INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC HISTORY ASSOCIATION, CONGRESS OF
HELSINKI, 2006-06-28
SECTION 22
SCHEDULE FOR AUGUST 22, TUESDAY, 9.00-12.30
9.00 - ALMIR CHAIBAN EL-KAREH (UFF/UERJ) - PERMANÊNCIAS E
RESISTÊNCIAS: OS PRECONCEITOS CONTRA O TRABALHO DOMÉSTICO NO
RIO DE JANEIRO.
9.30 - ANTÓNIO DE VASCONCELOS NOGUEIRA (UNIVERSITY OF AVEIRO,
PORTUGAL ) - THE TRAJECTORY OF THE PORTUGUESE PROTESTANT
MIGRATION IN THE 19TH AND 20TH CENTURIES. A DIFFERENT WAY OF
QUESTIONING ETHICS AND ECONOMY THROUGHOUT ECONOMIC
INSTITUTION BUILDING.
10.00 - RUTH DUPRÉ (HEC MONTRÉAL) - THE PROHIBITION OF ALCOHOL IN
THE ANGLO-SAXON WORLD : WHY IN THE U.S. AND NOT IN CANADA,
AUSTRALIA OR NEW ZEALAND ?
10.30 - VEERLE VANDEN DAELEN, UNIVERSITY OF ANTWERP, INSTITUTE OF
JEWISH STUDIES/DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY - ANTWERP JEWS AND THE
DIAMOND TRADE: JEWS SHAPING DIAMONDS OR DIAMONDS SHAPING JEWS?
11.00 - SAROJINI MISHRA , NIROD PALAI, KUMAR DAS - SOCIAL
CLEAVAGES, MULTICULTURALISM AND EMERGING SPACEFOR STATE IN
INDIA UNDER GLOBALISATION REGIME
11.30 - NIELS KÆRGÅRD (THE ROYAL VETERINARY AND AGRICULTURAL
UNIVERSITY, INSTITUTE OF FOOD AND RESOURCE ECONOMICS) DENMARK’S RELATION TO THE SCANDINAVIAN AND THE EUROPEAN
MONETARY UNION: POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS
12.00 - DISCUSSION
1
ABSTRACTS
Permanências e resistências: os preconceitos contra o trabalho doméstico
NO RIO DE JANEIRO.
Almir Chaiban El-Kareh
PROF ./UFF/UERJ
DOUTOR/EHESS/PARIS
[email protected]
PROPOSTA.
Neste artigo nos propomos buscar as origens do preconceito social contra o trabalho
doméstico, particularmente na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, e de sua desvalorização, em termos
econômicos e sociais, em relação às outras categorias profissionais urbanas.
HIPÓTESES.
PARTIMOS,
POIS, DA HIPÓTESE QUE A ESCRAVIDÃO AVILTOU O TRABALHO MANUAL EM
GERAL E MAIS PARTICULARMENTE O DOMÉSTICO QUE, AINDA NO COMEÇO DA SEGUNDA METADE
DO SÉCULO
MAS,
XIX, ERA QUASE EXCLUSIVAMENTE REALIZADO POR ESCRAVOS DE AMBOS OS SEXOS1.
PARA NÓS , ATÉ ENTÃO, ESTE AVILTAMENTO ERA APENAS SOCIAL , POIS O ESCRAVO
DOMÉSTICO ERA UMA MERCADORIA CARA E SEU VALOR AUMENTAVA NA PROPORÇÃO DIRETA DOS
INVESTIMENTOS FEITOS NA SUA FORMAÇÃO PROFISSIONAL , NA SUA QUALIFICAÇÃO.
OU SEJA, ERA
UM TRABALHO ECONOMICAMENTE VALORIZADO NA MEDIDA EM QUE ERA UMA MERCADORIA CARA
E A PROPRIEDADE DE VÁRIOS ESCRAVOS ERA APANÁGIO DOS RICOS, E A SUA VENDA OU SEU
ALUGUEL COMO EMPREGADO DOMÉSTICO ERA UMA DAS PRINCIPAIS FONTES DE RENDA DA
POPULAÇÃO LIVRE CARIOCA.
O
QUE SIGNIFICA DIZER , EM OUTRAS PALAVRAS, QUE SER
EMPREGADO DOMÉSTICO ERA COISA DE ESCRAVO , PORTANTO, SOCIALMENTE DESPREZÍVEL E MAL
1
INSISTIMOS EM CHAMAR A ATENÇÃO PARA O FATO DE QUE O SERVIÇO DOMÉSTICO ERA REALIZADO TANTO POR
HOMENS COMO POR MULHERES, E QUE A ATITUDE DA HISTORIADORA SANDRA L. G RAHAM (GRAHAM, 1992) DE SÓ
CONSIDERAR EM SUA PESQUISA AS MULHERES É UM ERRO DE ANACRONISMO. POR OUTRO LADO, ELA CONFUNDE
INTENCIONALMENTE AS EMPREGADAS DOMÉSTICAS LIVRES COM AS ESCRAVAS, COMETENDO UM ERRO TEÓRICO COM
GRAVES REPERCUSSÕES EM SUA ANÁLISE HISTÓRICA , POIS NÃO SE PODE ENTENDER COMO SE DEU A TRANSIÇÃO DO
TRABALHO DOMÉSTICO ESCRAVO PARA O LIVRE .
2
VISTO, MAS O SEU ALUGUEL (OU VENDA) CONSTITUÍA UMA DAS PRINCIPAIS FORMAS DE INVERSÃO
URBANA DE CAPITAL.
Nossa segunda hipótese é que a desvalorização econômica do trabalho doméstico se
deu a partir da oferta muito numerosa de trabalhadores livres, especialmente de mulheres
estrangeiras, em sua maioria portuguesa, mas não só, que se ofereciam por preços inferiores
aos aluguéis dos escravos ou apenas em troca de casa e comida, ou seja, de proteção. Este
processo de substituição do escravo caro por empregados domésticos livres, baratos,
coincidiu com a tendência à feminização do trabalho doméstico. Em outras palavras, o
trabalho doméstico passou a ser desvalorizado não só socialmente, mas também
economicamente, e a ser coisa de mulher.
ENFIM,
GOSTARÍAMOS DE PROVAR QUE O PRECONCEITO SOCIAL CONTRA O TRABALHO
DOMÉSTICO, NO RIO DE JANEIRO, NASCEU DESTE DUPLO PROCESSO DE DESVALORIZAÇÃO SOCIAL
E ECONÔMICA. SOCIALMENTE DESPREZADO E MAL VISTO, POR SER UM TRABALHO DE ESCRAVOS E ,
DEPOIS , DE IMIGRANTES POBRES, SOBRETUDO DO SEXO FEMININO.
ECONOMICAMENTE
DESVALORIZADO, PORQUE O TRABALHO DOMÉSTICO DEIXARA DE SER UM EMPREGO PRODUTIVO
DO CAPITAL ESCRAVISTA (RENDA-ALUGUEL) E PASSARA A SER REALIZADO MAJORITARIAMENTE POR
MULHERES
POBRES ,
NACIONAIS
E
PRINCIPALMENTE
IMIGRANTES ,
EM
SUA
DESQUALIFICADAS, ÀS QUAIS VIERAM DE JUNTAR , COM O FIM DA ESCRAVIDÃO, EM
MAIORIA
1888, AS EX-
ESCRAVAS , INCLUSIVE AS QUE VIERAM DO CAMPO EM BUSCA DE UM EMPREGO NA CAPITAL DO
IMPÉRIO. OU SEJA, UMA ABUNDANTE OFERTA DE MULHERES DESPROTEGIDAS E DESAMPARADAS ,
OBRIGADAS A VIVER NO PRÓPRIO LOCAL DO EMPREGO, ONDE AS RELAÇÕES DE TRABALHO SE
CONFUNDIAM COM RELAÇÕES EXTRA -ECONÔMICAS , INCLUSIVE AFETIVAS, E À MERCÊ DOS SEUS
EMPREGADORES, QUE LHES IMPUNHAM AS CONDIÇÕES DE TRABALHO E O SEU PREÇO.
3
XIV INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC HISTORY CONGRESS
HELSINKI, FINLAND, 21 TO 25 AUGUST 2006
DE VASCONCELOS NOGUEIRA , ANTÓNIO
UNIVERSITY OF AVEIRO, PORTUGAL
THE TRAJECTORY OF THE PORTUGUESE PROTESTANT MIGRATION IN THE 19TH AND 20TH
CENTURIES. A DIFFERENT WAY OF QUESTIONING ETHICS AND ECONOMY THROUGHOUT ECONOMIC INSTITUTION BUILDING.
ABSTRACT
THIS PAPER IS BASED ON A CASE STUDY. IT CONSISTS OF A HISTORICAL ANALYSIS OF THE RELATION
BETWEEN ECONOMY, MIGRATION AND PROTESTANTISM FROM ENGLISH AND S COTTISH
TH
COMMUNITIES SETTLED IN MADEIRA DURING THE 19 CENTURY, THE REV .D LOWE, DR. KALIEY
AND “S ISTER ” WILSON CASES, AND OF THE MIGRATION OF PEASANTS FROM MADEIRA TO THE
BRITISH WEST INDIES , BRITISH GUIANA, BRAZIL, USA (ILLINOIS , MASSACHUSETTS , CALIFORNIA,
HAWAII) AND CANADA (HALIFAX, NOVA SCOTIA) IN THE MIDDLE OF 19TH CENTURY AND EARLY
20TH CENTURY, AND THEIR ECONOMIC INSTITUTION BUILDING, MAINLY OF MINISTERIAL OFFICE
AND OF SOCIAL WELFARE WORK.
4
THE PROHIBITION OF ALCOHOL IN THE ANGLO-SAXON WORLD :
WHY IN THE U.S. AND NOT IN CANADA, AUSTRALIA OR NEW ZEALAND ?
BY RUTH DUPRÉ
HEC MONTRÉAL
MAY 2006
To be presented at the 14th World Congress of the International Economic History
Association, Helsinki, Finland, August 21-25, 2006. We wish to thank Fonds Mercure
HEC Montréal for its financial support. My email address is: [email protected] .
Abstract
The 13-year American experiment with prohibition of alcohol (1919-1933) is notorious
and has been extensively studied. Very little of this work has been done in a
comparative and international perspective. Yet, the prohibition movement was
international and quite a few countries, particularly the ones with a significant AngloSaxon Protestant majority like Australia, New Zealand or Canada, went through a long
lasting and vigorous struggle over the issue. While some of them came quite close to a
total ban, they finally adopted different regimes and none went as far as the U.S. Why
was it ? This is the question addressed in this paper. Using a political economy
approach, we try to compare the strength and stakes of the supporters and opponents of
prohibition in the U.S., Canada, Australia and New Zealand. As these countries shared
many socio-cultural features with the US, this international exploration should shed new
light on the American experiment with prohibition, an episode which has always been
somehow a paradox in the land of individual freedom and minimalist government.
5
ANTWERP JEWS AND THE DIAMOND TRADE:
JEWS SHAPING DIAMONDS OR DIAMONDS SHAPING JEWS?
VEERLE VANDEN DAELEN, PHD,
UNIVERSITY OF ANTWERP, INSTITUTE OF JEWISH STUDIES/DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY
IN THIS PAPER I WOULD LIKE TO SCRUTINIZE THE IMPACT OF THE DIAMOND TRADE ON THE
IMMIGRATION OR RETURN OF JEWS TO ANTWERP (BELGIUM) BEFORE AND AFTER THE
PERSECUTION AND ATTEMPTED ANNIHILATION OF THE COMMUNITY DURING THE SECOND WORLD
WAR. I WILL EXPLORE HOW THE ORGANIZATION OF THE DIAMOND TRADE RESPECTIVELY
INFLUENCED AND WAS INFLUENCED BY THE SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ANTWERP J EWISH
COMMUNITY. FOR THE POST WORLD WAR II-PERIOD I WILL FOCUS MY ARGUMENTATION ON THE
YEARS 1944-1960. TO WHAT EXTEND DID THE DIAMOND TRADE FORM AN ECONOMIC BASIS OR
NICHE OF THE JEWISH COMMUNITY IN ANTWERP?
6
SOCIAL CLEAVAGES, MULTICULTURALISM AND EMERGING SPACE FOR
STATE IN INDIA UNDER GLOBALISATION REGIME
DR SAROJINI MISHRA , DR NIROD PALAI, DR KUMAR DAS
ABSTRACT:
THE MULTICULTURALISM ,SOCIAL CLEAVAGES AND ONGOING GLOBALIZATION MOVEMENT
HAS PROFOUND IMPACT ON THE ROLE OF THE STATE. THIS PAPER MAKES A HISTORICAL ANALYSIS
AND EXAMINES THE VALIDITY OF WEBERIAN DISCOVERY OF THE INFLUENCE OF RELIGION ON THE
POLITICAL ECONOMY OF INDIA. MACHIAVELLI HAD RECKONED DECEPTION , FALSEHOOD AND
TRICKS TO DEFEAT AN ENEMY AS ACCEPTABLE PART OF THE STATECRAFT, WHICH CHANAKYA
PROPOUNDED 2000 YEARS BEFORE . STEALING AN ELECTION HAS BEEN A COMMON PLACE EVENT
OF LATE IN THE GREATEST DEMOCRACY AS MUCH AS IN THE LARGEST ONE ON THE EARTH. THIS
PAPER ATTEMPTS TO EXAMINE THIS INDIAN SYNDROME . THERE ARE SEVERAL EVIDENCE OF
LINKS OF SOCIAL FRAGMENTATION RESULTING IN POLITICAL CONFLICT OVER ECONOMIC POLICY.
THE CONVENTIONAL VIEW OF SOCIAL FRAGMENTATION FAILS TO ACCOUNT FOR A CRITICAL
DETERMINANT OF CONFLICT INCENTIVES : THE EXTENT TO WHICH SOCIAL CLEAVAGES BASED ON
DIFFERENT POLITICALLY SALIENT CHARACTERISTICS ACT TO MUTUALLY REINFORCE VERSUS CUT
ACROSS ONE ANOTHER . THIS PAPER FOCUSES ON SOCIAL CLEAVAGES BASED ON CLASS ,
CASTE,RELIGION AND ETHNICITY IN INDIA . IT EXAMINES THE POLITICAL SALIENCE OF CASTE AND
CLASS CONFLICTS AND ADDRESSES THE TRANSLATION OF SOCIAL CLEAVAGES INTO POLITICAL
OPPOSITIONS IN INDIA. THIS PAPER ARGUES THAT POLITICAL CONFLICT BECOMES MORE SEVERE
WHEN SOCIAL CLEAVAGES BASED ON CLASS, CASTE
AND ETHNICITY HELP TO MUTUALLY
REINFORCE ONE ANOTHER. IT PRESENTS INDIAN EVIDENCES IN ORDER TO DEMONSTRATE THE
LINK BETWEEN SOCIAL FRAGMENTATION AND FISCAL POLICY OUTCOMES UNDER LIBERALIZATION
REGIME .
# DR (MS) MISHRA IS THE HEAD OF DEPT OF ECONOMICS OF BRAHMANAJHARILO COLLEGE,
CUTTACK, INDIA , EMAIL: SRJN115@HOTMAIL .COM
Dr Palai is the Head of Dept of Economic History , Bijupatnaik College of Utkal
University, Bhubaneswar, India, Email: [email protected]
@ DR KUMAR PROFESSOR, ASIAN UNIVERSITY,CHONBURI 120150, THAILAND
7
DENMARK’S RELATION TO THE SCANDINAVIAN AND THE EUROPEAN MONETARY
UNION:
POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS
BY
NIELS KÆRGÅRD
THE ROYAL VETERINARY AND AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
INSTITUTE OF FOOD AND RESOURCE ECONOMICS
ROLIGHEDSVEJ 25
DK-1958 FREDERIKSBERG C
PHONE + 45 35 28 22 64
FAX: +45 35 28 22 95
E-MAIL: NIK @ KVL.DK
DENMARK HAS IN TWO PERIODS BEEN INVOLVED IN ECONOMIC UNIONS, THE SCANDINAVIAN
CURRENCY UNION 1875-1914 AND THE EUROPEAN UNION SINCE 1973. THIS PAPER ANALYSES
DENMARK’S RELATION TO THE TWO UNIONS AND CONSIDERABLE DIFFERENCES ARE FOUND .
THE THREE COUNTRIES IN THE SCANDINAVIAN CURRENCY UNION (DENMARK, N ORWAY AND
SWEDEN) HAVE ALMOST THE SAME LANGUAGES (THERE ARE THREE LANGUAGES, BUT THEY ARE SO
CLOSELY THAT IT IS POSSIBLE FOR PEOPLE TO UNDERSTAND EACH OTHER EVEN THOUGH THEY
SPEAK EACH THEIR OWN LANGUAGE ) AND MILITARY CONFLICTS HAVE NOT BEEN SEEN BETWEEN
THE COUNTRIES SINCE 1720. IN THE PERIOD, WHERE THE CURRENCY UNION WAS STARTED, A
SCANDINAVISTIC MOVEMENT ARGUED FOR A CLOSE COOPERATION AMONG THE COUNTRIES. A
NUMBER OF VOLUNTEERS FROM NORWAY AND S WEDEN PARTICIPATED IN THE DANISH-GERMAN
WAR IN 1864 ON THE DANISH SIDE. THE THREE COUNTRIES WERE OFTEN DESCRIBED AS
“BROTHER FOLKS”. ALL THE COUNTRIES HAVE AN OFFICIAL LUTHERAN CHURCH, AND IN NONE
OF THE COUNTRIES WERE THERE CONSIDERABLE NON-SCANDINAVIAN MINORITIES.
THE CURRENCY WAS RUN WITHOUT CENTRALIZED INSTITUTIONS . 1875-1914 WERE THE HAY DAYS
OF THE GOLD STANDARD, AND IF THE AIM OF THE DIFFERENT COUNTRIES’ MONETARY
AUTHORITIES WAS A FIXED GOLD VALUE IT MEANT AT THE SAME TIME FIXED EXCHANGE RATES
DETERMINED BY THE CURRENCIES ’ VALUE IN GOLD. ALREADY PREVIOUSLY THE UNION, THE
CURRENCY FROM THE DIFFERENT COUNTRIES CIRCULATED AMONG THE COUNTRIES PUBLIC. IT
WAS WELL KNOWN ALREADY BEFORE 1875 THAT THE METAL VALUE OF A NORWEGIAN DALER WAS
EQUAL TO 2 DANISH DALER AND 4 S WEDISH DALER AND THE COINS FROM THE OTHER COUNTRIES
WERE ACCEPTED IN THE SHOPS AT THAT EXCHANGE RATE . THE CURRENCY UNION WAS ONLY
8
FORMAL ACCEPTANCE OF A NORMAL PRACTICE ON THE MARKET . THE SCANDINAVIAN CURRENCY
UNION WAS A BOTTOM-UP CONSTRUCTION . IT CONFIRMED A NORMAL PRACTICE ON THE MARKET
AND THERE WERE NO SUPRANATIONAL INSTITUTIONS .
THE EUROPEAN COMMON MARKET AND THE EUROPEAN UNION IS BUILT IN A COMPLETELY
DIFFERENT MANNER. THE INSTITUTIONS HAVE GRADUALLY BEEN MORE AND MORE
SUPRANATIONAL AND THE UNION IS CONSTRUCTED BY VISIONARY POLITICIANS; IT IS A HIGHLY
TOP-DOWN PROCESS. THE LEADING POLITICIANS LIKE SCHUMANN AND MANSHOLT HAVE A VISION
ABOUT A EUROPEAN UNION, AND THE SAME WAS THE CASE IN DENMARK FOR POLITICIANS LIKE
THE PRIME MINISTER IN 1972 JENS OTTO KRAG AND THE FOREIGN MINISTER UFFE ELLEMAN
JENSEN IN THE 1980S .
ORDINARY PEOPLE WERE ON THE CONTRARY RATHER SCEPTICAL TOWARDS THE PROJECT . THE
SECOND WORLD WAR WAS CLEARLY REMEMBERED AND THE GERMANS WERE SEEN AS AN ENEMY.
THE EUROPEAN COUNTRIES HAVE DIFFERENT RELIGIONS AND THEY DO NOT UNDERSTAND EACH
OTHERS LANGUAGES. MANY DANES FEAR A “ROMAN-CATHOLIC ” EUROPE. AND THE UNION HAS
GRADUALLY BUILT POWERFULL SUPRANATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. A DEBATE ABOUT THE END OF THE
NATIONAL STATE WAS TAKEN UP.
IT IS POSSIBLE TO FOLLOW THE DANISH PEOPLES’ ATTITUDE TO THE UNION BY OBSERVING THE
VOTING FOR THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND BY OBSERVING THE ATTITUDE AT THE 5 DANISH
REFERENDUMS RELATED TO THE EUROPEAN UNION. ALL THE TIME SINCE 1972 THE PEOPLE HAVE
BEEN CONSIDERABLE MORE SCEPTICAL THAN THE POLITICIANS IN PARLIAMENT .
IT SEEMS TYPICAL THAT THE DANISH VOTERS ACCEPT PRACTICAL ECONOMIC ARRANGEMENTS LIKE
THE TRADE UNION AND COMMON MARKET , BUT ARE RATHER SCEPTICAL TOWARDS POLITICAL AND
SYMBOLIC ARRANGEMENTS LIKE COMMON CURRENCY AND COMMON CONSTITUTION. THEY
ACCEPTED FIXED EXCHANGE RATE AND FREE CAPITAL MOVEMENTS , BUT VOTED AGAINST A
COMMON CURRENCY.
THESE ATTITUDES SEEM COMMON TO THE TWO CURRENCY UNIONS, AND BECAUSE THE
SCANDINAVIAN CURRENCY WAS MAINLY PRACTICAL AND A UNION AMONG “BROTHER FOLKS” IT
WAS RATHER UNCONTROVERSIAL, WHILE THE EUROPEAN UNION INCLUDES RATHER DIFFERENT
ETHNIC AND RELIGIOUS GROUPS AND WAS BUILT ON A NUMBER OF SYMBOLIC INSTITUTIONS
(COMMON FLAG, CURRENCY AND CONSTITUTION). BECAUSE OF THAT, NORMAL PEOPLE’S
ATTITUDE TO THE EUROPEAN MONETARY UNION IS RATHER SCEPTICAL, IN CONTRAST TO THE
ATTITUDE TO THE SCANDINAVIAN CURRENCY UNION.
9
10