15th INTERNATIONAL PLANNING HISTORY SOCIETY CONFERENCE
The Geographers and the Region Concept in State of São
Paulo
JEFERSON TAVARES
Address: R. DOMINGOS DE MORAES, 1716 – VL. MARIANA – SÃO PAULO -SP
e-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
The goal is to identify the concept of region in studies made on the State of São
Paulo in the discipline Geography.
The sources are the texts of the 1930s and 1940s produced by foreign geographers,
in São Paulo, and published in the journals: Boletim Geográfico, Boletim Paulista de
Geografia e Revista Brasileira de Geografia.
In the twentieth century, in State of São Paulo, a predominant form of regional
planning has been based on its urbanization, so as the relationship between the
elements urban and regional. The analysis of the texts of the discipline Geography
demonstrates that these models originated in the 1930s and 1940s from the study of
the State of São Paulo and dialogue with foreign matrices.
In general, according to Henry Lefebvre, the organization of space occurs through
three key components: function, structure and form. From our reading, we found that
the formulations for the State of São Paulo consider these components as follows: a
function based on economic productivity; a structure based on the relationship
between city and infrastructure of circulation; a form organized by urban networks
and regional divisions, all related to the natural characteristics of the site.
We assume that the analyze about the theoretical formulations; about the elements
that organize the territory of State of São Paulo and about the dialogue national and
international, we can identify the founder concept of the Region in the State of São
Paulo.
1. Introduction
The demarcation of the natural elements of a territory is the first and most visible
form of regional division. It is the analysis of the set by the differences. Therefore, an
integrated view expressed in its synthesis. It is the principle of unity in its most
obvious and indisputable.
"The relief of São Paulo fits strictly on phenomena it extend to all of southern Brazil. Matter
mainly in the existence of the plateau that in the latitude of São Paulo, based on the proximity
to the coast, extends through Mato Grosso to the depression of Paraguay, beyond
Aquidauana.
"(...)
"The territory of São Paulo arises, excepted of the narrow coastal strip, in the southern plateau
of Brazil. (...)” (REGO, 1946, p. 09)
Cities, nations and regions in planning history
Because it corresponds to a more extensive set of criteria that the cartographic
boundaries, regional boundaries are volatile and tenuous as porous membranes
that allow trading in influence and justify new arrangements. Thus, it is possible to
identify a common element a guiding idea in the concept of the Region to ensure
the historic dialogue of organization of the State of São Paulo?
2. Organization of Space
Between 1930 and 1940 the geographers Pierre Deffontaines (1894-1978) and
Pierre Monbeig (1908-1987) promoted studies in State of São Paulo who have
expressed a concept of region that has utilized over the following decades. This
concept stemmed from the understanding of organization of territory of São Paulo
from the French matrices, especially the ideas of the geographer Vidal de la Blache
(1845-1918).
These analyzes led, however to an additional contribution in relation to the ideas of
La Blache. The Geographers rooted here are based primarily on the process of
urbanization of the territory to explain its organization, because they built their
theories and analysis from the appearance and evidence of urban and regional
elements and functional relationships between them.
Considering that urbanization promotes the organization of space, our analyzes are
based on the concept of Henri Lefebvre in which this organization occurs for three
main urban elements: form, function and structure.
"first, the three concepts, form, function and structure will be used also with the same weight
to analyze the reality. Secondly, they allow conceive the temporary stability and the balance
momentary. Third, they reveal a content sometimes guarded, implied and hidden of forms,
structures and functions analyzed. By employing these concepts in logical analysis arrives at
a movement deeper and more real: the dialectics movement between society and history.”
(LEFEBVRE, 1971, p. 189 apud LENCIONE, 2011, p. 55)
And that whole, expressed in State of Sao Paulo, must be understood as a historical
process, independent of time periods.
Therefore, our understanding is that the concept of region built on the state of Sao
Paulo in the 1930s and 1940s by Deffontaines and Monbeig occured primarily from
the identification of these three components - function, structure and shape - in light
of the urbanization process and from the dialogues between the national ideas and
the international ideas.
3. The Structure
For us, the structure is a equipment composed by a set of articulated minimum
elements and fundamental to the constitution of the whole. The deletion of one
element destabilizes the set and inhibits its function. What we will identify is the
construction of the concept of region from two structural elements of the São Paulo
territory: cities and infrastructure of circulation. The relation between them
surpasses the effect of cause and consequence, as both interact simultaneously on
earth as indivisible equipment for setting up regions.
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3.1 Urban Core: Transition
The concept of region in the State of São Paulo began to be formulated by
geographers from the identification of urban units, ie basic elements that make up
the urban space. P. Deffontaines (1947) characterized the genesis of these
settlements by "núcleos urbanos", a kind of agglomeration transient between the
settlement rural and city.
According Deffontaines, the "povoamento" in the State of Sao Paulo - the first form
of permanent occupation in the territory - occurred under the right property for land
grants in the form of "fazenda".
This settlement was exclusively from private property with the aim of exploiting the
land for some rural economic activity. The implementation of the farms (planting or
cattle) was subjected to the natural characteristics of the site using them as limiting
of the property itself, for example, by the confluence of rivers that form the "pontais";
by the physical barriers, and by the limits of ownership.
However, in the interstitial areas between the farms, the unemployed settlers built
the urban core that served as alternative habitat and stocks of skilled labor for the
periods of major rural production:
"interim population (...) that can not be translated by towns or villages because we still have a
fully dispersed population, but arranged in blocks." (DEFFONTAINES, 1947, p. 252).
The urban cores were agglomerations autonomous, independent and isolated.
Originated from the farm, scattered and sparse, they were distinguished from it by
the concentration of some basic activities productive.
The decline of farm as a model of economic production has provided some urban
cores consolidate itself as a central element of smaller populations, orphans from
the influence of the farms. These larger nuclei, such as Ribeirão Preto, Amparo,
Bragança Paulista, Campinas, Sorocaba, Taubaté and São Paulo prevailed over the
coffee crisis with alternative crops, like fruit and vegetables, and by the relationships
between agglomerations around.
We therefore consider the urban core like the embryo of the cities (especially those
who became regional headquarters) by grouping a urban agglomeration, small and
initial, around it. It was therefore a transition element because it was formed
between the farms, building the passage of rural period for the urban period.
However, as an embryo, which origin isolated and independent, had to ensure the
productive activities undertaken within its boundaries without relying on another
populations, such as farms.
3.2 Cities and Infrastructure Circulation: Regional Structure
Once established the genesis of urban Sao Paulo, the regional structure was built
from the relationship between cities and the infrastructure of circulation over the
territory. Until then, the nuclei were limited to relations with the smaller settlements
around it. The establishment of a regional circulation system not only boosted the
Cities, nations and regions in planning history
development of urban activities of ancient urban cores, but promoted the birth and
development of others, already with predominantly urban characteristics.
P. Monbeig (1943) defined the city as the urban agglomeration that surpassed the
nuclear and isolated models and thus constituted a basic element of human
organization on earth.
"(...) the city, born in a defined geographical area, it soon becomes an artificial organism, at
least apparently, and their relationship with the natural environment manifest themselves more
subtle than those of a rural settlement. The set of urban construction is sufficient to mask the
topography (...)” (MONBEIG, 1943, p. 07)
"(...) For him (P. Monbeig, our addition) the city is a form of act of possession of the ground
by a group of people, (...)" (MONBEIG, 1943, p. 08)
"But, the city is just a content, is the result of the work of men, protects them and let them
live." (MONBEIG, 1943, p. 16)
"A city is a whole of neighborhoods of which each has its physiognomy that is the result of its
role, its inhabitants, their age, and all more or less well integrated into a whole, form the city."
(MONBEIG, 1943, p. 18)
Although the conditions and reasons for the consolidation of cities are linked to
factors cultural, social, ethnic, geographic and economic, traffic routes were
essential to the composition of the urban set. The dirt roads, railways and highways
the circulation system ended the isolation of urban cores, crossing physical barriers
and allowed the transport of persons and goods between cities expanding and
integrating urban agglomerations.
"obligatory stops of travelers and troops, before and after of zones of relief marked, phases of
a large natural road of communication, these cities have in its formation and growth a natural
superiority." (MONBEIG, 1943, p. 11)
"The urban environment and urban circulation contribute to defining the traits of each region
of the city." (MONBEIG, 1943, p. 18)
Clearly, this structural relationship between city and infrastructure circulation has a
foundation, or rather, one purpose: economic production. It is based on the needs
of economic development, the main purpose of the spatial organization, which
reinforce regional relationships between the cities through the circulation system.
"(...) It is the business function linked to the presence of means of transport, more often, the
reason to be of small towns (...)" (MONBEIG, 1943, p. 21) (emphasis added)
"(...) This is the result of transport: who says market, says road." (MONBEIG, 1943, p. 22)
(emphasis added)
To Monbeig, some cities are formed by the economic relations. Marilia, Presidente
Prudente, Sorocaba, Botucatu, Bauru relate to the rail lines and later with the roads
because the roads will not only give access, but give conditions to economic
relations. Consequently, they build a region, an urban set, from process of
urbanization. São Paulo and Santos established themselves as one economic
region by the railway, the construction of the highway state, the Anchieta, led to the
development of Santo André (and the ABC) by industrial concentration, for example.
On the other hand, some cities were born around of roads and thus brought in their
origin the intrinsic character of unity, or set. The "cidades nas estradas: pousos"
15th INTERNATIONAL PLANNING HISTORY SOCIETY CONFERENCE
make up the largest category, linked by a road network stitched the territory by the
production and supply needs. These cities served not only to rest but also
warehousing inspection, registration and collection of fees (Mogi Mirim, Mogi
Guaçu, Registro), or new routes (Casa Branca, Franca). The "estradas de boiadas"
also contributed to the creation of landing the travelers, as Vacaria (place of
pasture) and Charqueada (place of manufacture of beef jerky or beef jerky). Along
the "estrada mulada" that was the way of mules, was consolidated Sorocaba, São
Miguel Arcanjo, Apiaí, Itapetininga. The "cidades de navegação" allowed to drain
agricultural products through the rivers, like Porto Ferreira, located downstream of
Pirassununga. (DEFFONTAINES, 1944, p. 143-147)
The most notorious case are the city that have developed along the railroad from
the nineteenth century.
Some of them were the "boca de sertão" because they were the last tip before
entering the backcountry, and therefore places of concentration of natural resources
and manpower. That's the local where the immigrants and the farmers were going in
search of fertile land. Casa Branca, Ribeirão Preto, Mococa, Bauru, Rio Preto,
Ourinhos, Marilia, Londrina. The works of infrastructure, also gave rise to cities due
to the permanence of their workers, as in Cotia, Una and Juquiá.
Even cities that have arisen through the generation of income from the
fragmentation of land have also been linked to traffic routes. The assets, fragments
of farms donated to the church ("patrimônios religiosos") or for sale ("patrimônios
leigos") were more successful when they were served by railroads.
"(...) The passage of a railroad on a farm is one of the main causes that determine the farmer
create a property and station will be one of the most powerful attractants of population. (…)"
(DEFFONTAINES, 1944, p. 304)
The assets (religious or lay) seem to respond to a certain vocation of urbanization,
generate income by farm land. The transformation of the landscape by man, the
division of land for its commercialization and concentration of productive activities
respond to a particular function of the production of space: the reproduction of
capital.
The analysis of Deffonaines and of Monbeig demonstrate how the city are created
and/or developed with the infrastructure of circulation. And when consolidated, with
equipments over the land, given unit through the formation of urban centers that
gather by the similarities. There is, therefore the overcoming of the stage of
independence and isolation of urban cores and the consolidation of settlements per
affinities. But what is the form that organizes these structures?
4 The Form
The form is how the structure is organized in space. May be concentrated or
dispersed, having a core or multi-core; be concentric or grid, radial or perimeter,
may be isolated and fragmented or with articulated systems, for example. Or
combining several of them. In the case of São Paulo, the form predominant is made
by urban networks mononuclear that comprise the region.
Cities, nations and regions in planning history
4.1 Urban Network: Regional Unit
The urban network in São Paulo is the formal expression of relations established
between a set of structural elements, cities and infrastructure of circulation, and its
site from the historical conditions, cultural and social.
To Deffontaines (1944), identify an urban network was the same that formalize, into
sets, the structural elements, from historical criteria (military functions, landing,
exploration of the interior, etc.) and geographical. Although his conclusion has been
to the national context where there was a dispersed urban network, its proposal
points to the importance of regional headquarters and the existence of multiple
cores.
"So in Brazil, the circulation with its various forms, was the cause of the source of
agglomerations; is a classical fact the association between city and highway. On the other
hand, is a curious finding, and more specifically in Brazil, the frequency of the cities born of
isolation. (...)” (DEFFONTAINES, 1944, p. 299)
By this vision that seeks unity, Deffontaines identified an occupation still sparse
without the predominance of an economic system able to assign identity to urban
settlements although natural factors and the historical site of its formation would
guarantee him the idea of set.
The cities of State of São Paulo, having been originated from urban cores,
organized themselves into urban networks promoting regional concentrations, but
with independence, even under influence of the circulation system. Thus, urban
networks were constituted by individualisation and differentiation of each urban
agglomeration, these in turn became regional units. Each urban network was a
urban agglomeration was formed by the group composed of cities and
infrastructure of circulation that keeps historical affinities, geographical and
economical.
Typologically, we can identify in the text of Deffontaines at least 13 urban networks
in the State: the towns along the “estrada mulada”; along the “estradas de
boiadas”; cities “pousos”; cities for monitoring; recording and collection of fees;
cities of "rotas" alternatives; "cidades-estações ferroviárias"; cities "boca-de-sertão";
"cidades de navegação”; "reduções"; "aglomerações de origem militar"; "cidades
mineiras"; "patrimônios religiosos" and "patrimônios leigos". Of these, two thirds
originated from the circulation system and took advantage of it for development.
This characterization was constructed by the concentration of a central city with
influence around the periphery, or "cidades marginais". This finding is most obvious
in the case of São Paulo, it mainly reflects the need for productive exchanges
between the cities of a network and between networks themselves needing a point
organizador of the main flows. Thus defined, the urban networks build
characteristics and they can be called regions, although urban network is not to be
synonymous with the region.
4.2 Regionalization: Template Synthesis and Integration
Regionalization is the identification, the delineation and the classification of a
cohesive set composed of the network (s) urban (s). It’s like a proposed or a
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diagnosis and prognosis, that prevailed throughout the twentieth century. Its origin,
in the State of São Paulo, is the study of Deffontaines (1945), because his was the
first proposal of regional division of the State of São Paulo. Opposes the
spontaneous regionalization because has been formulated from geographic and
social criteria. His proposal emphasizes the importance of regional design
promoted by man over nature and not subject to it. The regions to the author, not
only are the descriptions of the natural elements, but the man's relationship with the
site, or the fusion of the natural landscape and human action.
"Whence comes this special difficulty to highlight regional differences? It is the man, more
than nature, which creates the landscape, it is what is on earth, built, that gives rise to the
names of regions. (...)" (DEFFONTAINES, 1945, p. 1837)
From the economic production, the author identifies some areas and called for its
main cities. Highlights the Vale do Paraíba as the most notorious region of the state,
both for its economic character to have a predominance consolidated production,
either by natural features that influence the occupation of the site. (DEFFONTAINES,
1945, p. 1838)
About the relationship between the physical environment and built environment the
author recognizes the design promoted by the railway lines as evidence of a
regional division in the face of economic predominance sparse. (DEFFONTAINES,
1945, 1838)
But, the first regionalization is the most simple and obvious, confirmed by way of
exploiting the land, its geography and its colonization of the "velhas regiões de leste
e região nova de oeste":
"Confusingly it is true, feels the existence of two areas: the old regions to the east and south
of Campinas, where the unless renewed population has etnia in background black and
Creole, and new regions further north and west that they are submerged by the recent white
immigration and the rapid emergence of coffee plantations, this distinction, which stems from
economic history, is based on physical differences also essential. (..).“ (DEFFONTAINES,
1945, p. 1838)
For the author, the regionalization of the State of São Paulo is characterized by
geographical areas and the prevailing economic actions, such as mountainous
topography that allowed the creation of dams; the absence of forests in the central
areas of the State that allowed the circulation and occupation; the fertility of soil
purple which allowed the predominance of agricultural activities or agricultural
expansion in the northern of the Paraná and far western of State.
Although regionalization is a formal demarcation of territory, the criteria used by
Deffontaines demonstrated a comprehensive, overall view of the set; the
relationship between the natural elements and the form of occupation; by
distinguishing by differences and grouping by similarities; by importance of
historical and cultural process; and ultimately by the urbanization process as
organizing agent of the territory.
5 Dialogues
Cities, nations and regions in planning history
5.1 Resonances National
The regionalization of Deffontaines summarizes the concept of dominant region in
this period. Values cities and infrastructure of circulation; identifies urban networks
and make sure of the economic functions hegemonic in each dominance
geographic. Gives unit to the parties that comprise the territory through regional
divisions. The recognition of its importance came in the form of two other proposals,
in the Associação dos Geógrafos Brasileiros (AGB), clearly encouraged by the
pioneering of Deffontaines: Luiz R. de Moraes Rego whose proposal was based
solely on the natural features of the site; Carlos Wright whose has incorporated, in
addition to the natural elements, the boundaries of the railroads and municipalities
as subdivisions of the regions, both in 1935.
In the 1940s, José Francisco Camargo drew up a division for the State of São Paulo
from 10 regions demarcated by the railway companies. The principles were the
same that Deffontaines mentioned in the texts (1944 and 1945) and Monbeig (1943)
using the borders of the areas of the rail like forms of the regions. The Comissão
Interestadual da Bacia do Paraná-Uruguai (CIBPU) adopted this division as a model
of spatial organization of the State of São Paulo.
And in 1949, the AGB formulated his own regionalization that seems to be a
consensus proposal forward proposals drawn up individually. In this proposal, there
is a division of State of São Paulo in 4 large regions (Litoral, Planalto Atlântico,
Depressão, Planalto Ocidental) with its sub-regions (natural geographical areas)
and zones (cities).
5.2 Foreign References
The understanding of the texts shows that the criteria used for the State of São
Paulo are closely linked to the French precepts late nineteenth and early twentieth
century. This binding occurs mainly by the arguments made by the geographer
Vidal de la Blache and his followers, as Juan Brunhes (1869-1930), both cited in the
studies.
Lencione, in his book Região e Geografia (2009), summarized the work of La
Blache and from this synthesis is possible to identify 10 elements that have been
assimilated, directly or indirectly, by the production in State of São Paulo in the
1930s and 1940s:
a) autonomy to the discipline Geography in the regional analysis;
b) the record of man's dependence on nature for their survival;
c) the use of the concept of way of life (from the late nineteenth century and used in
other sciences that deals with relations between man and natural environment from
the same conditions: physical, historical and social);
d) the presence of the ideal of synthesis and integration into regional formulations;
e) identification of the relationship between parts and whole through the differences
in the organization spatial;
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f) the enhancement of regional circulation as an element central to the definition of
relations between regions, particularly by establishing dependencies and regional
divisions of labor;
g) the division of the territory (French in the case of La Blache, Sao Paulo, in the
case of Deffontaines) by headquarters of region;
h) understanding of the spatial phenomena from the story;
i) recognition of the specificity of a particular place;
j) the identification of the city as a formative element of unity and organizer of the
region.
The strong dialogue between the French matrices and the studies in State of São
Paulo is the predominance of the relationship between the man and nature, but the
divergence is the condition of a genesis guaranteed by the urban activities.
The peculiarity of the analysis in Sao Paulo is the fact that these matrices have been
incorporated from and dialogue with the urbanization process, evident in the
population explosion and urban reform in the capital city; and industrial
development of the State of São Paulo, accented in 1930s. It was not just the
acceleration of the industrial process, but also the establishment of new cities
throughout the interior of the State.
Therefore, ongoing urbanization exerted influences and established a
unprecedented momentum that were quickly assimilated by Monbeig and
Deffontaines. And towards the fact irreversible of defining new landscapes,
urbanization made the key element in proposals for territorial organization.
Urbanization has not appeared in his studies as an autonomous individual, but like
the general condition in the design of a theoretical model considering the effects of
region on the territory.
6. Building Concept, Eliminating Borders
Lencione, when analyzing the relationship between geography and region in a
broader context, suggests an excellent definition of the values from this period:
"The essential purpose of the study of Geography became in the region, an area with
homogeneous socio-cultural and physical characteristics, result of a story that wove rooted
relations between people and area and gave to this space particular characteristics, making it
distinct from the adjacent spaces.
"The view is that the region can be distinguished by the landscape, and that men are aware of
it, as they build regional identities. (...).” (LENCIONE, 2009, p. 100)
In the State of São Paulo this is the same idea of "integration" and "synthesis"
mentioned by the author and able to assign units to a diverse set.
Of theoretical formulations in Geography discipline in State of São Paulo, between
the 1930 and 1940, as we understand, the Region is the construction of an
anthropogenic landscape on a geographic domain, whose structure is given by the
cities and infrastructure of circulations that composing urban networks or other
more extensive settlements respond to economic production, predominantly. It is a
Cities, nations and regions in planning history
cell that, although in conjunction with others, distinguished by historical variants and
by the social peculiarities. Its borders are variable, but the idea of wholeness and
set is guaranteed by its urbanization process.
From this standpoint, the cartographic boundaries that limit the parties do not
matter, because the process of urbanization takes care of changing them
repeatedly but without to take away the idea of belonging to the whole. Indeed, the
fluidity of boundaries between the regions is not a characteristic of them, but a
diagnosis of spatial transformations that occur on their territory by urbanization.
A confirmation of this, it is the study about the economic activities of Norte do
Paraná (Monbeig, 1945). Although the region belongs to the State of Paraná,
influences and is influenced directly by the economy of State of São Paulo.
Or, in another analysis of the influence of the economy of the State of São Paulo into
the State of Goias, the author provides an analysis of the relations of influence of
Sao Paulo to Goias, by urbanization. In this case, Monbeig used to the idea of
zones of influence, power poles and urban hierarchy structured by the relations
between cities through circulation systems capable of establishing new regions.
This is pioneering because it uses the criteria from the 1950s and that will last
throughout the twentieth century in the territorial organization of São Paulo.
His conclusion, however, demonstrates the overcoming of barriers in the
conventional formulation of proposals from the regions by the urbanization process.
So we can suppose that the urbanization is the thread of this discussion.
7 References
ASSOCIAÇÃO DOS GEÓGRAFOS BRASILEIROS, Seção Regional de São Paulo.
“O problema da divisão regional do Estado de São Paulo”. Boletim Paulista
de Geografia, no. 16, de março. São Paulo: 1954. Número dedicado ao
Estado de São Paulo, em comemoração ao IV Centenário da fundação de
sua capital. Sem editora, 1954. p. 86.
DEFFONTAINES, Pierre. “Como se Constitui no Brasil a Rede de Cidades”. Boletim
Geográfico, Ano II, no. 14 e 15, maio e junho. Rio de Janeiro: IBGE, 1944.
(originalmente publicado em Bulletin de la Societé de Géographie de Lille –
Ano 59 – Tomo 82 – no. 9, dezembro de 1938, Lille)
_______. “Investigações sôbre os Tipos de Povoamento no Estado de São Paulo”.
Boletim Geográfico, Ano V, no. 51, junho. Rio de Janeiro: IBGE, 1947.
(originalmente publicado no Bulletin de L’Association de Géograhes
Français – no. 87 – abril, 1935).
_______. “Regiões e Paisagens do Estado de São Paulo. Primeiro Esboço de
Divisão Regional”. Boletim Geográfico, Ano II, no. 24, março de 1944 e Ano
III, no. 25, abril de 1945. Rio de Janeiro: IBGE, 1944 e 1945. (apresentada
aos sócios da Associação dos Geógrafos Brasileiros, em 1934,
originalmente publicado em Geografia, no. 2, Ano I, São Paulo, 1935; e nos
Annales de Géographie, no. 253 – XLV, Année, 15 Janvier, 1936)
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LEFEBVRE, H. A Revolução Urbana. Tradução de Sérgio Martins. Belo Horizonte:
Ed. FMG, 1999. Cap II: O campo cego, Cap VI: A Forma Urbana e Cap VIII:
A ilusão urbanística.
_______. L’Idéologie Structuraliste. Paris: Éditions Anthropos, 1971.
LENCIONE, Sandra. “Referências analíticas para a discussão da metamorfose
metropolitana” IN LENCIONE, Sandra, VIDAL-KOPPMANN, Sonia,
HIDALGO, Rodrigo, PEREIRA, Paulo César Xavier (org.). Transformações
sócio-territoriais nas metrópoles de Buenos Aires, São Paulo e Santiago.
São Paulo: FAUUSP, 2011, 2011, páginas 51-60.
_______. Região e Geografia. São Paulo: Editora da Universidade de São Paulo,
2009.
MONBEIG, Pierre. “O Estudo Geográfico das Cidades”. Boletim Geográfico, Ano I,
no. 7, outubro. Rio de Janeiro: IBGE, 1943. (originalmente publicado na
Revista do Arquivo Municipal – São Paulo, Ano VII – Vol. 73, janeiro, 1942)
_______. “A Zona Pioneira do Norte-Paraná”. Boletim Geográfico, Ano III, no. 25,
abril de 1945. Rio de Janeiro: IBGE, 1945. (originalmente publicado em
Geografia – Associação dos Geógrafos Brasileiros, no. 3, ano I, São Paulo,
1935)
_______. “Uma viagem de São Paulo a Goiânia – Estudo sobre as zonas de
Influência paulista”. Boletim Geográfico, Ano VII, no. 79, outubro de 1949.
Rio de Janeiro: IBGE, 1949.
PETRONE, Pasquale. “O Homem Paulista”. Boletim Paulista de Geografia, no. 23,
de julho. São Paulo: 1956. Número especial comemorativo do XVIII
Congresso Internacional de Geografia. Sem editora, p. 39.
RÊGO, Luis Flores de Morais. “Notas sôbre a Geomorfologia de São-Paulo e sua
Gênesis”. Boletim Geográfico, Ano IV, no. 37, abril; e no. 38, maio de 1946.
Rio de Janeiro: IBGE, 1946.