COMPARISON OF TRACE ELEMENTS CONCENTRATION
AMONG SEX OF Litopenaeus vannamei
Araújo, L.N.C.P.(¹); Silva, E.(1); Oliveira, H.M (1); Viana, Z.C.V.(2); Santos,
V.L.C.(2) [email protected]
(1)
Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Campus de Patos – PB, Brasil.
(2)
Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador - BA, Brasil. CNPq, FABESB.
ABSTRACT
The consumption of shellfish has been growing rapidly due to the expansion
of shrimp culture. Most shrimp farms are located near the sea coast, being
susceptible to chemical pollutants such as trace elements. In this paper we
present a comparative study of the distribution of Zn, Mn, Cu, Fe in tissues
(muscle, viscera and exoskeleton) of Litopenaeus vannamei (male and female)
from shrimp farms located around the Todos os Santos Bay, Salvador - Bahia.
Shrimp samples (Litopenaeus vannamei) were collected in two shrimp farms
sites located around in the Todos os Santos Bay, Bahia – Brazil: Salina das
Margaridas – SAL and Santo Amaro – SAM. Composite sub-samples of
muscle tissue, exoskeleton and viscera from 76 to 120 individuals were used
for analysis. An inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer
(ICP OES) with axially viewed configuration was employed for
determinations of trace elements (Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe). Significant differences
between males and females from the same locality were not observed only
between different locations (Mn and Fe). The trace elements distribution in
tissues were, in descending order: Zn: viscera > muscle > exoskeleton; Fe:
exoskeleton > muscle; Mn and Cu: viscera > exoskeleton > muscle. For
human consumption, the values found for zinc and copper concentration in all
shrimps are below the tolerance limit set by ANVISA.
Keywords: Farm shrimp, seafood, ICP OES
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RESUMO
O consumo de crustáceos vem crescendo rapidamente, graças à expansão da
cultura de camarão. A maioria das fazendas de camarões é localizada próxima
da costa marítima, sendo suscetíveis a poluentes químicos tais como
elementos traço. Nesse trabalho foi realizado um estudo comparativo da
distribuição de Zn, Mn, Cu, Fe nos tecidos (músculo, víscera e exoesqueleto)
de Litopenaeus vannamei, macho e fêmea, de carciniculturas localizadas em
torno da Baia de Todos os Santos, Salvador Bahia. As amostras de camarão
(Litopenaeus vannamei) foram coletadas em duas carciniculturas localizadas
em torno da Baia de Todos os Santos, Bahia - Brasil: Salina das Margaridas SAL e Santo Amaro - SAM. As subamostras de músculo, exoesqueleto e
vísceras de 76 a 120 indivíduos foram usadas para análises. Para a
determinação dos elementos traço (Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe) foi utilizado o
Espectrômetro de Emissão Óptica com Plasma Indutivamente Acoplado (ICP
OES) com vista axial. Significantes diferenças entre machos e fêmeas da
mesma localidade não foram observadas, apenas entre machos e fêmeas entre
localidades diferentes para o manganês e o ferro. A distribuição dos elementos
nos tecidos foram, em ordem decrescente: Zn: víscera > músculo >
exoesqueleto; Fe: exoskeleton > músculo; Mn and Cu: víscera > exoesqueleto
> músculo. Para consumo humano, os valores encontrados para as
concentrações de zinco e do cobre, em todos os camarões estão foram abaixo
do limite tolerável pela ANVISA.
Palavras-chave: Carcinicultura, Frutos do Mar, ICP OES.
INTRODUCTION
Over the past 20 years the growth of shrimp farms has increased,
mainly in the Southeast and West Asia, and Latin America and other
tropical regions (GRÄSLUND and BENGTSON, 2001). The industry is
a shrimp farm producing sector of great importance to many countries
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Universidade Católica de Pernambuco - Recife - PE - Brasil - 11 a 14 de novembro de 2013
in Asia (GRÄSLUND, 2003). It is estimated that the global
consumption of crayfish is around 1.5 kg/capita/year (FAO, 2004).
Shrimp farms are usually located near the coast and use seawater
directly from the coastal area to use in shrimp farming (WU and CHEN,
2004). However, the coastal seawater is usually contaminated by
various kinds of chemical pollutants mainly by human activities.
Among these chemical contaminants are trace elements.
These potential contaminants, although their origins are also natural
sources, most of it are the result of human activities. Its accumulation in
the aquatic environment may favor a probable bioaccumulation and
biomagnification in organisms throughout the food chain of the aquatic
ecosystem. The major anthropogenic sources are: industrial processes
of minerals and metals, metals leaching of waste, solid waste and
continental runoff, and animal and human excretion (MESTRINHO,
1998).
The metals in ionic forms, free or associated with other chemical
species, have important roles in biological systems of organisms. Some
of them are considered essential because of their disabilities cause
diseases to the body, which can be minimized or extinguished with
supplemental feeding element.
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Elements such as copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn) and iron (Fe)
are considered essential elements for both crustaceans and to the man,
participating in many metabolic reactions in the body. However, its
excess can cause damage and/or diseases that may be incompatible with
the life of the animal in the environment and to man as a consumer in
the food chain.
This paper presents a comparative study of the distribution of metals in
different tissues and in both sexes of the species cultivated vannamei
shrimp Litopnaeus carciniculturas into two distinct regions around the
Baia de Todos os Santos (BTS) in Salvador - Bahia. In addition, levels
of trace elements concentrations were compared with acceptable limits
for human consumption in Brasil.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Shrimp samples (Litopenaeus vannamei) were collected directly from
the two sites: (Salina das Margaridas – SAL, Santo Amaro – SAM).
They were caught in shrimp farms located around in the Todos os
Santos Bay (Bahia – Brazil), between December 2005 and January
2006. Composite sub-samples of muscle tissue, exoskeleton and viscera
from 76 to 120 individuals were used for analysis. The samples were
stored individually in sterile polyethylene vials at 20 oC, freeze-dried
and homogenized. They were collected using a non-metallic net. Each
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white shrimp weighed 19 – 24 g, all market size. The humidity
percentage was 77 ± 1%.
Masses of 200 mg of samples were directly introduced into PTFE
closed vessels with volumes of 23 mL. A volume of 2.0 mL of ultrapure
nitric acid solutions was added to each vessel. Then, a volume of 2.0
mL of H2O was also added to each reaction vessel. Parr bombs were
sealed and put in a muffle furnace set at 110 ± 10ºC and remained at
this temperature during 12 h. After cooling down at room temperature,
solutions were transferred to glass volumetric flasks and volumes were
made up to 10 mL with water. All the materials used in the experiments
were previously washed in ultra pure water, and a stainless steel knife
was used to cut the tissues.
The precision and accuracy of the method employed for the
determinations were validated by analysis in triplicate of certified
reference materials (CRM) NIST 1566b Oyster Tissue, using the same
analytical procedure. The recovery rates were: Cu (90%); Zn (96%);
Mn (89%) e Fe (102%). The limit of detection were (µg g-1/dry weight):
Cu (0.013); Zn (0.003); Mn (0,0003) e Fe (0.007). Analytical blanks
were run in the same way as the samples and the concentrations were
determined using the standard solutions prepared in the same acid
matrix.
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All reagents were of analytical grade unless otherwise stated. Ultrapure
water (Milli-Q®, Millipore, USA) with conductivity lower than 18.2
mΩ cm-1 was used throughout. The multielement reference solutions
were prepared daily from 1000 mg L-1 stock solutions of each element
(Titrisol®, Merck, Germany).
Each reported result was the average value of the three analyses. The
results were offered as means±SEM. One-way ANOVA was utilized to
compare the data by sex and by tissue. Results were considered
significant at <0.05.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The concentrations of trace elements (Zn, Mn, Cu, and Fe) are in Table
1. In general, there were siginificant variations (p<0.05) between the
tissues for all elements determined. In general, their distribution in
tissues were comparable with those reported in other regions of the
world, being in descending order: Zn: viscera > muscle > exoskeleton;
Fe: exoskeleton > muscle; Mn and Cu: viscera > exoskeleton > muscle.
Significant differences between males and females from the same
locality were not observed only between different locations (Mn and
Fe).
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When shrimp is exposed to excess zinc in a polluted environment, the
rate of concentration of that component increases in its body, but it has
Organic regulating the excess is eliminated by excretion. Commonly,
the concentration of zinc in the body of this crustacean is about 50-120
µg.g-1. Values above 200 mg g-1 would lead to his death (RAINBOW
and MOORE, 1986). The presence of zinc in a higher concentration in
the exoskeleton of samples is related probably to the availability of the
metal substrate being adsorbed by the exoskeleton of the animal.
The high concentration of copper in the organs may be due to
adsorption material adhered on the gills instead of passing into the
metabolic pathway metal (SZEFER et al. 1,990; BAMBANG et al,
1995).
Iron levels, were generally larger in the exoskeleton to the muscle. The
wide variation between the concentrations of different locations can
also be attributed to the difference in chemical composition influences
of sediment and pore water of the sea and their salinity waters where
shrimp were cultured (SADIQ et al, 1992).
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Table 1. Concentrations (µg g-1 dry weight) of trace elements in shrimp tissues
from the Todos os Santos Bay, Bahia, Brazil.
SAL
Female
Tissue
Muscle
Zn
44.0 ± 0.9
25.8 ± 4.1
Viscera
57.8 ± 2.6
Exoskeleton
Muscle
M
n
Cu
0.40 ± 0.03
SAL
Male
40.8 ±
0 7±
28.0
0 7±
53.7
0 9±
0.40
SAM
SAM
Female
Male
34.5 ± 1.2 36.6 ± 0.2
25.5 ±
1 2±
53.2
20.3 ± 0.3
0 6±
2.30
0ND
06
2.10 ± 0.01
9.80 ±
0 01
28.7±0.4
9.80 ± 0.30
104.0 ± 1
Viscera
1.30 ± 0.1
Exoskeleton
0.30 ± 0.01
0 02±
1.00
0 09±
0.40
Muscle
30.1 ± 0.1
0 01
32.6±0.4
Viscera
111.0 ± 4.0
118.0±1
Exoskeleton
88.2 ± 8.9
77.6±1.1
120.0±4.
0
65.2±1.1
Muscle
94.2 ± 0.6
86.0 ±
0 2±
96.9
69.5 ±
3 2±
60.7
52.2 ± 0.5
ND
37.8 ± 0.2
70.2 ± 0.7
63.4 ± 0.4
65.8 ± 5.6
2
6
1
8
66.5 ±
71.9 ± 2.1
111.0 ± 4.0
118.0 ±
Exoskeleton
0
8 4Amaro. ND – Not
Farm shrimp: SAL - Salina das Margaridas;1SAM
- Santo
Fe
Viscera
112.0 ± 3.0
determined.
The variations of the iron and manganese concentrations between
locations cultivation was significant. This variation is related to the
variation in water salinity between the shrimp farms, as shown by iron,
with the low salt content tend to accumulate higher concentration of
manganese in the tissues (MÉNDEZ et al, 1998) mainly in calcified
tissues (EISLER, 1987).
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According to the Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA,
1965), the elements, zinc and copper, had values below the maximum
tolerable and is adequate for human consumption. ANVISA does not
establish threshold values for intake of iron and manganese in foods.
CONCLUSION
There were siginificant variations (p<0.05) between the tissues for all
elements determined.
Significant differences between males and females from the same
locality were not observed only between different locations (Mn and
Fe).
The trace elements distribution in tissues were, in descending order: Zn:
viscera > muscle > exoskeleton; Fe: exoskeleton > muscle; Mn and Cu:
viscera > exoskeleton > muscle.
For human consumption, the values found for zinc and copper
concentration in all shrimps are below the tolerance limit set by
ANVISA.
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