ENGLISH GRAMMAR - SUMMARY
A. PRONOMES
Subject pronouns (pronome pessoal) = I, You, He, She, It, We, They
•
São aqueles que iniciam as orações, localizam-se antes do verbo.
Object pronoun (oblíquo) = me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them.
•
•
Colocam-se sempre depois do verbo.
Tom is leaving now. I’m going with him. / Maria is very nice, I like her.
Possessive adjectives = my, your, his, her, its, our, their
•
•
Usado antes de substantives para indicar posse ou parentesco.
Julia and her brother. / Your hands are dirty.
Possessive pronouns = mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs
•
•
•
Não é seguido de substantivo.
This is your coat. That’s mine. (= my coat)
This isn’t Maria’s bag. Hers is blue. ( = her bag)
Demonstrative adjectives and Demonstrative pronouns
•
•
Singular
Plural
Perto
This
These
Longe
That
Those
Antes de substantivo: This letter is for you./ How much is that apple?
Sem substantive: This is for you. / How much is that?
Reflexive pronouns = myself, yourself, himself, herself, ourselves,
themselves
•
She’s looking at herself in the mirror. / I built it myself. / I myself built this house.
B. PRESENT SIMPLE
I, YOU, WE, THEY
HE, SHE, IT
(+) I walk everyday.
(+) He walks everyday.
(-) I don’t walk every day.
(-) He doesn’t walk every day.
(?) Do you walk every day?
•
•
•
(?) Does he walk every day?
p/ he, she, it (+) adiciona-se ‘–s’ no verbo; ‘-es’ se o verbo terminar em –s, -sh, -ch, -o, - x, - z; e ‘-ies’ se o verbo
terminar em y precedido de consoante.
Adverbs of frequency: always, usually, often, sometimes, hardly ever, never
Expressions: once/twice/three times a week; every two days.
C. SIMPLE PAST: definite time in the past
•
•
•
•
•
•
Mesma forma para todas as pessoas
Dois tipos de verbos: regulares e irregulares.
Regulares: +ed, ex: watch = watched, close = closed; worry = worried; stop = stopped (1 syllable + CVC )
irregulars: table
Yesterday, last year/week/Sunday; the day after yesterday
Alteração só na afirmativa. Outras - auxiliar
(+) She went to the club yesterday.
(+) They watched TV yesterday.
(-) She didn’t go to the club yesterday. (-) They didn’t watch TV yesterday.
(?) Did she go to the club yesterday?
(?) Did they watch TV yesterday?
D. -ING forms.
1.
Present Continuous
• Verb to be (am, is, are) + verbo principal (ing)
• I am /am not; He, She, It is/isn’t; We, You, They are / aren’t
(+) She is going to the club.
(-) She isn’t going to the club.
(?) Is she going to the club?
Past continuous was/were + verbo principal (ing) – I was working yesterday afternoon.
2.
3.
Depois de alguns verbos ( like, love, hate, can’t stand, stop, start, admit, enjoy, dislike, feel like, mind, keep,
remember, resist, suggest, try, regret …)
Com alguns ‘determiners’ (the, my, this)
• Does my smoking annoy you?
• I don’t mind your going without me.
• I hate all these useless arguing.
4.
Depois de preposições (exceto ‘to’) e algumas expressões com ‘to’
• You can’t make an omelette without breaking the eggs
• He’s talking about moving to the country.
• What is a toothpaste for? It’s for cleaning the teeth.
• I look forward to; object to; to be /get used to; prefer to
5.
Como sujeito de frases
• Smoking is bad for you. / Reading is my favourite activity.
6.
adjetivos formados de verbos
• interesting, boring, tiring, relaxing, etc.
E. TAG QUESTIONS
A tag question é uma pequena pergunta feita no final de uma afirmativa ou negativa para confirmar ou saber se
determinada informação é verdadeira. O sujeito da oração é o mesmo que vai para o final na tag question.
Se a frase for afirmativa a TAG será negativa, ex: She is your sister, isn’t she?
Se a frase for negative a TAG sera afirmativa, ex: She isn’t your sister, is she?
Se a frase for formada com tempos compostos de mais de um verbo então ‘esquecemos’ o 2º, o 3º etc. e dó trabalhamos
com o 1º da estrutura verbal, ex: She hasn’t taken the book, has she?
She is going to work in the club, isn’t she?
Quando tempos um único verbo devemos ver se estamos falando de passado ou presente (simples), se for passado
utilizaremos o auxiliary do passado: DID para a tag afirmativa e DIDN’T para a tag negativa; no caso do presente DO/DOES
para a tag afirmativa e DON’T e DOESN’t para a tag negativa.
Ex: They went to the cinema, didn’t they? / They work everyday, don’t they? / She likes apples, doesn’t she?
Imperative will you, ou won’t you, ou can’t you.
Stop talking, will you? / Stop talking, won’t you? / Stop talking, can’t you?
BE CAREFUL!
I am a doctor, aren’t I?
Let’s go out, shall we?
REMEMBER: affirmative sentence negative question tag
negative sentence affirmative question tag
a)
Normalmente nós usamos com a frase afirmativa uma ‘question tag negativa’.
Frase afirmativa
Tag question negativa
Ann will arrive at 10 o’clock,
Tom went to the cinema,
won’t she?
didn’t he?
They were very angry,
weren’t they?
They have been to Rio,
haven’t they
She’s working a lot,
She studies every day,
isn’t she?
doesn’t she?
b) E normalmente com uma frase negativa usamos uma ‘question tag afirmativa’.
Frase negativa
Tag question afirmativa
Tom won’t be late,
will he?
They don’t like us,
do they?
This isn’t your sister,
c)
is she?
Exceções:
Let’s go out for a walk,
Open the door,
shall we?
will you? / won’t you? / can’t you?
Don’t talk too much,
will you?
I’m late,
aren’t I?
Both, Either, Neither
Neither …nor (nem…nem) You can buy neither this nor that bag.
Either …or (ou…ou) You can buy either this or that bag.
Both …and (tanto…quanto) Both the aunt and the uncle are doctors.
1.
Present simple, Past simple, Present perfect, Future (will)
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She studies hard everyday, doesn’t she? (Ela estuda muito, não estuda?)
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They don’t like reading, do they? (Eles não gostam de ler, gostam?)
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You didn’t go to work yesterday, did you?
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Frank and David went to the cinema last Friday, didn’t they?
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She has visited her granny, hasn’t she?
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She’ll come on Monday, won’t she? (Ela virá na segunda, não virá?)
F. WISH (+ past simple / past perfect, would + infinitive)
•
O verbo WISH exprime um desejo por uma situação que não existe no presente. É um desejo de mudar uma
situação real em uma irreal.
•
Normalmente expressa um arrependimento acerca de uma situação.
1.
Você lamenta uma situação no presente:
-
I wish I had a house like that. (Eu queria ter uma casa como aquela. Minha casa é tão pequena.)
-
I wish I was / were taller. (Eu queria ser mais alta. Eu tenho 1.50m)
FORM: I wish + past simple
2.
Você lamenta uma ação ou situação passada.
-
I wish I had married David and not John. (Eu queria ter me casado com o David e não com o John)
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I wish I’d brought the washing in. (I queria ter trazido a roupa pra dentro)
FORM: I wish + past perfect (had + particípio)
Quando você quer que outra pessoa ajude ou não. Ou Que algo aconteça ou não. Especialmente porque você
3.
está chateado.
-
I wish my husband would wash his own shirts! (Eu queria que o meu marido lavasse as camisas dele)
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I wish it would stop raining! (Eu queria que parasse de chover)
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I wish you’d help a bit. (Eu queria que você ajudasse um pouco)
G. FUTURE TIME
Futuro de acordo com o que se quer mostrar:
Plans, intentions, predictions, scheduling, requests.
Descrevem ações que estão para acontecer mais tarde no mesmo dia, ou num futuro próximo ou distante.
-
1.
WILL FUTURE / SIMPLE FUTURE / WILL (will + infinitive)
Affirmative:
In the future people will live on the moon.
(No futuro as pessoas morarão na lua)
Negative:
Interrogative:
Short answers:
-
a)
In the future people won’t live on the moon.
Will people live on the moon, in the future?
Yes, they will. / No, they won’t.
Mesma forma para todas as pessoas: I / You / He / She / It / We / They will / won’t travel
Podem-se usar expressões tais como: Maybe, Perhaps, Probably, I think, it's possible + will
Incerteza – o que você ACHA que irá acontecer.
- Sílvio Santos will be the next president of Brazil. (Sílvio Santos sera o próximo presidente do Brasil)
- I think Maria will phone me. (Eu acho que a Maria irá me ligar)
- OTHER POSSIBILITIES: não há certeza mas uma simples possibilidade – MAY / MIGHT
/ COULD - The weather may/might/could be better later tonight.(O tempo
poderá estar melhor mais tarde);
Não há certeza, mas existe uma esperança: The weather will
probably be better tonight. (O tempo provavelmente estará melhor à noite)
b) Offer (oferecer)
I’ll help you with the books. (Eu te ajudarei com os livros)
I’ll open the window for you. (Eu abrirei a janela para você)
Shall I / we carry the chairs? (use ‘shall’ somente com ‘I’ e ‘We’) (Posso / Podemos carregar as cadeiras?)
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c) Requests (pedidos)
Will you please help me carry this? (Você me ajudaria a carregar isto?)
Will you please not smoke? (Você poderia não fumar?)
OTHER POSSIBILITIES: Could you help me carry this?, Would you carry this please?, Why
don’t you help me carrying this? (Por que você não me ajuda a carregar
-
isto?) Would you mind not smoking? (Você se importa em não fumar?)
Could you not smoke? Would you not smoke? (Você poderia não fumar?)
d) Prediction without evidence (prever o futuro sem evidência)
James will stop smoking soon. (James irá parar de fumar logo)
Flamengo will win the championship in 2009. (Flamengo vencerá o campeonato de 2009)
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e) Promisse (promessa)
- Ok, I’ll clean my room. (Ok, eu limparei o quarto)
- We’ll build new houses for the poor.(Nós construiremos novas casas para os pobres)
f)
Decision at the moment we speak (decisão no momento da fala)
- Hmm, I’ll have an ice cream. (Hmm, eu vou tomar um sorvete).
- Look, I still have R$ 2,00. I’ll buy some candies. (Olha, eu ainda tenho R$2,00. Comprarei algumas balas)
g) usar - let us or let's – no lugar de fazer uma pergunta:
-
Let's go to the cinema this evening! (= Shall we go to the cinema this evening?) = Vamos ao cinema?
Let's eat our lunch now! (= Shall we eat our lunch now?) = Vamos comer nosso almoço agora?
2. GOING TO [verb to be (am / is / are) + going to + infinitive]
Affirmative:
I’m going to see the Olympic Games in China.
She’s going to see the Olympic Games in China.
They’re going to see the Olympic Games in China.
(Eles irão ver os jogos Olímpicos na China)
Negative:
I’m not going to see the Olympic Games in China.
She isn’t going to see the Olympic Games in China.
They aren’t going to see the Olympic Games in China.
Interrogative:
Short answers:
Is she going to see the Olympic Games in China?
Yes, she is.
No, she isn’t.
a)
Plans
- I’m going to travel to Rio. I’ve checked all prices. (Eu vou viajar para o Rio. Já chequei todos os preços)
- She isn’t going to travel with me. Maybe, she’ll be working. (Ela não vai viajar comigo. Talvez ela estará
trabalhando)
a)
Predictions with evidence
- Look at those clouds. It’s going to rain. (Olhe aquelas nuvens. Vai chover)
- Shh, cross the street. There’s a huge dog over there. It’s going to bite us. (Shh, atravesse a rua. Há um enorme
cachorro logo ali. Ele vai nos morder)
- That girl is wearing a wedding dress. She’s going to get married. Aquela moça está vestindo um vestido de
noiva. Ela vai se casar)
3. PRESENT CONTINUOUS FOR FUTURE ARRANGEMENTS
[verb to be (am / is / are) + verb (+ing) ]
Affirmative:
I’m seeing my mother next Saturday.
(Eu verei minha mãe no próximo sábado.)
Negative:
Interrogative:
Short answers:
She isn’t working next week.
Are you travelling to São Paulo this year?
Yes, she is.
No, she isn’t.
- Certeza quanto ao fato que irá ocorrer; usar time expressions: next week / year
4. SCHEDULING (horários pré-estabelecidos)
Normalmente usamos o PRESENT SIMPLE para falar de eventos programados.
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Spring break begins on March 22. (A primavera começa no dia 22 de março)
The football game starts at 7:00 p.m. (O jogo de futebol começa às 19:00)
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The film ends at 3:00 p.m. (O filme termina às 3 da tarde)
5. FUTURE PERFECT (will have + particípio do verbo)
Indica uma ação que estará terminada, concretizada, no futuro.
Esse tempo é frequentemente usado com as expressões: in (three weeks’) time / by (Saturday / next year).
! by + a time expression = at the latest (no máximo / o mais tardar).
-
I will have spent all my money by this time next year. (A esta hora no próximo ano eu terei gasto todo o meu
dinheiro)
She will have run successfully in three marathons if she finishes this one.
They won’t have done all their homework by the time of the film.
By this time next week, I will have worked on this project for twenty days. (A essa hora na próxima semana, eu
terei trabalhado neste projeto por vinte dias)
Before he sees his publisher, Charles will have finished four chapters in his new novel.
How long will it have been since we were together?
6. FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS [will have been + verbo(ing)]
Indica uma ação em progresso que será completada em algum momento no futuro.
-
Next Thursday, I will have been working on this project. (Na próxima quinta, eu ainda estarei trabalhando neste
projeto)
By the time he finishes this semester, Geraldo will have been studying nothing but parasites for four years. (Na
hora que ele terminar o semestre, Geraldo não terá estudado nado além de parasitas por quatro anos)
Will they have been testing these materials in the lab before we even get there? (Eles terão testado o material no
laboratório antes mesmo de chegarmos?)
7. FUTURE CONTINUOUS [will be + verb(ing)]
Indica uma ação que estará em progresso em um determinado momento no futuro.
-
This time tomorrow I’ll be lying on the beach in the sun.(A essa hora amanhã, eu estarei deitado na praia debaixo
do sol)
Don’t phone me between 7.00 and 8.00, as we’ll be having dinner then. (Não me tefome entre 7 e 8 horas, pois
estarei jantando)
What will you be doing this time next year? Well I don’t know you but I’ll be playing in a band in Liverpool.(O que
você estará fazendo a essa hora no próximo ano? Bem eu não sei quanto a você mas eu estarei tocando em uma
banda em Liverpool).
H. PERFECT TENSES
1. Past Perfect
O PAST PERFECT TENSE indica que uma ação foi completada em algum ponto do passado antes de uma outra no passado. É
formada com o passado do verbo have = HAD e o particípio do verbo principal. Ex: I had walked two miles by lunchtime.
She had run three other marathons before entering the Boston Marathon. / My mother had already left when I arrived in
the club. ( Minha mãe já tinha saído quando eu cheguei no clube).
2. Present Perfect Progressive
O PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSE indica uma ação em progresso that iniciou no passado e continua até o presente.
Ex: "She has been running and her heart is still beating fast."
Singular
Plural
I have been walking
we have been walking
you have been walking
you have been walking
he/she/it has been walking
they have been walking
Examples:
Maria has been writing her dissertation for the last six years[, but she finished yesterday]. Have we been telling the truth to
consumers about tobacco? Haven't we been lying to teenagers about smoking?
3. Past Perfect Progressive
The PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSE indica uma ação continua que foi completada em algum ponto do passado.Este
tempo é formado pelo HAD + BEEN + verbo(ing), ex: "I had been working in the garden all morning. George had been
painting his house for weeks, but he finally gave up."
Singular
Plural
I had been walking
we had been walking
you had been walking
you had been walking
he/she/it had been walking
they had been walking
I. MODAL VERBS: MODAIS
•
Cada um será usado em situações específicas, ex: dar conselho, criticar, expressar incerteza, etc. Normalmente
usamos modal + infinitivo.
1. SHOULD
Dar conselho
You should stop smoking. (Você deveria parar de fumar)
(should + infinitivo )
Criticar
You should’ve booked the book to study.
(should have /
haven’t + particípio)
(Você deveria ter reservado o livro para estudar)
You shouldn’t’ve written those emails. (Você não deveria ter escrito
aqueles emails).
2. MAY / MIGHT
Incerteza, pode ou
não acontecer.
I might go to the party. (Talvez eu vá à festa)
She might have done her homework earlier. (Ela poderia ter feito a
tarefa mais cedo).
3. CAN
Habilidade /
capacidade /
permissão
I can play the piano.
She can go to the cinema after dinner. (Ela pode ir ao cinema após o
jantar).
- passado de can: could; was/were able to
-futuro: will be able to.
4. COULD
Habilidade /
permissão /
probabilidade/
pedido educado
I could dance tango very well.
She could go to the cinema after dinner.
I could work until late if she had given me the key. (Eu poderia
trabalhar até tarde se ela tivesse me dado a chave).
Could you open the door, please?
5.MUSTN’T
proibição
She mustn’t have taken the umbrella with her. (Ela não deveria ter
levado a sombrinha com ela).
/ CAN’T
6. WOULD
She mustn’t go out. (Ela não pode sair).
condicional
I would study more if I had time available (Eu estudaria mais se
tivesse tempo disponível).
I would have studied more if I had had time available. (Eu teria
estudado mais se eu tivesse tido tempo disponível).
7. NEEDN’T
Sem necessidade
You needn’t buy any fruit, we have a lot.
(Você não precisa comprar frutas, nós temos muitas).
8. MUST
9. HAVE / HAS TO
Obrigação interna /
I must study for vestibular. (Eu devo estudar para o vestibular).
necessidade pessoal
She must clean her house.
Obrigação externa
I have to work on Saturdays.
She has to clean the house everyday.
You have to wear a uniform.
10 DON’T / DOESN’T
HAVE TO
Ausência de
obrigação
You don’t have to wear a uniform.
She doesn’t have to work on Saturdays.
J. RELATIVE PRONOUNS
1.
-
WHO / WHOM PESSOAS
A doctor is a person. He works in hospitals. = A doctor is a person WHO works in hospitals.
He’s got a new girlfriend. She works in a garage. = He’s got a new girlfriend WHO works in a garage.
-
He has married somebody WHOM I really do not like. (formal style)
He’s married somebody WHO I really don’t like. (informal style)
-
The boy WHOM you saw yesterday was my nephew. (O menino que você viu ontem era meu sobrinho).
Mary is the girl to WHOM he gave the present. (Mary é a garota a quem ele deu o presente).
-
This is Mr Rogers. You met him last year. (Este é o Sr. Rogers. Você o conheceu no ano passado).
This is Mr Rogers WHOM you met last year. (Este é o Sr. Rogers que você conheceu no ano passado).
2.
-
WHOSE IDÉIA DE POSSE
These are the books WHOSE writer lives in Rio. (Estes são os livros cujo escritor mora no Rio).
3.
-
WHERE LUGAR
This is the church WHERE John and I got married. (Esta é a igreja onde John e eu nos casamos).
This is the church in WHICH John and I got married. (Esta é a igreja na qual John e eu nos casamos).
4.
-
WHICH COISAS E ANIMAIS
A lion is a wild animal. It eats meat. (O leão é um animal selvagem. Ele come carne).
A lion is a wild animal WHICH eats meat.
o pronome THAT poderá substituir WHO ou WHICH se a frase não estiver entre vírgulas.
-
A doctor is a person THAT works in a hospital
A lion is a wild animal THAT eats meat.
-
The writer, WHO lives in Rio, is my uncle.
The book, WHICH I showed you, was bought in Rio.
K. QUANTITATIVE PRONOUNS AND ADJECTIVES
1.
SOME frases afirmativas; antes de substantivos plurais ou incontáveis. Também em orações interrogativas que
indiquem oferecimento.
- We need some tomatoes to put in the pizza.
- They bought some milk today.
- Would you like some coffee? (WOULD…LIKE)
- Would you like somebody to help you with the bags?
2.
ANY frases negativas e interrogativas, antes de substantivos plurais ou incontáveis.
- We don’t need any tomatoes to put in the pizza.
- They didn’t buy any milk today.
- Do you like coffee?
- Did you call anyone yesterday at Maria’s house?
3.
-
NO usado em frases afirmativas com idéia negativa.
We need no tomatoes to put in the pizza.
They bought no milk today.
Nobody called you on the phone. ( = ninguém)
-
They have nowhere to go this weekend. (= nenhum lugar)
4.
-
EVERY todo / cada, em frases afirmativas, negativas e interrogativas.
Everything is gonna be alright!
Does everybody enjoy going to the cinema at weekends?
Every day he eats the same dish.
+ body / one pessoas
+ thing coisas
+ where lugar
L. DEGREES OF COMPARISON
1. COMPARATIVE
a) adjetivo curto = adjetivo+ER THAN
-
Small smallER; Slim slimMER; sexy sexIER; Blue blueR
She’s taller than her mother
b) adjetivo longo = MORE adjetivo THAN
-
MORE beautiful THAN She’s more intelligent than her sister.
LESS beautiful THAN
2. EQUALITY AS (adjetivo) AS; NOT AS (adjetivo) AS
-
She is as thin as her sister. / She isn’t as beautiful as her sister.
3. SUPERLATIVE
a) adjetivo curto = THE adjetivo+EST
-
Small THE smallEST; Slim THE slimMEST; sexy THE sexIEST; Blue THE blueST
She’s THE tallEST mother in the school
b) adjetivo longo = MORE adjetivo THAN
-
THE MOST beautiful She’s THE MOST intelligent sister of all.
THE LEAST beautiful
4. COMMENTS
a) adjetivos terminados em –le, -ow, -er 2 formas de comparativo (item 1) e as duas de superlativo (item 3).
b) He’s lazier and more stupid than his cousin. (different people)
He’s more lazy than stupid. (compare two descriptions of the same person)
c) I’m getting fatter and fatter.
d) The older I get, the happier I am. (os adjetivos variam simultaneamente)
The later it gets, the colder it becomes.
e) She’s the oldest girl in the world.
They’re the oldest girls of the world.
N. SO (+)/ NEITHER (-)
usados para concordar com frases afirmativas ou negativas no lugar da expressão ‘Me too’ / ‘I am too’. Use SO para
concordar com uma informação afirmativa e use NEITHER para concordar com uma informação negativa.
(+) Peter said: John is happy, and so am I. =Peter said: John is happy and I am too.
(-) Peter said: John isn’t tall. Neither am I.
John: I am happy today!
Peter: So am I.
Tempo verbal
Qual auxiliar?
Verb to be presente (+, -)
am / is / are
Verb to be in the past (+, -)
was / were
Present simple (+, -)
do I, you, we, they
does he, she, it
Past simple (+, -)
did
Present continuous (+, -)
am, is, are
Past continuous (+, -)
was / were
Present perfect (+, -)
have / has
Present perfect continuous (+, -)
have / has
Past perfect (+, -)
had
Will / won’t
will
Would / wouldn’t
would
Can / can’t
can
Could / couldn’t
could
Should / shouldn’t
should
Going to
am, is, are
Em orações:
Present simple I speak English and so does she / her sister / my sister.
I don’t like onions and neither do my brothers.
Past simple She went to the cinema yesterday and so did my cousin.
They didn’t travel last year and neither did my mother.
Neither …nor (nem…nem) You can buy neither this nor that bag.
Either …or (ou…ou) You can buy either this or that bag. (corrigir livro)
Both …and (tanto…quanto) Both the aunt and the uncle are doctors.
O. CONJUNCTIONS AND CONNECTORS
São palavras utilizadas para ligar orações e palavras, estabelecendo uma relação de coordenação ou subordinação entre
elas.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Coordinating conjunctions = conjunções coordenadas (and, but, or / yet = no entanto)
Alternative ideas = alternativa (either…or = ou…ou / neither…nor = nem…nem / or else = senão, ao contrário)
Contrast and concession = contraste (although, though = embora / even though = mesmo que / even if = mesmo
se / however = entretanto, contudo / nevertheless = contudo, entretanto / but = mas, porém / yet = entretanto /
despite, in spite of = apesar de / whereas = ao passo que)
Consequence and result idea = consequência (therefore, hence = por isso, portanto, então / thus = logo)
Condition and hyphotesis idea = condição / hipótese (otherwise = caso contrário / if, whether = se / as long as =
contanto que / unless = a menos que)
Manner idea = modo (as = como / as if, as though = como se / as well = da mesma forma)
Cause idea – causal (because of = por causa disso / in order to, so as to = para, a fim de) / therefore (por isso) /
thus (assim)
Addition idea = adição ( besides, moreover, in addition, furthermore = além de, além disso / both…and = tanto
quanto / as well as = bem como / likewise = além disso)
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Time and consequence idea = tempo (while = enquanto / til, until =até que / since = desde que / in the meantime
= enquanto isso / yet = ainda / as soon as = tão logo que)
Sequence idea = sequência (thus = portanto) / Firstly (primeiramente) / secondly (Segundo*) /thirdly (terceiro*) /
Finally (finalmente) / eventually (finalmente) / then (então/depois) / Next (próximo/depois) /meanwhile
(enquanto isso) / afterwards (posteriormente) / Whilst (enquanto/quando) / since (desde)
Emphasis idea = ênfase: above all (sobretudo) / in particular (paticularmente) / especially (especialmente) /
significantly (significativamente) / indeed (de fato / mesmo) / notably (particularmente)
Illustrating idea = exemplificar: namely, for instance (por exemplo) / for example (por exemplo) / such as (tal
como) / in the case of (no caso de) / as revealed by (como mostrado por)
Comparison idea = comparando: equally (igualmente) / likewise (igualmente) / like (como) / similarly
(semelhantemente) / as with (como) / in the same way (do mesmo modo)
Purpose idea = objetivo (so that = para que /)
Ending idea = conclusivas.: to sum up / to summarize
P. FORMAÇÃO DE PALAVRAS POR SUFIXAÇÃO
1. Sufixos formadores de substantivos
a) Os sufixos mais comuns que formam substantivos de verbos são -er, -or e –ar, que significam “a pessoa ou coisa
que faz” ou “que está relacionada com”.
Exemplo: worker (trabalhador) – do verbo to work. // programmer (pregramador) – do verbo to program
liar (mentiroso) – do verbo to lie. // conductor (condutor / maestro) – do verbo to conduct
reader (leitor) – do verbo to read // beggar (pedinte) – do verbo to beg
b) Os sufixos –ist e –(i)an também são usados para indicar a pessoa por associação a certas coisas e lugares.
Exemplo: Quem estuda geology (geologia) é um geologist (geólogo)
Quem estuda mathematics (matemática) é um mathematician (matemático)
Exceções:
c)
a) quem estuda engineering é um engineer
b) quem estuda architecture é um architect
c) quem estuda medicine é um doctor or physician
O sufixo –ion (-action, -ition) forma substantivos de verbos, significando “o processo ou o resultado de”.
Exemplo: action (ação) – do verbo to act //// addition (adição) – do verbo to add
d) As terminações –ment, - ance e –ence também são acrescentadas a verbos para formar substantivos que
significam “a ação de” ou “o resultado da ação de”.
Exemplo: development (desenvolvimento) – do verbo to develop
performance (desempenho) – do verbo to perform
e) As terminações –al e –age significam “o ato de” ou “o resultado do ato de”.
Exemplo: Removal (remoção) – do verbo to remove
Drainage (drenagem) – do verbo to drain
OTHER SUFFIXES
1) The Abstract Nouns Suffixes:
a)
b)
c)
d)
SHIP ----------HOOD --------DOM ---------NESS ----------
friendship, championship, fellowship
boyhood, neighbourhood, fatherhood
freedom, kingdom, boredom
highness, weakness, hardness
2) The Adjective Suffixes:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
FUL -----------ABLE, IBLE OUS -----------Y ---------------LY -------------ISH ------------SOME ---------
powerful, skillful, careful
comfortable, profitable, responsible, edible
dangerous, anxious, courageous
healthy, skinny, nosy
cowardly, friendly, elderly
tallish, yellowish, Spanish
tiresome, troublesome
3) The Verbal Suffixes
a)
b)
c)
d)
EN -------------FY -------------IZE, ISE -----ATE ------------
weaken, sharpen, loosen
to purify, identify, classify
to apologise, specialise, dramatise
to circulate, concentrate, stimulate
4) The suffix “LESS” ---------------- denoting “absence of”, “lacking of”*
e.g.----------------
sugarless, noiseless, painless
5) The suffix “ESS” ------------------ forming “feminine gender”
e.g.---------------
lioness, waitress, hostess
6) The suffix “AL” and “AGE”----- making nouns from verbs
e.g. to arrive/ bury – arrival / burial
to marry / wreck – marriage / wreckage
7) The suffix “MENT”, “ATION”, “ANCE”---- adding to verbs to form nouns
e.g. to develop / amaze
development / amazement
to separate / inform
separation / information
to perform / assist
performance / assistance
*Absence of = ausência de / lacking of = falta de
PREFIXES
1) Negative meanings or reverse: IN / IM / IL / IR / DIS / DE / UN
Examples:
a) active / complete / different – inactive / incomplete / indifferent
b) popular / believable / real
- unpopular / unbelievable / unreal
c) agree / appear / approve
- disagree / disappear / disapprove
d) frost / code / value
- defrost / decode / devalue
e) mature / patient
- immature / impatient
f) reversible / resistible
- irreversible / irresistible
g) legible / legal
- illegible / illegal
2) Prefixes denoting:
a) “Excess” - over: overpopulated / overcooked / overwork / oversleep
b) “Insufficiency” - under: undercooked / underestimate / underdone
c) “Below” - under: undergraduate / underground / underwear
3) Prefixes
a)
b)
c)
“MIS” , “MAL” denoting:
lack of (falta de):
mistrust / misfortune
incorrect (incorreto):
mistake / misunderstand / misbehaviour
bad(ly) done (mal feito): maltreat / malnutrition
4) Prefixes of time and sequence: PRE (antes de), POST (após),
EX (anterior), RE (repetição)
Examples:
a) marital / arrange / school
- pre-marital / pre-arrange / pre-school
b) classical / war
- post-classical / post-war
c) husband / president
- ex-husband / ex-president
d) build / use
- rebuild / reuse
Q. The Passive Voice
•
A voz passiva é usada quando se quer dar mais
ênfase na ação e não em quem a realizou.
•
Também usamos a voz passiva quando não se sabe quem fez a ação, ou quando não é evidente ou não é
importante.
•
A voz passiva é formada pelo verbo TO BE no tempo do verbo da voz ativa mais o PAST PARTICIPLE (particípio) do
verbo principal.
. VOZ PASSIVA (passive
TEMPO VERBAL
VOZ ATIVA (active voice)
FORMA
voice)
Some people drink coffee
every morning
Coffee is drunk every
morning
Simple past
My mother made a
delicious pizza.
A delicious pizza was made
by my mother.
Simple future
They will deliver the
package on Friday.
The package will be
delivered on Friday.
Present continuous
We are picking up the
packages on Tuesday.
The packages are being
picked up on Tuesday.
Past continuous
His car didn’t work so it
was repairing.
His car was being repaired.
was / were being +
participle
I still haven’t read that
book. It’s new.
That book hasn’t been read
before.
has / have been + participle
He didn’t know if the
mailman had delivered the
books.
He didn’t know if the books
hadn’t been delivered.
had been + participle
I hope the rain will have
stopped by the time we
leave.
I think the package will
have been delivered by
Wednesday.
We have been waiting for
the bus about fifteen
minutes.
NOTE: hardly ever used in
the passive voice. But: (have
been being waited)
Simple present
Future continuous
Present perfect
Past perfect
Future perfect
Present perfect continuous
is / are + participle
was / were + participle
will be + participle
is / are being + participle
We will be having a
meeting next week.
will have been + participle
have been being +
participle
Past perfect continuous
Future perfect continuous
Going to
Must
Have to
I’m glad you mentioned
that because I had been
thinking about it.
NOTE: hardly ever used in
the passive voice. But: (had
been being thought)
I will have been studying
English for 6 months at the
end of June.
NOTE: hardly ever used in
the passive voice. But: (will
have been being studied)
Don’t worry; Maria is going
to pick up the children at
school.
Don’t worry; the children
are going to be picked up
at school.
is / are going to be +
participle
Students must do their
homework every day.
The homework must be
done every day.
must be + participle
Mum has to make pizza for
dinner.
A pizza has to be made for
dinner.
had been being + participle
will have been being +
participle
has / have to be + participle
R. REPORTED SPEECH
Usa-se para recontar uma informação passada.
Statements
a) Read the chart:
Direct Speech
“I don’t know your address.”
“I’m working.”
“You’ll be very famous.”
“I’m going to travel to Rio.”
“I’ve been to São Paulo twice.”
“I went to a disco last Saturday.”
“She goes to the cinema twice a month.”
Reported Speech (or Indirect Speech)
She said she ______didn’t_____ know my address.
He told me he _____was______ working.
They said I ___would_________ be very famous.
She told us she ____was____ going to travel to Rio.
He said he ______had been ______ to São Paulo twice.
She told me she __had gone ______ to a disco the Saturday before.
She said she ___had gone________ to the cinema twice a month.
b) Read the tense changes:
Direct Speech
Present Simple
Present Continuous
Will + infinitive
Is / are going to + infinitive
Present Perfect
Past simple
Reported Speech (or Indirect Speech)
Past simple
Past continuous
Would + infinitive
Was / were going to + infinitive
Past perfect
Past perfect
c) Certain time expressions often change:
Direct Speech
tomorrow
today
next (week)
last (week)
Reported Speech (or Indirect Speech)
that day
the next day
the following (week)
(the week) before
this
here
these
that
there
those
II – Reported Speech: Commands / Imperatives
We express order or commands in reported speech by using the infinitive forms:
Direct Speech
Reported Speech (or Indirect Speech)
He said to me, “Come back later”.
He told me to come back later
She told me, “Don’t wait for me”.
She told me not to wait for her.
III – Reported Speech: Questions
When we report a question in reported speech, we express the original question in statement form.
Direct Speech
John asked, “Does Mary live near here?”
Beth asked, “Are you tired?”
“Where do you live?”
“What’s the time?”
Reported Speech (or Indirect Speech)
John asked whether / if Mary lived near there.
Beth asked whether / if I was tired.
She asked me where I lived.
He asked him what time was.
IV – Reported Speech: Other forms
USE
EXAMPLES
NOTES / PROBLEMS
Use verb + (not) to + infinitive to
report something someone offered,
refused, threatened, agreed, or,
promised.
He offered to help me.
After I agree and promise you can also use that +
clause (changing the verb tenses, etc, as after
said / told).
Use verb + person + (not) to +
infinitive to report something
someone asked, invited, advised,
encouraged, reminded, warned,
told, convinced, or persuaded.
He encouraged me to write.
NOT: He encouraged me that I should write.
They warned her not to go.
After remind, warn, tell, convince, and persuade
you can also use person + that + clause.
Use verb + (not) –ing to report
something someone apologized for,
admitted, denied, insisted on,
recommended, regretted, or
suggested.
I apologized for arriving late.
She refused to pay.
I agreed to do it.
She persuaded him to buy it.
“The doctor warned me that it was dangerous for
me to fly.”
He denied stealing the car.
I insisted on knowing the truth.
After admit, deny, insist (without on),
recommend, regret, and suggest you can also
use that + clause.
“I think you should take a taxi” = My friend
recommended that I take / I took a taxi.
“I didn’t shoot him.”= He denied shooting him. /
He denied that he had shot him.
! insist on +verb +-ing BUT insist that + clause
Good to have a look at:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/grammar/
http://englishselftaught.blogspot.com/