F OBDJPOBM BUÏ P MPDBM EB EJTUSJCVJÎÍP WJB
TVQFSNFSDBEPT EBT DPNQSBT QÞCMJDBT EB BHSJDVMUVSB GBNJMJBS EBT
MPKBTFFNQSFFOEJNFOUPTTPMJEÈSJPTFJODMVTJWFBTWFOEBTEJSFUBTEF
QSPEVUPSFTBTBPTDPOTVNJEPSFTBTDPNPOBTGFJSBTBHSPFDPMØHJDBT
&OUSFBTEJWFSTBTGPSNBTFTJTUFNBTEFDPNÏSDJPKVTUPFTPMJEÈSJP
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6NB EJGFSFOÎB QPMFNJDB Ï RVF '-0 UBNCÏN DFSUJGJDB DPNP
QSPEVUPSFT EF DPNÏSDJP KVTUP GB[FOEBT F FNQSFTBT BHSPQFDVÈSJBT
DPNQSPKFUPTEFSFTQPOTBCJMJEBEFTPDJBMWJTBOEPCFOFGÓDJPTQBSBPT
BTTBMBSJBEPTFPNFJPBNCJFOUF"DPPSEFOBEPSBMBUJOPBNFSJDBOPEF
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&TUBNPTUSBCBMIBOEPQBSBRVFPTTJTUFNBTCSBTJMFJSPTEF$+4TFKBN
NBJTJODMVTJWPTEPRVFPDPNÏSDJPKVTUPJOUFSOBDJPOBMBCSBOKBNVNB
NBJPSEJWFSTJEBEFEFQSPEVUPTFDVMUVSBTEÐFNNBJTBUFOÎÍPQBSB
B TFHVSBOÎB BMJNFOUBS F P EFTFOWPMWJNFOUP MPDBM F QFSNJUBN VN
NBJPSQSPUBHPOJTNPEPTQSPEVUPSFTFDPOTVNJEPSFTPSHBOJ[BEPT
$PNP P TJTUFNB CSBTJMFJSP EF $+4 TF PSJFOUB GPSUFNFOUF OB
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EF BHSJDVMUPSFT GBNJMJBSFT UÐN VNB JNQPSUBOUF GVOÎÍP FTUSVUVSBOUF
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PSHBOJ[BDJPOBM F MPHÓTUJDB /B NPEBMJEBEF EF DPNQSBT MPDBJT
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B TFHVSBOÎB BMJNFOUBS MPDBM P DPOUBUP EJSFUP FOUSF QSPEVUPSFT F
JOTUJUVJÎÜFT MPDBJT F P VTP EF QSFÎPT EF SFGFSÐODJB RVF CBTFJB
TF FN DVTUPT EF QSPEVÎÍP QBHBNFOUP B WJTUB F SFDFOUFNFOUF
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PSHBOJ[BÎÜFT EF QSPEVUPSFT F DPOTVNJEPSFT P DPNÏSDJP KVTUP F
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EB QSPEVÎÍP F DPNFSDJBMJ[BÎÍP Ë EJTQPTJÎÍP EPT DPOTVNJEPSFT
DPOTDJFOUFT F FTUJNVMB B FEVDBÎÍP QBSB VN DPOTVNP SFTQPOTÈWFM
"P FTDPMIFS QSPEVUPT EP DPNÏSDJP KVTUP F TPMJEÈSJP P DPOTVNJEPS
QSBUJDB B TVB PQÎÍP QBSB VNB PVUSB FDPOPNJB BQPJBOEP OÍP
TPNFOUF QSPEVUPSFT NBT UBNCÏN B DPOTUSVÎÍP DPODSFUB EF VN
EFTFOWPMWJNFOUPNBJTTVTUFOUÈWFMFTPMJEÈSJP
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PV DPNFSDJBMJ[BÎÍP DPOKVOUB F HFSBMNFOUF TF BSUJDVMBN FN SFEFT
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HFTUÍP EP $+4 VTBOEP B QBSUJDJQBÎÍP OP NFSDBEP QBSB GPSUBMFDFS
B TVB DBQBDJEBEF PSHBOJ[BUJWB QSPEVUJWB F DPNFSDJBMJ[BEPSB F TVB
QBSUJDJQBÎÍPQPMÓUJDBFNQSPDFTTPTEFEFTFOWPMWJNFOUPTVTUFOUÈWFMF
TPMJEÈSJP
t
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P DVTUP EF QSPEVÎÍP TVTUFOUÈWFM SFTQFJUBOEP P NFJP BNCJFOUF
F WJTBOEP VNB SFNVOFSBÎÍP EF USBCBMIP RVF QFSNJUF VNB WJEB
EJHOB &N QSPEVUPT DPN HSBOEF GMVUVBÎÍP EF QSFÎPT OP NFSDBEP
FWFOUVBMNFOUF HBSBOUJS VN QSFÎP NÓOJNP QBSB BUFOVBS GPSUFT
JNQBDUPTOBSFOEBEPTQSPEVUPSFTFQSPEVUPSBT
t
3FMBÎÜFTDPNFSDJBJTPNBJTEJSFUBTQPTTÓWFJTEVSBEPVSBTF
EFQBSDFSJBTCVTDBOEPNBJPSUSBOTQBSÐODJBFFRVJEBEFOBUSPDBEF
JOGPSNBÎÜFT QMBOFKBNFOUP EF GPSOFDJNFOUPT EFTFOWPMWJNFOUP EF
OPWPTQSPEVUPTBEJBOUBNFOUPTQBSBBUFOEFSBEFNBOEBEFDBQJUBM
EFHJSPFUD
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3FTQFJUP BP NFJP BNCJFOUF TFHVSBOÎB BMJNFOUBS F
OVUSJDJPOBM WBMPSJ[BOEP B EJWFSTJEBEF FDPMØHJDB DVMUVSBM F TPDJBM
DPN BUFOÎÍP FTQFDJBM QBSB RVJMPNCPMBT JOEÓHFOBT FYUSBUJWJTUBT B
QBSUJDJQBÎÍPEFKPWFOTFFRVJEBEFEFHÐOFSP
1BSB EBS BPT DPOTVNJEPSFT B HBSBOUJB EF DPOGPSNJEBEF GSFOUF
BPT DSJUÏSJPT EF DPNÏSDJP KVTUP JOUFSOBDJPOBMNFOUF DPFYJTUFN
EPJT TJTUFNBT VN EF DFSUJGJDBÎÍP QPS UFSDFJSB QBSUF '-0 $FSU .BSUJO Ï P TFDSFUÈSJP FYFDVUJWP EB "SUJDVMBÎÍP /BDJPOBM EBT
0SHBOJ[BÎÍP*OUFSOBDJPOBMEF"USJCVJÎÍPEP4FMPEP$PNÏSDJP+VTUP
QSJODJQBMNFOUFQBSBQSPEVUPTDPNPDBGÏDIÈDBDBVBÎÞDBSTVDPT 0SHBOJ[BÎÜFT EF 1SPEVUPSFT F 1SPEVUPSBT 1BSB P $PNÏSDJP +VTUP F
CBOBOBFNBOHBBMHPEÍPFUDFPVUSPTJTUFNBEFNPOJUPSBNFOUP 4PMJEÈSJP
SFBMJ[BEP QPS JNQPSUBEPSFT BMUFSOBUJWPT B NBJPSJB WJODVMBEPT
2
INTELECTUAIS da
ERRA
04$)&'4&"%*453*#6*±°0%04130%65043&(*0/"*4
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BJQJOT UBQJPDBT GBSPGBT F CFJKVT
RVJT iEBS VNB GPSÎBw F UJSBS EP
BOPOJNBUP FTTFT DPBEKVWBOUFT
UÍP TFOTBDJPOBJT 'J[ B UBQJPDB
CSVMÏF 5ÏDOJDB GSBODPCSBTJMFJSB
HPTUPFQSPEVUPTOBDJPOBJTw
1SPKFUP.BOFKPEB.BOEJPDBFNGSFOUFBP$BTUFMPEF5VSJN
$
IFGT BEPSBN OPWPT QSPEVUPT 4ÍP DPNP OPWBT UJOUBT OB
QBMFUB EP QJOUPS PV OPWPT JOTUSVNFOUPT QBSB P NÞTJDP
1PS NVJUP UFNQP OPWPT QSPEVUPT TJHOJGJDBWBN QSPEVUPT
FTUSBOHFJSPT FYØUJDPT VUJMJ[BEPT FN PVUSBT DVMJOÈSJBT
QPSDIFGTEFPVUSPTQBJTFT0VTFKB0iCBSBUPwFSBP0VUSP"MJÈTVN
iCBSBUPwCBTUBOUFDBSPËTWF[FT"MHVOTDIFGTBJOEBGB[FNGFTUJWBJT
EFUSVGBTEP1JFNPOUFFEFGPJFHSBTEBSFHJÍPEF4USBTCPVSH.BT
DBEBWF[NFOPTTFKBQFMPDVTUPJNQSBUJDÈWFMDPNPQFMPJOUFSFTTFQPS
BMJNFOUPTRVFTFSFMBDJPOFNBOPTTBNFNØSJBEFTBCPS
"T"NÏSJDBTEP/PSUF$FOUSBMFEP4VMTFNQSFUJWFSBNPTPMIPT
WPMUBEPTQBSBB&VSPQBDPNPQBESÍPFTUÏUJDPÏUJDPFBUÏNPSBM/BT
HSBOEFTDJEBEFTEFTTFTQBJTFTBBSRVJUFUVSBNPEBDPTUVNFTEFTTF
OPTTPDPOUJOFOUFTFNQSFGPSBNVNBDØQJBSVEJNFOUBSEFTTFTWBMPSFT
NFTDMBEPT DPN BRVFMFT BODFTUSBJT RVF SFTJTUJBN BQBSFDFOEP OBT
DPSFTEBTDBTBTSPVQBTFQFMFEPTTFVTIBCJUBOUFT
.BT OPT TÏDVMPT TVCTFRàFOUFT P NVOEP DPNFÎPV B NVEBS
0T DPMPOJ[BEPSFT DPNFÎBSBN B WFS RVF IBWJB iWJEB BCBJYP EP
&RVBEPSw"NÞTJDBBTBSUFTFNHFSBMFBGPSNBEPTTFSFTIVNBOPT
TF SFMBDJPOBSFN TF USBOTGPSNBSBN FN GPOUF EF JOTQJSBÎÍP QBSB PT
FVSPQFVTTFOTÓWFJT0UFSDFJSPNVOEPDPNFÎPVBWJSBSSFGFSÐODJB$PN
BDVMJOÈSJBOÍPQPEFSJBTFSEJGFSFOUF
/B EÏDBEB EF P NVOEP EB IPUFMBSJB FOWJPV QBSB UPEB QBSUF
DIFGTGSBODFTFTFFVSPQFVTDPNUÏDOJDBFBSUFBQVSBEBTÈWJEPTQPS
OPWJEBEFT&TTFGFOÙNFOPGF[DPNRVFQSPEVUPTBOUFTUJEPTDPNP
SFHJPOBJT SFDFCFTTFN USBUBNFOUP EF JHVBSJBT &YFNQMP EJTTP Ï P
ESJOL+BCVUJLJSFP$SÐQF1BTTJPOBNCPTDSJBEPTQPS$MBVEF5SPJTHSPT
PV B NPVTTFMJOF EF CBSÙB DPN DBWJBS EF -BVSFOU 4VBVEFBV RVF
GJ[FSBN DPN RVF PMIÈTTFNPT DVSJPTPT QBSB B OPTTB QSØQSJB UFSSB
OPTTBBOUJHBDVMUVSB&TTBBQSPQSJBÎÍPGPSUVJUBGF[DPNRVFOØTDIFGT
CSBTJMFJSPTQFHÈTTFNPTBPOEBFGPTTFNPTBUSÈT6NBFOYVSSBEBEF
OPWPTQSBUPTJOWBEJVOPTTBTNFTBT%VSBOUFFTTBÏQPDBPTBOPTF
%VSBOUFFTTBÏQPDBPTBOPTF
OPBVHFEBGVTJPODVJTJOFCBDBOBFSBNJTUVSBSHPJBCBDPNDBSOF
EFQPSDPDBKVDPNDSFNFQBUJTTJFS&GPJBÓRVFHSBEBUJWBNFOUFQPS
&GPJBÓRVFHSBEBUJWBNFOUFQPS
NÍPT OÍPUÍP DBMJCSBEBT DPNP B EPT DIFGT DJUBEPT BDJNB B GVTJPO
WJSPVDPOGVTJPO$BSEÈQJPT NJTUVSBOEPUVEPFPQJPSBDIBOEP RVF
FTTB FSB B QSPQPTUB HMPCBMJ[BOUF EB GVTÍP EPT TBCPSFT JOGFTUBSBN
BT HSBOEFT DJEBEFT /B GJMPTPGJB EP 9UVEP PV TFKB RVBOUP NBJT
NFMIPS DP[JOIFJSPT EFTBWJTBEPT EFTBUBSBN B GB[FS QSBUPT POEF PT
TBCPSFTGJDBWBNTPUFSSBEPTFBTUFYUVSBTJOEFDJGSÈWFJT&YBVTUPTFDPN
TBVEBEFTEFDPMPWPMUBNPTQBSBBDPNJEBEBDBTBEBBWØoBDPOGPSU
GPPE&GPJVNGFOÙNFOPNVOEJBM/PT&TUBEPT6OJEPTGPJJOWBEJEP
QPSQVSÐTEFCBUBUBEFUPEPTPTTBCPSFT/B'SBOÎBPTCJTUSÙTBOUFT
UJEPTDPNPBOBDSÙOJDPTWPMUBSBNBiCPNCBSw"DP[JOIBSFHJPOBMEF
UPEPNVOEPDPNFÎPVBSFOBTDFS
/ØTPTCSBTJMFJSPTTFNQSFBDPTUVNBEPTBOPTEFTWBMPSJ[BS
DPNFÎBNPTBGJDBSPSHVMIPTPTEBTOPTTBTGSVUBTOPTTBNBOEJPDBF
EBTOPTTBTSFDFJUBTBOUJHBT/BTSPEBTTPDJBJTPQBQPTPCSFDPNJEB
WJSPV NPEB " NFNØSJB EF QSBUPT EF JOGÉODJB QBTTPV B TFS USVOGP
DFSUPOBTDPOWFSTBT7JSPVDIJDTFSSFHJPOBMFUFSTBVEBEFEPNBUPEB
DPOWFSTBBPQÏEPGPHÍPEFMFOIBEFTVCJSFNÈSWPSFQBSBDBUBSGSVUB
NBEVSB
"QBSFOUFNFOUF FTTB NPEB DVTUPV VN QPVDP B DIFHBS OPT
SFTUBVSBOUFT4FNGBMBSOBGFCSFEBDPNJEBEFCPUFRVJNDVKBOPWB
UFOEÐODJB EBT DJEBEFT HSBOEFT GB[ DPN RVF OPT FTCBMEFNPT DPN
PTNFYJEJOIPTFFTDPOEJEJOIPTPVOBTMPKBTEFTVDPTPOEFTFSWFN
GSVUBT EB "NB[ÙOJB F $FSSBEP KVOUP DPN FTQÏDJNFT BTJÈUJDPT OÍP
FODPOUSBNPTBDP[JOIBSFHJPOBMOBNBJPSQBSUFEPTSFTUBVSBOUFT"T
PQÎÜFTEFGSVUBOBTPCSFNFTBÏRVBTFJOFWJUBWFMNFOUFPNFMBODØMJDP
PiUSJPTFSUBOFKPwNBNÍPNFMÍPFBCBDBYJ"DBVTB /ÍPFYJTUFVNB
EJTUSJCVJÎÍPFGJDJFOUF
$PNP HBTUSPOPNJB WJSPV NPEB F DIFGT EF DP[JOIB WJSBSBN
GPSNBEPSFTEFPQJOJÍPBDSFEJUPRVFOPTTBNJTTÍPTFKBEJWVMHBSUVEP
PRVFQVEFSNPTBSFTQFJUPEPTCPOTQSPEVUPTEPOPTTPQBÓT
3
INTELECTUAIS da
2VBOEPDSJFJP1SPKFUP.BOEJPDBGPJFYBUBNFOUFDPNFTTFJOUVJUP
"QBJYPOBEBQFMBEFMÓDJBEPTBJQJOTUBQJPDBTGBSPGBTFCFJKVTRVJTiEBS
VNBGPSÎBwFUJSBSEPBOPOJNBUPFTTFTDPBEKVWBOUFTUÍPTFOTBDJPOBJT
'J[ B UBQJPDB CSVMÏF 5ÏDOJDB GSBODPCSBTJMFJSB HPTUP F QSPEVUPT
OBDJPOBJT
.ÐT QBTTBEP .BSHBSJEB /PHVFJSB F FV GJ[FNPT O0 /BWFHBEPS
o 3JP EF +BOFJSP o B 4FNBOB 4MPX NPTUSBOEP BP QÞCMJDP BMHVOT
QSPEVUPT EP 4MPX 'PPE OP #SBTJM "QFTBS EPT DPOUBUPT DPN PT
GPSOFDFEPSFT IPKF DPN B JOUFSOFU OÍP TFS VN QSPCMFNB P
GPSOFDJNFOUPEPTQSPEVUPTGPJVNQPVDPJSSFHVMBS"MHVOTQSPEVUPSFT
CBTUBOUF PSHBOJ[BEPT FOWJBSBN DPN SBQJEF[ F FGJDJÐODJB TFVT
QSPEVUPT"UÏQPSRVFKÈUJOIBNPIÈCJUPEFGB[ÐMP0VUSPTUJWFSBN
NBJT EJGJDVMEBEF 'JDPV DMBSP QBSB OØT RVF DPNQSÈWBNPT RVF B
QSJODJQBMGFSSBNFOUBFSBBCPBDPNVOJDBÎÍP2VFNUJOIBDPOUBUPQPS
FNBJM F OPT SFTQPOEJB DPN QSFTUF[B HFSPV VNB EJTUSJCVJÎÍP TFN
QSPCMFNBT"MHVOTSFUPSOPTGPSBNNBJTDPNQMJDBEPT"QØTPFWFOUP
VNTVDFTTPBCTPMVUPDPNFDFJBQFOTBSFNJODMVJSBRVFMFTQSPEVUPT
OPDBSEÈQJPGJYPFBUÏQPSRVFOÍPWFOEÐMPTOPQSØQSJPSFTUBVSBOUF
DSJBOEPVNBTFEFEPTQSPEVUPT4MPX.BTDPNBMHVOTGPSOFDFEPSFT
.BTDPNBMHVOTGPSOFDFEPSFT
GJRVFJUFNFSPTBEFBSSJTDBSVNBEFNBOEBEFGPSOFDJNFOUPDPOTUBOUF
$PNFDFJ UBNCÏN B NPTUSBS PT QSPEVUPT QBSB DIFGT OÍP4MPX NBT
EF HSBOEF JOUFSFTTF QPS FTTF UJQP EF QSPEVUP 1FSDFCJ RVF FYJTUJBN
USÐTQFSHVOUBTQBSBBTRVBJTEFWFSJBUFSVNBQSPOUBSFTQPTUBTFFV
RVJTFTTFTFSBQPSUBWP[EPTOPTTPTQSPEVUPTEBBSDB
ERRA
2VBOUP DVTUB JTTP JODMVJ JNQPTUPT GSFUF UVEP 2VBOUP UFNQP
EFNPSB *TTP TJHOJGJDB EFTEF RVF FV QFEJ BUÏ DIFHBS NFTNP 4FSÈ
GÈDJM GB[FS P QFEJEP 0V UFSFJ RVF MJHBS QBSB VN EFQPJT QBSB PVUSP
HFSBOEP DPOGVTÍP F EFQPJT OÍP UFSFJ SFUPSOP 0V TFKB EPOP EF
SFTUBVSBOUFPVDIFGTOÍPRVFSFNQSPCMFNB1SPCMFNBHFSBUSBCBMIP
5SBCBMIP MFWB UFNQP & EFTEF RVF TPNPT JOGFMJ[NFOUF FTDSBWPT
EP DBQJUBMJTNP TFMWBHFN UFNQP Ï EJOIFJSP & NVJUP5FMFGPOFNBT
SFUSBCBMIP OFPMPHJTNP OÍP NFV QPS GBWPS
BDJNB EF UVEP TUSFTT
QFTTPBM BGBTUB P DPNQSBEPS P DPOTVNJEPS F DPOTFRàFOUFNFOUF P
HSBOEFWJMÍPPNFSDBEP
1PSUBOUP FTUÈ OB NÍP PVWJEP F CPDB RVF GB[ P DPOUBUP DPN P
DMJFOUFPEFTUJOPEBTGVUVSBTOFHPDJBÎÜFT$IFGTDPNPFVF.BSHBSJEB
/PHVFJSB EFOUSF PVUSPT FTUÍP EJTQPTUPT B QSPDVSBS QSJWJMFHJBS
SFUSBCBMIBS.BTTPNPTQPVDPTQBSBQSPNPWFSFTTFGMVYPEPDPNÏSDJP
KVTUP &TUBNPT QSPQPTUPT B EJWVMHBS TFN OFOIVN CFOFGÓDJP "MJÈT
DPN P NBJPS EF UPEPT PT CFOFGÓDJPT RVF Ï DPNQBSUJMIBS 2VBMRVFS
DPJTB "UÏ VNB CPB NFTB DPNP Ï VN EPT MFNBT EFTTF GBOUÈTUJDP
NPWJNFOUPDIBNBEP4MPX'PPE
5FSFTB$PSÎÍPÏ$IFGEF$P[JOIB4ØDJBEP$POWJWJVN4MPX'PPEEP
3JPEF+BOFJSPFJSÈQBSUJDJQBSEP5FSSB.BESFDPNPJOUFHSBOUFEB
EFMFHBÎÍPEF$IFGTFDPNPDPPSEFOBEPSBEBTDPNVOJEBEFTEP1SPKFUP
.BOEJPDB
0A/"563"-&"43&13&4&/5"±¿&4%0A363"-
/PUBTEFQFTRVJTBTPCSFQFSDFQÎÜFTEBBMJNFOUBÎÍPFOUSFDPOTVNJEPSFTHBÞDIPT
%
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JSJHJOEPPPMIBSQBSBBTWJTÜFTFQSÈUJDBTSFGFSFOUFTËBMJNFOUBÎÍPEFNPSBEPSFTEF1PSUP"MFHSFFOUSFWJTUBEPTF
UPNBOEPQPSBCPSEBHFNQFSTQFDUJWBTEFBOÈMJTFPGFSFDJEBTQFMBBOUSPQPMPHJBEBBMJNFOUBÎÍPPPCKFUJWPEFTUF
BSUJHPDPOTJTUFFNFWJEFODJBSPNPEPDPNPFTUÍPQSFTFOUFTOPTJTUFNBDMBTTJGJDBUØSJPEFTTFTDPOTVNJEPSFTPT
BMJNFOUPTDPOTJEFSBEPTAOBUVSBJTPVBTTPDJBEPTBPDBNQP
"MJNFOUBÎÍPFBOTJFEBEFOBTTPDJFEBEFTDPOUFN
QPSÉOFBT
5FNPT RVF BT DMBTTJGJDBÎÜFT QSÈUJDBT F SFQSFTFOUBÎÜFT RVF
DBSBDUFSJ[BNVNTJTUFNBDVMJOÈSJPBHFNOBJODPSQPSBÎÍPEPJOEJWÓEVP
B VN HSVQP TPDJBM "GJOBMiP IPNFN TF BMJNFOUB EF BDPSEP DPN B
TPDJFEBEFBRVFQFSUFODFw(BSJOF
&TFPBMJNFOUPDPOTUSØJ
BQFTTPBRVFPJOHFSFÏDPNQSFFOTÓWFMTVHFSF'JTDIMFS
RVF
FTTBCVTRVFTFDPOTUSVJSOPBUPBMJNFOUBS%BÓBOFDFTTJEBEFWJUBMEF
JEFOUJGJDBÎÍPEBRVJMPRVFÏDPNJEPGPOUFQSJODJQBMEBBOTJFEBEFFN
SFMBÎÍPËBMJNFOUBÎÍPOBTTPDJFEBEFTDPOUFNQPSÉOFBT
4FOÍPTBCFNPTPRVFDPNFNPTOÍPTFUPSOBSJBEJGÓDJMTBCFSOÍP
TPNFOUFPRVFOPTUPSOBSFNPTNBTUBNCÏNPRVFTPNPT 'JTDIMFS
" DPNQPTJÎÍP EPT BMJNFOUPT TFV QSPDFTTBNFOUP F QSPDFEÐODJB
CFNDPNPBUSBKFUØSJBRVFQFSDPSSFNBUÏTFSFNDPMPDBEPTËEJTQPTJÎÍP
EPTDPOTVNJEPSFTPVNBJTQSFDJTBNFOUFPGBUPEFTFSFNPCTDVSPT
TFSJBBQPOUBEPQFMPTNPSBEPSFTEF1PSUP"MFHSFFOUSFWJTUBEPTDPNP
GPOUFEFEFTDPOGJBOÎBFBOTJFEBEF
4
INTELECTUAIS da
0AOBUVSBMFBTSFQSFTFOUBÎÜFTEPASVSBM
0NPMIPFVHPTUPEFGB[FSRVFEBÓGB[EPHPTUP0NPMIPQSPOUP
HFSBMNFOUF UFN VOT HPTUPT NFJP FTUSBOIPT FV OÍP HPTUP (PTUP EF
QFHBSPUPNBUFDPSUBSGB[FS<>/ÍPHPTUPNVJUPEFFOMBUBEPT<>
(PTUPEFTFOUJSPHPTUPOBUVSBMEPTBMJNFOUPT
$PNP OP EFQPJNFOUP SFQSPEV[JEP CFN DPNP OPT EF NVJUPT
PVUSPTJOGPSNBOUFTBWBMPSJ[BÎÍPEPAOBUVSBMTFSJBDPOTUSVÓEBDPNP
SFGMFYP EB DSÓUJDB BP BSUJGJDJBM RVBMJGJDBUJWP BUSJCVÓEP BPT BMJNFOUPT
JOEVTUSJBMJ[BEPT 0V UBM DPNP OP FTUVEP EF -B 4PVEJÒSF UFNPTRVFDPNPSFGMFYPEBEFTDPOGJBOÎBBOUFPANPEFSOPPAOBUVSBM
F PASVSBM TFSJBN JEFOUJGJDBEPT DPNP BVUÐOUJDPT "T QPTTJCJMJEBEFT
EFBOÈMJTFPGFSFDJEBTQPSFTTBDPOUSBQPTJÎÍPTFSÍPBRVJCSFWFNFOUF
FYQMPSBEBT
&OUSF PT NPSBEPSFT EF 1PSUP "MFHSF FOUSFWJTUBEPT BT WFSEVSBT
BERVJSJEBT FN TVQFSNFSDBEPT TFSJBN QFSDFCJEBT DPNP ANVJUP
HSBOEFT ATFN HPTUP " HBMJOIB DPOHFMBEB AQBSFDF QBMIB GJDB
EFTJESBUBEB %P MFJUF AUJSBN UPEPT PT OVUSJFOUFT 0T PWPT TFSJBN
DPOTJEFSBEPTDØQJBEPTAEFHBMJOIBNFTNP%PNFTNPNPEPNPMIPT
FUFNQFSPTQSPOUPTQSBUPTDPOHFMBEPTCPMPTFTPQBTQSÏQSFQBSBEPT
QÍFTFNBTTBTJOEVTUSJBMJ[BEPTBMJNFOUPTFOMBUBEPTFSFGSJHFSBOUFT
TFSJBNKVOUBNFOUFDPNPVUSPTJUFOTSFJUFSBEBNFOUFDPOEFOBEPT
&N EFUSJNFOUP EFTTFT BT QSFGFSÐODJBT EFDMBSBEBT JOEJDBSJBN PT
NPMIPT JPHVSUFT EPDFT CPMPT QÍFT F NBTTBT DBTFJSPT HBMJOIBT F
PWPTDBJQJSBTÈHVBFTVDPTNJMIPFN
FTQJHB WFHFUBJT F UFNQFSPT GSFTDPT
WFSEVSBTPSHÉOJDBT
0 AOBUVSBM AGSFTDP ADBTFJSP
AQSØYJNP AUSBEJDJPOBM TFSJB EFTTB
GPSNB BGJSNBEP FN PQPTJÎÍP BP
ABSUJGJDJBM AQSPDFTTBEP JOEVTUSJBMJ
[BEPAEJTUBOUFANPEFSOP
0 BMJNFOUP AOBUVSBM OÍP TFSJB
BQFOBT DPOTJEFSBEP P EF NFMIPS
HPTUP &N PQPTJÎÍP BP BMJNFOUP
JOEVTUSJBMJ[BEPTFSJBBQPOUBEPDPNP
AQVSP F EFTTB GPSNB ATBVEÈWFM 0T
BEKFUJWPT SFMBDJPOBEPT BPAOBUVSBM TFSJBN BUSJCVÓEPT BPT BMJNFOUPT
GSFTDPTPVBPTQSPWFOJFOUFTEBGFJSBPVBPTPSHÉOJDPTPVBPTUSB[JEPT
AEF GPSB "JOEB FTQFDJBMNFOUF OPT DBTPT FN RVF PT NPSBEPSFT EF
1PSUP "MFHSF FOUSFWJTUBEPT UÐN PSJHFN OP NFJP SVSBM PT BEKFUJWPT
SFMBDJPOBEPTBPAOBUVSBMTFSJBNUBNCÏNBUSJCVÓEPTBPTBMJNFOUPTRVF
SFNFUFNËNFNØSJBEBJOGÉODJBEBDPNJEBEBNÍFPVEBBWØ
"ASVSBMJEBEFNBJTRVFRVBMRVFSPVUSPBUSJCVUPQBSFDFDPOEFOTBS
UPEBTBTWBOUBHFOTRVFEJTUJOHVFNPBMJNFOUPEFTFKÈWFMEPBMJNFOUP
JOEVTUSJBMJ[BEPA%F GPSB TÍP PT BMJNFOUPT RVF WÐN EP JOUFSJPS EP
NFJPSVSBMDVKBPSJHFNÏBTTPDJBEBEJSFUBNFOUFBPQSPEVUPSA%FGPSB
QPEFNTFSPTBMJNFOUPTUSB[JEPTQFMPJOGPSNBOUFPVQPSBMHVÏNEF
TVBGBNÓMJBRVBOEPFNWJTJUBËSFHJÍPOBUBMPVQPSBMHVNDPOIFDJEP
PV QBSFOUF RVF EF MÈ WFN 1PEFN UBNCÏN TFS PT BMJNFOUPT
QSPEV[JEPTFNDIÈDBSBEFBMHVNDPOIFDJEPQFSUPEBDJEBEF0VPT
BERVJSJEPTFNBMHVNBWJBHFNEFQSPEVUPSFTRVFPTPGFSUBNËCFJSB
EBFTUSBEB0VPTDPNFSDJBMJ[BEPTFNGFJSBTEFQSPEVUPTPSHÉOJDPT
PVOÍPTVQPTUBNFOUFQFMPTQSØQSJPTQSPEVUPSFT0VBJOEBBRVFMFT
RVFEFBMHVNNPEPDPNPPTPWPTUSB[JEPTAEFGPSBQFMPAQFTTPBMEP
FTUBDJPOBNFOUPQBSBWFOEFSWJOEPTEPDBNQPDIFHBNËDJEBEF
QPSDBOBJTPVUSPTRVFPTGPSNBMNFOUFDPOTUJUVÓEPT
0TBMJNFOUPTRVFWÐNAEFGPSBTÍPDPOTJEFSBEPTPTNFMIPSFT%BT
WFSEVSBTÏEJUPRVFABUÏBGPMIBÏNBJTNBDJB"HBMJOIBBDBSOFFP
MFJUFAOÍPUÐNDPNQBSBÎÍPAÏPVUSPHPTUPBTEPTVQFSNFSDBEPOÍP
DIFHBNAOFN B TFVT QÏT 0T PWPTAEBRVFMBT HBMJOIBT DSJBEBT DPN
NJMIPBHFNBÏTVQFSWFSNFMIBCFNEJGFSFOUF
1PEFNPTBTTJNTVQPSRVFFNSFMBÎÍPBPTBMJNFOUPTPDPSSBBMHP
FRVJWBMFOUFBPJOEJDBEPQPS.BUIJFVF+PMMJWFU
RVFOB'SBOÎB
EFCSVÎBOEPTFTPCSFPUFNBSFQSFTFOUBÎÜFTEBOBUVSF[BFWJEFODJBN
RVFPTFOTPDPNVNVSCBOPUFOEFBBTTPDJBSBPDBNQPBPSVSBMPT
WBMPSFTBUSJCVÓEPTËOBUVSF[BFBPOBUVSBM
0VBJOEBQSPDFTTPTTFNFMIBOUFTBPTBQPOUBEPTQPSBVUPSFTRVFOB
&VSPQBWÐNTFEFEJDBOEPBPFTUVEPEBDPNJEBFORVBOUPQBUSJNÙOJP
F BÓ P DBTP EPT QSPEVUPT EF UFSSPJS GSBODFTFT Ï QBSUJDVMBSNFOUF
7FOEB FN VNB DPNVOJ TJHOJGJDBUJWP NPTUSBOEP DPNP
EBEF SVSBM DPMPOJ[BEB QSPEVUPT BMJNFOUÓDJPT F QSBUPT
QPS EFTDFOEFOUFT EF BTTPDJBEPTBVNBSFHJÍPFSFGFSJEPT
JNJHSBOUFTJUBMJBOPT
B VNB OBUVSF[B F B VN DBNQP B
VNBJEFOUJEBEFUPSOBNTFBQBSUJS
EBT SFQSFTFOUBÎÜFT EP SVSBM CFOT
EF DPOTVNP FTQFDJBJT #POOBJO
#ÏSBSE %FMCPT 3BVUFOCFSH FU BM 5FNPT
BTTJN RVF P ASVSBM UFOEF B TFS
RVBMJGJDBEP DPNP AOBUVSBM NFTNP
RVBOEP EBEBT BT DBSBDUFSÓTUJDBT
'PUP3FOBUB.FOBTDIF
0 RVF Ï NJTUVSBEP BP QØ RVF TF USBOTGPSNB FN TPQB 0 RVF Ï
BDSFTDFOUBEP BPT HSÍPT EF NJMIP WFSEF QBSB RVF TF DPOTFSWFN
QPSUBOUPUFNQPOBMBUB 0VBPMFJUFEFDBJYJOIBQBSBRVFEFNPSF
UBOUPBFTUSBHBS $PNPRVÐÏBMJNFOUBEBBHBMJOIBDVKPTQFEBÎPT
DPOHFMBEPTTÍPPGFSFDJEPTBPDPOTVNPBDPOEJDJPOBEPTFNCBOEFKBT
FOWPMUBTQPSGJMNFQMÈTUJDP
ERRA
5
INTELECTUAIS da
JOUFOTJWBT EB QSPEVÎÍP BHSPQFDVÈSJB RVF JODMVJ B VUJMJ[BÎÍP EF
BHSPRVÓNJDPTEPTNBJTEJWFSTPTUJQPTOÍPPTFSJB
%P NFTNP NPEP RVF JOEJDBEP QPS &J[OFS QBSB P DBTP
GSBODÐT UBMWF[ QPTTBNPT JEFOUJGJDBS OFTTB WBMPSJ[BÎÍP EPAOBUVSBM F
EPASVSBMVNSVSBMJEFBMJ[BEPNJUPTEPOBUVSBMFEPBSUFTBOBMBMHP
DPNPBCVTDBEPDPOTVNPEFiJNBHFOTEPTTBCPSFTQFSEJEPTw
3FGFSÐODJBT
#²3"3%-BVSFODF."3$)&/":1IJMJQQF1BUSJNPJOFFUNPEFSOJUÏ
MFTQSPEVJUTEFUFSSPJSTPVTMFTGFVYEFMBSBNQF+PVSOBMEFTBOUISPQPMPHVFT1BSJT
#0//"*/3PMBOEF%FTQSPEVJUTSFHJPOBVYSFIBCJMJUFTPVSFEFDPVWFSUT"-*.&/5"5*0/FU
MJFOTPDJBM1PVS1BSJT
%&-#04(FOFWJÒWF%BOTMFTDPVMJTTFTEVQBUSJNPJOF*O$)&7"--*&3%FOJT%JS
7JWFT
DBNQBHOFTMFQBUSJNPJOFSVSBMQSPKFUEFTPDJFUÏ1BSJT"VUSFNFOU
&*;/&3/JDPMF1SÏGBDF*O@@@@@0SH
7PZBHFFOBMJNFOUBUJPO1BSJT"3'
'*4$)-&3$MBVEF-IPNOJWPSFMFHPßUMBDVJTJOFFUMFDPSQT1BSJT0EJMF+BDPC
("3*/&*HPSEF"MJNFOUBÎÍPDVMUVSBTFTPDJFEBEFT0$PSSFJPEB6OFTDP3JPEF+BOFJSP
-"406%*µ3&.BSUJOEF%JTNPJPáUVQPVTTFTRVFTUJPOTBVYQSPEVJUTiMPDBVYwiSÏHJPOBVYw
EFiUFSSPJSwFUËMFVSTDPOTPNNBUFVST*O&*;/&3/JDPMF0SH
7PZBHFFOBMJNFOUBUJPO
1BSJT"3'
."5)*&6 /JDPMF +0--*7&5 .BSDFM %F MB iRVFTUJPO EF MB OBUVSFw Ë MB iRVFTUJPO EF
ERRA
MFOWJSPOOFNFOUwSFQÒSFTBODJFOTQPVSEFTRVFTUJPOTOPVWFMMFT*O@@@@@%JS
%VSVSBM
ËMFOWJSPOOFNFOUMBRVFTUJPOEFMBOBUVSFBVKPVSEIVJ1BSJT"3'
.&/"4$)&3FOBUB0THSÍPTEBEJTDØSEJBFPSJTDPËNFTBVNFTUVEPBOUSPQPMØHJDPEBT
SFQSFTFOUBÎÜFTTPDJBJTTPCSFPTDVMUJWPTFBMJNFOUPTUSBOTHÐOJDPTOP3JP(SBOEFEP4VMG
5FTF %PVUPSBEP FN "OUSPQPMPHJB 4PDJBM
1SPHSBNB EF 1ØT(SBEVBÎÍP FN "OUSPQPMPHJB
4PDJBM 6OJWFSTJEBEF 'FEFSBM EP 3JP (SBOEF EP 4VM %JTQPOÓWFM FN IUUQXXX
CJCMJPUFDBVGSHTCSCJCMJPUFDBEJHJUBMUFTFDTIQEG
@@@@@3JTDPËNFTBBMJNFOUPTUSBOTHÐOJDPTOPNFVQSBUPOÍP $BNQPT3FWJTUBEF
"OUSPQPMPHJB 4PDJBM $VSJUJCB Q %JTQPOÓWFM FN IUUQXXX
VGSHTCSQHESUFYUPTBCFSUPT@NFOBTDIFQEG
3"65&/#&3( .JDIFM .*$06% "OESÏ #²3"3% -BVSFODF ."3$)&/": 1IJMJQQF %JS
$BNQBHOFTEFUPVTOPTEÏTJST1BSJT.4)
3FOBUBQBSUJDJQBSÈEP5FSSB.BESFSFQSFTFOUBOEPP1SPHSBNB
EF1ØT(SBEVBÎÍPFN%FTFOWPMWJNFOUP3VSBMEB6OJWFSTJEBEF'FEFSBM
EP3JP(SBOEFEP4VM²UBNCÏNQSPGFTTPSBEB6OJWFSTJEBEF&TUBEVBM
EP3JP(SBOEFEP4VMF1FTRVJTBEPSBEB'VOEBÎÍP&TUBEVBMEF1FTRVJTB
"HSPQFDVÈSJB %PVUPSB FN "OUSPQPMPHJB 4PDJBM TFVT FTUVEPT TÍP
WPMUBEPTËBOUSPQPMPHJBEBBMJNFOUBÎÍPFËBOUSPQPMPHJBSVSBM
3&410/4"#*-*%"%&/0"50%&$0/46.*3
4JMWBOB'ÏSSJHP
2
'PUP"DFSWP"$&7".
PTFVTVTUFOUPEPUSBCBMIPDPNBUFSSB
VBOEP TF GBMB FN DPOTVNP
QSPNPWFOEP B TPCFSBOJB F TFHVSBOÎB
SFTQPOTÈWFM B BUFOÎÍP TF WPMUB
BMJNFOUBSFBQSFTFSWBÎÍPEPBNCJFOUF
BP DPOTVNJEPS B PVUSB QPOUB
6NB FYQFSJÐODJB RVF FTUÈ EBOEP
EBDBEFJBDPNFSDJBMPRVBMSFJWJOEJDBTFVT
DFSUP
F RVF TVSHJV QPS EFNBOEB EPT
EJSFJUPT B JOGPSNBÎÜFT TPCSF B RVBMJEBEF
DPOTVNJEPSFT F DPOTVNJEPSBT GPJ
EP QSPEVUP RVF DPOTPNF 2VBOEP P
B EF VNB PSHBOJ[BÎÍP RVF QVEFTTF
DPOTVNPDPOTDJFOUFBDPOUFDFNVJUPNBJT
BUFOEFS FTUBT RVFTUÜFT BTTJN TVSHFN
RVFBQSFPDVQBÎÍPFNTFBMJNFOUBSEFVN 7JTJUB EF DPOTVNJEPSFT B
VNBDPPQFSBUJWB
BT $PPQFSBUJWBT EF $POTVNJEPSFT
QSPEVUP TBVEÈWFM P DPOTVNJEPS QSFTFSWB
&DPMØHJDPT
OB
SFHJÍP
TVM
PVUSP
GBUPS JNQPSUBOUF RVF DPOUSJCVJV
WBMPSFTDVMUVSBJTQSFTFSWBOEPVNNPEPEFWJEBTBVEÈWFMBBMJNFOUBÎÍP
FTUÈFOUSFPTWBMPSFTNBJTJNQPSUBOUFTEFVNBDVMUVSB0VUSPGBUPSÏP NVJUP QBSB B GPSNBÎÍP EFTUBT GPJ EF RVF BMHVOT BHSJDVMUPSFT
DPOTVNJEPSFDPOTVNJEPSBUFSFNDPOTDJÐODJBEFTFVJNQPSUBOUFQBQFM WFOEJBN TFVT QSPEVUPT OB 'FJSB &DPMØHJDB FN 1PSUP "MFHSF34 F
FDVNQMJDJEBEFRVBOEPTFGBMBFNHFSBÎÍPEFUSBCBMIPFEFSFOEBDPN FTUFT BHSJDVMUPSFT QBTTBWBN QSØYJNPT B BMHVNBT DJEBEFT EP 34
0T DPOTVNJEPSFT EFTUBT DJEBEFT BQFOBT PMIBWBN JTTP BDPOUFDFS
BUJWJEBEFTEFQSPEVÎÍPFDPNFSDJBMJ[BÎÍPQPJTBMÏNEPTDPOTVNJEPSFT
F
GJDBWBN
TFN BDFTTP B FTUFT QSPEVUPT QPSRVF B GFJSB FSB EJTUBOUF
FTUBSFN BERVJSJOEP QSPEVUPT MJWSFT EF BHSPUØYJDPT F BEVCBÎÍP
RVÓNJDB UBNCÏN FTUÍP GPSUBMFDFOEP B QSPEVÎÍP MPDBM TVTUFOUÈWFM PV FOUÍP QSFDJTBWBN JS BUÏ BT QSPQSJFEBEFT SVSBJT BHSPFDPMØHJDBT
QSPQPSDJPOBOEPRVFPTBHSJDVMUPSFTFBHSJDVMUPSBTDPOUJOVFNUJSBOEP UBNCÏN EJTUBOUFT QBSB BERVJSJSFN PT QSPEVUPT "QØT BMHVNBT
6
INTELECTUAIS da
SFVOJÜFT GPJ JOBVHVSBEB
FN KVOIP EF B
$001&5 OP NVOJDÓQJP
EF 5SÐT $BDIPFJSBT34
B QSJNFJSB $PPQFSBUJWB
EF $POTVNJEPSFT &DP
MØHJDPT DPNP VNB MPKB
EF DPNQSB F WFOEB EF
QSPEVUPT QPTUFSJPSNFOUF
FN OPWFNCSP EF B
&$05033&4 FN 5PSSFT34
FNB$001&37*%"FN
1SBJB(SBOEF4$FFNB
"3"$001&3FN"SBSBOHVÈ
$PPQFSWJEB
4$ $BEB DPPQFSBUJWB DPN
TVB SFBMJEBEF MPDBM F DPN
'PUP"DFSWP"$&7".
TFVTEFTBGJPTQBSBNBOUFSBHSBOEJPTJEBEFEBQSPQPTUBDPNPBQPJP
EPTBHSJDVMUPSFTFBHSJDVMUPSBTF0SHBOJ[BÎÜFT/ÍP(PWFSOBNFOUBJT
ERRA
FOUSFFMBTB"$&7".o"TTPDJBÎÍPEPT$PMPOPT&DPMPHJTUBTEP7BMF
.BNQJUVCB RVF KVOUBNFOUF DPN B QSPEVÎÍP PGFSFDF BTTJTUÐODJB
UÏDOJDBBPTBHSJDVMUPSFTFBHSJDVMUPSBTFPJODFOUJWPBOPWPTHSVQPT
5FN DPNP PCKFUJWPT P EFTFOWPMWJNFOUP TVTUFOUÈWFM B WBMPSJ[BÎÍP
EP USBCBMIP EBT NVMIFSFT F EPT KPWFOT B WBMPSJ[BÎÍP EB DVMUVSB
MPDBM F B DPOTDJFOUJ[BÎÍP B VN DPOTVNP SFTQPOTÈWFM F TPMJEÈSJP
4JMWBOB'FSSJHP
$PPSEFOBEPSBEB&RVJQF5ÏDOJDB
TJMWBOBGFSSJHP!FDPWJEBPSHCS
XXXBDFWBNPSHCS
1SBJB(SBOEF4BOUB$BUBSJOB#SBTJM
"$001&3"5*7"4&.'30/5&*3"4
"DFSWP&$0$*5364
"
.FNCSPTEB$PPQFSBUJWB4FN'SPOUFJSBTTFFODPOUSBNOP5FSSB.BESF
A amplitude produtiva da cooperativa
permite oferecer uma ampla gama de
produtos com uma clara denominação de
origem, fazendo do pequeno produtor um
protagonista no mercado, fortalecendo
assim sua capacidade empresarial.
4UFGBOP*MIB%JTTJVUB
$PPQFSBUJWB 4FN 'SPOUFJSBT $4'
Ï VNB $PPQFSBUJWB EF
$PPQFSBUJWBT F "TTPDJBÎÜFT EF 1FRVFOPT 1SPEVUPSFT EP
4VM F QSPEVUPSFT TPMJEÈSJPT EP /PSUF &TUBNPT VOJEPT FN
UPSOP EP DPNÏSDJP KVTUP F EB BHSPFDPMPHJB OPT PSHBOJ[BOEP QBSB
BCPSEBSEFNBOFJSBDPOKVOUBJOUFHSBMFDPNWJTÍPÏUJDBFNQSFTBSJBM
PTDSFTDFOUFTNFSDBEPTDPNDBSBDUFSÓTUJDBTTPDJBJTFBNCJFOUBJTRVF
TFUFNFTUBCFMFDJEPOPTQBÓTFTEFTFOWPMWJEPTFRVFFTUÈFNFSHJOEP
OPT QBÓTFT FN EFTFOWPMWJNFOUP " $4' Ï GPSNBEB BUVBMNFOUF QPS
TØDJPT QSPEVUPSFT EF QBÓTFT "115" "40130%6-$& -"
"-*"/;"$001&$"/&3"$PTUB3JDB130%&$001"1*#0/JDBSÈHVB
"13"*/03&4 &M 4BMWBEPS $01*"4630 (VBUFNBMB $001&3"5*7"
5;"-5"- 5;05;*- .ÏYJDP $0/"1* $001 1-"$*%0 3*;050 $001
-"7030 & /0/ 40-0 *UÈMJB $0$"#0 1BOBNÈ $04"3 %&- /035&
"SHFOUJOB &$0$*5364 #SBTJM $PNP TØDJPT OÍP QSPEVUPSFT UFNPT
&5*.04 *UÈMJB $POTØSDJP 'JOBODFJSP $&/530 &$0-»(*$0 #SBTJM
$&%&$0$PTUB3JDB
"DSFEJUBNPT RVF FTUF Ï P JOTUSVNFOUP JEFBM QBSB BTTVNJS PT
QSJODÓQJPTRVFEFNBOEBNFTUFTNFSDBEPTFBMJBOÎBTFTUSBUÏHJDBTFOUSF
DPPQFSBUJWBTEPTVMFEPOPSUFDPOUSJCVJOEPGPSUFNFOUFQBSBFODVSUBS
BEJTUÉODJBFOUSFQSPEVÎÍPFDPOTVNP&TUBBQSPYJNBÎÍPQFSNJUFBPT
QSPEVUPSFTVNNFMIPSDPOIFDJNFOUPEPTNFSDBEPTNFUBTHPTUPTF
7
INTELECTUAIS da
IÈCJUPTEFDPOTVNP
"MÏN EF QPEFSFN QMBOFKBS TVBT BUJWJEBEFT QSPEVUJWBT NBJT
EF BDPSEP DPN B OFDFTTJEBEF EPT NFSDBEPT 5BNCÏN QFSNJUF P
VTP NBJT FGJDJFOUF EBT FYQFSJÐODJBT F DPOIFDJNFOUPT QSPEVUJWPT F
DPNFSDJBJTEPTEJTUJOUPTTØDJPTBQSPWFJUBOEPBTTJOFSHJBTFYJTUFOUFT
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HBNBEFQSPEVUPTDPNVNBDMBSBEFOPNJOBÎÍPEFPSJHFNGB[FOEP
EP QFRVFOP QSPEVUPS VN QSPUBHPOJTUB OP NFSDBEP GPSUBMFDFOEP
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WÈSJPTQBÓTFTEFNPOTUSBBQPTTJCJMJEBEFEFSFTQPOEFSBPTBOTFJPTF
EFTBGJPT EF QSFTFSWBS B BHSJDVMUVSB GBNJMJBS F DBNQFTJOB DPN TFVT
DPTUVNFTQSPEVUPTFUSBEJÎÜFTQSPQPSDJPOBOEPVNCFNFTUBSTPDJBM
QBSBBTQFTTPBTEPDBNQPCFNDPNPPGFSFDFSQSPEVUPTEFRVBMJEBEF
OVUSJDJPOBMDVMUVSBMBNCJFOUBMQBSBBTQFTTPBTEBDJEBEF
ERRA
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FNUFOEPDPNPQSJODJQBMNPUJWBEPSBQSFDÈSJBTJUVBÎÍPFNRVFTFFODPOUSBWBN
PTBHSJDVMUPSFTMPDBJTQSBUJDBOEPBBHSJDVMUVSBDPOWFODJPOBMRVFJNQSJNFVNFNQPCSFDJNFOUP
EPTPMPDPNPGBWPSFDJNFOUPEFQSPDFTTPTFSPTJWPTRVFPTPCSJHBBQFSNBOFOUFBCFSUVSBEFOPWBTÈSFBTFNDPNQMFUB
GBMUBEFTJOUPOJBDPNBTDPOEJÎÜFTDMJNÈUJDBTUPQPHSÈGJDBTFBNCJFOUBJTMPDBJTMFWBOEPPTBVNDJDMPEFFNQPCSFDJNFOUP
FQFSDBEBBVUPFTUJNB'PJFOUÍPRVFPQSPEVUPS$BSTUFO#FOJOHKVOUBNFOUFBVNHSVQPEFQFRVFOPTBHSJDVMUPSFTEPT
QPWPBEPTEP3JP/FHSP.BSJNCVF4BOUP"OUÙOJPSFVOJSBNTFFNUPSOPEFVNBJEÏJBDPNVNEFVNOPWPNPEFMP
BHSÓDPMBNBJTBQSPQSJBEPËTDPOEJÎÜFTSFHJPOBJTBBHSJDVMUVSBPSHÉOJDBFNTJTUFNBBHSPGMPSFTUBJTEFOUSPEFVNNPEFMP
BTTPDJBUJWP *OJDJBMNFOUF FTUB SFDFCFV BQPJP EP #.' #VOEFTNJOJTUFSJVN GàS 8JSUTDIBGUMJDIF ;VTBNNFOBSCFJU
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8
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RVF DPOUBN DPN P BQPJP EB ""$"' o "HÐODJB EF "TTFTTPSJB F
$PNFSDJBMJ[BÎÍPEB"HSJDVMUVSB'BNJMJBS
0VUSPGBUPSFMFWBOUFDPNSFMBÎÍPBPQSPKFUPÏBTVBJNQPSUÉODJB
EPQPOUPEFWJTUBBNCJFOUBMVNBWF[RVFEPTOPWFDFOUPTF
EP[F
IFDUBSFT RVF P DPNQÜFN EJTUSJCVÓEPT FN DJORàFOUB F
OPWF
QFRVFOBT QSPQSJFEBEFT FYJTUFN RVJOIFOUPT F PO[F
IFDUBSFTEFSFNBOFTDFOUFEF.BUB"UMÉOUJDBQFSGB[FOEPNBJTEF
EBÈSFBUPUBMEPQSPKFUPFTUÈTFOEPQSFTFSWBEBDPNPBVYÓMJP
EPTQSPEVUPSFT
1FESPÏDPPQFSBEPF"TTFTTPS5ÏDOJDPEP1SPKFUP0OÎB
"DFSWP1SPKFUP0OÎB
" 1JBÎBWB P %FOEÐ P $BDBV F B 4FSJOHVFJSB TÍP WFOEJEPT OP
NFSDBEPJOUFSOPUPEBTFTUBTQMBOUBEBTFNTJTUFNBBHSPGMPSFTUBM
DPN BNQMP SFTQFJUP BPT FDPTTJTUFNBT FYJTUFOUFT UPEBWJB FSB
OFDFTTÈSJPQFOTBSTFUBNCÏNFNQSPEV[JSBMJNFOUPTQPJTOÍPFSB
NBJTQPTTÓWFMBQFOBTBQSPEVÎÍPQBSBFYQPSUBÎÍPiJTTPOÍPÏDFSUP
QSPEV[JNPTQSPEVUPTMJNQPTFCPOTQBSBPTPVUSPTFDPOUJOVBNPT
B DPNQSBS P DPOWFODJPOBM QBSB OØT QSFDJTBNPT UBNCÏN DPNFS
QSPEVUPT MJNQPTw EJTTF 4S "NBEP VN EPT NBJT WFMIPT TØDJPT
GVOEBEPSFT EP BMUP EPT TFVT NBJT EF BOPT JOJDJBWBTF FOUÍP
VNOPWPNPNFOUPOPQSPKFUPVNQSPDFTTPEFUSBOTJÎÍPQBSBVN
NPEFMPBHSPFDPMØHJDPDPNVNGPDPWPMUBEPBTFHVSBOÎBBMJNFOUBS
TBÞEF IBCJUBÎÍP USBOTQPSUF FEVDBÎÍP MBTFS F SFOEB OVNB
JOUFSBÎÍP IPMÓTUJDB DBQB[ EF QSPNPWFS NFMIPSJB OB RVBMJEBEF EF
WJEBEPTQFRVFOPTBHSJDVMUPSFT
*ODFOUJWBEPT BUSBWÏT EP 1"" 1SPHSBNB EF "RVJTJÎÍP EB
"HSJDVMUVSB'BNJMJBSGPJFMBCPSBEPVNB$13&TQFDJBMDPN%PBÎÍP
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DPFOUSPFOUSFPVUSBTFTQÏDJFTEFIPSUBMJÎBTBMHPRVFOÍPÏDPNVN
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EPNJOBOEP B UÏDOJDB F QBSB TVSQSFTB EF UPEPT GPSBN BQBSFDFOEP
DVMUVSBT F TBCPSFT B UBOUP FTRVFDJEBT DPNP B WJOBHSFJSB DBCBÎB
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ERRA
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7BMEJWJOP3PESJHVFTEF4PV[B
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SFQØSUFSFTFKPSOBMJTUBTEBHSBOEFNÓEJBCSBTJMFJSB'PSBNUFNQPTNVJUPBQSPWFJUBEPTQPSQPMÓUJDPTEBSFHJÍPQBSBHBOIBSWPUPTËDVTUBEF
VNQPWPQPCSFTFNFODPOUSBSQFSTQFDUJWBTEFGVUVSP.BTOBEBÏTPNFOUFEFTHSBÎB'PJQPSGPSÎBEFVN
USBCBMIP
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F
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TVTUFOUBCJMJEBEFBHJOEPTP[JOIPOVNNVOEPHMPCBMJ[BEPPOEFPHSBOEFDBQJUBMFOHPMF
BTQFRVFOBTJOJDJBUJWBT
²DPNFTTBWJTÍPRVFB$001&3$6$FODPOUSBPDBNJOIPEPNFSDBEPKVTUPFTPMJEÈSJP
RVBOEPUFNBDIBODFEFBQBSFDFSQBSBPNVOEPNPTUSBOEPRVFP4FNJÈSJEPOÍPQPEF
TFSDPOIFDJEPBQFOBTBUSBWÏTEBTJNBHFOTFSFQPSUBHFOTEFTBTUSPTBTNBTRVFUFNVNB
IJTUØSJBQPTJUJWBQBSBNPTUSBSFDPOUBS
&BTTJNHSBÎBTËTCBMVBSUFTDPOTUSVUPSBTEFTTBOPWBIJTUØSJBiBTNVMIFSFTwRVFTVSHFB
&BTTJNHSBÎBTËTCBMVBSUFTDPOTUSVUPSBTEFTTBOPWBIJTUØSJBiBTNVMIFSFTwRVFTVSHFB
QSJNFJSBPQPSUVOJEBEFEFQBSUJDJQBSEFVNFWFOUPOBDJPOBMB'FJSB/BDJPOBMEB"HSJDVMUVSB
'BNJMJBS
0SBVNBQFRVFOBJOJDJBUJWBRVFEFQPJTTFUPSOBSBHSBOEFDPNFÎBSBBEBSPTQSJNFJSPTQBTTPTÏQPTTÓWFMDIFHBS
BBMHVNMVHBS /ÍPUFNDFSUF[BOFNNFTNPTFFTTFOFHØDJPWBJEBSDFSUP.BTÏBÓRVFBTDPJTBTEFTQPOUBNFB$PPQFSBUJWBBHPSBKÈDPOTUJUVÓEB
GPSNBMNFOUFDPNRVBSFOUBFRVBUSP
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FOUVTJBTNBEPTQSFQBSBNTFQBSBVNWÙPNBJT
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BMUPBHPSBJSÍPQBSUJDJQBSEPFWFOUP5FSSB.BESFOB&VSPQBMÈWÍPFYQPSPTOPTTPTQSPEVUPTFNPTUSBSBPNVOEPUPEPRVFPOPTTP
9
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"UVBMNFOUF P HSVQP QSFQBSBTF QBSB QBSUJDJQBS EP TFHVOEP FWFOUP
JOUFSOBDJPOBM5FSSB.BESFPOEFFTUBSÈFYQPOEPPTQSPEVUPTFDPOTUSVJOEP
QBSDFSJBTJNQPSUBOUFTQBSBBDPOUJOVJEBEFEFTTFQSPKFUPRVFMFWBSFOEBF
BVUPOPNJBQBSBBT GBNÓMJBT
FOWPMWJEBT EFTTB SFHJÍP
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TÍP BJOEB QBTTPT JOJDJBJT
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F FN WÈSJBT QBSUFT EFTUF
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P QSPUBHPOJTNP F GPSÎB
GFNJOJOB
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PVUSBJNBHFNVNPVUSPSFUSBUP²BQSJNFJSBQBSUJDJQBÎÍPEB$001&3$6$
FNFWFOUPJOUFSOBDJPOBMRVFPDPSSFFNPVUVCSPEF5VSJNOB*UÈMJBOP
4BMPOF%FM(VTUPEBTDPNVOJEBEFTEPBMJNFOUPNBTBJOEBPHSVQPQBTTBB
JOUFHSBSBSFEFEFNFSDBEPKVTUPFTPMJEÈSJPJTTPTJHOJGJDBRVFB$001&3$6$
FODPOUSB BMJBEPT JNQPSUBOUFT QBSB TF DPOUSBQPS BP DBQJUBM NVOEJBM OFTUF
NVOEPKÈHMPCBMJ[BEP
&TTF Ï P PCKFUJWP P QSPQØTJUP EP NPEFMP BMUFSOBUJWP EB FDPOPNJB
TPMJEÈSJB Ï FOGSFOUBS B DPODPSSÐODJB EP NFSDBEP DBQJUBMJTUB TFMWBHFN EF
GPSNBNBJTÏUJDBKVTUBFTPMJEÈSJBBUÏBRVJTFFOUFOEFQPSRVFB$001&3$6$
BEPUPVPMFNBPOEFBQSPEVÎÍPFTUFKBOBMJOIBEFVNBQSPEVÎÍPRVFTFKB
FDPOPNJDBNFOUFWJÈWFMTPDJBMNFOUFKVTUBFFDPMPHJDBNFOUFTVTUFOUÈWFM&
BTTJNFDPNFTUFTFOUJNFOUPEFTPMJEBSJFEBEFOBMØHJDBEPDPNÏSDJPKVTUP
RVFB$001&3$6$KÈFTUÈQSFTFOUFDPNTFVTQSPEVUPTOPNFSDBEP&VSPQFV
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B &NQSFTB "MUFSFDP Ï B HSBOEF SFTQPOTÈWFM QPS GB[FS DIFHBS PT
EPDFTDSFNPTPTEF6.#6EPTFNJÈSJEPOPTQSJODJQBJTFTUBCFMFDJNFOUPTEF
DPNÏSDJPKVTUPEB'SBOÎBDPNQSFÎPBDFTTÓWFMFVNBRVBMJEBEFJODPOGVOEÓWFM
ÏPRVFBFDPOPNJBTPMJEÈSJBQPTTJCJMJUBGB[FSRVFQSPEVUPTEFVNBSFHJÍP
BOUFTDPOIFDJEBDPNPNJTFSÈWFMHBOIFEFTUBRVFOPNVOEP
ERRA
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QPS DPNVOJEBEFT JOEÓHFOBT OP #SBTJM
$PN B BTTFTTPSJB UÏDOJDB EP *4" F NVJUB
OFHPDJBÎÍP KVOUP DPN B "5*9 BT WFOEBT
QBTTBSBN B JODMVJS PVUSPT FTUBEPT $PN P
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JOUSPEV[JEBT BT FNCBMBHFOT EF WJESP PT
SØUVMPT F JOUFOTJGJDBSBNTF BT QBSUJDJQBÎÜFT
FNGFJSBTFBTOFHPDJBÎÜFTDPNNFSDBEPTEP
3JPEF+BOFJSP#SBTÓMJBF4ÍP1BVMP
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JOUFSFTTFFNDPNQSBSBUÏUPOFMBEBTBOVBJT
EPQSPEVUPQBSBTFSDPNFSDJBMJ[BEPOBTMPKBT
EB SFEF EF TVQFSNFSDBEPT /P FOUBOUP
EFWJEP Ë FTDBMB EF QSPEVÎÍP EP 9JOHV OÍP
BMDBOÎBS B RVBOUJEBEF QSFUFOEJEB P NFM
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1ÍPEF"ÎÞDBSRVFBDFJUBWFOEBFNQFRVFOBT
RVBOUJEBEFT BHSFHBOEP WBMPS BPT QSPEVUPT
EJGFSFODJBEPT
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HFSJEP QFMB "5*9 RVF DPNFSDJBMJ[B QFMP
QSPHSBNB $BSBT EP #SBTJM VNB NÏEJB UPOFMBEBTBOP0QSPKFUPWFNEBOEPÐOGBTF
OB BNQMJBÎÍP EBT BMEFJBT FOWPMWJEBT
OP BVNFOUP EP OÞNFSP EF DBJYBT QPS
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DPNVOJEBEF OP TFOUJEP EF BVNFOUBS B
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EP
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EP NFM FSB EJGÓDJM QPSRVF PT DPNFSDJBOUFT
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10
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ERRA
1""o*ODFOUJWPQBSBB"HSJDVMUVSB'BNJMJBS
%
FWJEP B VN QSPDFTTP IJTUØSJDP EF
DPODFOUSBÎÍP EF QPEFS F SJRVF[B
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B 3FHJÍP 4FSSBOB EF 4BOUB $BUBSJOB Ï B RVF
QPTTVJ PT ÓOEJDFT EF EFTFOWPMWJNFOUP TPDJBM
F IVNBOP NBJT CBJYPT EF UPEP P &TUBEP &TTF
QSPDFTTP IJTUØSJDP EF FYDMVTÍP Ï P SFTQPOTÈWFM
QFMP JODSFNFOUP OB FWBTÍP EP NFJP SVSBM
EFTDBQJUBMJ[BOEP F FNQPCSFDFOEP PT QFRVFOPT
NVOJDÓQJPTFQSPWPDBOEPPJODIBÎPEBTQFSJGFSJBT
EBTDJEBEFTFBPNFTNPUFNQPHFSBOEPNVJUB
NJTÏSJBOPQSØQSJPNFJPSVSBM
0 %JBHOØTUJDP EB &YDMVTÍP 4PDJBM FN 4BOUB
$BUBSJOB FMBCPSBEP QFMP JOTUJUVUP $FQB4$ FN
SFWFMB ÓOEJDFT TPDJBJT NVJUP QSFPDVQBOUFT
EP QPOUP EF WJTUB EB 4FHVSBOÎB "MJNFOUBS F
EP$PNCBUFB'PNF&TTFRVBESPTPDJBMDBØUJDP
RVF SFDMBNB DPOTUBOUFNFOUF QPS VNB QPMÓUJDB
FTUSVUVSBOUFFGJDJFOUFOPTFOUJEPEFSFWFSUFSPV
CBSSBSFTTFQSPDFTTPTPNFOUFBHPSBDPNFÎBB
SFDFCFSBBUFOÎÍPQSPQPSDJPOBMBHSBWJEBEFEPT
QSPCMFNBT
$PNP FTUSBUÏHJB EF $PNCBUF B 'PNF F
4FHVSBOÎB "MJNFOUBS P BUVBM HPWFSOP CSBTJMFJSP
FN EFMFHPV BP *OTUJUVUP EB $JEBEBOJB B
UBSFGBEFFMBCPSBSVNQSPHSBNBRVFWJFTTFBTF
USBOTGPSNBSFNQPMÓUJDBTQÞCMJDBTFTUSVUVSBOUFT
'FMJ[NFOUF TF P 1SPHSBNB 'PNF ;FSP CVTDPV
QPS VN MBEP BTTFHVSBS PT PCKFUJWPT BDJNB
NFODJPOBEPT QPS PVUSP MBEP FTUÈ TFOEP VN
BQPJP B "HSJDVMUVSB GBNJMJBS F NPUJWBEPS EB
"HSPFDPMPHJB DPNP VN OPWP QBSBEJHNB QBSB
BHSJDVMUVSB CSBTJMFJSB /P BSDBCPVÎP EFTTB
FTUSBUÏHJBiOBTDFVwP1""$0/"#
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GBNJMJBS DPNQSFFOEFOEP BÎÜFT WJODVMBEBT Ë
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DSJBÎÍPEFMBÎPTEFTPMJEBSJFEBEFFUFOEPDPNP EBTJHSFKBTFUD
7BMF TBMJFOUBS B JNQPSUÉODJB EBT QBSDFSJBT
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TPDJBJT RVF P EJBEJB F PT JOEJDBEPSFT SFWFMBN
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WJTVBMJ[B OP 1""$0/"# VNB PQPSUVOJEBEF UVEP EFNPOTUSB RVF DPN QPMÓUJDBT QÞCMJDBT
EF DPOUSJCVJS QBSB B TVQFSBÎÍP EBT EFGJDJÐODJBT FTUSVUVSBOUFT PSHBOJ[BÎÍP TPDJBM F DPPQFSBÎÍP
BMJNFOUBSFT EP QÞCMJDP BUFOEJEP QSJPSJ[BOEP FN SFEF Ï QPTTÓWFM USBOTGPSNBS B SFBMJEBEF EPT
QBSBRVFPTNBJTFYDMVÓEPTTFKBNDPOUFNQMBEPT FYDMVÓEPT TFKB OP 1MBOBMUP $BUBSJOFOTF PV OP
DPN PT BMJNFOUPT GPSUBMFDFS F EJOBNJ[BS B #SBTJM QPSÏN OÍP FTRVFÎBNPT RVF FTTF Ï VN
BHSPFDPMPHJBFBFEVDBÎÍPQPQVMBSOPUFSSJUØSJP QBTTP RVF GPJ EBEP OVNB MPOHB FTUSBEB B TFS
QSPNPWFS B BVUPOPNJB F P QSPUBHPOJTNP EPT QFSDPSSJEB
&MJBOF Ï QSPEVUPSB F EJSFUPSB GJOBODFJSB EB
BHSJDVMUPSFT GBNJMJBSFT FTUBCFMFDFS SFGFSÐODJB
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&$04&33" F WBJ QBSUJDJQBS EP 5FSSB
NFUPEPMØHJDB FN NFSDBEP JOTUJUVDJPOBM
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PTFVFTQBÎPOBTPDJFEBEFBUSBWÏTEBQBSUJDJQBÎÍP FYUSBUJWJTUBTEFQJOIÍPEF4BOUB$BUBSJOB
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QÞCMJDB BUSBWÏT EB TVQFSBÎÍP EBT EFGJDJÐODJBT
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" $PPQFSBUJWB &DPMØHJDB &DPTFSSB
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IPTQJUBJT DSFDIFT NVOJDJQBJT "TTPDJBÎÜFT EF
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11
INTELECTUAIS da
ERRA
$001&3"5*7"(3"/%&4&35"0
%JGVOEJOEPPQBUSJNÙOJPBHSJDVMUVSBMTFSUBOFKP
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MPOHÓORVPT EP TFSUÍP NJOFJSP GPTTF DPOTVNJEB QFMBT
DSJBOÎBT F KPWFOT EBT FTDPMBT QÞCMJDBT F BP NFTNP
UFNQP FTUJWFTTF OBT QSBUFMFJSBT EF TVQFSNFSDBEPT QBEBSJBT F
MPKBTFTQFDJBMJ[BEBTGPJBNPUJWBÎÍPQBSBBDSJBÎÍPEB$PPQFSBUJWB
EPT"HSJDVMUPSFT'BNJMJBSFTF"HSPFYUSBUJWJTUBT(SBOEF4FSUÍP
/P TFSUÍP NJOFJSP P $FSSBEP F B $BBUJOHB TF FOUSFMBÎBN
DPOGPSNBOEP DPNQMFYBT F WBSJBEBT QBJTBHFOT F FDPTTJTUFNBT
" PDVQBÎÍP IVNBOB EFTUFT WBSJBEPT FDPTTJTUFNBT GPJ BP MPOHP
EP UFNQP DPOGPSNBOEP DVMUVSBT BHSPFDPTTJTUFNBT F GPSNBT EF
PSHBOJ[BÎÍP TØDJPFDPOÙNJDB 0 NPEVT WJWFOEJ EPT IBCJUBOUFT
EB DBBUJOHB iPT $BUJOHVFJSPTw
EPT IBCJUBOUFT EP DFSSBEP iPT
(FSB[FJSPTw
EPT IBCJUBOUFT EBT JMIBT F WB[BOUFT EP SJP 4ÍP
'SBODJTDPiPT7B[BOUFJSPTw
FBJOEBPTSFNBOFTDFOUFTEFJOEÓHFOBT
F RVJMPNCPMBT GPSNBN P QBUSJNÙOJP DVMUVSBM TFSUBOFKP &TUBT
QPQVMBÎÜFT USBEJDJPOBJT EP /PSUF EF .JOBT EFTFOWPMWFSBN VN
QSPGVOEPDPOIFDJNFOUPEBCJPEJWFSTJEBEFMPDBMCBTFEFTJTUFNBT
QSPEVUJWPTRVFDPNCJOBNBHSJDVMUVSBFFYUSBUJWJTNP4ÍPGBNÓMJBT
EFBHSJDVMUPSFTRVFNBOFKBNBTWBSJFEBEFTOBUJWBTDPMIFNTFVT
GSVUPTDVJEBNEBNVMUJQMJDBÎÍPEBTTFNFOUFTFQSFTFSWBNPTDVSTPT
EÈHVB7JWFNDVMUJWBOEPVNBEJWFSTJEBEFEFBMJNFOUPTDSJBOEP
QFRVFOPTBOJNBJTMJEBOEPOPFOHFOIPOBDBTBEFGBSJOIBFOP
BQJÈSJPQSPEV[JOEPQBSBTFVQSØQSJPDPOTVNPFQBSBPNFSDBEP
"T EJGJDVMEBEFT EF BDFTTP BP NFSDBEP JNQVMTJPOBSBN FTTBT
GBNÓMJBTEFBHSJDVMUPSFTPSHBOJ[BEBTFNTJOEJDBUPTFBTTPDJBÎÜFT
B CVTDBSFN BQPJP QBSB B DPNFSDJBMJ[BÎÍP EF TFVT QSPEVUPT 'PJ
EP $FOUSP EF "HSJDVMUVSB "MUFSOBUJWB FOUJEBEF RVF IÈ BOPT
QSFTUBBTTFTTPSJBFNBHSPFDPMPHJBËTPSHBOJ[BÎÜFTEFBHSJDVMUPSFT
EB SFHJÍP RVF WFJP P BQPJP QBSB DPNFÎBS B FYQFSJÐODJB EF
CFOFGJDJBNFOUPFDPNFSDJBMJ[BÎÍPEFQPMQBTEFGSVUBTRVFBOPT
EFQPJT FN PSJHJOPV B $PPQFSBUJWB (SBOEF 4FSUÍP %FTEF
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GPSUBMFDFOEP OP
1SPEVUPTEB$PPQFSBUJWB NFSDBEP SFHJPOBM F
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/PJOÓDJPDPNFÎPVTFDPNBQSPEVÎÍPEFQPMQBTEFGSVUBTOBUJWBT
FN RVBOUJEBEF QFRVFOB BSNB[FOBEBT FN VN ÞOJDP GSFF[FS F
FOUSFHVFTBUSBWÏTEFVNBCJDJDMFUB"UVBMNFOUFTÍPDPNFSDJBMJ[BEBT
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ØMFP F QPMQB EF QFRVJ $BSZPDBS CSBTJMJFOTF $BNC
SBQBEVSJOIB
BÎÞDBSNBTDBWPFNFM"QSPEVÎÍPEBDPPQFSBUJWBOBTBGSB
GPJEFNJMRVJMPTEFQPMQBEFGSVUBTNJMFRVJOIFOUPTRVJMPTEF
QFRVJFRVJMPTEFQPMQBEFQFRVJNJMRVJMPTEFSBQBEVSJOIB
UBCMFUFTEFHSBNBT
FNJMRVJMPTEFNFM"DPPQFSBUJWBUBNCÏN
BSUJDVMB B DPNQSB F WFOEB EF TFNFOUFT EF TPSHP NJMIP GFJKÍP F
BSSP[QSPQPSDJPOBOEPPJOUFSDÉNCJPTPMJEÈSJPEFTFNFOUFTDSJPVMBT
FOUSF BT DPNVOJEBEFT /FTUB ÞMUJNB TBGSB GPSBN DPNFSDJBMJ[BEBT
UPOFMBEBTEFTFNFOUFT"TTFNFOUFTTBFNEPTBTTFOUBNFOUPT
F DPNVOJEBEFT SVSBJT TÍP EJTQPOJCJMJ[BEBT QBSB BT DPNVOJEBEFT
F DJSDVMBN FOUSF HSVQPT EF BHSJDVMUPSFT EB SFHJÍP RVF BTTVNFN P
DPNQSPNJTTPEFQSFTFSWBSBTWBSJFEBEFT0USBCBMIPEB$PPQFSBUJWB
(SBOEF 4FSUÍP FOWPMWF GBNÓMJBT EF DPNVOJEBEFT SVSBJT
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"QSPQPTUBEB$PPQFSBUJWB(SBOEF4FSUÍPÏTFGPSUBMFDFSFORVBOUP
VNFNQSFFOEJNFOUPRVFGVODJPOFDPNPVNJOTUSVNFOUPEFEJÈMPHP
EBT QPQVMBÎÜFT USBEJDJPOBJT DPN BT JOTUÉODJBT HPWFSOBNFOUBJT P
NFSDBEP F BT SFEFT TPDJBJT QBSB TF DPOTUJUVJS FN VNB GFSSBNFOUB
FTUSBUÏHJDB QBSB BT MVUBT F DPORVJTUBT EPT BHSJDVMUPSFT EB SFHJÍP
OPSUFNJOFJSB
1BSUJOEP EP GBUP EF RVF P QSØQSJP &TUBEP Ï VN EPT HSBOEFT
DPOTVNJEPSFT EF BMJNFOUPT EP QBÓT F QSJODJQBMNFOUF OP ÉNCJUP
NVOJDJQBMPOEFBNFSFOEBFTDPMBSÏPCSJHBUØSJBQBSBBTFTDPMBTEP
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EP/PSUFEF.JOBTFTUBSFNDPOTVNJOEPBSSP[EFPVUSBTSFHJÜFT F
SFGSJHFSBOUFT FORVBOUP PT BHSJDVMUPSFT EB SFHJÍP TÍP PCSJHBEPT B
CVTDBSFNQSFHPOPTHSBOEFTDFOUSPTQPSOÍPDPOTFHVJSFNFTDPBSTVB
QSPEVÎÍPFBTFVTGJMIPTTFSOFHBEPPEJSFJUPEFDPOIFDFSFDPOTVNJS
OBFTDPMBBSJDBFGBSUBQSPEVÎÍPBHSJDVMUVSBMEBSFHJÍP%FGPSNB
EJSFUBFPCKFUJWBBMHVOTNVOJDÓQJPTKÈDPNFÎBNBBDPSEBSQBSBVNB
OPWBGPSNBEFEJOBNJ[BSTVBFDPOPNJBJOUFHSBOEPQSPEVÎÍPMPDBM
12
INTELECTUAIS da
ERRA
"T FTDPMBT FTUBEVBJT EP NVOJDÓQJP EF .POUFT $MBSPT GPSBN PT
QSJNFJSPT DMJFOUFT EB $PPQFSBUJWB (SBOEF 4FSUÍP NBT B QBSUJS EF
PNFSDBEPJOTUJUVDJPOBMHBOIBOPWPJNQVMTPDPNP1SPHSBNB
EF "RVJTJÎÍP EF "MJNFOUPT 1""
DPPSEFOBEP QFMP .JOJTUÏSJP EP
%FTFOWPMWJNFOUP4PDJBMF$PNCBUFË'PNF.%4
FPQFSBDJPOBMJ[BEP
BUSBWÏT EB $PNQBOIJB /BDJPOBM EF "CBTUFDJNFOUP $0/"#
"
DPPQFSBUJWBBVNFOUPVFNTVBQSPEVÎÍPQBTTBOEPBGPSOFDFS
BMJNFOUPT QBSB DSFDIFT BTJMPT IPTQJUBJT "1"& FTDPMBT QÞCMJDBT
F SFTUBVSBOUF QPQVMBS " FTTF QÞCMJDP F EFNBJT DPOTVNJEPSFT
B DPPQFSBUJWB PGFSFDF BMJNFOUPT EF RVBMJEBEF FN TVCTUJUVJÎÍP
ËRVFMFTDPNGPSUFUFPSEFJOTVNPTRVÓNJDPTFEFPSJHFNEVWJEPTB
SFWFSUFOEPHSBEBUJWBNFOUFPDPOTVNPEFBÎÞDBSDSJTUBMØMFPEFTPKB
SFGSJHFSBOUFTFTVDPFNQØQPSSBQBEVSBNFMTVDPOBUVSBMEFGSVUBT
ØMFPFQPMQBEFQFRVJ/PBOPEFGPSBNDPNFSDJBMJ[BEPT
NJMRVJMPTEFBMJNFOUPTQBSBPNFSDBEPJOTUJUVDJPOBMBUJOHJOEP
NJM QFTTPBT MPDBMJ[BEBT FN #FMP )PSJ[POUF F FN NVOJDÓQJPT EP
/PSUFEF.JOBT
" FYQFDUBUJWB BHPSB Ï RVF DPN B BCFSUVSB EFTTFT DBOBJT B
CBHBHFN EF DPOIFDJNFOUPT BERVJSJEB F B MPHÓTUJDB NPOUBEB TFKB
QPTTÓWFM DPOUJOVBS BNQMJBOEP PT DMJFOUFT JOTUJUVDJPOBJT F JOWFTUJS
OP DSFTDJNFOUP EBT WFOEBT B WBSFKP &N SFMBÎÍP B JTUP P BHSJDVMUPS
"QBSFDJEP "MWFT EJSFUPS GJOBODFJSP EB (SBOEF 4FSUÍP EJ[ i/ÍP
QSFUFOEFNPT DPMPDBS P OPTTP QSPEVUP QBSB DPNQFUJS EF JHVBM QBSB
JHVBMDPNPTPVUSPT2VFSFNPTBUSBJSPDPOTVNJEPSFHBOIBSVNBGBUJB
EPNFSDBEPDPNPEJGFSFODJBMRVFUFNPTw0EJGFSFODJBMEPTQSPEVUPT
FTUÈ OB RVBMJEBEF F OB BHSFHBÎÍP EF JNQPSUBOUFT WBMPSFT DPNP
SFTQFJUPBPNFJPBNCJFOUFDPNQSPNJTTPTPDJBMDPNBTQPQVMBÎÜFT
TFSUBOFKBTFWBMPSJ[BÎÍPEPTCJPNBTDFSSBEPFDBBUJOHB
&TUSBUÏHJBEFBDFTTPBPTNFSDBEPTDPNVOJDBSWBMPSFT
&OUSFBTFTUSBUÏHJBTEFDSFTDJNFOUPFDPOTPMJEBÎÍPEBDPPQFSBUJWB
VNBEFHSBOEFJNQPSUÉODJBÏPJOWFTUJNFOUPFNNBSLFUJOHDPNP
JOUVJUPEFSFGPSÎBSBNBSDB(SBOEF4FSUÍP"GJOBMQBSUFEPEFTBGJPEB
DPNFSDJBMJ[BÎÍP FTUÈ FN DPNVOJDBS PT WBMPSFT EB NBSDB OB SFMBÎÍP
EJSFUBDPNPDPOTVNJEPS
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F DPOTVNP HFSBOEP SFOEB F DSJBOEP VNB JNBHFN GBWPSÈWFM BP
DPOTVNPEBQSPEVÎÍPBHSPFDPMØHJDBSFHJPOBM
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EFGSVUPTEPDFSSBEPFEBDBBUJOHB
1FOTBOEP OJTUP GPJ DPOUSBUBEB VNB FRVJQF EF QSPGJTTJPOBJT
RVF SFBMJ[PV PGJDJOBT EF NBSLFUJOH DPN PT BHSJDVMUPSFT CVTDBOEP
BT SFGFSÐODJBT QBSB EFTFOWPMWFS B JEFOUJEBEF WJTVBM EB NBSDB 'PJ
SFEFTFOIBEPPTÓNCPMPGPSBNSFFMBCPSBEPTPTSØUVMPTFFNCBMBHFOT
QBSB PT QSPEVUPT F FTUÍP TFOEP EFTFOWPMWJEBT QFÎBT QSPNPDJPOBJT
DPNPPCKFUJWPEFWBMPSJ[BSPTGSVUPTEPDFSSBEPFEBDBBUJOHBBMÏNEB
DVMUVSBSFHJPOBM"OPWBJEFOUJEBEFFYQSFTTBPTQSJODÓQJPTRVFFTUÍP
OBCBTFEPUSBCBMIPEBDPPQFSBUJWBDPNPBBHSPFDPMPHJBBTBÞEF
B EJWFSTJEBEF B SFHJPOBMJEBEF F B QSPEVÎÍP BSUFTBOBM "T GPSNBT
F DPSFT JOTQJSBEBT OP TFSUÍP UÐN DIBNBEP CBTUBOUF B BUFOÎÍP EP
QÞCMJDPOBTGFJSBTFFWFOUPTRVFB(SBOEF4FSUÍPUFNQBSUJDJQBEP
6NHSBOEFNÏSJUPEB$PPQFSBUJWB(SBOEF4FSUÍPFNTVBUSBKFUØSJB
GPJDPOTFHVJSDSJBSNFSDBEPQBSBTBCPSFTOBUJWPTRVFBUÏFOUÍPFSBN
EFTDPOIFDJEPTEPTDPOTVNJEPSFTEBTDJEBEFTQSJODJQBMNFOUFFOUSF
PTNBJTKPWFOT"QBSUJSEFFOUÍPWFNTFDSJBOEPVNBJNBHFNQPTJUJWB
QBSB FTUFT QSPEVUPT BCSJOEP OPWBT QFSTQFDUJWBT QBSB BHSJDVMUVSB
DBNQPOFTBFDSJBOEPDPOTDJÐODJBOPQÞCMJDPVSCBOPRVFDPNFÎBEBS
SFTTPOÉODJBËTMVUBTQFMBQSFTFSWBÎÍPEBCJPEJWFSTJEBEF
+PTÏ-FMFTQSFTJEFOUFEBDPPQFSBUJWBBWBMJBRVFIPKFPTBTTPDJBEPT
EB DPPQFSBUJWB UÐN DPOTDJÐODJB EF RVF B BHSJDVMUVSB GBNJMJBS QBSB
UFSBDFTTPBPNFSDBEPUFNRVFDPOTJEFSBSFTTFDPOKVOUPEFDPJTBT
QSPEVÎÍPCFOFGJDJBNFOUPDPNFSDJBMJ[BÎÍPFNBSLFUJOH
13
INTELECTUAIS da
ERRA
$)&'4%&$0;*/)"13&45*(*".""(3*$6-563"'".*-*"3
'BCJBOOB'SFJSF1FQFV
6CJSBKBSB.BDIBEP
" *** 'FJSB EB "HSJDVMUVSB 'BNJMJBS F 3FGPSNB
"HSÈSJBSFBMJ[BEBFOUSFPTEJBTFEFKVOIP
EFOP1BWJMIÍP&YQP#SBTÓMJBOP1BSRVFEB
$JEBEFFN#SBTÓMJBSFDFCFVOPEJBEBBCFSUVSBB
WJTJUBEFVNHSVQPGPSNBEPQFMP$POWJWJVN4MPX
'PPEEF#SBTÓMJBNFNCSPTEB$PNJTTÍP/BDJPOBM
"SDBEP(PTUPFDIFGTEFDP[JOIBEFWÈSJPTFTUBEPT
0 HSVQP QSFTUJHJPV P USBCBMIP EPT BHSJDVMUPSFT
GBNJMJBSFT EF UPEP P #SBTJM RVF QBSUJDJQBSBN EB
GFJSBRVFSFVOJVFYQPTJUPSFTEFUPEPP1BÓT
'SBODJTDP"OTJMJFSP$BSMZMF7JMBSJOIP5FSFTB$PSÎÍPF&MJBOB'FSSFJSBEFHVTUBOEPP4PDPM
BQSFTFOUBEPQFMB3JUB
0
“
4MPX 'PPE Ï VNB PSHBOJ[BÎÍP JOUFSOBDJPOBM TFN GJOT
MVDSBUJWPT RVF QSPNPWF B QSPUFÎÍP EB CJPEJWFSTJEBEF
BUSBWÏTEB&DPHBTUSPOPNJBEBOEPBQPJPBPTBHSJDVMUPSFT
GBNJMJBSFTFNNBJTEFQBÓTFTwFYQMJDPV3PCFSUB4È
DPOTVMUPSB EB 4FDSFUBSJB EF %FTFOWPMWJNFOUP 5FSSJUPSJBM 4%5
EP
.JOJTUÏSJPEP%FTFOWPMWJNFOUP"HSÈSJP.%"
FDPPSEFOBEPSBEPT
QSPKFUPT EB 'VOEBÎÍP 4MPX 'PPE QBSB B #JPEJWFSTJEBEF OP #SBTJM
%FTEFB4MPX'PPEUFNVNBDPSEPEFDPPQFSBÎÍPDPNP.%"
%VSBOUFBWJTJUBFTUBWBNQSFTFOUFTBMHVOTDIFGTEFDP[JOIBDPNP
'SBODJTDP"OTJMJFSPEPSFTUBVSBOUF%PN'SBODJTDPEF#SBTÓMJB5FSFTB
$PSÎÍPEPSFTUBVSBOUF0/BWFHBEPSEP3JPEF+BOFJSP.BSB"MDBNJO
EPTSFTUBVSBOUFT;VVF6OJWFSTBM%JOFSEF#SBTÓMJBFBJOEBBDIFG
.BSJB EF 'ÈUJNB )BNV EP -BHBTI UBNCÏN MPDBMJ[BEP OB DBQJUBM
GFEFSBMBMÏNEFNFNCSPTEB$PNJTTÍP/BDJPOBMEB"SDBEP(PTUP
i"QSPQPTUBÏWÈMJEBFNVJUPJOUFSFTTBOUF#SBTÓMJBUFNQFRVFOPT
OJDIPT RVF BJOEB OÍP TÍP CFN BQSPWFJUBEPT F RVF QSFDJTBN EF
EJWVMHBÎÍPFQSPNPÎÍPwBGJSNPV.BSB"MDBNJODIFGEPTSFTUBVSBOUFT
;VVF6OJWFSTBM%JOFS"JOEBTFHVOEP.BSBiFTTFFWFOUPWBJNVEBSB
WJTÍPEPTQSPEVUPSFTRVFIPKFQSJWJMFHJBNHSBOEFTTVQFSNFSDBEPTw
i"***'FJSBEB"HSJDVMUVSB'BNJMJBSF3FGPSNB"HSÈSJBÏVNFWFOUP
JNQPSUBOUF &TTB QSPQPTUB EF USBCBMIBS DPN QSPEVUPT SFHJPOBJT Ï
JNQPSUBOUÓTTJNBQBSBQSPNPWFSFEFTFOWPMWFSBBHSJDVMUVSBGBNJMJBS
² UBNCÏN VN HBODIP QBSB MFWBOUBS B FTUJNB EPT QSPEVUPSFT
BTTJN FMFT WÍP GJDBS NBJT DPOTDJFOUFT EP QPUFODJBM RVF UÐNw
BGJSNPV .BSJB EF 'ÈUJNB )BNV DIFG EP SFTUBVSBOUF ÈSBCF -BHBTI
F QSFTJEFOUF EB "TTPDJBÎÍP #SBTJMFJSB EF #BSFT F 3FTUBVSBOUFT
"CSBTFM%'
4FHVOEP B DIFG Ï QSFDJTP RVF P #SBTJM DPOIFÎB
TFVT QSPEVUPT UÓQJDPT TVBT USBEJÎÜFT F NBOJGFTUBÎÜFT DVMUVSBJT
i&TTF FWFOUP WBJ VOJS PT QFRVFOPT QSPEVUPSFT F PT DIFGT EF
DP[JOIB RVF TÍP EJHBNPT PT EJWVMHBEPSFT EPT TFVT QSPEVUPT
" BHSJDVMUVSB GBNJMJBS Ï JNQPSUBOUF OB NFEJEB FN RVF FMB
QSPEV[ BMJNFOUPT EF FYDFMÐODJB HBTUSPOÙNJDB RVFS TFKB QFMB TVB
QFDVMJBSJEBEF RVFS TFKB QFMP TFV NPEP EF QSPEVÎÍPw FYQMJDPV
5FSFTB $PSÎÍP DIFG EP SFTUBVSBOUF 0 /BWFHBEPS EP 3JP EF +BOFJSP
%F BDPSEP DPN 5FSFTB B QSPEVÎÍP GBNJMJBS MFWB FN DPOTJEFSBÎÍP
PT BTQFDUPT RVF OPSUFJBN PT QSJODÓQJPT EP 4MPX 'PPEi0 BMJNFOUP
QSFDJTB TFS CPN MJNQP F KVTUP5SPDBOEP FN NJÞEPT FMF EFWF TFS
HPTUPTP NBOUFS VNB SFMBÎÍP EF SFTQFJUP DPN P NFJP BNCJFOUF F
NBOUFS SFMBÎÜFT KVTUBT EF DPNFSDJBMJ[BÎÍPw GJOBMJ[PV 3PCFSUB 4È
" WJTJUB Ë 'FJSB EB "HSJDVMUVSB 'BNJMJBS F 3FGPSNB "HSÈSJB
UBNCÏN TFSWJV DPNP BUJWJEBEF QSFQBSBUØSJB QBSB P 4BMÍP /BDJPOBM
EPT 5FSSJUØSJPT 3VSBJT RVF TFSÈ QSPNPWJEP QFMB 4FDSFUBSJB EF
%FTFOWPMWJNFOUP5FSSJUPSJBM4%5
EP.JOJTUÏSJPEP%FTFOWPMWJNFOUP
"HSÈSJP UBNCÏN FN #SBTÓMJB FOUSF PT EJBT EF OPWFNCSP F EF EF[FNCSP %VSBOUF P 4BMÍP FTUÈ QSFWJTUB VNB QSPHSBNBÎÍP
HBTUSPOÙNJDB PSHBOJ[BEB QFMB 4MPX 'PPE F "TTPDJBÎÍP #SBTJMFJSB
EF #BSFT F 3FTUBVSBOUFT "CSBTFM%'
QBSDFJSPT EB 4%5 OP FWFOUP
'BCJBOOB Ï KPSOBMJTUB GPSNBEB QFMB 6OJWFSTJEBEF 'FEFSBM
EF 1FSOBNCVDP 'PJ SFQØSUFS EB 3FEF (MPCP /PSEFTUF +PSOBM
EP $PNNFSDJP F 57 #BOEFJSBOUFT "UVBMNFOUF Ï BTTFTTPSB EF
JNQSFOTB EB 4FDSFUBSJB EF %FTFOWPMWJNFOUP 5FSSJUPSJBM EP .%" F
DPMVOJTUB EP 1SPHSBNB *OUFSFTTF 1ÞCMJDP QSPEV[JEP QFMB 57 $VMUVSB
14
INTELECTUAIS da
ERRA
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