Sociobiology 62(3): 450-456 (September, 2015)
DOI: 10.13102/sociobiology.v62i3.708
Sociobiology
An international journal on social insects
RESEARCH ARTICLE - WASPS
Use of flight interception traps of Malaise type and attractive traps for social wasps record
(Vespidae: Polistinae)
MM SouzA1, LN Perillo2, BC Barbosa3, F Prezoto3
1 - Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Sul de Minas, Minais Gerais, Brazil
2 - Bocaina Ciências Naturais e Educação Ambiental, Minas Gerais, Brazil
3 - Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
Article History
Edited by
Gilberto M. M. Santos, UEFS, Brazil
Received
18 November 2014
Initial acceptance
18 June 2015
Final acceptance
11 August 2015
Keywords
Atlantic Rainforest, collection methodologies,
diversity, inventory.
Corresponding author
Marcos Magalhães de Souza
Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e
Tecnologia do Sul de Minas
Campus Inconfidentes
Praça Tiradentes nº 416, Centro, 37576-000
Inconfidentes-MG, Brazil
E-Mail: [email protected]
Abstract
The literature provides different methodologies for sampling social
wasps, including, flight intercept trap type Malaise and Attractive
trap, however, there is no consensus on its use. In this respect, the
aim of this study was to evaluate the best use of Malaise traps and
Attractive trap in biodiversity work of social wasps, and generate a
collection protocol for the use of these traps. The study was conducted
in the Parque Estadual do Rio Doce, located in the east of the state
of Minas Gerais, in the years 2000, 2001, 2002 and 2004 and in the
Botanical Garden of the Federal University of Juiz de Fora, located in
the southeastern state of Minas Gerais, in years 2011, 2012 and 2013.
15 species were collected using Malaise traps, and, 26 species of social
wasps were collected using Attractive traps. Although the negative
aspects of both traps, complementary methodologies surveys varying
social wasps are useful and it is recommended to choose for using in
accordance with the logistical field.
Introduction
The scientific literature reports different colection
methodologies applied on studies about social wasps
biodiversity approaching several Brazilian biomes, such as
Cerrado- the Brazilian savannah, rainforests, rupestrian fields,
riparian forest, caatinga, as well as the areas with monoculture
(Diniz & Kitayama, 1998; Souza & Prezoto, 2006; Santo et
al., 2007; Silva & Silveira, 2009; Souza et al., 2010; Melo et
al., 2015).
The most used methods for capturing Polistinae are the
active search. The use of attractive traps, flight interception
traps of Malaise type and collection close to floral resources.
Among these, the Malaise traps are among the methodologies
most commonly used (Silveira, 2002; Kumar et al., 2009;
Noll & Gomes, 2009; Somavilla & Oliveira, 2013) and so are
the attractive traps (Souza & Prezoto, 2006; Elpino-Campos
et al., 2007), even though they are less efficient than the
active search for nests of social wasps (Silveira, 2002; Noll
& Gomes, 2009). Authors have already presented data about
the use and the efficiency of Malaise and Attractive Trap for
recording social wasps, but there is not a defined pattern for
using this methodology (Silveira, 2002; Silva & Silveira,
2009; Locher et al., 2014; Barbosa, 2015).
The flight interception traps type Malaise (Townes,
1962; 1972) are applied for sampling different kinds of
insects, besides social wasps, such as Diptera (Andrade-Filho
et al., 2008), Coleoptera (Linzmeier et al., 2006) and different
families of Hymenoptera with single habits (Tanque &
Frieiro-Costa, 2011; Kumagaia, 2002). The Malaise trap, due
to the possibility of exposition for long continuous periods in
autonomous way (Andrade-Filho et al., 2008), are commonly
used individually or in small amounts. However, there is
not much data on the efficiency to sample the community of
species in a small number of traps or the necessary time for
them to be left on the field (Fraser et al., 2008).
Open access journal: http://periodicos.uefs.br/ojs/index.php/sociobiology
ISSN: 0361-6525
Sociobiology 62(3): 450-456 (September, 2015)
The use of attractive traps to capture social wasps
began in Brazil with the pioneer work of Lorenzato in 1985,
which performed a study about the occurrence of such insects
in apple and peach orchards in Caçador, Santa Catarina,
Southern Brazil. In this study the author used three types of
attractive substances (wine vinegar at 25%, brown sugar at 5%
and grape juice at 25%), that were displayed in bottles which
are used to catch flies, model Valenciano, with the result of 12
species of wasps – belonging to five genus – being captured.
More than ten years later, Santos (1996) has also made use of
attractive traps to collect social wasps in citrus orchards in a
farm in the surroundings of Goiânia, Goiás, central region of
Brazil. In this study, the author has used orange juice at 50%
and sugar at 10% in units of 200ml in bottles that capture flies
as attractive baits. After one year of collection, nine species of
wasps, belonging to five genus, were reported.
Ten years later, there was a resumption on the studies
about diversity of social wasps using attractive traps, with
the studies of Souza and Prezoto (2006) and Elpino-Campos
et al. (2007), which were inspired on the previously quoted
studies and modified and adapted the collection methodology.
The authors started to use PET bottles as containers, in which
different kinds of attractive substances were tested (sardine
broth, orange juice, passion fruit and water with sugar).
The goal of this work was to evaluate the advantages
and disadvantages of using Malaise traps and Attractive
Traps in studies of biodiversity of social wasps, as well as to
generate a sampling protocol for the use of such traps.
Materials and Methods
Malaise Trap
The study was conducted in Rio Doce State Park,
eastern Minas Gerais (420 38’W - 480 28’W - 190 45’S - 190
30’S), Conservation Unit that hosts the biggest remainder of
rainforest in the state, with 36,970 hectares. The climate is
hot and wet, with two well-defined seasons: one of them is
dry and cold (April to September), with temperatures ranging
from 70 C to 200 C, and the other is wet and hot (October to
march), with temperatures ranging from 280 C to 390 C. The
average precipitation ranges between 1,350mm and 1,900mm
and the heights vary from 236m to 515m (CETEC, 1983;
Antunes, 1986).
By using the Malaise trap, it was possible to sample
Polistinae in three different successional stages, defined
according to the Gilhuis classification (1986): low and high
second-growth, as well as primary kinds of forest. In each
place three spots were selected and, in each one of them,
three Malaise traps were installed, coming up to nine traps
by successional stage. They were simultaneously set in all the
spots and each one was kept for three consecutive weeks in
the field in each climate season. The collected materials were
analyzed during the dry (July) and the wet (between October
451
and November) seasons of 200, 2001, 2002 and 2004, coming
to four years of samples with more than 12,000 hours of traps
for each spot.
Attractive Traps
The study was performed at the Botanical Garden of
Federal University of Juiz de Fora (21° 43’ 28” S - 43°16’
47” O),a fragment of Semideciduous Seasonal Montana
Forest (IBGE, 2012), located in the urban area of Juiz de
Fora, southeast region of Minas Gerais, 750m above the sea
level, and presents subtropical hot climate with a dry winter
and rainy summer (Cwa), according Köppen-Geiger (SáJúnior et al., 2012) classification. The area, with 84 hectares
of extension, was recently classified by Santiago et al. (2014)
as complex of expressive richness, diversity and floristic
heterogeneity of tree vegetation, with some endangered
species and with predominance of pioneer plants, aside the
remarkable existence of exotic species, it is considered an
urban green area (Marciel & Barbosa, 2015)
The records of social wasps occurred from September
/2011 to August/2013. The collections happened monthly
with duration of five days, 32 bottles used for each collection;
the traps were divided in two height levels: 1.5m from the
ground and 10m from the ground, with the possibility of
variation according to the local vegetation characteristics. The
traps were evenly distributed in two areas. For each one, the
distance between the spots was 10m. The attractive substances
were natural passion fruit juice and natural guava juice.
The traps were kept in the field for five days (summing
up to 120 days of collection with traps), the screening of the
material was performed in loco, using a strainer to make the
separation of liquids and insects easier. After this, the insects
were stored in glass containers (5ml) with alcohol 70°gl that
were properly labeled.
Results and Discussion
With Malaise traps, 15 species of social wasps of five
genus were collected, and the most frequent species were
Agelaia angulata (Fabricius, 1804) and Agelaia centralis
(Cameron, 1907). And for the Attractive Traps, 26 species
of 10 different genus were collected, and the most frequent
species were Agelaia multipicta (Haliday, 1836) e Polybia
platycephala (Richards, 1951).
Species of genus Agelaia are usually abundant
in studies of diversity due to the great size of the colonies
(Zucchi et al., 1995; Hunt et al., 2001). The greatest richness
of species that was reported in this study for the Polybia genus
corroborates with other data collections performed in other
Brazilian regions (Diniz & Kitayama, 1994; Elpino-Campos
et al., 2007; Silva & Silveira, 2009; Grandinete & Noll, 2013;
Barbosa et al., 2014). This fact may be related to the number
of species that make the group (57, 44 of which are recorded
452
MM SouzA, LN Perillo, BC Barbosa, F Prezoto – Standardizing two methods for social wasp sampling
in Brazil), the abundance of members in each colony, and its
distribuction, that goes from United States to Argentina, and
it is considered the most frequent genre of social wasps in
South America (Richards, 1978; Jeanne, 1991; Carpenter et
al., 2000; Carpenter & Marques, 2001).
This number species collected by Malaise trap in low,
when compared with other studies in the same area usind
active search as main sampling method for social wasps, as
showed by Souza et al. (2012), where 38 species were reported
during one year of collection with 20 days of sampling. All
the species that were collected using Malaise were reported in
the active search (Souza et al., 2012).
This lower efficiency may be explained by the scope
of operation of the social wasps, which is generally around
150 meters (Cruz et al., 2006), and restrain the efficiency of
capture to the presence of colony close to the traps. Another
point to be considered is that the traps keep set up in the same
spot during all the experiment, reducing thus the chance of
sampling members of other colonies of different species.
Studies conducted in the Brazilian Amazon also showed this
lower efficiency of Malaise traps, compared to the active
search (Silveira, 2002; Silva & Silveira, 2009).
Aiming to make this methodology a pattern, a description
is shown above of the standard used in most of the works:
The traps are built with a fine, lightweight and durable
fabric – organza, nylon or bias are preferable – making an
open tent, placed close to the ground, with a septum in the
central area. If possible, make it with dark walls and light
roof (Fig 1). This contrast between the colors and the bottom
and top sections in essential to induce the insects to fly to the
top, searching for the light while they are actually conducted
the sampling container (Almeida et al., 1998). They can be
assembled during all the study or be replaced to other areas,
according to the logistics and the size of the sampled area. In
wide areas, there must be used the most traps possible, located
from 0.5 to 1km away from each other.
The shape is triangular, like a camping tent, with the
measures showed on Figures 2 (Almeida et al., 1998). The
dimensions may be changed according to the goal. An inclined
cover, in a light color to lead the insects to the sampling
container (which must be totally or partially transparent),
located in the higher spot. The sampling container must contain
a preservative liquid, alcohol is preferred (reminder: when
exposed to the environment, the alcohol evaporates). In addition
to monitoring the trap every seven or ten days (depending on
the environmental condition), it is recommended the use of a
more concentrated alcohol (80-90%).
Fig 2. Scheme of correct assembling and dimensions of each part of
conventional Malaise trap.
Fig 1. Malaise trap, assembled in the field.
To maintain the trap standing, a pole is used to hold
the front part (where the bottle is fixed) and the ends are tied
with ropes attached to stakes or branches in the vegetation,
making the fabric the most stretched it can be. The efficiency
of the trap depends on the quality on the assembling time.
When it is set in dense forests, it should be put in trails or open
glades, to make the capture of the insects easier. Regardless
Sociobiology 62(3): 450-456 (September, 2015)
of the environment where it is to be used, the place where the
bottle is put should be directed to the region that receives the
most light during the year or towards to the North, so not to
influence on the collection rate of those insects guided by the
sunlight and the moonlight.
The containers should be replaced every 15 days,
at maximum, and the biological material collected have to
be taken to a laboratory. The best scenario is that in which
the traps are kept during all the seasons of the year is the
seasonality is an issue to be studied.
The advantages of this methodology are : the collection
of a great number of members of each specie; possibility
of exposition for continuous periods and autonomously,
dismissing the researcher in loco; increase in the chance of
sampling species with big colonies, such as the genus Agelaia
and the possibility of sampling the same species of the active
search, increasing the logistics on the field.
On the other side, the disadvantages are: the time
wasted on screening the material on the laboratory; the price of
each trap; the time spent to change all the bottles; the relocation
of these traps throughout the year or, if they stay in the same
area, the risk of sampling the same species throughout the year
(correlated to the presence of the colonies close to the trap);
reduced chances of sampling species with small colonies with
few members, such as the genus Mischocyttarus.
The Attractive Trap in the present study, as well as
in the work of Locher et al. (2014) (23 species), showed
higher numbers, showing thus a better performance that the
Malaise Traps. Some advantages on using the attractive bait
methodology can be highlighted.
The advantages of this methodology are: Practicality
and low cost: the bottles used as containers are of type PET,
with capacity for 2 liters, and can be easily obtained with
zero cost. The attractive substances are made from fruit juice,
which can be produced from in natura fruits (Ribeiro Júnior,
2008; Barbosa, 2015) or from purchasing the industrialized
juice (Togni et al. 2014). Fiing the bottler on the trail can be
easily performed using sting or a nylon clamp to hold them
together, both with low cost.
Optimization on the collection efforts: another
advantage of this method is that it can be applied in consortium
with other methodologies. The method consists on installing
the traps in a day and its removal after a period (usually
around 5 days). In the meanwhile, the researcher can perform
another collection while the traps attract the wasps.
The disadvantages: lower number of members
collected of each specie; smaller life cycles in the field and
the necessity of having the researcher in loco.
Aiming to make the use of this methodology for sampling
social wasps a pattern, the following orientation is proposed:
The attractive traps must be produced using two liters
PET bottles, with three triangle-shaped openings on the side
(2 X 2 X 2 cm) on the middle section (approximately 15 cm
from the bottom) (Fig 3).
453
Fig 3. View of attractive trap in two-liter PET bottle, containing 200
ml of passion fruit juice and installed 1,5m above the ground on tree
trunk. Inside the red circle the triangle-shaped of 2x2x2cm can be seen.
When it comes to the attractive substances, two
preparations are recommended: in the first case it is possible to
prepare the substance from the fruit itself, following the steps:
1kg of pulp, beat in blender with 250g of sugar and two liters of
water. In the second case, the industrialized juice can be used. The
choice of this juice should consider the specificities of each scope
of study. For a work in the northern Brazil, the recommended
juices are cupuaçu, açaí, camu-camum buriti among others,
as these fruits are typical from the region. For a study on the
northeast part of Brazil, the cashew juice is suggested.
As a protein substance, sardine broth has been used,
and it should be prepared using two cans of sardine (125
grams), beat with two liters of water. In each bottle, 200ml of
the attractive substance should be inserted. This amount is the
most commonly used in the studies published so far and it is
enough to avoid the complete evaporation of the fluid during
the sampling, even in periods of high temperatures.
The distribution of the traps must throughout a transect,
1,5m above the ground and respecting the minimum distance
of 10 meters between the bottles, alternating the sequence, as
schemed on Figure 4. That distance may vary according to
454
MM SouzA, LN Perillo, BC Barbosa, F Prezoto – Standardizing two methods for social wasp sampling
Fig 4. Distribution scheme of attractive traps throughout a transect. As a representation of the attractive substances, passion fruit and guava
juices were used.
the place where the study is conducted, with the number of
traps and with the goal of the study. The traps must stay in the
field for a period of five days, and installed in the beginning
of the first day and taken on the fifth day, and next discarded
or sanitized to avoid contamination.
The screening of the material can be performed in
the place itself, with a strainer to make the separation of the
liquid and the insects easier. Next, the insects should be stored
in plastic containers containing alcohol 70°gl, and every
container should be rightly labeled for further identification
and analysis.
The success of these collection techniques could
be attested in the recent years, as many authors have been
using the methodologies for studying diversity of social
wasps in different biomes, usually in consortium with other
methodologies, such as the active search.
Thus, despite the negative characteristics of both traps,
they make complementary methodologies that are useful for
data collection on diversity of social wasps, so their choice is
recommended, according to the logistics of the field.
Aknowledgements
We would like to thank professor JCR Fontenelle and
the researchers that took part on the program ECMVS/UFMG.
To Doctor Orlando Tobias Silveira, Emílio Goeldi Museum,
for the identifications. This study was provided by CNPq
and U.S. Fish Wildlife & Services. To the Biologist Epifânio
Porfírio Pires, for the cooperation on screening the biological
material. To Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento
Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) (F. Prezoto 310713/2013-7)
for providing financial support.
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