Energy Management: 2014/2015
Primary, Final & Useful Energies
Sankey Diagrams
1st and 2nd law efficiencies
Historical Energy Use
Class # 3
Prof. Tânia Sousa
[email protected]
Energy Units and Scales
• How much energy should we ingest daily?
• How much energy do you spend per hour
using an electric heater?
Energy Units and Scales
IAASA – Global Energy Assessment 2012
Energy Units and Scales
Activities (kJ)
IAASA – Global Energy Assessment 2012
Energy Units and Scales
IAASA – Global Energy Assessment 2012
Energy Units and Scales
Activities (MJ-GJ or kWh=3.6MJ)
IAASA – Global Energy Assessment 2012
Energy Units and Scales
IAASA – Global Energy Assessment 2012
Energy Units and Scales
Activities (GJ-TJ or toe=41.87GJ)
IAASA – Global Energy Assessment 2012
Energy Units and Scales
Activities (GJ-TJ or toe=41.87GJ)
• In early agricultural societies
– 10-20 GJ/capita/year
– 2/3 for food and feed
– 1/3 for cooking, heating and early industrial
activities
• In UK in the mid-19th century
– 100 GJ/capita/year
• In Portugal in 2010
– 108 GJ/capita/year
Energy Units and Scales
IAASA – Global Energy Assessment 2012
Energy Units and Scales
IAASA – Global Energy Assessment 2012
Energy Units and Scales
IAASA – Global Energy Assessment 2012
Energy Units and Scales
IAASA – Global Energy Assessment 2012
Energy Units and Scales
IAASA – Global Energy Assessment 2012
Forms of Energy - Primary energy
Forms of Energy - Final energy
Forms of Energy – Useful Energy
Forms of Energy
• Primary energy – embodied in resources as it
is found in nature (coal, oil, natural gas
in the ground)
• Final energy – sold to final
consumers such as households or firms
(electricity, diesel, processed natural gas)
• Useful energy – in the form that is
used: light, heat, cooling and mechanical
power (stationary or transport)
• Productive energy – the fraction of useful
energy that we actually use
From Primary Energy to Energy
Services
From Primary Energy to Energy
Services
Energy Supply
energy flows driven
by resource
availability and
conversion
technologies
IAASA - Global Energy Assessment 2012
From Primary Energy to Energy
Services
The energy supply
sector dealing with
primary energy is
referred as
“upstream” activities
IAASA - Global Energy Assessment 2012
From Primary Energy to Energy
Services
The energy supply
sector dealing with
secondary energy is
referred as
“downstream”
activities
IAASA - Global Energy Assessment 2012
From Primary Energy to Energy
Services
Energy Demand
Energy system is
service driven
IAASA - Global Energy Assessment 2012
From Primary Energy to Energy
Services
Quality and cost of
energy services
IAASA - Global Energy Assessment 2012
Energetic Balance
• Where are the primary and final energies in the
energetic balance?
BALANÇO ENERGÉTICO
tep
Total de Carvão Total de Petróleo
2008
4=1a3
Total de
Eectricidade
Calor
Resíduos
Industriais
Renováveis
Sem Hídrica
TOTAL GERAL
23
30 = 24 a 29
36 = 31 a 35
37
38
46 = 39 a 45
47=4+22+23+30+36+37+
38+46
1.
PRODUÇÃO DOMÉSTICA
2.
VARIAÇÃO DE "STOCKS"
3.
- 223 603
315 673
SAÍDAS
4.
24 949
3 680 661
CONSUMO DE ENERGIA PRIMÁRIA
5.
2 525 873
12 612 050
4 157 207
1 953 404
PARA NOVAS FORMAS DE ENERGIA 6.
2 444 703
1 079 137
2 597 143
-2 810 996
-1 472 450
475 376
56 103
605 301
270 736
4 163 167
923 984
24 022 754
1 142 338
7.
CONSUMO COMO MATÉRIA PRIMA
DISPONÍVEL PARA CONSUMO
FINAL
ACERTOS
16 608 384
Gases o
Outros
Derivados
IMPORTAÇÕES
CONSUMO DO SECTOR
ENERGÉTICO
2 327 219
22= 15 + 21
Gás Natural
(*)
39 800
5 960
3 190 679
97 193
17 634
3 836 162
39 800
3 173 882
24 462 216
1 120
1 367 391
3 206 048
3
1 407 519
112 918
1 275 842
8.
81 170
9 781 695
4 372 817
- 837
1 275 842
1 503 961
4 159 099
1 201 714
38 680
1 806 488
18 572 807
279
- 38 580
1 201 714
38 680
1 806 209
18 611 387
9.
9 851
- 47 340
- 1 382
12
CONSUMO FINAL
10.
71 319
9 829 035
1 505 343
4 159 087
AGRICULTURA E PESCAS
10.1
358 801
3 359
87 218
2 366
21
451 765
INDÚSTRIAS EXTRACTIVAS
10.2
66 103
8 444
49 882
30 844
4
155 277
INDÚSTRIAS TRANSFORMADORAS
10.3
1 085 788
1 027 157
1 340 009
1 154 293
615 382
5 332 628
CONSTRUÇÃO E OBRAS PÚBLICAS
10.4
576 210
5 063
50 490
21
631 784
TRANSPORTES
10.5
6 680 176
6 659
46 677
3 452
6 736 964
SECTOR DOMÉSTICO
10.6
552 680
300 190
1 157 672
1 180 750
3 191 292
SERVIÇOS
10.7
509 277
154 471
1 427 139
6 579
2 111 677
71 319
14 211
38 680
Energetic Balance
• Where are the primary and final energies in the
energetic balance?
BALANÇO ENERGÉTICO
tep
Total de Carvão Total de Petróleo
2008
IMPORTAÇÕES
PRODUÇÃO DOMÉSTICA
VARIAÇÃO DE "STOCKS"
SAÍDAS
CONSUMO DE ENERGIA
PRIMÁRIA
PARA NOVAS FORMAS DE
ENERGIA
CONSUMO DO SECTOR
ENERGÉTICO
4=1a3
Total de
Eectricidade
Calor
Resíduos
Industriais
Renováveis
Sem Hídrica
TOTAL GERAL
23
30 = 24 a 29
36 = 31 a 35
37
38
46 = 39 a 45
47=4+22+23+30+36+37
+38+46
2 327 219
- 223 603
24 949
315 673
3 680 661
5 960
5.
2 525 873
12 612 050
4 157 207
1 953 404
6.
2 444 703
1 079 137
2 597 143
-2 810 996
-1 472 450
475 376
56 103
605 301
270 736
7.
16 608 384
Gases o
Outros
Derivados
1.
2.
3.
4.
CONSUMO COMO MATÉRIA PRIMA
DISPONÍVEL PARA CONSUMO
FINAL
ACERTOS
CONSUMO FINAL
AGRICULTURA E PESCAS
INDÚSTRIAS EXTRACTIVAS
INDÚSTRIAS
TRANSFORMADORAS
CONSTRUÇÃO E OBRAS
PÚBLICAS
TRANSPORTES
SECTOR DOMÉSTICO
SERVIÇOS
22= 15 + 21
Gás Natural
(*)
4 163 167
923 984
1 142 338
39 800
3 190 679
- 837
17 634
24 022 754
4 372 817
97 193
3 836 162
39 800
3 173 882
24 462 216
1 120
1 367 391
3 206 048
3
1 407 519
112 918
1 275 842
1 275 842
8.
81 170
9 781 695
1 503 961
4 159 099
1 201 714
38 680
1 806 488
18 572 807
9.
10.
10.1
10.2
9 851
71 319
- 47 340
9 829 035
358 801
66 103
- 1 382
1 505 343
3 359
8 444
12
4 159 087
87 218
49 882
1 201 714
2 366
30 844
38 680
279
1 806 209
21
4
- 38 580
18 611 387
451 765
155 277
10.3
71 319
1 085 788
1 027 157
1 340 009
1 154 293
38 680
615 382
5 332 628
10.4
576 210
5 063
50 490
21
631 784
10.5
10.6
10.7
6 680 176
552 680
509 277
6 659
300 190
154 471
46 677
1 157 672
1 427 139
3 452
1 180 750
6 579
6 736 964
3 191 292
2 111 677
14 211
Energetic Balance
• Where is the useful energy in the energetic
balance?
BALANÇO ENERGÉTICO
tep
Total de Carvão Total de Petróleo
2008
IMPORTAÇÕES
PRODUÇÃO DOMÉSTICA
VARIAÇÃO DE "STOCKS"
SAÍDAS
CONSUMO DE ENERGIA
PRIMÁRIA
PARA NOVAS FORMAS DE
ENERGIA
CONSUMO DO SECTOR
ENERGÉTICO
4=1a3
Total de
Eectricidade
Calor
Resíduos
Industriais
Renováveis
Sem Hídrica
TOTAL GERAL
23
30 = 24 a 29
36 = 31 a 35
37
38
46 = 39 a 45
47=4+22+23+30+36+37
+38+46
2 327 219
- 223 603
24 949
315 673
3 680 661
5 960
5.
2 525 873
12 612 050
4 157 207
1 953 404
6.
2 444 703
1 079 137
2 597 143
-2 810 996
-1 472 450
475 376
56 103
605 301
270 736
7.
16 608 384
Gases o
Outros
Derivados
1.
2.
3.
4.
CONSUMO COMO MATÉRIA PRIMA
DISPONÍVEL PARA CONSUMO
FINAL
ACERTOS
CONSUMO FINAL
AGRICULTURA E PESCAS
INDÚSTRIAS EXTRACTIVAS
INDÚSTRIAS
TRANSFORMADORAS
CONSTRUÇÃO E OBRAS
PÚBLICAS
TRANSPORTES
SECTOR DOMÉSTICO
SERVIÇOS
22= 15 + 21
Gás Natural
(*)
4 163 167
923 984
1 142 338
39 800
3 190 679
- 837
17 634
24 022 754
4 372 817
97 193
3 836 162
39 800
3 173 882
24 462 216
1 120
1 367 391
3 206 048
3
1 407 519
112 918
1 275 842
1 275 842
8.
81 170
9 781 695
1 503 961
4 159 099
1 201 714
38 680
1 806 488
18 572 807
9.
10.
10.1
10.2
9 851
71 319
- 47 340
9 829 035
358 801
66 103
- 1 382
1 505 343
3 359
8 444
12
4 159 087
87 218
49 882
1 201 714
2 366
30 844
38 680
279
1 806 209
21
4
- 38 580
18 611 387
451 765
155 277
10.3
71 319
1 085 788
1 027 157
1 340 009
1 154 293
38 680
615 382
5 332 628
10.4
576 210
5 063
50 490
21
631 784
10.5
10.6
10.7
6 680 176
552 680
509 277
6 659
300 190
154 471
46 677
1 157 672
1 427 139
3 452
1 180 750
6 579
6 736 964
3 191 292
2 111 677
14 211
Energetic Balance
• How do you go from final to useful energy for
household electricity consumption?
BALANÇO ENERGÉTICO
tep
Total de Carvão Total de Petróleo
2008
IMPORTAÇÕES
PRODUÇÃO DOMÉSTICA
VARIAÇÃO DE "STOCKS"
SAÍDAS
CONSUMO DE ENERGIA
PRIMÁRIA
PARA NOVAS FORMAS DE
ENERGIA
CONSUMO DO SECTOR
ENERGÉTICO
4=1a3
Total de
Eectricidade
Calor
Resíduos
Industriais
Renováveis
Sem Hídrica
TOTAL GERAL
23
30 = 24 a 29
36 = 31 a 35
37
38
46 = 39 a 45
47=4+22+23+30+36+37
+38+46
2 327 219
- 223 603
24 949
315 673
3 680 661
5 960
5.
2 525 873
12 612 050
4 157 207
1 953 404
6.
2 444 703
1 079 137
2 597 143
-2 810 996
-1 472 450
475 376
56 103
605 301
270 736
7.
16 608 384
Gases o
Outros
Derivados
1.
2.
3.
4.
CONSUMO COMO MATÉRIA PRIMA
DISPONÍVEL PARA CONSUMO
FINAL
ACERTOS
CONSUMO FINAL
AGRICULTURA E PESCAS
INDÚSTRIAS EXTRACTIVAS
INDÚSTRIAS
TRANSFORMADORAS
CONSTRUÇÃO E OBRAS
PÚBLICAS
TRANSPORTES
SECTOR DOMÉSTICO
SERVIÇOS
22= 15 + 21
Gás Natural
(*)
4 163 167
923 984
1 142 338
39 800
3 190 679
- 837
17 634
24 022 754
4 372 817
97 193
3 836 162
39 800
3 173 882
24 462 216
1 120
1 367 391
3 206 048
3
1 407 519
112 918
1 275 842
1 275 842
8.
81 170
9 781 695
1 503 961
4 159 099
1 201 714
38 680
1 806 488
18 572 807
9.
10.
10.1
10.2
9 851
71 319
- 47 340
9 829 035
358 801
66 103
- 1 382
1 505 343
3 359
8 444
12
4 159 087
87 218
49 882
1 201 714
2 366
30 844
38 680
279
1 806 209
21
4
- 38 580
18 611 387
451 765
155 277
10.3
71 319
1 085 788
1 027 157
1 340 009
1 154 293
38 680
615 382
5 332 628
10.4
576 210
5 063
50 490
21
631 784
10.5
10.6
10.7
6 680 176
552 680
509 277
6 659
300 190
154 471
46 677
1 157 672
1 427 139
3 452
1 180 750
6 579
6 736 964
3 191 292
2 111 677
14 211
Useful Energy
• How do you go from final to useful energy for
household electricity consumption?
Euseful   E final ,ii
i
•
•
•
•
•
Electrical resistance
Electrical motor
Fluorescent lamp
Refrigerator
Heat pump
100%
90%
50%
200%
250%
Sankey diagrams
• Schematic representation of the energy flow



Miguel Águas (2009)
E final
E primary
Euseful
E final
E productive
Euseful
Sankey Diagram for Portugal for 2010
BALANÇO ENERGÉTICO
tep
Total de
Carvão
Total de
Petróleo
Gás Natural
Total de
Eletricidade
2010
4=1a3
22= 15 + 21
23
36 = 31 a 35
CONSUMO DE ENERGIA PRIMÁRIA
5.
1 656 757
PARA NOVAS FORMAS DE ENERGIA
6.
1 597 427
Produtos de Petróleo
6.3
Eletricidade
6.6
Cogeração
6.7
CONSUMO DO SECTOR ENERGÉTICO
7.
47=4+22+23+30+36+
37+38+46
46 = 39 a 45
11 241 129
4 506 817
2 474 507
3 168 351
23 101 751
563 778
2 857 644
-2 403 968
1 819 195
2 846 994
- 321 179
1 597 427
Renováveis
Sem
TOTAL GERAL
Eletricidade
321 473
- 8 290
285 397
1 740 776
-1 787 691
456 792
2 299 882
562 580
1 116 868
- 616 277
1 040 930
555 402
10
1 252 656
277 453
134 954
589 099
Consumo Próprio da Refinação
7.1
215 503
121 238
45 829
Perdas da Refinação
7.2
58 915
Centrais Eléctricas
7.4
3 035
Bombagem Hidroeléctrica
7.5
Perdas de Transporte e Distribuição
7.8
633 710
10
128 271
58 925
131 306
44 032
44 032
13 716
370 355
384 071
DISPONÍVEL PARA CONSUMO FINAL
ACERTOS
8.
9.
59 330
9 130
9 111 257
4 999
1 514 219
4
4 289 376
761
1 349 146
- 132
17 713 460
14 762
CONSUMO FINAL
10.
50 200
9 106 258
1 514 215
4 288 615
1 349 278
17 698 698
AGRICULTURA E PESCAS
INDÚSTRIAS EXTRATIVAS
10.1
10.2
360 870
62 582
3 511
7 951
88 164
47 271
65
91
455 009
151 412
INDÚSTRIAS TRANSFORMADORAS
CONSTRUÇÃO E OBRAS PÚBLICAS
10.3
10.4
825 308
493 136
971 726
9 218
1 331 090
52 436
590 133
5 101 671
554 790
TRANSPORTES
10.5
6 430 400
12 581
40 857
4 233
6 488 071
SECTOR DOMÉSTICO
10.6
679 765
300 266
1 248 873
724 980
2 953 884
SERVIÇOS
10.7
254 197
208 962
1 479 924
29 776
1 993 861
50 200
Sankey diagram for Portugal 2010
World Sankey Diagram in 2005
IAASA – Global Energy Assessment 2012
World Sankey Diagram in 2005
IAASA – Global Energy Assessment 2012
World Sankey Diagram in 2005
IAASA – Global Energy Assessment 2012
World Sankey Diagram in 2005
IAASA – Global Energy Assessment 2012
World Sankey Diagram in 2005
IAASA – Global Energy Assessment 2012
World Sankey Diagram in 2005
IAASA – Global Energy Assessment 2012
World Sankey Diagram in 2005
IAASA – Global Energy Assessment 2012
World Sankey Diagram in 2005

E final
E primary

Euseful
E final
US – 94 EJ
Portugal – 1.1 EJ
• Overall 1st law efficiency in converting
primary to final energy?
IAASA – Global Energy Assessment 2012
?
?
World Sankey Diagram in 2005

E final
E primary

Euseful
E final
US – 94 EJ
Portugal – 1.1 EJ
• Overall 1st law efficiency in converting
primary to final energy? 66%
IAASA – Global Energy Assessment 2012
?
?
World Sankey Diagram in 2005

E final
E primary

Euseful
E final
US – 94 EJ
Portugal – 1.1 EJ
• Overall 1st law efficiency in converting
primary to useful energy?
IAASA – Global Energy Assessment 2012
?
?
World Sankey Diagram in 2005

E final
E primary

Euseful
E final
US – 94 EJ
Portugal – 1.1 EJ
• Overall 1st law efficiency in converting
primary to useful energy? 34%
IAASA – Global Energy Assessment 2012
?
?
Typical values of 1st law efficiencies
• 1st Law efficiencies from primary to final
energy
• 1st Law efficiencies from final to useful energy
Sankey Diagram for an Energy Service
• Example?
Sankey Diagram for an Energy Service
• Example?
Sankey Diagram for an Energy Service
• Schematic representation of the energy flow
(natural gas
electricity
light reading)

50%
50%
E final
E primary

20%

• What is the aggregate efficiency?

Wout
Qin
Euseful
E final
E productive
Euseful
Sankey Diagram for an Energy Service
• Schematic representation of the energy flow
(natural gas
electricity
light reading)

50%
50%
E final
E primary

20%

• What is the aggregate efficiency?

Wout
Qin
Euseful
E final
E productive
Euseful
Are there 1st law efficiencies > 1?
• What is the 1st Law efficiency in a heat pump?
Are there 1st law efficiencies > 1?
• What is the 1st Law efficiency in a heat pump?

Qout
Qout
1


1
Q
W Qout  Qin 1  in
Typical values of  between 3 – 5
Qout
• What is the Sankey diagram like?
Are there 1st law efficiencies > 1?
• What is the 1st Law efficiency in a heat pump?

Qout
Qout
1


1
Q
W Qout  Qin 1  in
Typical values of  between 3 – 5
Qout
• What is the Sankey diagram like?
Sankey Diagram
A coal thermal power plant has an efficiency of 40%. The combustion of
coal releases 7000kcal/kg. The energy consumption associated with
extraction, transport and grinding represent 500 kcal/kg.
1. Draw the Sankey Diagram
Sankey Diagram
A coal thermal power plant has an efficiency of 40%. The combustion of
coal releases 7000kcal/kg. The energy consumption associated with
extraction, transport and grinding represent 500 kcal/kg.
1. Draw the Sankey Diagram
2. What is the overall efficiency?
40%
93%
Coal at the
coal mine
7%
Coal at the
Power Plant
Electricity at the
Power Plant
Electricity
Coal at the Power Plant
Coal Mine
60%
1 Mcal = 4.187 MJ
1 toe = 41868 MJ
1 MWh = 3600 MJ
Sankey Diagram
A coal thermal power plant has an efficiency of 40%. The combustion of
coal releases 7000kcal/kg. The energy consumption associated with
extraction, transport and grinding represent 500 kcal/kg.
1. Draw the Sankey Diagram
2. What is the overall efficiency?
3. What is the coefficient of conversion between final and primary energy
in MWhe/TOE?
40%
93%
Coal at the
coal mine
7%
Coal at the
Power Plant
Electricity at the
Power Plant
Electricity
Coal at the Power Plant
Coal Mine
1 Mcal = 4.187 MJ
1 toe = 41868 MJ
1 MWh = 3600 MJ
60%
Eficiency = 2600/7000 = 37%
Sankey Diagram
A coal thermal power plant has an efficiency of 40%. The combustion of
coal releases 7000kcal/kg. The energy consumption associated with
extraction, transport and grinding represent 500 kcal/kg.
1. Draw the Sankey Diagram
2. What is the overall efficiency?
3. What is the coefficient of conversion between final and primary energy
in MWhe/TOE?
40%
93%
Coal Mine
Electricity
Coal at the Power Plant
1 Mcal = 4.187 MJ
1 toe = 41868 MJ
1 MWh = 3600 MJ
Final Energy
37toe  37  41868 3600MWh
MWh


 4.3
Primary Energy 100 toe
100 toe
toe
Conversion between F.E and P.E
• Conversion coefficients are efficiencies and
not direct conversions
– From coal (P.E) to electricity (F.E)
– Direct conversion ??????????
Conversion between F.E and P.E
• Conversion coefficients are efficiencies and
not direct conversions
– From coal (P.E) to electricity (F.E)
– Direct conversion
1toe  41.87GJ  41.87 / 3.6MWh  11.63MWh
Conversion between F.E and P.E
• Conversion coefficients are efficiencies and
not direct conversions
– From coal (P.E) to electricity (F.E)
– Direct conversion
• What about the conversion coefficient from
natural gas to electricity?
Are first law efficiencies enough?
Heating of a house can be done by one of the following methods:
1. Electrical heating using the Joule effect
2. Central heating
3. Heating using a heat pump
Are first law efficiencies enough?
Heating of a house can be done by one of the following methods:
1. Electrical heating using the Joule effect
2. Central heating (burning natural gas in a furnace with a 90%
efficiency)
3. Heating using a heat pump (COP=3).
Suppose that electricity has a production efficiency of 45% and costs
0.12 euros per kWh, natural gas is transported with a 99% efficiency,
and costs 0.0708 euros per kWh.
a) Compare the alternatives in terms of primary energy, final energy and
cost for 1 kWh of thermal energy. Draw the Sankey Diagrams
Are first law efficiencies enough?
Heating of a house can be done by one of the following methods:
1. Electrical heating using the Joule effect
2. Central heating (burning natural gas in a furnace with a 90%
efficiency)
3. Heating using a heat pump (COP=3).
Suppose that electricity has a production efficiency of 45% and costs
0.12 euros per kWh, natural gas is transported with a 99% efficiency,
and costs 0.0708 euros per kWh.
a) Compare the alternatives in terms of primary energy, final energy and
cost for 1 kWh of thermal energy. Draw the Sankey Diagrams
Electrical Resistance
Central Heating
Heat Pump
Primary (kWh)
1/0.45=2.22
(1/0.90)/0.99=1.12
(1/3)/0.45=0.74
Final (kWh)
1
1/0.90=1.11
1/3=0.33
Useful (kWh)
1
1
1
Cost (euros)
1*0.12
((1/0.9))*0.0708
1/3*0.12
Are first law efficiencies enough?
• Providing 1 kWh of heat at 30ºC to a building
with an outside temperature of 4ºC
Electrical
Resistance
Central
Heating
Heat
Pump
Ideal Heat
Pump
Final (kWh)
1
1/0.90
1/3
1/12
Useful
(kWh)
1
1
1
1
First Law 
100%
90%
300%
1200%
• First law efficiencies do not provide
information on how much you can improve
your efficiency
Second law efficiencies
• Ratio between 1st law real and best efficiencies
• Providing 1 kWh of heat at 30ºC to a building
with an outside temperature of 4ºC
Electrical
Resistance
Central
Heating
Heat
Pump
Ideal Heat
Pump
Final (kWh)
1
1/0.90
1/3
1/12
Useful (kWh)
1
1
1
1
First Law 
100%
90%
300%
1200%
Second Law 
8.3%
7.5%
25%
100%
• Second law efficiencies provide information on
how much you can improve your efficiency
Typical values of 2nd law efficiencies
IAASA - Global Energy Assessment 2012
• Overall 2nd law efficiency in converting
primary to final is 76% and primary to useful
energy is 10%
Second law efficiencies
• Second law efficiencies by providing
information on how much you can improve
your efficiency show where efforts should be
made
Rosen and Dincer, 1997
Primary Energy Use 1800-2000
Population (lines)
Primary energy use (bars)
industrialized countries
(white squares and bars)
developing countries
(gray triangles and bars)
Energy use data includes estimates of
noncommercial energy use
Grubler, A. “Energy Transitions”
Primary Energy Use 1800-2000
Population (lines)
Primary energy use (bars)
industrialized countries
(white squares and bars)
developing countries
(gray triangles and bars)
Energy use data includes estimates of
noncommercial energy use
Grubler, A. “Energy Transitions”
• Primary energy use increased more than 20-fold in 200 years
• Heterogeneity in per capita primary energy use:
•
•
In industrialized countries population increased linearly while primary
energy use increased exponentially until recently
In developing countries energy use increased proportionally to population
until recently
• Primary Energy Mix ?
Primary Energy Mix 1850-2010
Grubler, A. “Energy Transitions”
IAASA – Global Energy Assessment 2012
Primary Energy Mix 1850-2010
Grubler, A. “Energy Transitions”
IAASA – Global Energy Assessment 2012
• Mostly biomass in 1850
• Increasing diversification of energy vectors
Primary Energy Mix 1850-2010
Grubler, A. “Energy Transitions”
Primary Energy Mix 1800-2040
• Energy Transition: The switch from an economic
system dependent on one or a series of energy sources
and technologies to another (Fouquet & Pearson, 2012)
Primary Energy Mix 1800-2040
• Energy Transition: The switch from an economic
system dependent on one or a series of energy sources
and technologies to another (Fouquet & Pearson, 2012)
Energy Transition biomass to coal
Primary Energy Mix 1800-2040
• Energy Transition: The switch from an economic
system dependent on one or a series of energy sources
and technologies to another (Fouquet & Pearson, 2012)
Energy Transition biomass to coal
Energy Transition coal to oil
Primary Energy Mix 1800-2040
• Energy Transition: The switch from an economic
system dependent on one or a series of energy sources
and technologies to another (Fouquet & Pearson, 2012)
Energy Transition biomass to coal
Energy Transition coal to oil
Stabilization
Energy Eras and Transitions
• Energy Transformations before industrial
civilization:
Energy Eras and Transitions
• Energy Transformations before industrial civilization:
– Solar radiation – food & feed, light and heat
– Animate labor from humans and work animals (levers,
inclined planes, pulleys) – mechanical work & transport
– Kinetic energies of water & wind – mechanical work &
transport
– Biomass fuels (wood, charcoal, crop residues, dung) –
residential & industrial heat and light
Energy Eras and Transitions
• Energy Transformations before industrial civilization:
– Dominant in the western world until the 2nd half of the 19th century
– Dominant for most of humankind until middlle of the 20th century
– Annual per capita primary energy consumption  20 GJ
Energy Eras and Transitions
• Energy Transformations that came with industrial
civilization:
– Fossil fuels – heat & mechanical work & transport (steam
engines, internal combustion engines and steam turbines)
Energy Transitions
• An aggregated transition to other energy
source(s) includes numerous services and
sectors
Energy Transitions
16th century (tall narrow chimneys and suitable grates )
17th century (coal gets even cheaper)
• The switch from an economic system
dependent on one or a series of energy sources
and technologies to another (Fouquet &
Pearson, 2012)
Energy Transitions
1709 (coke)
18th century (efficiency improvments)
• The switch from an economic system
dependent on one or a series of energy sources
and technologies to another (Fouquet &
Pearson, 2012)
Energy Transitions
1804 (1st steam locomotive)
• The switch from an economic system
dependent on one or a series of energy sources
and technologies to another (Fouquet &
Pearson, 2012)
Why do energy transitions occur?
• Main Drivers/Catalyst for adoption of a new
energy carrier:
–
–
–
–
Price of energy
Better/Different Service
Technological change and innovation
Efficiency improvments
Why do energy transitions occur?
• Main Drivers/Catalyst for adoption of a new
energy carrier:
–
–
–
–
Price of energy
Better/Different Service
Technological change and innovation
Efficiency improvments
– Environmental Impacts?
Decarbonization of Energy Systems
Decreasing trend in CO2
emitted per GJ from 1850 to
2000
2010: 108 GJ/capita/year
7600 kg CO2/capita/year
Decarbonization of Energy Systems
Historically energy related
biomass burning has not
been carbon-neutral
(maximum estimated value
of 38%)
Decarbonization of Energy Systems
Why a slight increasing
trend in the last 10 years?
Share of electricity (%)
Electricity generation (TWh)
Power generation 1990-2010
Non-hydro renewables
Hydro
Nuclear
• Despite an increasing contribution across two decades, the share
of non-fossil generation has failed to keep pace with the growth
in generation from fossil fuels.
IEA - Energy Technology Perspectives 2012
© OECD/IEA 2012
Final Energy from 1900-2000
World final energy use by consumers.
Solids (such as coal and biomass,
brown), Liquids (such as oil, red)
and fuels delivered via dedicated
Grids (such as natural gas and
electricity, green).
Grubler, A. “Energy Transitions”
Final Energy from 1900-2000
World final energy use by consumers.
Solids (such as coal and biomass,
brown), Liquids (such as oil, red)
and fuels delivered via dedicated
Grids (such as natural gas and
electricity, green).
“With rising incomes, consumers pay
increasing attention to convenience and
cleanliness, favoring liquids and
grid-delivered energy forms”
Grubler, A. “Energy Transitions”
Final Energy from 1900-2000
World final energy use by consumers.
Solids (such as coal and biomass,
brown), Liquids (such as oil, red)
and fuels delivered via dedicated
Grids (such as natural gas and
electricity, green).
Grubler, A. “Energy Transitions”
Developing countries
OECD (squares)
Final Energy from 1900-2000
World final energy use by consumers.
Solids (such as coal and biomass,
brown), Liquids (such as oil, red)
and fuels delivered via dedicated
Grids (such as natural gas and
electricity, green).
Grubler, A. “Energy Transitions”
Heterogeneity in final energy quality
Final Energy per capita in 2010
• Heterogeneity in Final Energy Use per capita:
IAASA – Global Energy Assessment 2012
What is Final Energy used for?
• UK 1800-2000
IAASA – Global Energy Assessment 2012
What is Final Energy used for?
• Regular expansion of
energy services in 19th
– dominated by heat
and transport
• High volatility due to
political and economic
events
IAASA – Global Energy Assessment 2012
• Moderated growth after 1950
– Decline in industrial energy services compensated by strong
growth in transport
• Saturated at a level of 6 EJ or 100 GJ/capita
• What about energy services?
From Final Energy to Energy Services
• UK 1800-2000
IAASA – Global Energy Assessment 2012
From Final Energy to Energy Services
• UK 1800-2000
• Increasing efficiencies
in converting final
energy to energy services
– Ranges between a factor
of 5 for transportation and
600 for lighting
IAASA – Global Energy Assessment 2012
From Final Energy to Energy Services
• UK 1800-2000
• Lower prices of energy
services
– Ranges between a factor
of 10 for heating and 70
for lighting
IAASA – Global Energy Assessment 2012
Energy Services 2005
• Energy services cannot be
expressed in common units
• Transport
– 13 km/day/per capita
– 1 ton 20 km/day/per capita
• Industry
– 9 ton/year/per capita (steel +
fertilizers + construction
materials + plastics …
• Buldings
– Heating/cooling to 20m2/per capita
•
Useful energy
– minimizes distortions among
different energy service categories,
as it most closely measures the
actual energy service provided.
World Sankey Diagram in 2005
Second law efficiencies
• Second law efficiencies provide information
on the destruction of exergy
• What is exergy?
Δz = 0m
Δz = 120m
Power = 0 W
Power = 150 kW
Energy vs. Exergy
160ºC
25ºC
Energy = 105 MJ
Energy = 105 MJ
Potential Work = 34 MJ
Potential Work = 1.8 MJ
Exergy = 34 MJ
Exergy = 1.8 MJ
environment
20ºC