42
ARS VETERINARIA, 17(1):42-50, 2001.
PARASITIC NEMATODES IN WEANED CALVES FROM THE
NORTHEAST REGION OF SÃO PAULO STATE, BRAZIL
(NEMATÓIDES PARASITOS DE BOVINOS DE CORTE NA REGIÃO
NORDESTE DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO, BRASIL)
V. J. C. LANDIM1, A. J. COSTA2, G. H. N. COSTA2, U. F. ROCHA2,
O. F. BARBOSA 2, F.R. MORAES2
SUMMARY
Through previous faecal egg counts crossbred Zebuine/Taurine, eight to ten months old calves, were selected 55
from the Northeast region of São Paulo State, Brazil. They were slaugthered, and gastrointestinal nematodes identified and
counted, with the average results presented below in decreasing order: Cooperia punctata, 3,161; Haemonchus contortus,
2,675; C. pectinata, 497; Oesophagostomum radiatum, 348; H. similis, 186; Trichostrongylus axei, 110; C. spatulata, 51;
Trichuris discolor, 47; Bunostomum phlebotomum, 32; Capillaria bovis, 1. The parasitic burden average was 7,109 gastrointestinal nematodes. Dictyocaulus viviparus was qualitatively identified in 9.1% of the calves being that the Cooperia spp
and Haemonchus spp presence in the parasitic burdencorresponded, respectively, to 52.16% and 40.24%. All cattle hosts
were infected by four to nine nematodes species. Only 1.82% of the hosts harbored nine helminth species.
KEY-WORDS: Bovine; gastrointestinal nematodes, intensity, prevalence, helminth, crossbred, faecal egg counts.
RESUMO
Após seleção pela contagem de ovos nas fezes (OPG), foram selecionados 55 bezzeros cruzados Taurinos x
Zebuínos, entre oito e 10 meses de idade, em propriedades da Região Nordeste do Estado de São Paulo. Os animais foram
sacrificados, e os nematóides gastrointestinais colhidos, identificados e contados. Os resultados estão apresentados em
ordem decrescente: Cooperia punctata, 3.161; Haemonchus contortus, 2.675; C. pectinata, 497; Oesophagostomum
radiatum, 348; H. similis, 186; Trichostrongylus axei, 110; C. spatulata, 51; Trichuris discolor, 47; Bunostomum
phlebotomum, 32; Capillaria bovis, 1. A carga parasitária global média foi de 7.109 nematódeos. Dictyocaulus viviparus
foi encontrado em 9,1% dos hospedeiros, correspondendo Cooperia spp e Haemonchus spp, respectivamente, a 52,16% e
40,24% da carga parasitária média. Todos os bovinos estavam infectados por quatro a nove espécies de nematódeos.
Apenas 1,82% dos hospedeiros mostravam-se parasitados por nove espécies de helmintos.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Bovinos, nematódeos gastrointestinais, intensidade, prevalência, helmintos, contagens de ovos
fecais.
1. Epamig – Empresa Agropecuária de Minas Gerais – Rua Afonso Rato, 1.301 – Cx. P. 351 – CEP 38001-970 – Uberaba – MG
2. CPPAR - Centro de Pesquisas em Sanidade Animal – Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Campus de JaboticabalUnesp-Via de acesso Prof. Dr. Paulo Donato Castellane, km 05, Jaboticabal SP – 14884-900 – e-mail:[email protected]
ARS VETERINARIA, 17(1):42-50, 2001.
43
INTRODUCTION
They aged eight-ten months, came from ranches
at the Northeast of the State of São Paulo and were Taurine
Zebuine crossbreeds. All the 55 calves were naturally
infected with nematodes and passing at least 500 eggs per
gram of feces (FEC), since that was the criterion adopted
to buy them from several different ranches.
Faecal Egg counts (FEC)
Were conducted by means of a slight modification
of the GORDON & WHITLOCK (1939) technique.
Helminthologic necropsies
The 55 calves were slaughtered one by one and
had their thoracic and abdominal cavities opened: doble
ties were made between abomasum and ileum and between
the ileum and the cecum: then the digestive tube was
removed, and those segments cut freed from the mesenteric
membrane and opened. Each part had its content and
scrappings from its mucosae transferred to numbered
buckets, adjusted to a prefixed volume, throughly mixed
and a 10% sample was taken and fixed in equal volume of
boiling Railliet‘s fixative solution in an identified glass
vial. Nematodes attached to mucosae were carefully
removed, identified and counted and so were those found
in the above described samples. For identification purposes
helminth specimens were made diaphanous by dipping in
lactophenol.
Statistical analysis
Were conducted both by parametric and nonparametric approaches.
Parametric approach - The 55 calves in Table 1 were
randomized “as blocks” in each of which were counted
specimens of 10 nematode species, considered as
“treatments”. The specimen counts of each species were
transformed in LN (x + 1) previous to their passing through
the variance analysis summarized in Table 2; in Table 3
are displayed the results of the Tukey tests (MSD = minimal
significant differences).
Non parametric analysis -The general average nematode
infection of all 10 species were determined for all 55 calves,
together with their standard deviations (s), variation
coefficients (c.v.) and mean standard error [s (m)] and
confidence intervals (p < 0.05), as follows:
About half a century ago ROCHA (1949; 1951)
studied a serious outbreak of pneumo-gastrointestinal
nematodiosis in purebred Zebuine yearling calves at the
Northwest of the State of São Paulo, Brazil affecting a
herd of 3,000 heads. ROCHA tested several treatments
for the disease (looked at as a whole herd process),
necropsied dead animals and slaughtered several for
anatomopathological and parasitological studies. The
involved nematode species were: 1) Haemonchus similis,
H. contortus and Trichostrongylus axei in the abomasum;
2) Cooperia punctata, Bunostomum phlebotomum,
Strongyloides papillosus and Capillaria bovis (sometimes
the cestoda Moniezia expansa or M. benedeni) in the small
intestines; 3) Oesophagostomum radiatum, O. venulosum
and Trichuris ovis in the large intestines; 4) Dictyocaulus
viviparus in bronchial tubes and in the trachea. Previous
and after these findings by Rocha, several other researchers
from this country and abroad had presented their views on
many aspects of the pathology, epidemiiology and therapy
of these parasitoses (Travassos, 1914, citado por ROCHA,
1951; GORDON, 1948; MORGAN & HAWKINS, 1949;
ROBERTS et al., 1952; KEITH,1953; REINECKE,1960;
FREITAS & COSTA, 1960; DURIE, 1962; GONÇALVES
& VIEIRA, 1963; WILLIANS & MAYHEW, 1967;
WINKS, 1968; COSTA et al., 1970; 1971; 1973; 1974;
PIMENTEL NETO, 1973; BLOOD et al., 1979;
CARNEIRO, 1974; HOTSON, 1974; GUIMARÃES,
1971; GUIMARÃES et al., 1975; 1983; MACIEL, 1978;
COSTA et al., 1982; 1984; RAMOS, 1983; ZOCOLLER
et al., 1983; CATTO & FURLONG, 1983; BENITEZUSHER et al. 1984; BIANCHIN & MELO, 1985;
MORENO et al., 1985; GIRÃO et al., 1985; FURLONG
et al., 1985; HONER & BIANCHIN, 1987; OLIVEIRA,
1988; MORALES et al., 1988; CARNEIRO et al., 1987,
1990; SANTANA et al., 1989; CATTO, 1989; BIANCHIN
et al., 1993; 1996; ALVES BRANCO, 1996; PADILHA,
1996).
These and other contributions increasedly pointed
out the different nature of the helminthic cattle
pneumogastroenteritis and the similarity of this nematode
infection with diversities attributable and sometimes
relevant to the latitude.
This paper describes researches conducted on this
subject at the Northeast of São Paulo State aiming mainly
at comparing them to the above mentioned findings of
ROCHA (1949; 1951) at the Northwest of the same state.
N =7,109.44
s = 5,758.91
c.v. = 81.00%
s (m) = 776.53
t = 2.01 (p ≤ 5%)
xi = 7,109.44 - 776.53 x 2.01 = 5,548.61
xs = 7,109.44 + 776.53 x 2.01 = 8,670.26
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Weaned male calves
Confidence
limits
44
ARS VETERINARIA, 17(1):42-50, 2001.
By Tables 1 and 4 were estimated the average
percent of infection of each species in the calf population
with the respective confidence intervals, as displayed in
Table 5.
In Table 6 are registered the levels of infection of
the 55 hosts by each of the nematode species, in each of
55 calves from the north-east of São Paulo state, Brazil.
The results pointed out that:
a) 100% of the calves were infected by four to nine
RESULTS
It became evident that the Haemonchus and
Cooperia genera outnumbered the remaining ones. By the
reverse transformation, that is to say., by means of the antilogarithms of the averages are expressed in the Table 3.
Then the statistical parameters were determined
for each of the gastrintestinal nematode species, identified
by numbers 1 to 10, counted in each of the 55 calves as
registered in Table 4.
Table 1 - Numbers of gastrointestinal nematode specimens collected from 55 weaned male calves coming from the Northeast of São Paulo State, Brazil.
C a l f
S p e c i e s
1
N u m b e r
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
T o ta l
A verage
2
3
4
5
632
3 ,0 0 1
4 ,4 1 8
2 ,0 7 9
3 ,0 7 7
406
176
258
1 ,7 9 7
1 5 ,1 3 1
7 ,2 7 1
3 ,6 3 3
1 4 ,9 0 8
5 ,7 3 0
4 ,2 8 8
2 ,0 3 6
2 ,8 9 8
2 ,0 9 5
3 ,2 4 9
4 ,4 0 2
1 ,8 7 9
3 ,8 3 5
360
1 ,1 7 0
633
128
6 ,1 1 9
3 ,0 2 1
2 ,9 2 6
234
483
1 ,1 6 4
1 6 ,8 6 6
234
125
244
7 ,7 9 2
2 ,7 4 8
533
4 ,5 7 7
1 0 ,7 7 6
1 ,2 9 1
20
184
3 ,7 5 9
1 ,6 0 7
348
420
1 ,9 0 0
160
1 ,4 8 0
60
3 ,3 9 0
5 ,6 7 0
6 ,2 3 0
37
179
160
391
196
1 ,1 6 0
504
1 ,0 0 8
693
791
9 ,8 0 1
1 4 ,4 4 2
4 ,9 6 7
1 ,4 6 2
232
132
736
284
00
00
108
00
3 ,0 7 4
2 ,2 8 2
2 ,7 2 5
8 ,9 7 0
4 ,2 3 5
6 ,1 3 3
1 0 ,7 9 7
174
237
206
1 ,5 2 1
2 ,8 7 2
1 ,1 1 3
1 ,2 9 6
8 ,7 7 1
1 3 ,0 8 0
6 ,1 7 3
5 ,8 4 3
486
1 ,3 5 7
1 0 ,6 5 5
910
1 ,6 7 1
737
05
3 ,0 8 0
640
560
230
1 ,1 5 0
1 ,5 2 0
1 ,7 8 0
5 ,5 6 0
20
90
120
260
100
130
1 ,9 3 0
55
25
85
115
350
35
20
40
10
1 ,8 0 3
246
263
60
179
1 ,2 9 9
750
290
140
590
430
580
490
01
214
170
00
119
35
198
66
91
259
168
814
01
170
170
2 ,5 3 0
260
670
570
830
40
350
510
70
290
60
2 ,1 7 9
219
326
208
162
72
34
38
343
332
229
00
00
257
00
00
103
2 ,4 2 6
4 ,1 6 4
198
101
3 ,0 0 5
30
1 ,8 2 8
00
00
4 ,4 9 7
183
416
59
116
116
1 ,5 6 9
26
25
00
102
115
172
00
68
00
00
00
3 ,2 2 2
36
278
00
80
00
00
00
00
10
00
47
03
01
00
01
11
00
61
03
622
06
51
86
12
04
21
30
00
691
475
54
90
388
148
477
594
189
365
28
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
07
152
115
00
21
00
00
00
03
260
60
580
250
100
60
00
00
1 7 3 ,8 5 1
1 4 7 ,1 2 6
1 9 ,1 6 1
2 7 ,3 4 4
6 ,0 6 7
3 ,1 6 0 .9 2
2 ,6 7 5 .0 1
3 4 8 .3 8
4 9 7 .1 6
1 1 0 .3
o f
n e m a t o d e s
6
7
104
08
127
64
145
894
125
268
341
10
00
66
150
36
05
65
244
213
4 ,7 7 2
395
16
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
27
44
00
123
00
24
00
00
00
00
49
00
49
188
1 ,6 7 1
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
8
9
1 0
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
39
08
105
00
166
66
919
00
446
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
18
38
00
195
77
00
09
205
115
00
246
135
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
1 1
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
55
00
00
07
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
+
+
+
+
+
T o t a l
00
30
30
00
00
00
00
00
50
70
35
120
45
30
20
50
36
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
160
00
230
80
104
00
60
184
18
00
13
133
79
08
08
23
28
00
107
600
00
00
00
220
00
00
00
20
00
10
50
01
00
92
00
11
00
54
00
00
04
117
31
00
15
39
30
00
00
13
43
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
03
00
21
09
00
13
01
60
80
140
21
00
00
11
43
202
202
90
00
50
60
130
90
00
60
3 ,0 6 9
3 ,5 3 1
5 ,1 8 2
3 ,0 9 4
3 ,6 8 1
2 ,6 8 4
2 ,7 6 9
1 ,7 4 2
3 ,2 5 2
1 7 ,0 9 6
1 7 ,4 6 1
1 8 ,7 7 9
2 0 ,2 2 9
7 ,5 8 6
4 ,6 1 2
1 ,4 5 8
5 ,8 8 0
5 ,4 3 0
1 3 ,2 0 5
6 ,4 6 2
2 ,3 8 0
8 ,6 7 5
4 ,6 0 2
5 ,7 1 8
3 ,9 8 5
1 0 ,4 4 2
1 5 ,4 7 0
1 0 ,5 1 2
1 4 ,7 3 7
591
1 ,1 1 8
1 ,7 6 0
2 0 ,3 5 6
3 ,4 7 8
1 ,2 9 8
1 ,7 9 7
1 7 ,0 7 0
1 6 ,2 8 9
7 ,2 3 2
1 ,1 1 3 4
1 2 ,4 8 7
2 ,6 7 7
1 0 ,9 1 5
1 ,5 7 0
1 3 ,4 9 6
2 ,8 4 2
1 ,5 0 6
4 ,4 2 0
3 ,7 3 0
1 ,3 9 0
2 ,3 7 0
1 ,9 5 0
5 ,1 5 0
7 ,7 5 0
1 1 ,9 2 0
1 0 ,2 2 3
2 ,6 1 1
1 ,7 8 7
2 ,7 8 7
62
3 9 1 ,0 2 1
1 8 5 .8 7
4 7 .4 7
3 2 .4 9
5 0 .6 7
1 .1 2
7 ,1 0 9 .3 9
1. Cooperia punctata; 2. Haemonchus contortus; 3. Oesophagostomum radiatum; 4. Cooperia pectinata; 5. Trichostrongylus axei; 6. Haemonchus
similis; 7. Trichuris discolor; 8. Bunostomum phlebotomum; 9. Cooperia spatulata 10. Capillaria bovis; 11. Dictyocaulus viviparus
ARS VETERINARIA, 17(1):42-50, 2001.
45
Table 2 - Analysis of variance of 55 calves in ten
“treatments” gastrintestinal nematode
species.
Table 3 - Tukey’s test to evaluate the relative
importance of the ten nematode species in
the 55 bovine hosts.
,
Standard deviation = 2,0898
Overall average = 3,3175
Standard error = 0,2818
Variation coefficient = 62,99%
Lines expressed in the third column by different letters differed
significantly from each other
Table 4 - Averages, standard deviations, average standard errors, variation coefficients, “t” values at 5% probability and
confidence limits of these averages at the 5% probability level of nematode species in the Northeast region of
São Paulo State.
V. Coefficient
Calves
Blocks
Nematode species
C. punctata
Residue
H. contartus
Total
O. radiatum
C. pectinata
T. axei
H. similis
T. discolor
B. phlebotomum
C. spatulata
C. bovis
C.
DM S (TUKEY)
G.L.
S.Q.= 1.2658 Q.M.
F.
Averages
54.
219,8078
4,0705
0,93 NS
Individual
Ln (x + 1)
9.
2614,0608
290,4512Average
66,51**
Averages
7,2398
486.
2122,4012 A*
4,3671 1.393
6,6007
A
735
549.
4956,2698
Nematode
(
) 140
4,9487
B
3,6942
BC
39
Species
2,7042
CD
14
2,3446
DE
9
2,1876
DE
8
2,0384
DE
7
1,3063
DE
3
punctata
3,160.93
0,111
F
1
Standard
Standard
Variation
Averages
Error of
Coefficients
Confidence
Averages
(c.v.)
t
Intervals
(p = 5%)
Deviations
p = 5%
(s (m))
(s)
xi
Xs
3,815.56
514.49
120.71
2.01
2,126.80
4,195.05
H. contartus
2,675.02
3,648.55
491.97
136.39
2.01
1,686.16
3,663.88
O. radiatum
348.38
501.11
67.57
143.85
2.01
121.56
484.21
C. pectinata
497.16
1,061.41
143.12
213.49
2.01
209.49
784.84
T. axei
110.31
187.18
25.24
169.69
2.01
59.57
161.05
H. similis
185.87
681.40
91.88
366.59
2.01
1.20
370.54
T. discolor
47.47
95.00
12.81
200.14
2.01
21.72
73.22
B. phlebotomum
32.49
49.54
6.68
152.48
2.01
19.07
45.91
C. spatulata
50.67
144.47
19.48
285.04
2.01
11.53
89.82
1.13
7.49
1.01
661.66
2.01
0.00
3.15
C. bovis
Xi = inferior limit
Xs = superior limit
46
ARS VETERINARIA, 17(1):42-50, 2001.
Table 5 - Numerical registration of the presence or absence of infection for each gastrointestinal nematode species, and
their respective percentuals and confidence limits (p< 0,05) in the Northeast region of São Paulo State.
nematode species;
b) 94.55% of them harbored five to nine species;
c) 70.91% of them harbored six to nine species;
d) 49.09% harbored seven to nine species;
e) 23.64% harbored eight to nine species;
f) 1.82% were infected by nine species of gastrointestinal
nematodes.
DISCUSSION
The main objective of this study had been to
compare the contemporary prevalence of calf nematodioses
in the Northeast of São Paulo State with that described by
ROCHA (1949; 1951) half a century ago in the Northeast
of the same State; a subsidiary objective was to correlate
such results with those obtained by other researchers either
in Brazil and abroad.
The results showed that ten nematode species
were found in the gastrintestinal tube and one in the
tracheo-bronchial tree.
For the respiratory system were computed only
the presence or the absence of the only species (D.
viviparus) there found, while for the gastrointestinal tube
specimens of all ten species found were counted in samples
from the contents of the abomasum, the small and the large
intestines of every one of the 55 calves.
The average countings of H. contortus and C.
punctata did not significantly differ from one another but
were significantly larger than the averages for T. axei, H.
similis, T. discolor, B. phlebotomum, C. spatulata and C.
bovis. O. radiatum had significantly larger counts than five
of these six species, excepting T. axei. Finally from the
last six species only C. bovis differed from the other five,
being significantly less represented, while these didn’t
differ significantly in average number from one another.
The non-parametric analysis of data confirmed
as highly significant the superiority of average counts of
the genera Haemonchus and Cooperia over the other ones.
Parameters such as standard deviations, standard errors,
variation coefficients and confidence limits of the averages
introduced adequate criticism concerning the real meaning
to be ascribed to arithmetic averages. The presence, or
absence, of each the ten gastrintestinal species of
nematodes on one side call again for mathematical
alertness in what concerns the large risk implicit on the
role of hazard on such data; on the other side it strongly
shows that some species as C. punctata and H. contortus
tend to infect the majority of the hosts, while other ones,
as C. spatulata and C. bovis, tend to be scarce and rare.
Using all these informations, one is now prepared
to come to the main goal of this study and compare its
data to those raised by ROCHA (1949; 1951) many years
ago.
It can be noted the high taxonomic similarity
between the nematode fauna found in cattle by ROCHA
(1949) at the Northwest region on of São Paulo State and
the one registered by this paper nowadays at the Northeast
region of the same State. It must be pointed out though
that the designs of the two papers were not identical and
that to their design differences may be ascribed some of
those found in the respective results, such as:
1) Rocha conducted studies in male and female purebred
Zebuine from suckling calves up to steers older than 18
months, while in this paper were included weaned
crossbred Zebuine x Taurine calves aged eigth to ten
months;
2) Rocha found one species of Cooperia (C. punctata),
two of Oesophagostomum (O. radiatum and O.
venulosum), while in this paper were found three Cooperia
species (C. punctata, C. spatulata and C. pectinata) and
ARS VETERINARIA, 17(1):42-50, 2001.
47
Table 6 - Total number of calves infected by H. contortus and C. punctata in function of the intervals and rates of
infection by the ten nematodes species of the Northeast region of São Paulo State.
Rates of Infection
Intervals
Reference
numbers
001
101
201
301
401
501
601
701
801
9,901
1,001
1,101
1,201
1,301
1,401
1,501
1,601
1,701
1,801
1,901
2,001
2,101
2,201
2,301
2,401
2,501
Nematode species
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1,000
1,100
1,200
1,300
1,400
1,500
1,600
1,700
1,800
1,900
2,000
2,100
2,200
2,300
2,400
2,500
2,600
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
Rocha’s findings
↓
+
16901 a 17000
Haemonchus contortus
+
Cooperia punctata
↓
This paper’s findings
↓
+
170
+
Numbers of Calves Infected by
Haem onchus contortus
Cooperia punctata
At the interval
Accumulate
At the interval
Accumulate
data
data
(Y1)
(Y2)
(ΣY1)
(ΣY2)
5
5
2
2
6
11
4
6
5
16
5
11
1
17
2
13
1
18
2
15
1
19
1
16
2
21
2
18
2
23
0
18
0
23
0
18
0
23
0
18
1
24
0
18
4
28
3
21
0
28
0
21
1
29
0
21
1
30
0
21
1
31
0
21
0
31
0
21
1
32
1
22
0
32
1
23
0
32
1
24
0
32
3
27
0
32
0
27
1
33
0
27
0
33
0
27
0
33
0
27
0
33
0
27
↓
0
↓
↓
↓
49
1
54
The accumulate data ΣY1 and ΣY2 were adjusted to a potencial curve.
Oesophagostomum
+
Y radiatum
= a x χb, with the +correlation coefficient
(r) above 0,9. By means of these data graph 2
Cooperia pectinata
+
was built.
Trichostrongylus axei
+
+
Haemonchus similis
+
+
Capillaria bovis
+
+
Dictyocaulus viviparus
+
+
Oesophagostomum venulosum
+
-
Strongyloides papillosus
+
-
Trichuris ovis
+
-
Table 7 -The countings and comparisons of nematode
+
species, found by Rocha (1949, 1951) with
Bunostomum phlebotomum
+
+
those collected from
male calves from
Cooperia spatulata
+
Northeast region of São Paulo State.
Trichuris discolor
only one of Oesophagostomum (O. radiatum);
3) The Trichuris species registered by Rocha was T. ovis
and in this paper it was T. discolor;
4) Rocha found calves harboring Strongyloides papillosus,
not registered in this paper;
5) Rocha conducted many more post-mortem examinations
in acutely infected hosts of a broader age range, while in
this paper the calves were in a subclinical stage of the
infection;
6) Rocha studied many calves of a large herd of more than
3,000 heads dead from the disease and some acutely
affected, while in this paper the only clinical evidence of
the disease were egg counts above 500 FEC, the criterions
used to pick them up from several cattle ranches.
In what concerns the treatment this study confirms
ROCHA’S (1949; 1951) conclusions that anthelmintics
alone are not enough to cure most of the cases and to
prevent the disease.
Therefore it is difficult not to recognize that all
the efforts put up to the present times to control and/or
eradicate nematode diseases in ruminants or in any other
hosts of economic value to human beings is falling far
48
ARS VETERINARIA, 17(1):42-50, 2001.
bellow those ideal goals. Some evidences are being
accumulated that many aspects pertaining to the dynamics
of the populational host-parasite-environment relationships
remain unknown to science. Along this line of reasoning,
MICHEL (1982), SMEAL (1982), BREMNER (1982),
BARGER (1982), LE JAMBRE (1982) and SYMONS et
al., 1982) have raised lucid analytical criticisms that call
for new observations tending to explain why data of this
paper show that the prevalences of infections by all of these
nematode species remain practically unchanged for more
than half a century (Symposium at Sidney University,
Austrália, 1982). PADILHA (1996) confirmed that the
genera Cooperia and Haemonchus generally prevail above
all other ones.
The North east of São Paulo State is among the
most progressive regions of the country, where the
extension services of the Secretary of Agriculture are of
high quality. Notwithstanding, according to BIANCHIN
(1996 op.cit), it seems that region does not scape the
contingency, pictured by him, estimating that about 80%
of the anthelmintic dosings of domestic animals in this
country are erroneously administered and therefore do not
bring out any economic benefit.
Through the necroscopic helminthological results
brought out from this study, specially those pertaining to
the fact that Haemonchus and Cooperia species were
responsible for about 90% of the average nematode
burdens in weaned calves, the most susceptible age group,
one may question, under the light of ARMOUR’S (1983)
criteria, the need or advisability of the employment of the
so called “large spectrum drugs”, such as the endectocide
macrocyclic lactones, for the control of cattle nematodiases
under Brazilian field conditions. In fact expensive
medicaments frequently fail in securing adequate cost/
benefit relantionships.
CONCLUSIONS
The nematodes fauna found by this study in the
Northeast of São Paulo State proved to be rather similar
to that described by ROCHA (1949; 1951) in the Northwest
of the same State half a century ago; having in mind that
the 55 weaned steers came from one of the most advanced
geographic regions of this country, it can be inferred that
the prophylatic management of ruminant nematodioses
must be based not only in strategic and curative treatments
but also in permanent sanitary vigilance; associating
ARMOUR & BOGAN’S (1982) criteria for therapy with
PADILHA’S (1996) comments, it can be observed that the
tendency of the antinematode therapy in field grazing cattle
herds is to maintain a small burden of the prevailing
helminth species low enough to avoid economic loss and
large enough to keep immunity at an adequate level of
host protection; the advisability of the exclusive and
systematic employ of endectocides for the total suppression
of worm infections becomes highly questionable.
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