PLANO NACIONAL DE
PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO (PNPG)
2011-2020
Documentos Setoriais
Volume II
Brasília, dezembro de 2010
O PNPG 2011-2020, editado pela Fundação Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
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b) Maria de Amorim Coury - CAPES
c) Marta Elias Ribeiro de Oliveira - CAPES
d) Genoseinia Maria da Silva Martins - CAPES
e) Alexandre Marafon Favero - CAPES
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Diretor de Relações Internacionais
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Diretor de Educação Básica Presencial
João Carlos Teatini de Souza Clímaco
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ISBN: 978-85-88468-16-0
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível
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A PG BRASILEIRA NO ANO DE 2020 7
A Pós-Graduação Brasileira no Horizonte de 2020 7
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Nota Sobre a Transição Necessária da Pós-Graduação Brasileira
Simon Schwartzman
Cientista político formado pela Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais e
doutorado pela Universidade da California, Berkeley. Foi presidente do
Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), e é presidente do
Instituto Universitário de Pesquisas do Rio de Janeiro (IETS).
Resumo
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4
O Quadro 5 mostra o número absoluto e a proporção de publicações brasileiras na base de dados do Institute for Scientific Information até 2007, quando o total de publicações chegou próximo de 20 mil. O dado para 2008 é próximo de 30 mil, por causa do
aumento de revistas brasileiras indexadas.
A PG BRASILEIRA NO ANO DE 2020
41
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Fonte: dados do MCT
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Fonte: dados do MCT
42
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Quadro 7
Publicações científicas e citações, Scopus, 1996-2008
País
5
Documentos
Documentos
citáveis
Citações
Autocitações
Citações por
documento
índice
1
United States
4,307,536
4,093,725
72,315,171
33,964,623
17.29
1,023
2
United Kingdow
1,242,464
1,149,767
17,140,454
4,282,684
14.78
619
3
Japan
1,220,415
1,197,781
1,953,831
3,783,244
10.12
480
4
China
1,217,169
1,210,267
3,969,504
2,038,379
4.61
237
5
Germany
1,132,583
1,093,560
14,435,211
3,952,207
13.46
542
6
France
822,978
793,722
9,987,207
2,409,794
12.88
497
7
Canada
628,843
603,080
8,371,847
1,721,035
14.84
483
8
Italy
608,338
581,345
6,809,577
1,656,582
12.29
432
9
Spain
448,240
424,983
4,373,765
1,166,471
11.07
338
10
Russain
Federation
405,278
402,933
1,778,817
558,282
4.42
239
11
Australia
400,860
379,694
4,709,170
1,046,069
13.4
368
12
India
391,687
375,928
1,974,974
685,821
5.77
202
13
Netherlands
346,687
332,278
5,348,158
957,715
16.88
418
14
South Korea
318,480
314,108
2,076,627
500,633
8.14
224
15
Sweden
249,888
241,935
3,820,670
682,671
16.2
372
16
Switzerland
247,319
237,718
4,178,226
618,639
18.6
422
17
Brazil
235,216
229,522
1,509,255
479,730
7.93
212
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citations each”. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-index
43
A PG BRASILEIRA NO ANO DE 2020
País
Documentos
Documentos
citáveis
Autocitações
Citações
Citações por
documento
índice
18
Taiwan
233,198
228,847
1,514,306
394,815
7.88
187
19
Poland
209,076
206,022
1,250,544
359,402
6.61
208
20
Belgium
188,150
181,079
2,462,076
398,841
14.41
323
21
Turkey
170,616
162,296
821,820
243,162
6.03
139
22
Israel
154,155
148,604
2,037,712
326,314
14.07
309
23
Austria
130,299
124,708
1,590,326
245,409
13.56
281
24
Denmark
129,590
125,332
2,075,889
327,844
17,21
303
25
Finland
124,184
121,358
1,714,200
310,191
15.1
273
Fonte: SCImago Journau & Country Rank, http://www.scimagojr.com/countryrank.php
Quadro 8
Citações por documento
Brasil
Coreia
Itália
1996
7.17
7.55
1.07
1998
11.49
11.23
18.05
2000
11.12
11.70
16.68
2002
9.30
10.25
14.76
2004
7.17
7.55
11.07
2006
3.68
3.89
6.21
2008
0.74
0.86
1.40
Fonte: SCImago Journal & Country Rank, http://www.scimagojr.com/countryrank.php
Baixo número de patentes
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mil) e Estados Unidos (240 mil)6(PWRGRRPXQGRDPDLRUSDUWHGDVSDWHQWHVpUHJLVWUDGD
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Dados da World Intellectual Property Organization, http://www.wipo.int/ipstats/en/statistics/patents/
44
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Quadro 9.
Fonte: World Intellectual Property Organization
A redução do investimento em estudos no exterior.
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Estudantes estrangeiros em cursos de pós graduação nos Estados Unidos, 2008/9
India
71,019
China
57,452
Canada
13,185
Japan
6,287
Mexico
4,148
Turquia
6,838
Vietnam
1,944
Arabia Saudita
2,903
Alemanha
3,640
Brasil
3,016
Inglaterra
2,468
Fonte: Institute of International Education, Open Doors 2009 Report on International Educational Exchange, table 2
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46
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O mercado de trabalho
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Centro de Gestão e Estudos Estratégicos. “Características do Emprego dos Doutores Brasileiros: Características do emprego
formal no ano de 2004 das pessoas que obtiveram título de doutorado no Brasil no período 1996-2003.” CGEE, Brasília, 2008
A PG BRASILEIRA NO ANO DE 2020
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Tabela 5 - Distribuição percentual dos doutores tiluados no período 1996-2003, com emprego
formal em 2004, pelas secções ou divisões da CNAE dos estabelecimentos empregadores
com maior concentração de doutores
Seção e divisão da CNAE
Divisões
Seções
Seções e Divisões
Seção M
Educação
65,95
65,96
Seção L
Administração pública, defesa e seguridade social
18,27
18,27
Seção N
Saúde e serviços sociais
5,28
5,28
Seção O
Outros serviços coletivos, sociais e pessoais
4,21
Div 91 - Atividades associativas
Seção K
3,98
Atividades imobiliárias, aluguéis e serviços a empresas
3,98
3,45
Div 73 - Pesquisa e desenvolvimento
2,51
2,51
Div 74 - Serviços prestados principalmente às empresas
0,83
0,83
Seção D
Indústrias de transformação
1,24
1,24
Seção A
Agricultura, pecuária, silvicultura e exploração florestal
0,43
0,43
Seção J
Intermediação financeira, seguros, previdência comp.
0,40
0,40
Seção G
Comércio, reparação de veículos aut., objetos pessoais
0,37
0,37
Total
99,61
99,27
Outros
0,41
093
Fones:,SFD&DSHV&13T07(036H65)7DEHOD$$QH[R(VWDWtVWLFR(ODERUDomRSUySULD
Nota: A soma das partes pode não corresponder com exatidão ao total devido ao emprego de arredondamentos.
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privado (ou seja, em termos aproximados, de cursos stricto e lato sensu) mostra muitas
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A PG BRASILEIRA NO ANO DE 2020
49
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Características dos estudantes dos cursos de Pós-Graduação (PNNAD 2008)
Setor público
Setor privado
Total
Idade média
33,2
34,6
34,0
% Mulheres
53,4
58,4
56,1
7.2235,75
7.556,48
7,406.60
% economicamente ativo
77,1
91,3
84,7
% trabalhando em educação, saúde e serviços sociais
66,1
37,9
49,7
% trabalhando em administração pública
11,2
8,7
9,7
3,7
10,4
7,6
149.500
176.407
325.907
Rendimento mensal familiar
% trabalhando em indústria de transformação
Total de Pessoas
O financiamento da pós-graduação
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$OpPGDEROVDFRPRRVFXUVRVQRVHWRUS~EOLFRVmRJUDWXLWRVRVXEVtGLRS~EOLFRSDUDD
SyVJUDGXDomRpEHPPDLRU
1mR Ki G~YLGD TXH SURJUDPDV LQWHQVLYRV GH SyVJUDGXDomR QHFHVVLWDP TXH RV
HVWXGDQWHVVHGHGLTXHPDHOHVHPWHPSRLQWHJUDOHLVWRMXVWL¿FDXP¿QDQFLDPHQWRDGHTXDGR
1RHQWDQWRFRPRPRVWUDR4XDGURPDLVGDPHWDGHGRVDOXQRVGHSyVJUDGXDomRWrP
PDLVGHDQRVGHLGDGHGRLVWHUoRVWUDEDOKDHLVWRVLJQL¿FDTXHPXLWRSURYDYHOPHQWH
HOHVHVWmRLQWHUHVVDGRVVREUHWXGRHPREWHUXPDSHUIHLoRDPHQWRRXXPDWLWXODomRTXHRV
SRVLFLRQHPHOKRUQRPHUFDGRGHWUDEDOKR&RPRQDPpGLDVHXQtYHOGHUHQGDpWDPEpP
EDVWDQWH HOHYDGR VREUHWXGR HP FRPSDUDomR FRP RXWURV VHWRUHV GD VRFLHGDGH p PXLWR
GLItFLOMXVWL¿FDUHVWHVXEVtGLRWmRJHQHUDOL]DGR$RFRQWUiULRDSROtWLFDFRUUHWDVHULDFREUDU
RV FXVWRV GR FXUVR GH SyVJUDGXDomR FRPR UHJUD JHUDO FRPELQDQGR FRP VLVWHPDV GH
FUpGLWRHGXFDWLYRLVHQo}HVHEROVDVSDUDSHVVRDVGHGHGLFDomRFRPSOHWDHPSURJUDPDVGH
TXDOLGDGHHUHOHYkQFLDH[FHSFLRQDO
50
A PG BRASILEIRA NO ANO DE 2020
Conclusões
7RPDGRV HP VHX FRQMXQWR HVWHV GDGRV PRVWUDP TXH D SyVJUDGXDomR EUDVLOHLUD
DRGDUSULRULGDGHDRGHVHPSHQKRDFDGrPLFRDWUDYpVGHXPFRQMXQWRGHLQVWUXPHQWRVGH
UHJXODomROHJDOLQFHQWLYRVHPHFDQLVPRVGHDYDOLDomRDFDERXFULDQGRXPVLVWHPDFXMD
SULQFLSDO IXQomR p VH DXWRDOLPHQWDU H TXH FRP DV H[FHo}HV GH VHPSUH QHP FRQVHJXH
SURGX]LUXPDFLrQFLDGHSDGUmRLQWHUQDFLRQDOQHPFRQVHJXHJHUDUWHFQRORJLDSDUDRVHWRU
SURGXWLYRQHPFRQVHJXHGDUDSULRULGDGHGHYLGDDRVTXHEXVFDPIRUPDomRDYDQoDGDSDUD
RPHUFDGRGHWUDEDOKRQmRDFDGrPLFR2IDWRGDPDLRULDGRVGRXWRUHVWUDEDOKDUHPHP
XQLYHUVLGDGHV QmR p HP VL XPD DQRPDOLD Mi TXH R VHWRU HGXFDWLYR QHFHVVLWD GH PXLWDV
SHVVRDV EHP TXDOL¿FDGDV TXH SRVVDP DMXGDU QD IRUPDomR GDV QRYDV JHUDo}HV 0DV DV
LQVWLWXLo}HVSULYDGDVDRQGHGRVHVWXGDQWHVGHQtYHOVXSHULRUHVWmRPDWULFXODGRV
GL¿FLOPHQWHSRGHPFRQWUDWDUSURIHVVRUHVGRXWRUHVHPUHJLPHGHGHGLFDomRFRPSOHWDRTXH
OHYDDTXHRVEHQHItFLRVHGXFDFLRQDLVGDSyVJUDGXDomRDFDEHP¿FDQGRPXLWRUHVWULWRV
Esta situação disfuncional parece ser, pelo menos em parte, um resultado não
SUHYLVWRGRVLVWHPDGHDSRLRHDYDOLDomRFRQGX]LGRVREUHWXGRSHOD&$3(6TXHDFDERX
IXQFLRQDQGR FRPR SDGUmR GH UHIHUrQFLD SDUD RXWUDV LQVWLWXLo}HV 8PD GDV LQRYDo}HV
LPSRUWDQWHV GD &$3(6 IRL FRPELQDU RV VLVWHPDV GH DYDOLDomR SRU SDUHV DWUDYpV GH
FRPLVV}HV GH HVSHFLDOLVWDV GDV GLYHUVDV iUHDV GH FRQKHFLPHQWR FRP D SURGXomR GH
LQGLFDGRUHVTXDQWLWDWLYRVGHGHVHPSHQKRUHODFLRQDGRVFRPSXEOLFDo}HVQ~PHURGHDOXQRV
WLWXODGRVHRXWURV$YDQWDJHPGHVWDFRPELQDomRpTXHVHPRVGDGRVRVHVSHFLDOLVWDV
SRGHPWRPDUGHFLV}HVLQÀXHQFLDGDVSRULPDJHQVHQRo}HVLPSUHFLVDVGHUHSXWDomRTXH
QmRVHFRQ¿UPDPFRPRVIDWRVPDVRVGDGRVHVWDWtVWLFRVTXHID]HPVHQWLGRHPWHUPRV
DJUHJDGRVQHPVHPSUHID]HPVHQWLGRHPVXDDSOLFDomRFDVRDFDVRHSRULVWRQHFHVVLWDP
GHVHULQWHUSUHWDGRVHYDOLGDGRVSHORVHVSHFLDOLVWDV
(VWD FRQFHSomR LQLFLDO QR HQWDQWR DFDERX VHQGR SUHMXGLFDGD SRU DOJXQV IDWRUHV
3ULPHLURKRXYHXPDWUDQVIHUrQFLDGRVFULWpULRVDFDGrPLFRVGDViUHDVGDVFLrQFLDVQDWXUDLV
EiVLFDVSDUDDViUHDVPDLVDSOLFDGDVGDVFLrQFLDVVRFLDLVHGHKXPDQLGDGHVTXHIXQFLRQDP
GHPDQHLUDGLVWLQWDHVHUHODFLRQDPFRPFRPXQLGDGHVSUR¿VVLRQDLVTXHYmRPXLWRDOHP
GRVFtUFXORVDFDGrPLFRVHQTXDQWRWDLVHWDPEpPSDUDRVWHPDVLQWHURXPXOWLGLVFLSOLQDUHV
FDGDYH]PDLVSUHVHQWHVTXH¿FDPHPWHUUDGHQLQJXpP'HSRLVFRPRDLQGLFDomRGRV
HVSHFLDOLVWDVpIHLWDSRUFRQVXOWDHQWUHDVLQVWLWXLo}HVSUR¿VVLRQDLVGRSDtVDVFRPLVV}HV
¿FDPVXMHLWDVDRVUHVSHFWLYRVLQWHUHVVHVFRUSRUDWLYRV3DUDUHGX]LUHVWHSUREOHPDKRXYH
XPDrQIDVHFUHVFHQWHQDDGRomRGHFULWpULRVTXDQWLWDWLYRVVXSRVWDPHQWHPDLVREMHWLYRVPDV
TXHDFDEDUDPSRUUHGX]LUDDXWRQRPLDGHGHFLVmRSRUSDUWHGDVFRPLVV}HVGHHVSHFLDOLVWDV
$SHVDU GHVWD SUHRFXSDomR FRP SDGU}HV REMHWLYRV GH TXDOLGDGH D EDL[D SURGXWLYLGDGH
A PG BRASILEIRA NO ANO DE 2020
51
DFDGrPLFDREDL[RLPSDFWRGDVSXEOLFDo}HVHDLGDGHHOHYDGDGRVDOXQRVGHSyVJUDGXDomR
LQGLFDPTXHRVLVWHPDFRPRXPWRGRQmRWHPFRQVHJXLGRPDQWHURVQtYHLVGHH[LJrQFLD
DFDGrPLFDHVSHUDGRV0XLWRVFXUVRVGHPHVWUDGRstrito sensuIXQFLRQDPQDSUiWLFDFRPR
FXUVRVGHDSHUIHLoRDPHQWRHTXDOL¿FDomRSUR¿VVLRQDORTXHOHYDDTXHPXLWRVDOXQRVQmR
WHUPLQHPVXDVWHVHVRXPRQRJUD¿DVRXRIDoDPEXURFUDWLFDPHQWH
$SyVJUDGXDomREUDVLOHLUDYHPFDGDYH]PDLVH[WUDYDVDQGRRDOFDQFHGD&$3(6
HVHXVVLVWHPDVGHDYDOLDomR&RPRMiIRLLQGLFDGRH[LVWHXPVHJXQGRVLVWHPDGHSyV
JUDGXDomRlato sensuWmRJUDQGHRXPDLRUGRTXHRSULPHLURTXHIXQFLRQDVHPTXDOTXHU
DYDOLDomR RX PHVPR LQIRUPDomR VLVWHPiWLFD VREUH VXD H[LVWrQFLD 'HSRLV p FDGD YH]
PDLV IUHTHQWH D H[LVWrQFLD GH SURJUDPDV FRQMXQWRV HQWUH LQVWLWXLo}HV EUDVLOHLUDV H
HVWUDQJHLUDVTXHQmRGHSHQGHPGDDYDOLDomRGD&$3(6$VXQLYHUVLGDGHVEUDVLOHLUDVVmR
FRQVWLWXFLRQDOPHQWHDXW{QRPDVSDUDFULDUHHPLWLUWtWXORVGHSyVJUDGXDomRHHPSULQFtSLR
QmR QHFHVVLWDP GD DYDOLDomR GD &$3(6 SDUD LVWR HPERUD QD SUiWLFD GHSHQGDP GHVWD
DYDOLDomR SDUD UHFHEHU EROVDV H RXWURV EHQHItFLRV H RV (VWDGRV WDPEpP WrP DXWRQRPLD
SDUDGH¿QLUVXDVSUySULDVUHJUDVHPHFDQLVPRVHUHFRQKHFLPHQWRHDSRLRDLQVWLWXLo}HVH
SURJUDPDVGHHQVLQRVXSHULRU
Recomendações
2VLVWHPDDWXDOGHDYDOLDomRHDSRLRjSyVJUDGXDomRQR%UDVLOSUHFLVDVHUDOWHUDGR
QRVHQWLGRGHUHGX]LUDFHQWUDOL]DomRHHVWLPXODUDDXWRQRPLDHDGLYHUVL¿FDomRGRVGLYHUVRV
SURJUDPDVHREMHWLYRVTXHFRH[LVWHPVREHVWDGHQRPLQDomRJHUDO1HQKXPSDtVGRPXQGR
WHPXPVLVWHPDWmRFHQWUDOL]DGRFRPRRGD&$3(6HLVWRpXPDLQGLFDomRGHTXHHVWH
WDOYH]QmRVHMDUHDOPHQWHRPHOKRUIRUPDWR$WUDQVLomRGRDWXDOVLVWHPDSDUDXPRXWUR
PDLVDEHUWRHGHVFHQWUDOL]DGRpXPSURFHVVRFRPSOH[RTXHQmRWHULDFRPRVHUGHWDOKDGRGH
DQWHPmR2TXHpSRVVtYHOpSURSRUDOJXQVSULQFtSLRVJHUDLVTXHXPDYH]DFHLWRVGHYHULDP
SUHVLGLUHVWHSURFHVVRGHPXGDQoD(VWHVSULQFtSLRVLQFOXLULDP
- 5HVWDEHOHFHU H UHIRUoDU R SULQFtSLR GD DXWRQRPLD XQLYHUVLWiULD GH FULDU FXUVRV
GHSyVJUDGXDomRGHGLYHUVDVPRGDOLGDGHVDFDGrPLFRVSUR¿VVLRQDLVHWFVHP
SUHFLVDUSDVVDUSHODDXWRUL]DomRSUpYLDRXDYDOLDomRGHyUJmRVGRJRYHUQR
- &ULDUSURJUDPDVS~EOLFRVHVSHFt¿FRVSDUDRDSRLRjSHVTXLVDHSyVJUDGXDomR
FRQVLGHUDGRV GH TXDOLGDGH HRX GH LPSRUWkQFLD HVWUDWpJLFD $V LQVWLWXLo}HV
GH SHVTXLVD S~EOLFDV H SULYDGDV GHYHULDP SRGHU FRPSHWLU SRU IXQGRV GHVWHV
SURJUDPDVHUHFHEHUDSRLRVSOXULDQXDLVTXHSHUPLWDPVHXIXQFLRQDPHQWR3DUD
HVWLPXODU R VHWRU SULYDGR D LQYHVWLU QD SyVJUDGXDomR H QD SHVTXLVD LQFOXLU
UHFXUVRVSDUDSDJDPHQWRGHSHVVRDOHRYHUKHDGDGPLQLVWUDWLYRQHVWHVIXQGRV
52
A PG BRASILEIRA NO ANO DE 2020
- 2VSURJUDPDVGHQDWXUH]DPDLVDFDGrPLFDVyVHULDPDSRLDGRVVHVDWLV¿]HVVHP
FULWpULRV LQWHUQDFLRQDLV HVWULWRV GH TXDOLGDGH HVWDEHOHFLGRV DWUDYpV GH ULJRURVD
DYDOLDomRSRUSDUHV
- 2VSURJUDPDVGHQDWXUH]DDSOLFDGDGHYHULDPPRVWUDUVHUFDSD]HVGHHVWDEHOHFHU
SDUFHULDV FRP VHWRUHV S~EOLFRV H SULYDGRV LQWHUHVVDGRV HP VHXV WUDEDOKRV
e o processo de avaliação deveria incluir representantes destes setores não
DFDGrPLFRV
- (QYROYHU RV PLQLVWpULRV VHWRULDLV ± VD~GH PHLR DPELHQWH GHVHQYROYLPHQWR
VRFLDOWUDQVSRUWHV±QRVSURFHVVRVGHVHOHomRH¿QDQFLDPHQWRGDSHVTXLVDHGD
SyVJUDGXDFmRQDVUHVSHFWLYDViUHDVGHLQWHUHVVH
- ,QVWLWXLU R SULQFtSLR GH FREUDQoD GH DQXLGDGHV QRV FXUVRV GH SyVJUDGXDomR
S~EOLFRV H SULYDGRV HVSHFLDOPHQWH SDUD RV FXUVRV RULHQWDGRV SDUD D IRUPDomR
SUR¿VVLRQDOSDUDRPHUFDGRGHWUDEDOKR(VWHSULQFtSLRGHYHULDYLUDVVRFLDGRD
VLVWHPDVGHFUpGLWRHGXFDWLYRHEROVDVTXHDVVHJXUDVVHPTXHRDFHVVRjHGXFDomR
GHDOWRQtYHOQmR¿FDVVHFRQGLFLRQDGRjUHQGDGDVIDPtOLDV
- $EROLURVUDQNLQJVR¿FLDLVGHFXUVRVPDQWLGRVSHOD&$3(6HVXDXWLOL]DomRFRPR
FULWpULRXQLYHUVDOSDUDDGLVWULEXLomRGHUHFXUVRV
$ DGRomR GHVWHV SULQFtSLRV WUDULD FRPR FRQVHTrQFLD D FULDomR GH XP DPSOR H
GLYHUVL¿FDGRPHUFDGRGHSURJUDPDVGHSyVJUDGXDomRTXHGHSHQGHULDPSDUDVREUHYLYHU
VHMDGR¿QDQFLDPHQWRGHVHXVDOXQRVVHMDGRDSRLRDVHUUHFHELGRGHDJrQFLDVS~EOLFDV
GHGLIHUHQWHVWLSRVVHMDGHVHXVYtQFXORVFRPRVHWRUSURGXWLYR2YROXPHGHUHFXUVRV
S~EOLFRVLQYHVWLGRVQDSyVJUDGXDomRSRGHULDSHUPDQHFHURPHVPRRXDWpDXPHQWDUPDV
VHULD XWLOL]DGR GH IRUPD GHVFHQWUDOL]DGD H PDLV D¿QDGD FRP RV GLIHUHQWHV REMHWLYRV TXH
RVSURJUDPDVWrP2¿QDQFLDPHQWRSOHQRSRUPHFDQLVPRVFRPSHWLWLYRVGRVSURJUDPDV
VHOHFLRQDGRVQDiUHDSULYDGDYLDELOL]DULDRIRUWDOHFLPHQWRGDSyVJUDGXDomRQHVWHVHWRUH
a cobrança de anuidades permitiria o aumento dos investimentos privados na educação de
DOWRQtYHOHSHUPLWLULDLQFOXVLYHTXHDVXQLYHUVLGDGHVS~EOLFDVSXGHVVHPUHFHEHUHDWHQGHU
GHPDQHLUDDGHTXDGDHVWXGDQWHVGHRXWURVSDtVHVLQWHUHVVDGRVHPHVWXGDUQR%UDVLO