os códigos, as linguagens, as máquinas e
e ... Triathlon... “TUDO é software”? :-)
uma VISÃO em 3 atos…
1. os códigos e as linguagens
2. as (novas?) máquinas
…
3. estudo de caso: joa no triathlon 
por
jones albuquerque
DEINFO-UFRPE
ISI-TICs / INES
1º. ato
códigos
linguagens
e máquinas
e triathlon
era uma vez…
a gente!
2010, SCIAM, Endangered Species: Humans Might Have Faced Extinction 1 Million Years Ago
http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=early-human-population-size-genetic-diversity
THE ISHAGO BONE, 38.000 BC (???)
Origins of Mathematics in the Bunyoro-kitara and
Kalahari regions of sub Saharan Africa nearly 40,000 years ago
a necessidade de se
expressar, e
computar...
em códigos !
1436 BC…
Chineses: pictograms, ideograms, iconically…
1800 – 1050 BC to 1955…
códigos...
Ancient Chemical Symbols. Psychoanalytic Review, 14:200-206, 1927
a escrita
mais
códigos...
4000 BC www.phoenician.org
The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Writing Systems
DOI 10.1111/b.9780631214816.1999.x
origens da LÍNGUAS faladas
http://pandora.cii.wwu.edu/vajda/ling201/test1materials/origin_of_language.htm
ALFABETOS - códigos
Português
Grego
http://www.historum.com/ancient-history/1001-most-influential-ancient-civilizations-9.html
www.nature.com/
Nature 426, 435-439(27
November 2003)
doi:10.1038/nature02029
códigos antigos X modernos…
Vale do Catimbau – Buíque - PE
Grafite
Pichação…
X
1453 BC
2013 AC
léxico,
sintático,
semântico
errado? em relação a que código?
Gramática Da Língua Portuguesa (sebo Amigo)
http://produto.mercadolivre.com.br
R$ 10,00
o SENSO numérico
http://educar.sc.usp.br/matematica/let2.htm#let2a1
quantas pessoas de cada lado?
e agora… quantas pessoas de cada lado? e quantos seres vivos?
o caso do corvo de Dantzig
e o da galinha de joa 
a necessidade de
computar...
os códigos matemáticos...
os NÚMEROS
http://pessoal.sercomtel.com.br/matematica/fundam/numeros/numeros.htm
um fato: ISHANGO bone
http://www.math.buffalo.edu/mad/Ancient-Africa/ishango.html
o SENSO numérico
http://educar.sc.usp.br/matematica/let2.htm#let2a1
representação do complexo  códigos mais densos!
http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessiano
um resumo da
“codificação”
matemática…
até onde conseguimos ler o que está
escrito?
http://library.thinkquest.org/22584/emh1000.htm
e a representação do complexo?
 códigos mais densos!...
http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessiano
é a jacobiana, derivada do gradiente…
aplicaçoes???
2º. ato
códigos
linguagens
e máquinas
e triathlon
Here’s some machine code from a MIPS
processor:
00000000101000010000000000011000
00000000100011100001100000100001
10001100011000100000000000000000
10001100111100100000000000000100
10101100111100100000000000000000
10101100011000100000000000000100
00000011111000000000000000001000
Okay... did that make sense? Probably not.
•
source: http://www.eas.asu.edu/~gupta/intro.html
Comp 4
Computer Programming
Slide 21
Lets look at it in MIPS assembly language:
swap:
muli $2, $5,4
add $2, $4,$2
lw $15, 0($2)
lw $16, 4($2)
sw $16, 0($2)
sw $15, 4($2)
jr $31
Now does that make sense? Better, but still
cryptic.
•
source: http://www.eas.asu.edu/~gupta/intro.html
Comp 4
Computer Programming
Slide 22
What about a high level language, like C 
swap(int v[], int k) {
int temp;
temp = v[k];
v[k] = v[k+1];
v[k+1] = temp;
}
This probably still doesn’t make sense to most of
you. That’s okay. However, you could probably
parse it after I explained what everything was.
•
source: http://www.eas.asu.edu/~gupta/intro.html
Comp 4
Computer Programming
Slide 23
escrita + números... MUITOS códigos
linguagens e máquinas...
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing
1912 - 1954
/http://www.chomsky.info/
1928, Professor in Department of Linguistics & Philosophy at MIT
a necessidade de se expressar e computar automaticamente...
os códigos e as linguagens, 1936... a máquina de turing
computer languages
http://www.levenez.com/lang/
máquinas? programáveis? qual o código? a linguagem?
computers? what kind of?
humanoids
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NJdiNBRwDW0
ride a bike
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mT3vfSQePcs
football
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4B_sB0q4IDU
2013, aug, El robot japonés Kirobo viaja al espacio para una misión histórica
: http://www.rtve.es/noticias/20130804/kirobo-robot-habla-viaja-espacio-para-mision-historica/730541
a revolução pode ser antecipada?
http://terramagazine.terra.com.br/silviomeira/blog/2013/10/04/a-revoluo-pode-ser-antecipada/
outras máquinas com seus códigos e
linguagens… Moving Things Around
¿O QUE é isso?
mais NOVOS códigos…
A famous and simple one:
Game of Life
• Take a look at this applet
– http://www.bitstorm.org/gameoflife/
• MATHEMATICAL GAMES
The fantastic combinations of John Conway's new solitaire
game "life"
• Scientific American, 223 (October 1970): 120-123.
Rule 30 - 1000 iterações
Flows in Rule 110!!
Rule 110, 150 steps
natural biotic types
Patterns of some
seashells, like the
ones in Conus and
Cymbiola genus, are
generated by natural
CA.
http://www.answers.com/topic/cellular-automaton
arts
CA music generator
MUSIC is a code by machine...
Let´s take a bit of time with this site
– http://tones.wolfram.com/
What can we
do with this?
ANKOS – A New Kind of Simulator
a cellular automata framework for computational epidemiology
fishy.com.br
www.epischisto.org
A case study…
Schistosomiasis
Carne de Vaca – GO
Ponta do Canoé!
2006 – 2007, data collect in-loco
2006 – 2007, data collect in-loco
http://200.17.137.109:8081/xiscanoe/infraestrutura/expedicoes
2008 – 2009, data analysis and reports...
Figure 1.
Parasitological exams on 1100 residents
Male
Female
Total
1
2
3
up to 9
99
7
7.1
100
3
3.0
199
10
5.0
10 to 19
109
26
23.9
99
24
24.2
208
50
24.0
20 to 29
76
31
40.8
90
21
23.3
166
52
31.3
30 to 39
88
18
20.5
103
23
22.3
191
41
21.5
>= 40*
141
14
9.9
168
18
10.7
310
32
water-collecting tank
10.3
unreported
16
3
18.8
10
2
20.0
26
5
19.2
99 18.71
570
91 15.96 1100
190
17.3
Age group
Total
Pop Posit Prev Pop
529
1b. Adjusted Prevalence
1a. Prevalence
Posit Prev Pop
Posit Prev

Riacho Doce
* No information on sex for one individual. 1 population. 2 Number of positives. 3 Prevalence
per 100 inhabitants.
Prevalence per 100 hab
Adjusted Prelavence
0
1
20
60
80
to 1 (15)
to 20 (17)
to 60 (14)
to 80 (2)
to 100 (1)
Breeding sites
Stream
Spatial pattern, water use and risk levels associated with the transmission of schistosomiasis on the
north coast of Pernambuco, Brazil. Cad. Saúde Pública vol.26 no.5 Rio de Janeiro May 2010.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X2010000500023
0to 10 (3)
10to 20 (32)
20to 30 (11)
30to 50 (3)
2008 and 2009 data analysis and reports...
Summary data for molluscs collected...
Collecting
Sites
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
Total
Alive
Dead
0
1707
297
0
0
0
2355
76
0
4435
0
129
198
0
0
0
322
125
0
774
Positive to
S. mansoni
% de
infection
4
0
0,23
0
37
3
1,57
3,95
44
0,99
Ecological aspects and malacological survey to identification of transmission risk' sites for
schistosomiasis in Pernambuco North Coast, Brazil. Iheringia, Sér. Zool. 2010, vol.100, n.1, pp. 1924.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0073-47212010000100003
2009-2010, modelling with 15 real
parameters (?)
Paremeter
Ranges (avg)
How were obtained?
Susceptible human population
0-23
social inquires (Paredes et al, 2010)
Infected human population
0-23
croposcological inquires (Paredes et al, 2010)
Recovered population of humans 0-23
Rate of mobility of humans
0-26%
social inquires (Paredes et al, 2010)
Rate of mobility of molluscs
0-2%
malacological research (Souza et al, 2010)
Population of healthy molluscs
0-1302
malacological research (Souza et al, 2010)
Population of infected molluscs
0-11
malacological research (Souza et al, 2010)
social inquires (Paredes et al, 2010)
Area susceptible to flooding
0-45%
Connection to other cells
0-100%
LAMEPE - Meteorological Laboratory of Pernambuco (lamepe, 2008)
and environmental inquires (Souza et al, 2010)
LAMEPE - Meteorological Laboratory of Pernambuco (lamepe, 2008)
and environmental inquires (Souza et al, 2010)
Rate of human infection
0-100%
croposcological inquires and social inquires (Paredes et al, 2010)
Rate of human re-infection
0-100%
croposcological inquires and social inquires (Paredes et al, 2010)
Recovery rate
0-100%
croposcological inquires and social inquires (Paredes et al, 2010)
Mollusc infection rate
0-100%
malacological research (Souza et al, 2010)
Rate of sanitation
0-93%
social and environmental inquires (Souza et al, 2010)
Rainfall of the area
39-389mm
LAMEPE - Meteorological Laboratory of Pernambuco (Lamepe, 2008)
From one year (population 1 snapshot, molluscs 12 snapshots)
without previous historical...
a cellular automaton
Cellular automaton A is a set of four objects
A = <G, Z, N, f>, where
• G – set of cells
• Z – set of possible cells states
• N – set, which describes cells neighborhood
• f – transition function, rules of the automaton:
– Z|N|+1Z (for automaton, which has cells “with
memory”)
– Z|N|Z (for automaton, which has “memoryless” cells)
Moore
Neighbourhood (in
grey) of the cell
marked with a dot
in a 2D square grid
one proposal: a top-down approach using a
cellular automaton
a
b
1 km
simulation space, a 10x10 square grid
the dynamics
(3a)
Mollusk
population
dynamics
a growth model for the number of individuals (N) that
considers the intrinsic growth rate (r) and the maximum
sustainable yield or carrying capacity (C) defined at each
site (Verhulst,
1838):
dN
N
 rN (1  )
dt
C
(1)
(3b)
C
N (t ) 
C  N 0  rt
1
e
N0
Human infection dynamics (SIR - SI)
This model splits the human population into three compartments: S
(for
susceptible), I (for infectious) and R (for recovered
and not susceptible to infection) and the snail population into
two compartments: MS (for susceptible mollusk) and MI
(for infectious mollusk).
Socioeconomic and
environmental
factors
environmental quality of the nine collection
sites in Carne de Vaca, according to the
criteria of Callisto et al (Souza et al, 2010).
the model calculates the local increase of population
using equation 1 and calculating N(t+1) out from
N(t). The values for r and C are set at each site and
each time step, using monthly meteorological inputs
and considering the ecological quality of the habitat
dS
=  p·S·MI + αR
dt
dI
= pH ·S·MI  χI
dt
dR
= χI  αR
dt
dM S
=  pM ·I·MS  rM S
dt
dM I
= pM ·I·MS  rM I
dt
Cells and infection forces
states
black: rate of human infection = 100%;
red: 80% ≤ rate of human infection < 100%;
light red: 60% ≤ rate of human infection < 80%;
yellow: 40% ≤ rate of human infection < 60%;
light yellow: 20% ≤ rate of human infection <
40%;
cyan: 0% ≤ rate of human infection < 20%.
infection forces
Human
S -> I (infected molluscs contact, pH)
I -> R (if treated (1-α), χ)
Molluscs
S -> I (infected human contact, pM)
the algorithm – like the GAME OF LIFE!
Main
1. Choose a cell in the world;
2. For each human in the cell perform a random walk weighted by the “probability of movement" defined
at each site.
Repeat these steps for every cell in the world. Then update data.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Choose a cell in the world;
Call the “Events” process;
Return the individual to his original cell after the infection phase;
Choose a cell in the world;
For the mollusk population in that cell, perform a diffusion process weighted by the “rate of movement"
defined at each site;
Repeat these steps for every cell in the world. Then update data.
Events process
1. Increase the population of mollusks using the growth model described in Section 3.1;
2. Compute the transition between population compartments of humans using the set of equations (3b)
defined in Section 3.2;
3. Compute the transition between population compartments of humans using the set of equations (3a)
defined in Section 3.2;
Update local data of the spatial cell.
coding...
molusks
5
4
CRESCIMENTO DOS MOLUSCOS
Função de Crescimento Populacional:Modelo de Verhulst
DRISTIBUIÇÃO DAS CHUVAS
rain
n t , n0 , l , k
: If
n0
l n0 E
kt
0, Return 0 , l n0
n0
l
n0 E
kt
Dados retirado da estação Goiana
função que retorna o número limite de molusco por celula
interpolacaoDados
Interpolation dadosChuva ;
chuvaAreaAlagada A , d
a
matrizAux A ; For i
For j
1, j
constanteMolusco
1, i
Dimensions A
Plot interpolacaoDados x ,
ColorFunction
limiteMolusco i , j
:
Function
Dimensions A
2
,j
,a
1
i, j
x, 1, 365 , Epilog
,i
A
areaAlagada
i, j
40 ;
Limite da população em função do ambiente
constante de crescimento
area alagavel de cada celula
,
i, j
:
0.02;
interpolacaoDados d
Map Point, dadosChuva , AxesOrigin
200
; Return a
1, 0 , AxesLabel
dias, mm³ ,
x, y , Hue y
rivers
Grafico ilustrativo da distribuição das chuvas durante o ano
people
S – Suscetible
I – Infected
R - Recuperate
sumulations
Mathematica 7.0 (Mathematica, 2011) with
a processor Intel i5 3GHz, 4MB Cache,
8GB RAM.
Computational costs of a complete simulation when assuming a fixed world size (10x10 cells)
and extent (365 time steps) and an increasing number of parameters being swept for rejection
sampling (from 1 to 15)
simulations
Temporal
evolution
Color Legend
I = 100%
80% ≤ I < 100%
60% ≤ I < 80%
40% ≤ I < 60%
20% ≤ I < 40%
0% ≤ I < 20%
(I = percentage of
infected humans)
Day 26
Day 43
Day 106
Day 132
Day 88
Day 365
“according to the risk
indicator, in the scattering
diagram of Moran
represented in the Box
Map (Figure 2), indicated
18 areas of highest risk for
the schistosomiasis, all
located in the central
sector of the village. Areas
with lower risk and areas
of intermediate risk for
occurrence of the disease
were located in the north
and central portions with
some irregularity in the
distribution”
Fieldworks to calibrate...
Simulations – previsibility...
2012
2017
2022
2027
Color legend
I = 100%
80% ≤ I < 100%
60% ≤ I < 80%
40% ≤ I < 60%
20% ≤ I < 40%
0% ≤ I < 20%
Predictive scenarios generated with the parameter calibration of the year 2007 that show endemic
schistosomiasis. I stands for the average percentage of infected humans per spatial cell predicted by
the model
e mais...
ahhh?…
Forbes!!!! ????… 6/28/2013!!!
tudo é mesmo software!! (?) 
3º. ato
códigos
linguagens
e máquinas
estudos de caso by joa: esquistossomose e triathlon
era uma vez… os códigos
by Conway,
Cellular Automata are “not just a game”
sim, esquistossomose é software!
e Triathlon também é software?
o código
o código
http://www.triathlon.org/about/downloads/category/rules
exemplos:
uniformes
http://www.triathlon.org/uploads/docs/Age_Groups_uniforms_updated_on_9_09_2013.pdf
competições
http://www.triathlon.org/uploads/docs/itusport_competition-rules-2013_final.pdf
ranking
http://www.triathlon.org/uploads/docs/ITU_World_Triathlon_Series_Ranking_Criteria.pdf
a linguagem
treino
https://www.dropbox.com/s/io589xh6kyikd1u/Jones%20Oliveira%20de%20Albuquerque%20141013.pdf
nutrição
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11932-007-0039-2
https://www.dropbox.com/s/iz0d2yft71ix8q3/NutricaoParaTriathlon.pdf
Equipamento
bike…
http://www.trisports.com/all-triathlon-bicycles.html
tenis…
a máquina
como programá-la?
em teste! 
WE HAVE SOME “BUGS” YET…
COLLAPSES
http://bit.ly/1aqVw7M
OTHER COLLAPSES
http://bit.ly/1hYzw8l
se TUDO é software
o que seremos então?
INFORMAÇÃO!!!
BYTES e mais BYTES!!
organizando a informação…
http://www.english.illinois.edu/-people-/faculty/debaron/403/403powerpoint/how.pdf
e
ARMAZENANDO...
séculos de símbolos e expressões!!
informação na história da humanidade
Oral cultures (> 1,000,000 years ago)
Painting (> 20,000 B.C.E.)
Writing (7,000 - 3800 B.C.E.)
Printing (+- 800 B.C.E. - 1456 C.E. )
Non-electronic Computation (1623 - 1940s)
Telegraphy (1844)
Telephone (1876)
Radio (1895)
Television (1929)
????? (2030)
Electronic Computation ( +- 1945)
DNAs…?
Computer networking (1969)
Commercial Internet (1990)
World Wide Web (1992)
informação na história da humanidade:
{ucb-emc report}
a informação
volume
acessibilidade
organização
comunicação
software
“tudo é software!”
BIG DATA
a internet das coisas! “smart*”
moravec &
quando seremos ultrapassados?
para ler…
First-ever human head transplant is now possible, says neuroscientist
http://qz.com/99413/first-ever-human-head-transplant-is-now-possible-says-neuroscientist/
Newton papers
http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/collections/newton
The Mathematical Universe
http://arxiv.org/abs/0704.0646
Matriz Hessiana e Aplicações
https://www.dropbox.com/s/08cgdb7t31c66n0/notas-hessiana.pdf
Morals and Machine
http://www.economist.com/node/21556234
Assumindo que tudo é mesmo software:
Novos negócios innovadores de crescimento empreendedor no brasil
http://www.casadapalavra.com.br/livros/560/
Obrigado!
jones.albuquerque