UFES / CCHN / DLL – CENTRO DE LÍNGUAS
CERTIFICAÇÃO DE PROFICIÊNCIA EM LÍNGUA ESTRANGEIRA - INGLÊS
CIÊNCIAS BIOLÓGICAS, CIÊNCIAS AGRÁRIAS E CIÊNCIAS DA SAÚDE
PROVA E CHAVE DE RESPOSTAS
Texto 1
WHO: Ebola Outbreak in West Africa an International Health Emergency
(CNN) -- Global health experts on Friday declared the Ebola epidemic ravaging West Africa an
international health emergency that requires a coordinated global approach.
Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone are battling the Ebola virus, which has also spread to Nigeria.
The virus has killed 961 people from the start of the outbreak this year through Wednesday, the
World Health Organization said.
"The possible consequences of further international spread are particularly serious in view of the
virulence of the virus, the intensive community and health facility transmission patterns, and the
weak health systems in the currently affected and most at-risk countries," WHO said Friday after
two days of emergency meetings. The U.N. health agency described it as the worst outbreak in
the four-decade history of tracking the disease. "A coordinated international response is deemed
essential to stop and reverse the international spread of Ebola," WHO said.
Medical aid groups applauded the designation but said that it alone won't reduce fatalities.
"Declaring Ebola an international public health emergency shows how seriously WHO is taking
the current outbreak, but statements won't save lives," said Dr. Bart Janssens, director of
operations for Doctors Without Borders, a humanitarian organization.
"For weeks, MSF has been repeating that a massive medical, epidemiological and public health
response is desperately needed to save lives and reverse the course of the epidemic," said
Janssens, using the initials for his organization's French name, Medecins Sans Frontieres. "Lives
are being lost because the response is too slow." The agency said it has nearly 700 staff
responding to the crisis in the affected countries. "All our Ebola experts are mobilized, we
simply cannot do more," Janssens said.
Meanwhile, a WHO official said bogus information is adding to the rapid spread of the disease.
"Perhaps one of the most important factors contributing to this is fear and misinformation," said
Dr. Keiji Fukuda, assistant director for health security. "This is critical to understand, because
what it is doing is that it helps foster suspicion and anxiety in communities, and when that
happens we see a situation where people are reluctant to go to health facilities or maybe reluctant
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to bring their family members there." Though infectious, Ebola "is not mysterious" and can be
contained, Fukuda said.
Liberian President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf said the fast-spreading disease has overwhelmed her
nation's health care system. "The scope and scale of the epidemic ... now exceed the capacity and
statutory responsibility of any one government agency or ministry," she said. The Liberian leader
declared a 90-day state of emergency this week, which will allow her government to set up a
series of measures to prevent the spread of the disease.
Ebola spreads through contact with organs and bodily fluids such as blood, saliva, urine and
other secretions of infected people. It has no known cure. The most common treatment requires
supporting organ functions and maintaining bodily fluids such as blood and water long enough
for the body to fight off the infection.
Fonte: Adaptado de: Karimi, Faith; Gigova, Radina. WHO: Ebola outbreak in West Africa an international health
emergency. Disponível em: http://edition.cnn.com/2014/08/08/health/ebola-outbreak/ (último acesso em 18/08/2014)
RESPONDA ÀS QUESTÕES CONFORME INFORMAÇÕES CONTIDAS NO TEXTO.
QUESTÃO 1
Sobre o surto atual do vírus Ebola, todas as afirmativas estão corretas, EXCETO
(A) É o pior já registrado nos últimos 40 anos.
(B) Sua disseminação, até o momento, concentra-se em um único continente.
(C) Causou sobrecarga no sistema de saúde liberiano.
(D) Seu aspecto misterioso dificulta sua contenção.
QUESTÃO 2
Analise as afirmativas abaixo sobre os fatores que contribuem para a disseminação do
vírus Ebola:
I. não há investimento financeiro suficiente para prover tratamento.
II. a resposta dos programas de saúde pública para o tratamento do virus é lenta.
III. informações equivocadas afastam os pacientes das unidades de saúde.
São verdadeiras:
(A) apenas I e II.
(B) apenas II e III.
(C) apenas I e III.
(D) I, II e III.
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QUESTÃO 3
O pronome demonstrativo this, em negrito no 6º parágrafo, refere-se
(A) ao representante da OMS
(B) ao medo e à desinformação
(C) à disseminação rápida da doença
(D) ao Dr. Keiji Fukuda
QUESTÃO 4
Quais são os três fatores que tornam a possibilidade de uma propagação internacional do
Ebola mais preocupante?
Os três fatores são a virulência do vírus, os padrões intensos de transmissão na comunidade
e nas unidades de saúde, e os fracos sistemas de saúde nos países atualmente afetados e
naqueles com alto risco de contaminação.
QUESTÃO 5
Justifique a frase do Dr. Bart Janssens, “but statements won't save lives,” (4º parágrafo).
Dr. Janssens está se referindo à declaração feita pelos especialistas de saúde de que a
epidemia do Ebola na África Ocidental deve ser considerada uma emergência de saúde de
preocupação internacional. Dr. Bart defende que apenas esse reconhecimento/essa
declaração não é suficiente para conter o avanço do vírus, é necessária uma intensa
resposta da saúde pública, epidemiológica e médica para evitar mais mortes.
Texto 2
Pests Worm Their Way into Genetically Modified Maize
Even with biotech crops, farmers still need to make use of age-old practices such as crop rotation
to fight insect pests. That’s the lesson to be drawn from the latest discovery of resistance to the
pest-fighting toxins added to maize — also known as corn.
According to a team led by Aaron Gassmann, an entomologist at Iowa State University in Ames,
in some Iowa fields a type of beetle called the western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera
virgifera LeConte) has developed resistance to two of the three types of Bacillus thurinigiensis
(Bt) toxin produced by genetically modified maize. Resistance to one type of Bt toxin has
cropped up in the worms in recent years, but now there is a twist — the researchers have found
that resistance to that type of Bt toxin also confers protection against another, more recently
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introduced type. Their work appears in this week's Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences. “That’s two of the three toxins on the market now,” says Gassmann. “It’s a substantial
part of the available technology.”
Genetically modified (GM) maize producing the Bt toxin Cry3Bb1, which provided protection
against pests such as rootworm, was first approved for use in the United States in 2003. By 2009,
farmers had started to see rootworm damage in their GM crops. In 2011, that damage had spread
to GM maize containing a second toxin, mCry3A. In lab tests, Gassmann showed that this was a
case of cross-resistance — worms that had become resistant to Cry3Bb1 were also resistant to
mCry3A, possibly because the toxins share structural similarities and some binding sites in the
insect’s gut.
Part of the problem is that rootworms are tough, and the Bt maize does not produce enough toxin
to fully control them. The Bt toxins used against pests such as the European corn borer (Ostrinia
nubilalis) kill more than 99.99% of their targets, whereas more than 2% of rootworms can
survive Bt maize. Resistance in the worms can evolve rapidly in fields where the same kind of
maize is grown every year — in Iowa it showed up after an average of 3.6 years.
Nicholas Storer, a global science-policy leader for biotechnology at Dow AgroSciences in
Washington DC, says that the study illustrates that if GM crops are not used as part of an
integrated pest-management policy, resistance can develop quickly in an individual field.
Agricultural biotechnology companies such as Dow are now ‘pyramiding’ their seeds so that
they produce two different Bt toxins to attack the rootworm. For example, Dow has teamed up
with Monsanto of St Louis, Missouri, to sell seeds that combine Cry3Bb1 with Cry34/35Ab1, a
toxin that has so far not seen any resistance develop.
Gassmann says that the pyramiding of toxins is an important way to delay the development of
resistance, but that the combination is less effective once resistance arises to one of the toxins.
So farmers should not rely exclusively on technology to fight pests, and should instead
periodically change the crop grown on a field to help disrupt the pest’s life cycle. “The rootworm
can’t survive if the corn is not there,” Gassmann says.
Storer agrees that even the best technologies will always need to be combined with the old
methods. “Crop rotation was the primary tool to combat rootworm before Bt came along,” he
says. “We need to keep it up.”
Fonte: Adaptado de: Owens, Brian; Pests worm their way into genetically modified maize. Disponível em:
http://www.nature.com/news/pests-worm-their-way-into-genetically-modified-maize-1.14887 (último acesso em 20/08/2014)
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QUESTÃO 6
Qual das frases abaixo sintetiza a ideia central do texto?
(A) Os insetos resistentes ao Cry3Bb1 também apresentaram resistência ao mCry3A.
(B) O milho Bt não produz toxina suficiente para resistir aos crisomelídeos.
(C) A resistência do crisomelídeo às toxinas indica a importância da rotação de culturas.
(D) As toxinas Bt demonstram mais eficácia no combate à variante europeia da broca do milho.
QUESTÃO 7
De acordo com Aaron Gassmann,
(A) As pragas do milho são resistentes a todas as toxinas existentes no mercado atualmente.
(B) A resistência dos insetos às toxinas Cry3Bb1 e mCry3A apresentam origens diferentes.
(C) As culturas GM devem fazer parte de uma política de manejo integrado de pragas.
(D) A estratégia da pirâmide pode ser eficaz para retardar a evolução da resistência.
QUESTÃO 8
O marcador de discurso whereas, em negrito no 5º parágrafo, expressa a ideia de
(A) contraste
(B) ênfase
(C) condição
(D) conclusão
QUESTÃO 9
Descreva os acontecimentos citados no 3º parágrafo para os anos de
2003 – Ano em que foi aprovado, nos Estados Unidos, o uso de milho geneticamente
modificado produzindo a toxina Bt Cry3Bb1 que oferecia proteção contra pragas como o
crisomelídeo.
By 2009 – aproximadamente, o ano em que os agricultores tinham começado a ver os danos
do crisomelídeo em suas plantações geneticamente modificadas.
2011 – ano em que o dano havia se espalhado para o milho geneticamente modificado
contendo uma segunda toxina, mCry3A.
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QUESTÃO 10
Como Gassmann e Storer veem o uso da tecnologia no combate de pragas? Que sugestões
são oferecidas?
Ambos concordam que o uso da tecnologia no combate às pragas deve ser combinado com
métodos antigos. Gassmann e Storer sugerem que a rotação de culturas para interromper o
ciclo da praga precisa ser mantida, e ainda, o uso da estratégia da pirâmide para adiar a
evolução da resistência às toxinas.
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