UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DE PERNAMBUCO - UNICAP
TARCÍSIO BARROS BORGES
Celeridade processual e concretização dos direitos
fundamentais sociais nos Juizados Especiais Federais
RECIFE
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1
Sobre o tema mais amplo do acesso à Justiça, conferir a obra magistral de: CAPPELLETTI, Mauro; GARTH,
Bryant. Acesso à Justiça. Trad. Ellen Gracie Northfleet. Porto Alegre: Sergio Fabris Editor, 1988.
10
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2
Costuma-se chamar de “neoconstitucionalismo” o fenômeno de revalorização da Constituição a partir da
segunda metade do século passado. BARROSO, Luís Roberto. Neoconstitucionalismo e constitucionalização do
direito. Revista de Direito Constitucional e Internacional. São Paulo: RT, ano 15, n. 58, p. 129-173, jan./mar.
2007, p. 134.
3
Para Oliveira Baracho, a jurisdição constitucional pode ampliar os direitos e liberdades fundamentais. Cf.
BARACHO, José Alfredo de Oliveira. Jurisdição Constitucional da Liberdade. In: SAMPAIO, José Adércio
Leite (coord.). Jurisdição Constitucional e Direitos Fundamentais. Belo Horizonte: Del Rey, 2003, p . 11.
4
Incluído nesse conceito o direito à duração razoável do processo ou à celeridade processual, que é um aspecto
do direito ao amplo acesso à Justiça.
5
ANDRADE, José Carlos Vieira. Os Direitos Fundamentais na Constituição Portuguesa de 1976. 3. ed.
Coimbra: Almedina, 2007, p. 106.
6
Os direitos fundamentais são um sistema dotado de unidade de sentido e centrado na dignidade humana. Cf.
LUÑO, Antonio-Henrique Perez. Los derechos fundamentales. 9. ed. Madri: Editorial Tecnos, 2007, p. 134.
11
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7
Não teria o homem apenas a capacidade de raciocínio como fator de diferenciação dos animais, mas também
um sentido de “perfectibilidade” que a sua liberdade lhe permitiria, podendo, assim, evoluir historicamente e se
“aperfeiçoar ao longo da vida”, segundo nos mostra J.J. Rousseau. Apud: FERRY, Luc. Aprender a viver:
filosofia para os novos tempos. Objetiva: Rio de Janeiro, 2007, p. 130 e segs.
8
TRINDADE, Antônio Augusto Cançado. O legado da Declaração Universal e o Futuro da Proteção
Internacional dos Direitos Humanos. In: AMARAL JR., Alberto; PERRONE-MOISÉS, Cláudia Maria (org.). O
Cinqüentenário da Declaração Universal dos Direitos do Homem. São Paulo: EDUSP, 1999, p. 29.
9
Para Peces-Barba Martínez, a “liberdade promocional” tem três dimensões: suprimento das necessidades
básicas e vitais do ser humano, de sua manutenção e de sua melhoria, as quais complementam a liberdade
clássica de não interferência. Cf. MARTÍNEZ. Gregorio Peces-Barba. Lecciones de Derechos Fundamentales.
Madri: Dykinson, 2004, p. 140-143.
12
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10
TRINDADE, Antônio Augusto Cançado. O legado da Declaração Universal e o Futuro da Proteção
Internacional dos Direitos Humanos. In: AMARAL JR., Alberto; PERRONE-MOISÉS, Cláudia Maria (org.). O
Cinqüentenário da Declaração Universal dos Direitos do Homem. São Paulo: EDUSP, 1999, p. 17.
11
Segundo Francisco Rezek, os direitos sociais, econômicos e culturais também iniciam sua internacionalização
a partir da Declaração Universal dos Direitos do Homem. REZEK, José Francisco. Direito internacional
público: curso elementar. 7. Ed. São Paulo: Saraiva, 1998, p. 221-222.
12
COMPARATO, Fábio Konder. A afirmação histórica dos Direitos Humanos. 5. ed. São Paulo: Saraiva, 2007,
p. 68.
13
TRINDADE, Antônio Augusto Cançado. O legado da Declaração Universal e o Futuro da Proteção
Internacional dos Direitos Humanos. In: AMARAL JR., Alberto; PERRONE-MOISÉS, Cláudia Maria (org.). O
Cinqüentenário da Declaração Universal dos Direitos do Homem. São Paulo: EDUSP, 1999, p. 30.
14
MENDES, Gilmar Ferreira. Integração Social e Perspectivas da Democracia. In: SAMPAIO, José Adércio
Leite (coord.). Constituição e Crise Política. Belo Horizonte: Del Rey, 2006, p. 461-477, p. 465.
15
Constituição Federal, art. 1º, III.
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16
Constituição Federal, art. 3º, I, III e IV.
MENDES, Gilmar Ferreira. Integração Social e Perspectivas da Democracia. In: SAMPAIO, José Adércio
Leite (coord.). Constituição e Crise Política. Belo Horizonte: Del Rey, 2006, p. 461-477, p. 465.
17
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Sobre o conceito de mínino existencial e a Constituição brasileira, Cf. LIMA, George Marmelstein. Proteção
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<http://www.georgemlima.xpg.com.br/alemanha.pdf>. Acesso em: 06/08/2007, p. 112 e segs.
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19
MENDES, Gilmar Ferreira. Integração Social e Perspectivas da Democracia. In: SAMPAIO, José Adércio
Leite (coord.). Constituição e Crise Política. Del Rey, Belo Horizonte, 2006, p. 472.
20
Ibidem, p. 472-473.
21
O nome do programa de computador se chama CRETA e inclusive já foi premiado em nível nacional em face
de sua excelência.
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22
Para Habermas, o estabelecimento do Estado Social na Europa na segunda metade do Século XX foi uma das
conseqüências benéficas da 2ª Guerra Mundial, época na qual a “forma econômica altamente produtiva do
capitalismo foi sujeitada pela primeira vez de modo social”, o que garantiu, na sua visão, direitos sociais básicos.
HABERMAS, Jürgen. A constelação pós-nacional: ensaios políticos. Trad. Márcio Seligmann-Silva. São Paulo:
Littera Mundi, 2001, p. 63-64.
23
A distinção entre direitos liberais clássicos, no sentido de liberdades negativas, ou direitos de não
interferência, frente ao Estado, e os direitos prestacionais exigíveis contra o Estado será objeto de tratamento
específico mais adiante.
24
O princípio da solidariedade (“consciência da solidariedade cosmopolita obrigatória”) não só entre cidadãos
dos Estados nacionais e também na comunidade internacional é uma exigência para o estabelecimento de ordens
democráticas nacionais e internacionais de cunho social sem as danosas interferências do neoliberalismo
econômico. Cf. HABERMAS, Jürgen. A constelação pós-nacional: ensaios políticos. Trad. Márcio SeligmannSilva. São Paulo: Littera Mundi, 2001, p. 136, 141.
18
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HABERMAS, Jürgen. A constelação pós-nacional: ensaios políticos. Trad. Márcio Seligmann-Silva. São
Paulo: Littera Mundi, 2001, p. 119.
26
MARTÍNEZ. Gregorio Peces-Barba. Derechos Sociales y Positivismo Jurídico: Escritos de Filosofia Jurídica y
Política. Madri: Dykinson, 1999, p. 69.
27
MARTÍNEZ. Gregorio Peces-Barba. Derechos Sociales y Positivismo Jurídico: Escritos de Filosofia Jurídica
y Política. Madri: Dykinson, 1999, p. 81-82.
19
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HABERMAS, Jürgen. A constelação pós-nacional: ensaios políticos. Trad. Márcio Seligmann-Silva. São
Paulo: Littera Mundi, 2001, p. 119-120.
29
MARTÍNEZ. Gregorio Peces-Barba. Lecciones de Derechos Fundamentales. Madri: Dykinson, 2004, p. 136.
30
LUÑO, Antonio-Henrique Perez. Los derechos fundamentales. 9. ed. Madri: Editorial Tecnos, 2007, p. 183184.
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HABERMAS, Jürgen. A constelação pós-nacional: ensaios políticos. Trad. Márcio Seligmann-Silva. São
Paulo: Littera Mundi, 2001, p. 83-84.
32
Para Peces-Barba, existem três dimensões da liberdade: a de não interferência, de cunho clássico; a
promocional, de caráter social, e a de participação política. Cf. MARTÍNEZ. Gregorio Peces-Barba. Lecciones
de Derechos Fundamentales. Madri: Dykinson, 2004, p. 140-146.
33
HABERMAS, Jürgen. A constelação pós-nacional: ensaios políticos. Trad. Márcio Seligmann-Silva. São
Paulo: Littera Mundi, 2001, p. 140.
34
Cf. ALEXY, Robert. Constitucionalismo Discursivo. Trad. Luís Afonso Heck. Porto Alegre: Livraria do
Advogado, 2007, p. 38, para quem os princípios morais são úteis no Direito especialmente no momento da
fundamentação das decisões, tendo em vista a necessidade discursiva de alcance da “pretensão de correção”
exigida do Direito: “A correção jurídica abarca, assim, elementos de correção moral. É a correção substancial de
princípios morais que a torna considerável juridicamente, e nada mais.”.
21
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MARTÍNEZ. Gregorio Peces-Barba. Lecciones de Derechos Fundamentales. Madri: Dykinson, 2004, p. 29.
Basta lembrar a presente crise financeira e econômica que se alastrou pelo mundo a partir dos créditos
hipotecários “podres” em poder de bancos americanos. O noticiário revelou que diversas instituições financeiras
e, mais recentemente, também grandes indústrias estão sendo ajudadas pelo governo americano, para evitar a
falência de parte do sistema capitalista. Assim, o debate sobre o Estado Social ganha ainda mais importância
num contexto de crise econômica mundial, na qual os governos são chamados a intervir.
37
MARTÍNEZ. Gregorio Peces-Barba. Lecciones de Derechos Fundamentales. Madri: Dykinson, 2004, p. 33.
36
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MARTÍNEZ. Gregorio Peces-Barba. Lecciones de Derechos Fundamentales. Madri: Dykinson, 2004, p. 130131.
39
ANDRADE, José Carlos Vieira. Os Direitos Fundamentais na Constituição Portuguesa de 1976. 3. ed.
Coimbra: Almedina, 2007, p. 48.
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MARTÍNEZ. Gregorio Peces-Barba. Lecciones de Derechos Fundamentales. Madri: Dykinson, 2004, p. 136.
AARNIO, Aulis. Derecho, Racionalidad y Comunicación Social: Ensayos sobre Filosofia Del Derecho.
México D.F.: Distribuiciones Fontamara, 1995, p. 52.
42
PEREIRA, Jane Reis Gonçalves. Interpretação Constitucional e Direitos Fundamentais. Rio de Janeiro:
Renovar, 2006, p. 33.
43
AARNIO, Aulis, Op. cit, loc. cit.
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Ibidem, p. 52-53.
Constituição Federal, art. 93, inc. IX.
46
ANDRADE, José Carlos Vieira. Os Direitos Fundamentais na Constituição Portuguesa de 1976. 3. ed.
Coimbra: Almedina, 2007, p. 160-161.
47
MARTÍNEZ. Gregorio Peces-Barba. Lecciones de Derechos Fundamentales. Madri: Dykinson, 2004, p. 144.
45
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ANDRADE, José Carlos Vieira. Os Direitos Fundamentais na Constituição Portuguesa de 1976. 3. ed.
Coimbra: Almedina, 2007, p. 166.
49
Ibidem, p. 168.
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LUÑO, Antonio-Henrique Perez. Los derechos fundamentales. 9. ed. Madri: Editorial Tecnos, 2007, p. 30.
MARTÍNEZ. Gregorio Peces-Barba. Lecciones de Derechos Fundamentales. Madri: Dykinson, 2004, p. 8184.
52
FERRY, Luc. Aprender a viver: filosofia para os novos tempos. Objetiva: Rio de Janeiro, 2007, p. 78.
51
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53
LUÑO, Antonio-Henrique Perez. Los derechos fundamentales. 9. ed. Madri: Editorial Tecnos, 2007, p. 36.
MARTÍNEZ. Gregorio Peces-Barba. Lecciones de Derechos Fundamentales. Madri: Dykinson, 2004, p. 107.
55
MARTÍNEZ. Gregorio Peces-Barba. Lecciones de Derechos Fundamentales. Madri: Dykinson, 2004, p. 108.
56
Ibidem, p. 109.
57
Para Nelson Saldanha, não se pode dizer que a Idade Média foi apenas a época “das trevas”, nem marcada
apenas por visões teológicas do poder, mas também foi uma época de limitação dos poderes do soberano, ainda
que sem o grau de eficácia da modernidade. Para o autor, a comparação entre as a Idade Média e a modernidade
acaba causando distorções nessa compreensão. Cf. SALDANHA, Nelson. Formação da Teoria Constitucional.
2. ed. Rio de Janeiro: Renovar, 2000, p. 17.
54
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58
COMPARATO, Fábio Konder. A afirmação histórica dos Direitos Humanos. 5. ed. São Paulo: Saraiva, 2007,
p. 46.
59
LUÑO, Antonio-Henrique Perez. Los derechos fundamentales. 9. ed. Madri: Editorial Tecnos, 2007, p. 34/35.
60
MARTÍNEZ. Gregorio Peces-Barba. Lecciones de Derechos Fundamentales. Madri: Dykinson, 2004, p. 96.
29
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61
MARTÍNEZ. Gregorio Peces-Barba. Lecciones de Derechos Fundamentales. Madri: Dykinson, 2004, p. 111.
Para uma análise detalhada das grandes fases de implantação dos direitos humanos, inclusive até os
documentos internacionais adotados após a 2ª Grande Guerra, cf. COMPARATO, Fábio Konder. A afirmação
histórica dos Direitos Humanos. 5. ed. São Paulo: Saraiva, 2007, p.37-58. Para um estudo da história do
constitucionalismo moderno e sua relação com as declarações de direito do século XVIII, cf. DIPPEL, Horst.
Constitucionalismo moderno. Introducctión a uma Historia que necesita ser escrita. Disponível em: <
http://hc.rediris.es/06/articulos/html/numero06.html>. Acesso em: 27/03/2007.
63
DIPPEL, Horst. Op. Cit.
64
DIPPEL, Horst. Op. Cit.
65
Em ingles: Virginia Declaration of Rights, Segundo: DIPPEL, Horst. Op. Cit..
62
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66
Cf. DIPPEL, Horst. Constitucionalismo moderno. Introducctión a uma Historia que necesita ser escrita.
Disponível em: < http://hc.rediris.es/06/articulos/html/numero06.html>. Acesso em: 27/03/2007. O autor
descreve os 10 princípios básicos do constitucionalismo: direitos humanos, soberania popular, ancoragem da
constituição em princípios universais, governo limitado, a consideração da constituição como lei suprema, a
separação de poderes, o governo representativo, a limitação do poder governamental, a responsabilidade política
e a independência judicial.
67
MARTÍNEZ. Gregorio Peces-Barba. Lecciones de Derechos Fundamentales. Madri: Dykinson, 2004, p. 9798.
68
ANDRADE, José Carlos Vieira. Os direitos fundamentais na Constituição Portuguesa de 1976. 3. Ed.
Coimbra: Almedina, 2007, p. 21.
69
Sobre o caráter mais universal da Revolução Francesa, cf. COMPARATO, Fábio Konder. A afirmação
histórica dos Direitos Humanos. 5. ed. São Paulo: Saraiva, 2007, p. 52-53.
70
DIPPEL, Horst. Constitucionalismo moderno. Introducctión a uma Historia que necesita ser escrita.
Disponível em: < http://hc.rediris.es/06/articulos/html/numero06.html>. Acesso em: 27/03/2007, p. 189.
31
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DIPPEL, Horst. Constitucionalismo moderno. Introducctión a uma Historia que necesita ser escrita.
Disponível em: < http://hc.rediris.es/06/articulos/pdf/08.pdf>. Acesso em: 27/03/2007.
72
COMPARATO, Fábio Konder. Op. cit. p. 159.
73
ANDRADE, José Carlos Vieira. Os direitos fundamentais na Constituição Portuguesa de 1976. 3. Ed.
Coimbra: Almedina, 2007, p. 22-23.
74
Sobre o caráter não-abrangente e elitista dos “primeiros direitos” individuais surgidos na Inglaterra, na Idade
Média, como afirmado antes, Cf., ainda, ANDRADE, José Carlos Vieira. Os direitos fundamentais na
Constituição Portuguesa de 1976. 3. ed. Coimbra: Almedina, 2007, p. 20.
75
MARTINEZ. Gregorio Peces-Barba. Lecciones de Derechos Fundamentales. Madri: Dykinson, 2004, p.
73/74.
32
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76
ANDRADE, José Carlos Vieira. Os direitos fundamentais na Constituição Portuguesa de 1976. 3. Ed.
Coimbra: Almedina, 2007, p. 18.
77
MARTINEZ. Gregorio Peces-Barba. Lecciones de Derechos Fundamentales. Madri: Dykinson, 2004, p. 74.
78
Ibidem, p. 75-76.
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79
Para Martínez, a igualdade é um complemento da liberdade, na medida em que os seres humanos necessitam
de um mínimo de condições materiais para serem realmente iguais: “si la liberdad no es igualitaria no es
liberdade.”. Cf. MARTINEZ. Gregorio Peces-Barba. Lecciones de Derechos Fundamentales. Madri: Dykinson,
2004, p. 36.
80
ANDRADE, José Carlos Vieira. Os direitos fundamentais na Constituição Portuguesa de 1976. 3. ed.
Coimbra: Almedina, 2007, p. 58.
81
COMPARATO, Fábio Konder. A afirmação histórica dos Direitos Humanos. 5. ed. São Paulo: Saraiva, 2007,
p. 54.
34
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Cf. LUÑO, Antonio-Henrique Perez. Los derechos fundamentales. 9. ed. Madri: Editorial Tecnos, 2007, p. 3839, e COMPARATO, Fábio Konder. Op. cit. p. 54.
83
ANDRADE, José Carlos Vieira. Os direitos fundamentais na Constituição Portuguesa de 1976. 3. ed.
Coimbra: Almedina, 2007, p. 104.
84
Para uma demonstração da influência do pensamento cristão na Revolução Francesa, Cf. FERRY, Luc.
Aprender a viver: filosofia para os novos tempos. Objetiva: Rio de Janeiro, 2007, p. 93-94.
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85
HABERMAS, Jürgen. A constelação pós-nacional: ensaios políticos. Trad. Márcio Seligmann-Silva. São
Paulo: Littera Mundi, 2001, p. 63.
86
Um relato preciso sobre o processo de elaboração da Declaração de 1948 e seus reflexos na ordem jurídica
internacional encontra-se em: TRINDADE, Antônio Augusto Cançado. O legado da Declaração Universal e o
Futuro da Proteção Internacional dos Direitos Humanos. In: AMARAL JR., Alberto; PERRONE-MOISÉS,
Cláudia Maria (org.). O Cinqüentenário da Declaração Universal dos Direitos do Homem. São Paulo: EDUSP,
1999, p. 13-51.
87
ANDRADE, José Carlos Vieira. Os direitos fundamentais na Constituição Portuguesa de 1976. 3. ed.
Coimbra: Almedina, 2007, p. 25.
88
PIOVESAN, Flávia. Direitos Humanos e o Direito Constitucional Internacional. 8. ed. São Paulo? Saraiva,
2007, p. 117.
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89
TRINDADE, Antônio Augusto Cançado. O legado da Declaração Universal e o Futuro da Proteção
Internacional dos Direitos Humanos. In: AMARAL JR., Alberto; PERRONE-MOISÉS, Cláudia Maria (org.). O
Cinqüentenário da Declaração Universal dos Direitos do Homem. São Paulo: EDUSP, 1999, p. 13.
90
São elas: os dois pactos sobre direitos humanos clássicos e os sociais, adotados em 1966, as convenções contra
a discriminação racial e de proteção das mulheres, e as convenções sobre os direitos da criança e contra a tortura.
Cf. TRINDADE, Antônio Augusto Cançado. O legado da Declaração Universal e o Futuro da Proteção
Internacional dos Direitos Humanos. In: AMARAL JR., Alberto; PERRONE-MOISÉS, Cláudia Maria (org.). O
Cinqüentenário da Declaração Universal dos Direitos do Homem. São Paulo: EDUSP, 1999, p. 38-39.
91
ALEXY, Robert. Constitucionalismo Discursivo. Trad. Luís Afonso Heck. Porto Alegre: Livraria do
Advogado, 2007, p. 41.
37
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COMPARATO, Fábio Konder. A afirmação histórica dos Direitos Humanos. 5. ed. São Paulo: Saraiva, 2007,
p. 56-57.
93
Ibidem, Trindade, p. 16.
94
COMPARATO, Fábio Konder. A afirmação histórica dos Direitos Humanos. 5. ed. São Paulo: Saraiva, 2007,
p. 227; TRINDADE, Antônio Augusto Cançado. O legado da Declaração Universal e o Futuro da Proteção
Internacional dos Direitos Humanos. In: AMARAL JR., Alberto; PERRONE-MOISÉS, Cláudia Maria (org.). O
Cinqüentenário da Declaração Universal dos Direitos do Homem. São Paulo: EDUSP, 1999, p. 22.
94
TRINDADE, Antônio Augusto Cançado. Op. cit., p. 16.
95
Cf. os artigos XXII a XXVII da Declaração, que se referem a vários direitos trabalhistas, ao direito à saúde, à
seguridade social, à educação e à cultura, entre outros. TRINDADE, Antônio Augusto Cançado. O legado da
Declaração Universal e o Futuro da Proteção Internacional dos Direitos Humanos. In: AMARAL JR., Alberto;
PERRONE-MOISÉS, Cláudia Maria (org.). O Cinqüentenário da Declaração Universal dos Direitos do
Homem. São Paulo: EDUSP, 1999, p. 13.
95
TRINDADE, Antônio Augusto Cançado. Op. cit., p. 17.
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TRINDADE, Antônio Augusto Cançado. O legado da Declaração Universal e o Futuro da Proteção
Internacional dos Direitos Humanos. In: AMARAL JR., Alberto; PERRONE-MOISÉS, Cláudia Maria (org.). O
Cinqüentenário da Declaração Universal dos Direitos do Homem. São Paulo: EDUSP, 1999, p. 18.
96
TRINDADE, Antônio Augusto Cançado. Op. cit., p. 16.
97
PIOVESAN, Flávia. Direitos Humanos e o Direito Constitucional Internacional. 8. ed. São Paulo: Saraiva,
2007, p. 28-29, para quem há um “reencontro com o pensamento kantiano”.
98
Ibidem, p. 31.
99
TRINDADE, Antônio Augusto Cançado. O legado da Declaração Universal e o Futuro da Proteção
Internacional dos Direitos Humanos. In: AMARAL JR., Alberto; PERRONE-MOISÉS, Cláudia Maria (org.). O
Cinqüentenário da Declaração Universal dos Direitos do Homem. São Paulo: EDUSP, 1999, p. 25-26.
99
TRINDADE, Antônio Augusto Cançado. Op. cit., p. 16.
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COMPARATO, Fábio Konder. Op. cit. p. 56-58.
Para Peces-Barba Martínez, existem quatro grandes linhas de compreensão histórica e racional dos direitos
fundamentais: a positivação, a generalização (expansão da tipologia dos direitos), internacionalização e
especificação. Cf. MARTÍNEZ, Gregorio Peces-Barba. Lecciones de Derechos Fundamentales. Madri:
Dykinson, 2004, p. 115.
102
PIOVESAN, Flávia. Direitos Humanos e o Direito Constitucional Internacional. 8. ed. São Paulo: Saraiva,
2007, p. 43. Cf., ainda, ANDRADE, José Carlos Vieira. Os direitos fundamentais na Constituição Portuguesa
de 1976. 3. ed. Coimbra: Almedina, 2007, p. 31.
101
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CANOTILHO, J. J. Gomes. Direito constitucional. 6. ed. Coimbra: Almedina, 1999, p. 1276.
CANOTILHO, J. J. Gomes. Op. cit., p. 1276.
105
CANOTILHO, J. J. Gomes. Op. cit., p. 1278.
106
TRINDADE, Antônio Augusto Cançado. O legado da Declaração Universal e o Futuro da Proteção
Internacional dos Direitos Humanos. In: AMARAL JR., Alberto; PERRONE-MOISÉS, Cláudia Maria (org.). O
Cinqüentenário da Declaração Universal dos Direitos do Homem. São Paulo: EDUSP, 1999, p. 33.
104
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HABERLE. Peter. Novos horizontes e desafios do constitucionalismo. Revista de Direito do Estado. Rio de
Janeiro, ano 2, n. 6, p. 67-86, abr./jun./2007, p. 78-79.
108
TRINDADE, Antônio Augusto Cançado. O legado da Declaração Universal e o Futuro da Proteção
Internacional dos Direitos Humanos. In: AMARAL JR., Alberto; PERRONE-MOISÉS, Cláudia Maria (org.). O
Cinqüentenário da Declaração Universal dos Direitos do Homem. São Paulo: EDUSP, 1999, p. 44.
109
MARTÍNEZ, Gregorio Peces-Barba. Lecciones de Derechos Fundamentales. Madri: Dykinson, 2004, p. 118.
110
LUÑO, Antonio-Henrique Perez. Los derechos fundamentales. 9. ed. Madri: Editorial Tecnos, 2007, p. 41.
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MARTÍNEZ, Gregorio Peces-Barba. Lecciones de Derechos Fundamentales. Madri: Dykinson, 2004, p. 119.
A Comissão Européia dos Direitos do Homem era uma espécie de órgão investigativo, quase-judicial ou
similar ao Ministério Público, que recebia queixas contra Estados-partes para verificar a viabilidade e, se fosse o
caso, para encaminhamento à Corte Européia de Direitos Humanos. Cf. RAMOS. André de Carvalho. Processo
Internacional de Direitos Humanos: análise dos sistemas de apuração de violações de direitos humanos e a
implementação das decisões no Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: Renovar, 2002, p. 188-189.
113
Registre-se que ainda permanece, como requisito de admissibilidade, o esgotamento da jurisdição interna do
Estado. Cf. RAMOS. André de Carvalho. Processo Internacional de Direitos Humanos: análise dos sistemas de
apuração de violações de direitos humanos e a implementação das decisões no Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: Renovar,
2002, p. 186/187.
114
BOBBIO, Norberto. A Era dos Direitos. Campus: Rio de Janeiro, 1996, p. 40.
112
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115
TRINDADE, Antônio Augusto Cançado. O legado da Declaração Universal e o Futuro da Proteção
Internacional dos Direitos Humanos. In: AMARAL JR., Alberto; PERRONE-MOISÉS, Cláudia Maria (org.). O
Cinqüentenário da Declaração Universal dos Direitos do Homem. São Paulo: EDUSP, 1999, p. 41.
116
TRINDADE, Antônio Augusto Cançado. O legado da Declaração Universal e o Futuro da Proteção
Internacional dos Direitos Humanos. In: AMARAL JR., Alberto; PERRONE-MOISÉS, Cláudia Maria (org.). O
Cinqüentenário da Declaração Universal dos Direitos do Homem. São Paulo: EDUSP, 1999, p. 43.
44
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Sobre o tema, conferir o relato de: ANDRADE, José Carlos Vieira. Os direitos fundamentais na Constituição
Portuguesa de 1976. 3. ed. Coimbra: Almedina, 2007, p. 26-29.
118
TRINDADE, Antônio Augusto Cançado. O legado da Declaração Universal e o Futuro da Proteção
Internacional dos Direitos Humanos. In: AMARAL JR., Alberto; PERRONE-MOISÉS, Cláudia Maria (org.). O
Cinqüentenário da Declaração Universal dos Direitos do Homem. São Paulo: EDUSP, 1999, p. 32.
119
Cf. ANDRADE, José Carlos Vieira. Os direitos fundamentais na Constituição Portuguesa de 1976. 3. ed.
Coimbra: Almedina, 2007, p. 28-29.
120
O Conselho da Europa é uma organização política supranacional – que não se confunde com a União
Européia: esta é uma comunidade menor, com mais enfoque na integração econômica – formada por 47 países
europeus, à semelhança da OEA – Organização dos Estados Americanos em relação aos países das Américas.
Ele tem sede em Strasbourg, na França, e foi criada pela Convenção Européia dos Direitos do Homem, tendo
como enfoque maior a defesa dos direitos humanos. Maiores informações no sítio http://www.coe.int.
121
O nome oficial da convenção é inglês é: Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental
Freedoms.
122
Cf. RAMOS. André de Carvalho. Processo Internacional de Direitos Humanos: análise dos sistemas de
apuração de violações de direitos humanos e a implementação das decisões no Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: Renovar,
2002, p. 185-186. Após a edição dessa obra, mais três protocolos foram firmado, segundo consta do sítio oficial
do
Conselho
da
Europa:
<http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/ListeTraites.asp?MA=3&CM=7&CL=ENG>.
45
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ALEXY, Robert. Constitucionalismo Discursivo. Trad. Luís Afonso Heck. Porto Alegre: Livraria do
Advogado, 2007, p. 94-95.
124
ANDRADE, José Carlos Vieira. Os direitos fundamentais no Século XXI. ANDRADE, José Carlos Vieira de.
Os Direitos Fundamentais no Século XXI. Disponível em: < http://www.georgelima.xpg.com.br/andrade.pdf>.
Acesso em: 26/10/2007.
125
MARTÍNEZ. Gregorio Peces-Barba. Lecciones de Derechos Fundamentales. Madri: Dykinson, 2004, p. 118.
46
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DANTAS, Frederico Wildson Lacerda. Universalismo versus relativismo cultural: a afirmação universal dos
direitos humanos no âmbito do Direito Constitucional Internacional. Revista da Escola da Magistratura Federal
da 5ª Região, n. 14, p. 136, mar. 2007.
127
HABERMAS, Jürgen. A constelação pós-nacional: ensaios políticos. Trad. Márcio Seligmann-Silva. São
Paulo: Littera Mundi, 2001, p. 150-151.
128
Ibidem, p. 151.
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ALEXY, Robert. Constitucionalismo Discursivo. Trad. Luís Afonso Heck. Porto Alegre: Livraria do
Advogado, 2007, p. 104.
130
TRINDADE, Antônio Augusto Cançado. O legado da Declaração Universal e o Futuro da Proteção
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48
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HABERMAS, Jürgen. A constelação pós-nacional: ensaios políticos. Trad. Márcio Seligmann-Silva. São
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TRINDADE, Antônio Augusto Cançado. O legado da Declaração Universal e o Futuro da Proteção
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SALDANHA, Nelson. Formação da Teoria Constitucional. 2. ed. Rio de Janeiro: Renovar, 2000, p. 2-3.
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SALDANHA, Nelson. Formação da Teoria Constitucional. 2. ed. Rio de Janeiro: Renovar, 2000, p. 10.
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BAYÓN,
Juan
Carlos.
Derechos,
democracia
y
constitucion.
Disponível
em:
<http://descargas.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/doxa/12925071916700495109213/discusiones1/Vol1_
05.pdf>. Acesso em: 13/05/2007.
136
BARROSO, Luís Roberto; BARCELLOS, Ana Paula de. O começo da História: a nova interpretação
constitucional e o papel dos princípios no direito brasileiro. In: Interpretação constitucional. SILVA, Virgílio
Afonso da (org.). São Paulo: Malheiros, 2005, p. 271-316, p. 277-278.
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VERDÚ, Pablo Lucas. O sentimento constitucional: aproximação ao estudo do sentir constitucional como
modo de integração política. Trad. Agassiz Almeida Filho. Rio de Janeiro: Forense, 2006, p. 117.
138
Segundo Nelson Saldanha, a expressão “estado legalitário” foi cunhada por Carl Schmitt. O autor citado,
entretanto, não indica onde colheu a referência. Cf. SALDANHA, Nelson. Formação da Teoria Constitucional.
2. ed. Rio de Janeiro: Renovar, 2000, p. 22-23.
139
SALDANHA, Nelson. Op. cit., p. 25.
140
BARROSO, Luís Roberto. Neoconstitucionalismo e constitucionalização do direito. In: Revista de Direito
Constitucional e Internacional. Ano 15, n. 58, jan.-mar. 2007, p. 133.
51
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BARROSO, Luís Roberto; BARCELLOS, Ana Paula de. Op. cit., p. 279-279.
BARCELLOS, Ana Paula de. Alguns parâmetros normativos para a ponderação constitucional. In:
BARROSO, Luís Roberto (org.). A nova interpretação constitucional: ponderação, direitos fundamentais e
relações privadas. 2. ed. Rio de Janeiro: Renovar, 2006, p. 49-118, p. 51.
143
Para Jane Reis G. Pereira, o entendimento da Constituição como ordem de valores é da tradição
constitucional alemã, conforme desenvolvimento aplicado pela Corte Constitucional deste país. Cf. PEREIRA,
Jane Reis Gonçalves. Apontamentos sobre a aplicação das normas de direito fundamental nas relações jurídicas
entre particulares. In: BARROSO, Luís Roberto (org.). A nova interpretação constitucional: ponderação,
direitos fundamentais e relações privadas. 2. ed. Rio de Janeiro: Renovar, 2006, p. 119-192, p. 149-150.
144
BARROSO, Luís Roberto. Neoconstitucionalismo e constitucionalização do direito. Revista de Direito
Constitucional e Internacional. São Paulo: RT, ano 15, n. 58, jan./mar. 2007, p. 129-173, p. 141.
145
BARROSO, Luís Roberto; BARCELLOS, Ana Paula de. Op. cit., p. 280.
146
BARROSO, Luís Roberto; BARCELLOS, Ana Paula de. Op. cit., p. 279.
142
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ZAGREBELSKY, Gustavo. Historia y constitución. Madri: Minima Trotta, 2005, p. 30.
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Para uma análise do conceito de direito subjetivo e sua relação com os direitos sociais, na qual se rejeita a
idéia de que os direitos sociais não são direitos subjetivos, cf. MELLO, Cláudio Ari. Os direitos fundamentais
sociais e o conceito de direito subjetivo. Revista do Ministério Público do Rio Grande do Sul, n. 56, p. 105-138,
Porto Alegre: Livraria do Advogado, set./dez. 2005.
149
Note-se, por exemplo, que a Constituição brasileira de 1988 divide o título dos direitos fundamentais em
cinco capítulos, que tratam de categorias diversas de direitos. E estes capítulos são subdivididos em dezenas de
dispositivos, o que revela, de logo, a diversidade e complexidade dos direitos fundamentais.
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“Há um conjunto de direitos fundamentais, do qual decorrem todos os outros: o conjunto dos direitos que
estão mais intimamente ligados à dignidade e ao valor da pessoa humana e sem os quais os indivíduos perdem a
sua qualidade de homens.” ANDRADE, José Carlos Vieira. Os Direitos Fundamentais na Constituição
Portuguesa de 1976. 3. ed. Coimbra: Almedina, 2007, p. 36.
151
Sobre a importância dos direitos fundamentais no Estado de Direito e no constitucionalismo, cf. LUÑO,
Antonio-Henrique Perez. Los derechos fundamentales. 9. ed. Madri: Editorial Tecnos, 2007, p. 19-20.
152
CANOTILHO, J. J. Gomes. Estudos sobre Direitos Fundamentais. Coimbra: Coimbra Editora, 2004, p. 51.
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153
SILVA, José Afonso da Silva. Curso de Direito Constitucional Positivo. 16. ed. São Paulo: Malheiros, 1999,
p 187-188.
154
Alguns autores referem-se, também, aos termos “caráter”, “natureza”, “função”, os quais podem ser
considerados, para o contexto citado, como sinônimos. Cf. ANDRADE, José Carlos Vieira. Os Direitos
Fundamentais na Constituição Portuguesa de 1976. 3. ed. Coimbra: Almedina, 2007, p. 114.
155
ZIPPELIUS, Reinhold. Introdução ao Estudo do Direito. Trad. Gercélia Mendes. Belo horizonte: Del Rey,
2006, p. 7.
156
BOBBIO, Norberto. Teoria do Ordenamento Jurídico. 10. ed. Brasília; UNB, 1999, p. 33.
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Para Habermas, “as sociedades jurídicas modernas constroem-se essencialmente sobre direitos subjetivos.”.
Cf. HABERMAS, Jürgen. A constelação pós-nacional: ensaios políticos. Trad. Márcio Seligmann-Silva. São
Paulo: Littera Mundi, 2001, p. 144.
158
Sobre o tema do Estado ser uma especificação funcional da sociedade para atuar sobre si mesma e também o
Estado de Direito ser uma proteção para os membros contra o próprio Estado, cf. HABERMAS, Jürgen. A
constelação pós-nacional: ensaios políticos. Trad. Márcio Seligmann-Silva. São Paulo: Littera Mundi, 2001, p.
80.
159
BONAVIDES, Paulo. Curso de direito constitucional. 21. ed. São Paulo: Malheiros, 2007, p. 563.
160
O termo “dimensões” aqui utilizado se refere às ondas históricas de aparecimento de direitos e não ao
significado que se atribui ao termo utilizado no nome do capítulo, que se refere à dupla natureza das normas de
direitos fundamentais: subjetiva e objetiva.
161
ANDRADE, José Carlos Vieira. Os Direitos Fundamentais na Constituição Portuguesa de 1976. 3. ed.
Coimbra: Almedina, 2007, p. 68.
162
BONAVIDES, Paulo. Curso de direito constitucional. 21. ed. São Paulo: Malheiros, 2007, p. 573.
57
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CANOTILHO, J. J. Gomes. Direito constitucional e Teoria da Constituição. 3. ed. Coimbra: Almedina,
1999, p. 1179.
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ANDRADE, José Carlos Vieira de. Os Direitos Fundamentais na Constituição Portuguesa de 1976. 3. ed.
Coimbra: Almedina, 2007, p. 117-118.
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CANOTILHO, J. J. Gomes. Estudos sobre Direitos Fundamentais. Coimbra: Coimbra Editora, 2004, p. 45-
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166
CANOTILHO, J. J. Gomes. Direito constitucional e Teoria da Constituição. 3. ed. Coimbra: Almedina,
1999, p. 1176.
167
CANOTILHO, J. J. Gomes. Estudos sobre Direitos Fundamentais. Coimbra: Coimbra Editora, 2004, p. 49.
168
Adota-se a análise de José Carlos Vieira de Andrade. Cf. ANDRADE, José Carlos Vieira de. Os Direitos
Fundamentais na Constituição Portuguesa de 1976. 3. ed. Coimbra: Almedina, 2007, p. 120-141.
169
Alguns deles também são extensíveis, evidentemente, às pessoas jurídicas, especialmente no caso de não se
referirem diretamente à dignidade humana.
170
ANDRADE, José Carlos Vieira de. Os Direitos Fundamentais na Constituição Portuguesa de 1976. 3. ed.
Coimbra: Almedina, 2007, p. 120-121.
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Os exemplos são de Vieira de Andrade, com relação ao Direito Constitucional português, mas se aplicam
claramente ao nosso Direito Constitucional. Cf. ANDRADE, José Carlos Vieira de. Os Direitos Fundamentais
na Constituição Portuguesa de 1976. 3. ed. Coimbra: Almedina, 2007, p. 134-139.
172
Sobre como a falta de oportunidades iguais implica na manutenção e agravamento das desigualdades nos
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Seligmann-Silva. São Paulo: Littera Mundi, 2001, p. 120-121.
60
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ANDRADE, José Carlos Vieira de. Os Direitos Fundamentais na Constituição Portuguesa de 1976. 3. ed.
Coimbra: Almedina, 2007, p. 140.
174
Ibidem, loc. cit.
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ALEXY, Robert. Constitucionalismo Discursivo. Trad. Luís Afonso Heck. Porto Alegre: Livraria do
Advogado, 2007, p. 34.
176
ALEXY, Robert. Teoría del Discurso y Derechos Constitucionales. México D. F.: Distribuciones Fontamara,
2005, p.50-51.
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SARLET, Ingo Wolfgang. A eficácia dos Direitos Fundamentais. 8. ed. Porto Alegre: Livraria do Advogado,
2007, p. 91.
178
BONAVIDES, Paulo. Curso de direito constitucional. 21. ed. São Paulo: Malheiros, 2007, p. 562.
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179
SARLET, Ingo Wolfgang. A eficácia dos Direitos Fundamentais. 8. ed. Porto Alegre: Livraria do Advogado,
2007, p. 168.
180
Ibidem, p. 177.
181
ANDRADE, José Carlos Vieira de. Os Direitos Fundamentais na Constituição Portuguesa de 1976. 3. ed.
Coimbra: Almedina, 2007, p. 117.
182
SARLET, Ingo Wolfgang. A eficácia dos Direitos Fundamentais. 8. ed. Porto Alegre: Livraria do Advogado,
2007, p. 169.
63
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183
Ibidem, p. 171, na qual Ingo Sarlet atesta que a perspectiva objetiva ou dimensão objetiva pode servir para
impor restrições aos direitos subjetivos individuais, em face dos valores comunitários revelados por aquela.
184
ANDRADE, José Carlos Vieira de. Os Direitos Fundamentais na Constituição Portuguesa de 1976. 3. ed.
Coimbra: Almedina, 2007, p. 142.
185
Ibidem, p. 142.
186
Cf. a propósito, a obra de Dimitri Dimoulis e Leonardo Martins, na qual os autores destacam os seguintes
efeitos da dimensão objetiva dos direitos fundamentais: parâmetro de controle de constitucionalidade, irradiação
na ordem jurídica como critério de interpretação da ordem infraconstitucional e a existência de deveres de
proteção. DIMOULIS, Dimitri; MARTINS, Leonardo. Teoria Geral dos Direitos Fundamentais. São Paulo: RT,
2007, p. 118-131.
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187
ANDRADE, José Carlos Vieira de. Os Direitos Fundamentais na Constituição Portuguesa de 1976. 3. ed.
Coimbra: Almedina, 2007, p. 115-116.
188
ANDRADE, José Carlos Vieira de. Os Direitos Fundamentais na Constituição Portuguesa de 1976. 3. ed.
Coimbra: Almedina, 2007, p 115-116.
189
Essa posição poderia ter respaldo no nosso texto constitucional, pois, quanto aos direitos fundamentais, há
norma garantindo a eficácia imediata (art. 5º, § 1º, CF/88), de forma que todos os direitos fundamentais, em
princípio, poderiam ser enquadrados como direitos subjetivos. Cf. MELLO, Cláudio Ari. Os direitos
fundamentais sociais e o conceito de direito subjetivo. Revista do Ministério Público do Rio Grande do Sul, n.
56, p. 105-138, Porto Alegre: Livraria do Advogado, set./dez. 2005.
190
Andrade Vieira dá exemplos da Constituição portuguesa - que também encontram similar na nossa
Constituição - de garantias institucionais, como a autonomia universitária e a liberdade de ensino à iniciativa
privada, que promovem o direito à educação. Cf. ANDRADE, José Carlos Vieira de. Os Direitos Fundamentais
na Constituição Portuguesa de 1976. 3. ed. Coimbra: Almedina, 2007, p. 143-144.
191
ANDRADE, José Carlos Vieira de. Os Direitos Fundamentais na Constituição Portuguesa de 1976. 3. ed.
Coimbra: Almedina, 2007, p 143.
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SARLET, Ingo Wolfgang. A eficácia dos Direitos Fundamentais. 8. ed. Porto Alegre: Livraria do Advogado,
2007, p. 212-213.
193
SARLET, Op. Cit., p. 213
194
BONAVIDES, Paulo. Curso de direito constitucional. 21. ed. São Paulo: Malheiros, 2007, p. 537.
195
BONAVIDES, Paulo. Curso de direito constitucional. 21. ed. São Paulo: Malheiros, 2007, p. 544-545. Nesse
texto, com inspiração em Canotilho, Bonavides cita o caso da “instituição imprensa livre”, que é indissociável
do direito subjetivo à liberdade de imprensa.
196
SARLET, Ingo Wolfgang. A eficácia dos Direitos Fundamentais. 8. ed. Porto Alegre: Livraria do Advogado,
2007, p. 216.
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197
ANDRADE, José Carlos Vieira de. Os Direitos Fundamentais na Constituição Portuguesa de 1976. 3. ed.
Coimbra: Almedina, 2007, p 145.
198
ANDRADE, José Carlos Vieira de. Os Direitos Fundamentais na Constituição Portuguesa de 1976. 3. ed.
Coimbra: Almedina, 2007, p 144.
199
SARLET, Ingo Wolfgang. A eficácia dos Direitos Fundamentais. 8. ed. Porto Alegre: Livraria do Advogado,
2007, p. 174.
200
ANDRADE, José Carlos Vieira de. Os Direitos Fundamentais na Constituição Portuguesa de 1976. 3. ed.
Coimbra: Almedina, 2007, p 146.
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ANDRADE, José Carlos Vieira de. Os Direitos Fundamentais na Constituição Portuguesa de 1976. 3. ed.
Coimbra: Almedina, 2007, p 148-149.
202
SARLET, Ingo Wolfgang. A eficácia dos Direitos Fundamentais. 8. ed. Porto Alegre: Livraria do Advogado,
2007, p. 175.
203
ANDRADE, José Carlos Vieira de. Os Direitos Fundamentais na Constituição Portuguesa de 1976. 3. ed.
Coimbra: Almedina, 2007, p 156.
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ANDRADE, José Carlos Vieira de. Os Direitos Fundamentais na Constituição Portuguesa de 1976. 3. ed.
Coimbra: Almedina, 2007, p 150.
205
SARLET, Ingo Wolfgang. A eficácia dos Direitos Fundamentais. 8. ed. Porto Alegre: Livraria do Advogado,
2007, p. 226. No caso, o autor refere-se a obra, escrita em alemão, do autor germânico Konrad Hesse.
206
SARLET, Ingo Wolfgang. A eficácia dos Direitos Fundamentais. 8. ed. Porto Alegre: Livraria do Advogado,
2007, p. 223.
207
ANDRADE, José Carlos Vieira de. Os Direitos Fundamentais na Constituição Portuguesa de 1976. 3. ed.
Coimbra: Almedina, 2007, p 152.
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SARLET, Ingo Wolfgang. A eficácia dos Direitos Fundamentais. 8. ed. Porto Alegre: Livraria do Advogado,
2007, p. 226.
209
ALEXY, Robert. Teoría de los Derechos Fundamentales. Centro de Estudios Constitucionales: Madri, 1997,
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ANDRADE, José Carlos Vieira de. Os Direitos Fundamentais na Constituição Portuguesa de 1976. 3. ed.
Coimbra: Almedina, 2007, p 153.
211
ANDRADE, José Carlos Vieira de. Os Direitos Fundamentais na Constituição Portuguesa de 1976. 3. ed.
Coimbra: Almedina, 2007, p 158.
212
ANDRADE, José Carlos Vieira de. Os Direitos Fundamentais na Constituição Portuguesa de 1976. 3. ed.
Coimbra: Almedina, 2007, p 158-159.
213
ANDRADE, José Carlos Vieira de. Os Direitos Fundamentais na Constituição Portuguesa de 1976. 3. ed.
Coimbra: Almedina, 2007, p 159.
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CANOTILHO, J. J. Gomes. Direito constitucional e Teoria da Constituição. 3. ed. Coimbra: Almedina,
1999, p. 1179.
215
Art. 5, 1º, da Constituição Federal de 1988.
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216
SARLET, Ingo Wolfgang. A eficácia dos Direitos Fundamentais. 8. ed. Porto Alegre: Livraria do Advogado,
2007, p. 182. Nessa parte da obra, o autor cita o jurista alemão Bleckmann, que relacionou nada menos que 12
(doze) funções dos direitos fundamentais, entre elas: direitos de defesa, direitos de participação, ordem de
valores, deveres fundamentais, direitos fundamentais como deveres de proteção, entre outras.
217
A referência é à Constituição portuguesa de 1976, mas pode igualmente ser relacionada à Constituição
brasileira de 1988. Cf. CANOTILHO, J. J. Gomes. Direito constitucional e Teoria da Constituição. 3. ed.
Coimbra: Almedina, 1999, p. 1308-1309.
218
CANOTILHO, J. J. Gomes. Direito constitucional e Teoria da Constituição. 3. ed. Coimbra: Almedina,
1999, p. 1309.
219
Sobre as diversas classificações na doutrina estrangeira e brasileira, Cf. SARLET, Ingo Wolfgang. A eficácia
dos Direitos Fundamentais. 8. ed. Porto Alegre: Livraria do Advogado, 2007, p. 186-197.
220
ANDRADE, José Carlos Vieira de. Os Direitos Fundamentais na Constituição Portuguesa de 1976. 3. ed.
Coimbra: Almedina, 2007, p. 177.
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221
SARLET, Ingo Wolfgang. A eficácia dos Direitos Fundamentais. 8. ed. Porto Alegre: Livraria do Advogado,
2007, p. 195.
222
SARLET, Ingo Wolfgang. A eficácia dos Direitos Fundamentais. 8. ed. Porto Alegre: Livraria do Advogado,
2007, p. 203-204.
223
Essa é a expressão utilizada por Perez Luño, sendo que este autor divide os direitos fundamentais em dois
grandes grupos, de acordo com a Constituição da Espanha: liberdades públicas e direitos sociais. Cf. LUÑO,
Antonio-Henrique Perez. Los derechos fundamentales. 9. ed. Madri: Editorial Tecnos, 2007, p. 171.
74
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DIMOULIS, Dimitri; MARTINS, Leonardo. Teoria Geral dos Direitos Fundamentais. São Paulo: RT,
2007, p. 63-68, os quais baseiam-se na famosa lição do publicista alemão Georg Jellinek.
225
SILVA, José Afonso da. Curso de Direito Constitucional Positivo. 16. ed. São Paulo: Malheiros, 1999,
p. 186-187.
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226
O autor explica a classificação tradicional entre os direitos civis (individuais), políticos (estes dois
considerados liberais) e sociais, mas depois critica a rígida diferenciação entre direitos liberais e sociais, na
medida em que existem diversos pontos em comum entre as duas categorias, como, por exemplo, o fato de
que ambos os direitos operam custos para o Estado. Cf. MIGUEL, Alfonso Ruiz. Derechos liberales y
derechos
sociales.
Disponível
em:
<http://descargas.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/doxa/01361620824573839199024/cuaderno15/v
olII/doxa15_09.pdf>. Acesso em: 05/07/2007.
227
Sobre o conceito de liberalismo clássico e sua influência no constitucionalismo moderno, cf. DIPPEL, Horst.
História do Constitucionalismo Moderno: novas perspectivas. Lisboa: Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, 2007, p.
66-76.
228
SARLET, Ingo Wolfgang. A eficácia dos Direitos Fundamentais. 8. ed. Porto Alegre: Livraria do Advogado,
2007, p. 197.
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229
ANDRADE, José Carlos Vieira de. Os Direitos Fundamentais na Constituição Portuguesa de 1976. 3. ed.
Coimbra: Almedina, 2007, p. 178.
230
DIMOULIS, Dimitri; MARTINS, Leonardo. Teoria Geral dos Direitos Fundamentais. São Paulo: RT, 2007,
p. 67.
231
ANDRADE, José Carlos Vieira de. Os Direitos Fundamentais na Constituição Portuguesa de 1976. 3. ed.
Coimbra: Almedina, 2007, p. 181.
232
ANDRADE, José Carlos Vieira de. Os Direitos Fundamentais na Constituição Portuguesa de 1976. 3. ed.
Coimbra: Almedina, 2007, p. 179-180.
77
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233
ANDRADE, José Carlos Vieira de. Os Direitos Fundamentais na Constituição Portuguesa de 1976. 3. ed.
Coimbra: Almedina, 2007, p. 179.
234
SARLET, Ingo Wolfgang. A eficácia dos Direitos Fundamentais. 8. ed. Porto Alegre: Livraria do Advogado,
2007, p. 219.
78
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235
DIMOULIS, Dimitri; MARTINS, Leonardo. Teoria Geral dos Direitos Fundamentais. São Paulo: RT, 2007,
p. 67.
236
ANDRADE, José Carlos Vieira de. Os Direitos Fundamentais na Constituição Portuguesa de 1976. 3. ed.
Coimbra: Almedina, 2007, p. 385.
79
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237
SARLET, Ingo Wolfgang. A eficácia dos Direitos Fundamentais. 8. ed. Porto Alegre: Livraria do Advogado,
2007, p. 218.
238
SARLET, Ingo Wolfgang. A eficácia dos Direitos Fundamentais. 8. ed. Porto Alegre: Livraria do Advogado,
2007, p. 196-197.
239
Termos análogos também são utilizados por Robert Alexy, para quem os direitos a prestações subdividem-se
em direitos a ações fáticas e direitos a ações normativas, os quais compreendem o conjunto de “direitos a algo”
juntamente com os direitos de não-interferência. Estes últimos componentes de um sistema mais amplo de
direitos fundamentais ao lado das liberdades e das competências. Cf. ALEXY, Robert. Teoría de los Derechos
Fundamentales. Centro de Estudios Constitucionales: Madri, 1997, p. 186; 194-195.
240
CANOTILHO, J. J. Gomes. Direito constitucional e Teoria da Constituição. 3. ed. Coimbra: Almedina,
1999, p. 1181.
80
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241
Entende-se, aqui, direito social como o tipo de direito que implica numa tentativa de promoção da igualdade
fática na comunidade, conforme ver-se-á mais adiante, sendo que os direitos sociais podem ser também
configurados como direitos de defesa ou de não-intervenção.
242
Isso comprova o entendimento doutrinário da existência de uma dimensão dúplice dos direitos fundamentais
em geral, ou seja, de direitos de defesa e de direitos prestacionais, que não se excluem em face da
interdependência entre as dimensões. Cf., entre outros, SARLET, Ingo Wolfgang. A eficácia dos Direitos
Fundamentais. 8. ed. Porto Alegre: Livraria do Advogado, 2007, p. 237 e 241.
243
Para Robert Alexy, os direitos a prestações são de três espécies: direito à proteção, à organização e ao
procedimento e direitos prestacionais em sentido estrito. Cf. ALEXY, Robert. Teoría de los Derechos
Fundamentales. Centro de Estudios Constitucionales: Madri, 1997, p. 430.
81
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244
ALEXY, Robert. Teoría de los Derechos Fundamentales. Centro de Estudios Constitucionales: Madri, 1997,
p. 435-436.
245
ALEXY, Robert. Teoría de los Derechos Fundamentales. Centro de Estudios Constitucionales: Madri, 1997,
p. 436.
246
SARLET, Ingo Wolfgang. A eficácia dos Direitos Fundamentais. 8. ed. Porto Alegre: Livraria do Advogado,
2007, p. 237. As referências do autos aos custos dos direitos sociais foram colhidas de obra de Stephen Holmes e
Cass Sustein (The Cost of Rights – Why liberty depends on taxes).
247
SARLET, Ingo Wolfgang. A eficácia dos Direitos Fundamentais. 8. ed. Porto Alegre: Livraria do Advogado,
2007, p. 224-225.
82
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248
SARLET, Ingo Wolfgang. A eficácia dos Direitos Fundamentais. 8. ed. Porto Alegre: Livraria do Advogado,
2007, p. 222.
249
Para Vieira de Andrade, os direitos de defesa (direitos, liberdades e garantias, conforme texto da Constituição
portuguesa) “devem ser concretizados ao nível da Constituição”, até mesmo por meio, em último caso, de uma
interpretação criadora dos tribunais, especialmente nos casos de conexão direta com o princípio da dignidade
humana, sendo, portanto, praticamente desnecessária ou indevida uma intervenção legislativa para sua
regulamentação. Cf. ANDRADE, José Carlos Vieira de. Os Direitos Fundamentais na Constituição Portuguesa
de 1976. 3. ed. Coimbra: Almedina, 2007, p. 189.
250
ANDRADE, José Carlos Vieira de. Os Direitos Fundamentais na Constituição Portuguesa de 1976. 3. ed.
Coimbra: Almedina, 2007, p. 188-193.
83
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ANDRADE, José Carlos Vieira de. Os Direitos Fundamentais na Constituição Portuguesa de 1976. 3. ed.
Coimbra: Almedina, 2007, p. 387-388.
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MELLO, Cláudio Ari. Os direitos fundamentais sociais e o conceito de direito subjetivo. Revista do
Ministério Público do Rio Grande do Sul, n. 56, p. 105-138, Porto Alegre: Livraria do Advogado, set./dez. 2005,
p. 136.
253
ANDRADE, José Carlos Vieira de. Os Direitos Fundamentais na Constituição Portuguesa de 1976. 3. ed.
Coimbra: Almedina, 2007, p. 179.
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DIMOULIS, Dimitri; MARTINS, Leonardo. Teoria Geral dos Direitos Fundamentais. São Paulo: RT, 2007,
p. 68.
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MARTÍNEZ. Gregorio Peces-Barba. Lecciones de Derechos Fundamentales. Madri: Dykinson, 2004, p. 285.
DIMOULIS, Dimitri; MARTINS, Leonardo. Teoria Geral dos Direitos Fundamentais. São Paulo: RT, 2007,
p. 68.
257
LUÑO, Antonio-Henrique Perez. Los derechos fundamentales. 9. ed. Madri: Editorial Tecnos, 2007, p. 181182.
258
Ingo Sarlet relata que tais direitos (arts. 12 a 17 da Constituição de 1988) estão em estreita conexão, o que
justificaria a existência do conjunto citado, com o que concorda-se, pois de fato os dispositivos constitucionais
citados dizem respeito, em última análise, à participação do indivíduo na vida da comunidade política. Cf.
SARLET, Ingo Wolfgang. A eficácia dos Direitos Fundamentais. 8. ed. Porto Alegre: Livraria do Advogado,
2007, p. 206-207.
256
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MARTÍNEZ. Gregorio Peces-Barba. Lecciones de Derechos Fundamentales. Madri: Dykinson, 2004, p. 285.
Como o do próprio Ingo Sarlet, que considera os direitos políticos como direitos de defesa. Op. Cit., p. 208209.
260
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261
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Contemporânea. 3. ed. Lumen Juris: Rio de Janeiro, 2004, p. 12.
262
Constituição Federal, art. 1º, III.
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Constituição Federal, art. 3º, I, III e IV.
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ARANGO, Rodolfo. Direitos Fundamentais Sociais, Justiça Constitucional e Democracia. Revista do
Ministério Público do Rio Grande do Sul, n. 56, p. 89-103, Porto Alegre: Livraria do Advogado, set./dez. 2005,
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LUÑO, Antonio-Henrique Perez. Los derechos fundamentales. 9. ed. Madri: Editorial Tecnos, 2007, p. 137138.
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LUÑO, Antonio-Henrique Perez. Los derechos fundamentales. 9. ed. Madri: Editorial Tecnos, 2007, p. 183.
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CANOTILHO, J.J. Gomes. Direito Constitucional e Teoria da Constituição. 3. ed. Coimbra: Almedina,
1999, p. 443-444.
270
LUÑO, Antonio-Henrique Perez. Los derechos fundamentales. 9. ed. Madri: Editorial Tecnos, 2007, p. 184.
271
SARLET, Ingo Wolfgang. A eficácia dos Direitos Fundamentais. 8. ed. Porto Alegre: Livraria do Advogado,
2007, p. 232.
272
CITTADINO, Gisele. Pluralismo, Direito e Justiça Distributiva: Elementos da Filosofia Constitucional
Contemporânea. 3. ed. Lumen Juris: Rio de Janeiro, 2004, p. 15.
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CITTADINO, Gisele. Pluralismo, Direito e Justiça Distributiva: Elementos da Filosofia Constitucional
Contemporânea. 3. ed. Lumen Juris: Rio de Janeiro, 2004, p. 73.
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SARLET, Ingo Wolfgang. A eficácia dos Direitos Fundamentais. 8. ed. Porto Alegre: Livraria do Advogado,
2007, p. 73.
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Apud SARLET. Ingo Wolfgang. A eficácia dos Direitos Fundamentais. 8. ed. Porto Alegre: Livraria do
Advogado, 2007, p. 74.
276
LIMA, George Marmelstein. Proteção Judicial dos Direitos Fundamentais: diálogo constitucional entre o
Brasil e a Alemanha. Disponível em <http://www.georgemlima.xpg.com.br/alemanha.pdf>. Acesso em:
06/08/2007, p. 111-113.
277
HELLER, Hermann apud MARTÍNEZ. Gregorio Peces-Barba. Derechos Sociales y Positivismo Jurídico:
Escritos de Filosofia Jurídica y Política. Madri: Dykinson, 1999, P. 55.
93
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278
SARLET, Ingo Wolfgang. A eficácia dos Direitos Fundamentais. 8. ed. Porto Alegre: Livraria do Advogado,
2007, p. 221.
279
HABERMAS, Jürgen. A constelação pós-nacional: ensaios políticos. Trad. Márcio Seligmann-Silva. São
Paulo: Littera Mundi, 2001, p. 98.
280
Ibidem, HABERMAS, Jürgen. A constelação pós-nacional: ensaios políticos. Trad. Márcio Seligmann-Silva.
São Paulo: Littera Mundi, 2001, p. 98.
94
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Para Canotilho, a “concepção da dignidade humana e do livre desenvolvimento da personalidade” são a base
para uma “política de realização dos direitos sociais”. Cf. CANOTILHO, J. J. Gomes. Direito constitucional e
Teoria da Constituição. 3. ed. Coimbra: Almedina, 1999, p. 443-444.
282
Sobre a relação entre direitos fundamentais e democracia, Cf. ALEXY, Robert. Constitucionalismo
Discursivo. Trad. Luís Afonso Heck. Porto Alegre: Livraria do Advogado, 2007, p. 33-34.
283
ANDRADE, José Carlos Vieira. Os Direitos Fundamentais na Constituição Portuguesa de 1976. 3. ed.
Coimbra: Almedina, 2007, p. 49.
95
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Cf., a respeito, FERRAZ, Octávio Luiz Motta. Direito à saúde, escassez e o Judiciário. Folha de São
Paulo. São Paulo, 10 ago. 2007, Opinião, Caderno A3, que ressalta a atualidade do debate e apresenta
crítica à tendência jurisprudencial no sentido de reconhecimento do direito à saúde como ilimitado. Para o
articulista, o direito à saúde deveria ser tratado com enfoque na “igualdade de condições (eqüidade) no
acesso aos serviços de saúde.”.
285
Cf., KRELL, Andreas. Direitos Sociais e Controle Judicial no Brasil e Alemanha: os (des)caminhos de
um direito constitucional “comparado”. Porto Alegre: Sergio Fabris Editor, 2002, p. 17-18, para quem a
efetivação real de direitos sociais é uma necessidade da sociedade brasileira, tendo em vista os péssimos
índices socioeconômicos da maioria da população.
286
ROCHA, Cármen Lúcia Antunes Rocha. O mínimo existencial e o princípio da reserva do possível.
Revista Latino-Americana de Estudos Constitucionais, Belo Horizonte, n. 5, p. 439-461, jan./jun. 2005, p. 446447. Para a autora, o princípio do mínimo existencial está diretamente relacionado com o princípio
fundamental da dignidade da pessoa humana, o qual deve ostentar a máxima efetividade possível. A teoria
do mínimo existencial também é assumida cada vez mais por parcela da doutrina brasileira, conforme
relato de LIMA, George Marmelstein. Proteção Judicial dos Direitos Fundamentais: diálogo
constitucional
entre
o
Brasil
e
a
Alemanha,
p.
112-114.
Disponível
em
<http://www.georgemlima.xpg.com.br/alemanha.pdf>. Acesso em: 06/08/2007.
96
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287
Cf., a respeito, BARROSO, Luís Roberto. Fundamentos Teóricos e Filosóficos do Novo
Constitucionalismo Brasileiro.: pós-modernidade, teórica crítica e pós-positivismo. In: BARROSO, Luís
Roberto (org.). A nova interpretação constitucional: ponderação, direitos fundamentais e relações privadas.
2. ed. Rio de Janeiro: Renovar, 2006, p. 47. Neste texto, o autor traça em linhas gerais a evolução do
constitucionalismo brasileiro, notadamente pós 1988, no sentido da “busca da efetividade” das normas
constitucionais por meio, também, de uma nova interpretação constitucional informada por princípios
específicos, especialmente quanto à idéia da existência de um sistema de princípios jurídicos materiais
abertos que informam todo o sistema jurídico no intuito da máxima efetividade da Constituição.
288
SARLET, Ingo Wolfgang. A eficácia dos Direitos Fundamentais. 8. ed. Porto Alegre: Livraria do Advogado,
2007, p. 82.
289
SARLET, Ingo Wolfgang. A eficácia dos Direitos Fundamentais. 8. ed. Porto Alegre: Livraria do Advogado,
2007, p. 275-276.
290
Ibidem, p. 289.
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291
Ibidem, p. 279.
BONAVIDES, Paulo. Curso de Direito Constitucional. 21. ed. São Paulo: Malheiros, 2007, p. 564-565.
293
COMPARATO, Fábio Konder. A afirmação histórica dos Direitos Humanos. 5. ed. São Paulo: Saraiva, 2007,
p. 56-58.
292
98
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294
DIMOULIS, Dimitri; MARTINS, Leonardo. Teoria Geral dos Direitos Fundamentais. São Paulo: RT,
2007, p. 64.
295
SILVA, José Afonso da. Curso de Direito Constitucional Positivo. 16. ed. São Paulo: Malheiros, 1999,
p. 186-187.
99
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296
Cf. MIGUEL, Alfonso Ruiz. Derechos liberales y derechos sociales. Disponível em:
<http://descargas.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/doxa/01361620824573839199024/cuaderno15/v
olII/doxa15_09.pdf>. Acesso em: 05/07/2007. O autor explica nesse texto, inicialmente, a classificação
tradicional entre os direitos civis (individuais), políticos (estes dois considerados liberais) e sociais, para
depois fazer uma crítica de uma rígida diferenciação entre direitos liberais e sociais, na medida em que
existem diversos pontos em comum entre as duas categorias, como, por exemplo, o fato de que ambos os
direitos operam custos para o Estado. Ademais, o autor defende que os direitos fundamentais, liberais e
sociais, consistem em categoria unitária quanto a seus aspectos essenciais, conectados à dignidade e
autonomia humanas.
297
DIMOULIS, Dimitri; MARTINS, Leonardo. Teoria Geral dos Direitos Fundamentais. São Paulo: RT,
2007, p. 80.
100
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298
SARLET. Ingo Wolfgang. A eficácia dos Direitos Fundamentais. 8. ed. Porto Alegre: Livraria do
Advogado, 2007, p. 296.
299
Note-se, entretanto, que alguns direitos sociais consistem em prestações positivas que não são deduzidas
diretamente contra o Estado, a exemplo dos direitos trabalhistas previstos no art. 7º da CF/88, que são
prestados por empresas e pessoas particulares quando assumem a função de empregadores. Assim também
na Constituição portuguesa, conforme ensinamento de CANOTILHO, J.J. Gomes. Direito Constitucional e
Teoria da Constituição. 3. ed. Coimbra: Almedina, 1999, p. 379.
300
TAVARES, André Ramos. Curso de Direito Constitucional. 5. ed. São Paulo: Saraiva, 2006, p. 2007.
301
SILVA, José Afonso da. Curso de Direito Constitucional Positivo. 16. ed. São Paulo: Malheiros, 1999,
p. 289.
101
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302
Cf. SARLET, Ingo Wolfgang. A eficácia dos Direitos Fundamentais. 8. ed. Porto Alegre: Livraria do
Advogado, 2007, p. 299, nota de rodapé 124, na qual o autor entende que os direitos sociais prestacionais
diferem dos direitos de defesa por critério de grau e não de substância.
303
Cf., a propósito, o entendimento de CANOTILHO, J.J. Gomes. Direito Constitucional e Teoria da
Constituição. 3. ed. Coimbra: Almedina, 1999, p. 1181, para quem existem direitos a “prestações fácticas”
e direitos a “prestações normativas”.
304
SARLET, Ingo Wolfgang, op. cit, p. 299.
305
CANOTILHO, J.J. Gomes. Direito Constitucional e Teoria da Constituição. 3. ed. Coimbra: Almedina,
1999, p. 443-444.
306
SARLET, op. cit., p. 373.
102
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307
Cf. BARROSO, Luís Roberto. Interpretação e aplicação da Constituição. 3. ed. São Paulo: Saraiva,
1999, p. 235-263, que faz uma defesa do princípio da máxima efetividade da Constituição.
308
MELLO, Cláudio Ari. Os direitos fundamentais sociais e o conceito de direito subjetivo. Revista do
Ministério Público do Rio Grande do Sul, n. 56, p. 105-138, Porto Alegre: Livraria do Advogado, set./dez. 2005,
p. 128.
309
SARLET. Ingo Wolfgang. A eficácia dos Direitos Fundamentais. 8. ed. Porto Alegre: Livraria do
Advogado, 2007, p. 297.
103
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310
Cf., MAIA, Antônio Cavalcanti. As transformações dos sistemas jurídicos contemporâneos:
apontamentos acerca do neoconstitucionalismo. Disponível em: <http://www.mundojuridico.adv.br>.
Acesso em: 09/08/2007. Nesse texto, o professor da UERJ e da PUC-Rio mostra que as constituições
contemporâneas incorporam conteúdos materiais em forma de princípios, diretrizes e valores, com ênfase
no reconhecimento de direitos fundamentais com forte caráter axiológico e racional, o que ele chama de
“neoconstitucionalismo”.
311
BARROSO, Luís Roberto. Fundamentos Teóricos e Filosóficos do Novo Direito Constitucional
Brasileiro: Pós-modernidade, teoria crítica e pós-positivismo. In: A nova interpretação constitucional:
ponderação, direitos fundamentais e relações privadas. 2.ed. Rio de Janeiro: Renovar, 2006, p. 29; 34-35.
312
Ibidem, p. 47.
313
CANOTILHO, J.J. Gomes. Direito Constitucional e Teoria da Constituição. 3. ed. Coimbra: Almedina,
1999, p. 451.
314
Ibidem, p. 452.
104
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ALEXY, Robert. Constitucionalismo Discursivo. Trad. Luís Afonso Heck. Porto Alegre: Livraria do
Advogado, 2007, p. 63.
316
ARANGO, Rodolfo. Direitos Fundamentais Sociais, Justiça Constitucional e Democracia. Revista do
Ministério Público do Rio Grande do Sul, n. 56, p. 89-103, Porto Alegre: Livraria do Advogado, set./dez. 2005,
p. 95-96.
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Conforme ver-se-á mais adiante, nem sempre a falta de efetividade dos direitos sociais decorre da
ausência de recursos financeiros. Pode ocorrer ausência de normatização pelo Estado, desorganização
administrativa, simples inércia estatal, etc.
318
Cf., ARAÚJO, Eugênio Rosa de. O princípio da reserva do possível e ponderação com regras a ele
pertinentes: viagem na irrealidade do cotidiano financeiro. Revista da Seção Judiciária do Rio de Janeiro,
n. 15, p. 20, 2005, para quem a redemocratização implicou no aumento das demandas populares por
melhores serviços públicos.
319
Cf., a propósito a idéia de “vontade de constituição” descrita magistralmente por HESSE, Konrad. A
força normativa da Constituição. Trad. Gilmar Mendes. Porto Alegre: Sérgio Antonio Fabris Editor, 1991.
320
Para uma visão sistemática das principais correntes doutrinárias, inclusive estrangeiras, e também
críticas quanto à atuação do Poder Judiciário na realização de direitos sociais, cf., BIGOLIN, Giovani. A
reserva do possível como limite à eficácia e efetividade dos direitos sociais. Revista do Ministério Público,
n. 53, mai./set./2004, p. 49-69, Porto Alegre.
321
Confira-se um preciso comentário da decisão em: LIMA, George Marmelstein. Proteção Judicial dos
Direitos Fundamentais: diálogo constitucional entre o Brasil e a Alemanha, p. 125-126. Disponível em
<http://www.georgemlima.xpg.com.br/alemanha.pdf>. Acesso em: 06/08/2007.
106
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322
Ibidem, p. 126.
Ibidem, p. 127.
324
Cf., Cf., ARAÚJO, Eugênio Rosa de. O princípio da reserva do possível e ponderação com regras a ele
pertinentes: viagem na irrealidade do cotidiano financeiro. Revista da Seção Judiciária do Rio de Janeiro,
n. 15, p. 23, 2005, que colhe a distinção em obra de Marcos Masilli Gouvêa (O controle judicial das
omissões administrativas, Forense: 2003. p. 384).
325
LIMA, George Marmelstein. Proteção Judicial dos Direitos Fundamentais: diálogo constitucional entre
o Brasil e a Alemanha, p. 125-126. Disponível em <http://www.georgemlima.xpg.com.br/alemanha.pdf>.
Acesso em: 06/08/2007.
323
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326
Acredito que cabe ao Estado o ônus de comprovar, na contestação da ação judicial, a falta de recursos
financeiros, de acordo com o art. 333 do CPC. Cf., ainda, LIMA, George Marmelstein. Op. cit., p. 129-130,
que também defende a atribuição do ônus da prova ao Estado, inclusive com a remessa aos autos de dados
orçamentários e financeiros que provem a ausência de recursos.
327
ARANGO, Rodolfo. Direitos Fundamentais Sociais, Justiça Constitucional e Democracia. Revista do
Ministério Público do Rio Grande do Sul, n. 56, p. 89-103, Porto Alegre: Livraria do Advogado, set./dez. 2005,
p. 99.
328
LEIVAS. Paulo Gilberto Cogo. Teoria dos Direitos Fundamentais Sociais. Porto Alegre: Livraria do
Advogado, 2006, p. 106-107.
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331
ARANGO, Rodolfo. Direitos Fundamentais Sociais, Justiça Constitucional e Democracia. Revista do
Ministério Público do Rio Grande do Sul, n. 56, p. 89-103, Porto Alegre: Livraria do Advogado, set./dez. 2005,
p. 99.
332
ROCHA, Cármen Lúcia Antunes Rocha. O mínimo existencial e o princípio da reserva do possível.
Revista Latino-Americana de Estudos Constitucionais, Belo Horizonte, n. 5, p. 448, jan./jun. 2005.
333
ROCHA, Cármen Lúcia Antunes Rocha. O mínimo existencial e o princípio da reserva do possível.
Revista Latino-Americana de Estudos Constitucionais, Belo Horizonte, n. 5, p. 460, jan./jun. 2005
334
KRELL, Andreas. Direitos Sociais e Controle Judicial no Brasil e Alemanha: os (des)caminhos de um
direito constitucional “comparado”. Porto Alegre: Sergio Fabris Editor, 2002, p. 102.
335
Ibidem, p. 53.
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ARAÚJO, Eugênio Rosa de. O princípio da reserva do possível e ponderação com regras a ele
pertinentes: viagem na irrealidade do cotidiano financeiro. Revista da Seção Judiciária do Rio de Janeiro,
n. 15, p. 34, 2005.
337
Ibidem, p. 24-27.
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“§ 1º Lei federal disporá sobre a criação de juizados especiais no âmbito da Justiça Federal.”
MOREIRA, José Carlos Barbosa. Temas de direito processual: oitava série. São Paulo: Saraiva, 2004, p. 91.
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TOURINHO Neto, Fernando da Costa; FIGUEIRA JÚNIOR, Joel Dias. Juizados Especiais Federais Cíveis e
Criminais: comentários à Lei 10.259, de 10/07/2001. RT: São Paulo, 2002, p. 45-49. Os autores previram a
grande litigiosidade contida para demandas de baixo valor, aduzindo que logo após a vigência da Lei n. 10.259, a
procura pelo ingresso de ações na Justiça Federal aumentou bastante, fato esse que se confirmou plenamente nos
anos de 2002 a 2006, principalmente, como mostram as estatísticas da Justiça Federal. De fato, já no ano de
2004, o número de feitos ajuizados nos juizados especiais federais superou o número de processos ajuizados nas
varas federais comuns: 1.533.000 contra 1.109.677.
117
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345
Cf., KRELL, Andreas. Direitos Sociais e Controle Judicial no Brasil e Alemanha: os (des)caminhos de um
direito constitucional “comparado”. Porto Alegre: Sergio Fabris Editor, 2002, p. 17-18, para quem a efetivação
real de direitos sociais é uma necessidade da sociedade brasileira, tendo em vista os péssimos índices
socioeconômicos da maioria da população.
346
Com efeito, a celeridade processual, ou o direito ao processo em tempo razoável, constitui-se, atualmente, de
garantia constitucional expressa, a partir da EC n. 45/2004, que introduziu o inciso LXXVIII no art. 5º da CF/88.
Ademais, trata-se de princípio já acolhido em normas internacionais, conforme lição de CINTRA, Antônio
Carlos de Araújo; GRINOVER, Ada Pellegrini; DIMAMARCO, Cândido Rangel. Teoria Geral do Processo.
23. ed. Malheiros: São Paulo, 2007, p. 91-93.
347
OLIVEIRA, Rodrigo Navarro de. A avaliação de produtividade dos juízes federais e as causas limitadoras da
prestação jurisdicional. Revista do Centros de Estudos Judiciários do Conselho da Justiça Federal, ano X, n. 32,
p. 57-65, mar. 2006, p. 59.
118
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348
DINAMARCO, Cândido Rangel. Manual dos Juizados Especiais Cíveis. 2. ed. Malheiros: São Paulo, 2001,
p. 19.
349
Ibidem, p. 20-21.
350
“Art. 98. A União, no Distrito Federal e nos Territórios, e os Estados criarão:
I - juizados especiais, providos por juízes togados, ou togados e leigos, competentes para a conciliação, o
julgamento e a execução de causas cíveis de menor complexidade e infrações penais de menor potencial
ofensivo, mediante os procedimentos oral e sumaríssimo, permitidos, nas hipóteses previstas em lei, a transação
e o julgamento de recursos por turmas de juízes de primeiro grau;”
119
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351
Todavia, ainda pendem de melhor esclarecimento pela doutrina e jurisprudência quais os institutos do
processo civil tradicional que são aplicáveis, independentemente de referência expressa, no âmbito dos juizados
especiais. À primeira vista, me parece que a disciplina jurídico-processual das condições de ação, por exemplo,
tem ampla aplicação aos juizados, bem como outros institutos ou princípios de caráter geral informadores da
ciência processual pátria, como, por exemplo, a regulamentação dos deveres e responsabilidades das partes,
prevista no Capítulo II do Título II do CPC.
352
Há, ainda, referência ao CPC no art. 3º, II, da Lei n. 9.099/95, o qual prevê que as causas enumeradas no art.
275, II, do CPC são de competência dos juizados especiais (ações sumárias).
120
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353
Emenda Constitucional n. 22/99, que, conforme visto acima, introduziu no art. 98 da CF/88 a possibilidade de
instituição dos juizados especiais federais.
354
ALVIM, J. E. Carreira. Juizados Especiais Federais. Forense: Rio de Janeiro, 2002, p. 9-10.
355
BOCHENEK, Antônio César. Competência Cível da Justiça Federal e dos Juizados Especiais Federais
Cíveis. RT: São Paulo, 2004, p. 171.
121
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MARINONI, Luis Guilherme. Técnica processual e tutela dos direitos. RT: São Paulo, 2004, p. 99.
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ALEXY, Robert. Constitucionalismo Discursivo. Trad. Luís Afonso Heck. Porto Alegre: Livraria do
Advogado, 2007, p. 37.
358
Competência é a delimitação de jurisdição para cada órgão do Poder Judiciário, em face do princípio da
divisão do trabalho, tendo em vista que não se poderia conferir a um único juiz o processamento e julgamento de
todos os tipos de causas de uma comunidade. Cf., ainda, ALVIM, J. E. Carreira. Juizados Especiais Federais.
Forense: Rio de Janeiro, 2002, p. 13, para quem “Competência é a quantidade de jurisdição atribuída pela
Constituição ou pela lei aos órgãos jurisdicionais para o julgamento de determinadas causas, segundo
determinados critérios (objetivo, territorial, funcional).”.
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359
Cf. Ação Cautelar 1.590 MC/SP, rel. Min. Marco Aurélio, 26.4.2007, colhida no informativo n. 464 daquela
Corte.
360
BOCHENEK, Antônio César. Competência Cível da Justiça Federal e dos Juizados Especiais Federais
Cíveis. RT: São Paulo, 2004, p. 182-183. Também no mesmo sentido: PEREIRA, Guilherme Bollorini. Juizados
Especiais Federais Cíveis. 2. ed. Lumen Juris: Rio de Janeiro: 2006, p.125-127; CÂMARA, Alexandre Freitas.
Juizados Especiais Cíveis Estaduais e Federais: uma abordagem crítica. Lumen Juris: Rio de Janeiro, 2004, p.
212.
127
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361
“Art. 20. Onde não houver Vara Federal, a causa poderá ser proposta no Juizado Especial Federal mais
próximo do foro definido no art. 4o da Lei no 9.099, de 26 de setembro de 1995, vedada a aplicação desta Lei no
juízo estadual.”
128
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Também comungam desse entendimento, BOCHENEK, Antônio César. Competência Cível da Justiça
Federal e dos Juizados Especiais Federais Cíveis. RT: São Paulo, 2004, p. 208-209, e ALVIM, J. E. Carreira.
Juizados Especiais Federais. Forense: Rio de Janeiro, 2002, p. 22.
363
Vide § 3º do art. 3º da Lei n. 10.259/2001, acima transcrito.
364
“Art. 4º É competente, para as causas previstas nesta Lei, o Juizado do foro:
I - do domicílio do réu ou, a critério do autor, do local onde aquele exerça atividades profissionais ou
econômicas ou mantenha estabelecimento, filial, agência, sucursal ou escritório;
II - do lugar onde a obrigação deva ser satisfeita;
III - do domicílio do autor ou do local do ato ou fato, nas ações para reparação de dano de qualquer natureza.
Parágrafo único. Em qualquer hipótese, poderá a ação ser proposta no foro previsto no inciso I deste artigo.”
365
“§ 1º - As causas em que a União for autora serão aforadas na seção judiciária onde tiver domicílio a outra
parte.
§ 2º - As causas intentadas contra a União poderão ser aforadas na seção judiciária em que for domiciliado o
autor, naquela onde houver ocorrido o ato ou fato que deu origem à demanda ou onde esteja situada a coisa, ou,
ainda, no Distrito Federal.
§ 3º - Serão processadas e julgadas na justiça estadual, no foro do domicílio dos segurados ou beneficiários, as
causas em que forem parte instituição de previdência social e segurado, sempre que a comarca não seja sede de
vara do juízo federal, e, se verificada essa condição, a lei poderá permitir que outras causas sejam também
processadas e julgadas pela justiça estadual.”
129
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366
Cf., a respeito, a sistematização efetuada por BOCHENEK, Antônio César. Op. cit., p. 172-175.
Existe controvérsia doutrinária sobre a possibilidade do condomínio ser parte ativa em processo de juizados
especial, mas em princípio o condomínio não se constitui de pessoa natural nem de microempresa. Cf., a
propósito, CÂMARA, Alexandre Freitas. Juizados Especiais Cíveis Estaduais e Federais: uma abordagem
crítica. Lumen Juris: Rio de Janeiro, 2004, p. 63-65.
367
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368
Há entendimentos contrários. Cf., CÂMARA, Alexandre Freitas. Op. cit., p. 220, e ALVIM, J. E. Carreira.
Juizados Especiais Federais. Forense: Rio de Janeiro, 2002, p. 73.
369
“Art. 10. As partes poderão designar, por escrito, representantes para a causa, advogado ou não.”. Quanto à
extensão da possibilidade de ajuizamento sem advogado, no mesmo sentido, Cf., CÂMARA, Alexandre Freitas.
Op. cit., p. 225.
370
Registre-se que o STF, na ADIN 3.168/DF, julg. 08/06/2006, DJU 03/08/2007, considerou plenamente
constitucional o dispositivo do art. 10 da Lei n. 10.259/2001.
131
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371
Em que pese haver entendimento de que a tutela de urgência de caráter cautelar é inerente ao poder geral de
cautela do juiz, podendo ser aplicada também nos juizados especiais estaduais. Cf., sobre o tema, CÂMARA,
Alexandre Freitas. Op. cit., p. 194.
372
Cf., CÂMARA, Alexandre Freitas. Op. cit., p. 270-272.
373
Há que entenda que a antecipação de tutela é cabível pela aplicação de “leis processuais extravagantes”, sem
necessidade de dar-se uma interpretação extensiva ao termo “cautelar” previsto no art. 4º da Lei n. 10.259/2001.
Cf. PEREIRA, Guilherme Bollorini. Juizados Especiais Federais Cíveis. 2. ed. Lumen Juris: Rio de Janeiro:
2006, p. 157.
374
CUNHA. Leonardo José Carneiro da. A fazenda pública em juízo 5. ed. São Paulo: Dialética, 2007, p. 215 e
segs.
375
MARINONI, Luiz Guilherme. Técnica Processual e Tutela dos Direitos. São Paulo: RT, 2004, p. 200.
132
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376
Sentença definitiva é aquela que julga o mérito da causa. Cf., a respeito, GRECO Filho, Vicente. Direito
Processual Civil Brasileiro. 13. ed., V. 2., Saraiva: São Paulo, 1999, p. 239; ALVIM, Eduardo Arruda. Curso de
Direito Processual Civil. Vol. 1, RT: São Paulo, 1999, p. 662.
377
Nesse caso, o recurso cabível é o agravo de instrumento, apesar de não previsto expressamente na Lei n.
10.259/2001, de competência da turma recursal competente para o julgamento do recurso ordinário. Aplica-se,
no caso, a analogia, pois no CPC este é o recurso adequado para reexame das decisões interlocutórias, sendo que
também deve ser aceito o agravo de instrumento contra a decisão que denega a cautelar ou a antecipação de
tutela, em homenagem à efetividade do processo e também à isonomia. Cf., CÂMARA, Alexandre Freitas.
Juizados Especiais Cíveis Estaduais e Federais: uma abordagem crítica. Lumen Juris: Rio de Janeiro, 2004, p.
249.
378
“Art. 9o Não haverá prazo diferenciado para a prática de qualquer ato processual pelas pessoas jurídicas de
direito público, inclusive a interposição de recursos, devendo a citação para audiência de conciliação ser efetuada
com antecedência mínima de trinta dias.”
133
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379
A defesa das prerrogativas processuais da Fazenda Pública geralmente segue a linha da proteção ao interesse
público. Cf, a respeito, CUNHA. Leonardo José Carneiro da. A Fazenda Pública em juízo. 5. ed. São Paulo:
Dialética, 2007, p. 30 e segs.
134
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380
Cf., o art. 32 da Lei n. 9.099/95.
“Art. 5º O Juiz dirigirá o processo com liberdade para determinar as provas a serem produzidas, para apreciálas e para dar especial valor às regras de experiência comum ou técnica.”
382
“Art. 28. Na audiência de instrução e julgamento serão ouvidas as partes, colhida a prova e, em seguida,
proferida a sentença.”. É certo, entretanto, que, evidentemente, a prova documental pode ser produzida antes da
audiência.
381
135
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383
Em que pese haver entendimento, com o qual não se concorda, no sentido de que deve-se cobrar os
honorários periciais do autor vencido, se este não foi beneficiário da Justiça Gratuita. Todavia, como a lei não
prevê essa cobrança, descabe ao intérprete criá-la. Cf., a propósito, TOURINHO Neto, Fernando da Costa;
FIGUEIRA JÚNIOR, Joel Dias. Juizados Especiais Federais Cíveis e Criminais: comentários à Lei 10.259, de
10/07/2001. RT: São Paulo, 2002, p. 268.
384
“Art. 11. A entidade pública ré deverá fornecer ao Juizado a documentação de que disponha para o
esclarecimento da causa, apresentando-a até a instalação da audiência de conciliação.”
136
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385
Cf., CÂMARA, Alexandre Freitas. Juizados Especiais Cíveis Estaduais e Federais: uma abordagem crítica.
Lúmen Juris: Rio de Janeiro, 2004, p. 240-242. Nesse texto, o autor esclarece o que se entende por dever de
produzir prova, ressaltando ser esse um conceito novo no processo civil brasileiro.
386
Ibidem, p. 243.
137
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387
“Art. 18. A citação far-se-á: I - por correspondência, com aviso de recebimento em mão própria;
II - tratando-se de
pessoa jurídica ou firma individual, mediante entrega ao encarregado da recepção, que será obrigatoriamente identificado; III
- sendo necessário, por oficial de justiça, independentemente de mandado ou carta precatória.
388
”
A digitalização do processo foi adotada no âmbito da 5ª Região da Justiça Federal, em relação aos processos
de competência dos juizados especiais federais, desde o ano de 2005, tendo em vista a interpretação ampliativa
dada ao § 2º do art. 8º da Lei 10.259/2001 (“§ 2º. § 2o Os tribunais poderão organizar serviço de intimação das
partes e de recepção de petições por meio eletrônico.”). O nome do sistema de processo eletrônico na 5ª Região é
“Sistema Creta”, o qual consiste em sistema processual de informática extremamente avançado, inclusive
vencedor do III Prêmio Innovare, promovido pelo Ministério da Justiça juntamente com a Fundação Getúlio
Vargas e outras instituições, em dezembro de 2006, na categoria Acesso à Justiça, em face da economia e
facilidades do processo eletrônico instituído pelo TRF da 5ª Região.
389
Publicada no DOU em 20/12/2006, com vacatio legis de 90 dias.
138
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390
Cf., a propósito, o art. 19 dessa lei: “Ficam convalidados os atos processuais praticados por meio eletrônico
até a data de publicação desta Lei, desde que tenham atingido sua finalidade e não tenha havido prejuízo para as
partes.”. Ressalte-se, ainda, que desde a Lei n. 11.280, de 16/02/2006, (DOU 17/02/2006, com vigência após 90
dias da data da publicação), que incluiu o parágrafo único no art. 154 do CPC, já havia a possibilidade expressa
de prática de atos processuais por meio eletrônico, ou a sua comunicação: “Parágrafo único. Os tribunais, no
âmbito da respectiva jurisdição, poderão disciplinar a prática e a comunicação oficial dos atos processuais por
meios eletrônicos, atendidos os requisitos de autenticidade, integridade, validade jurídica e interoperabilidade da
Infra-Estrutura de Chaves Públicas Brasileira - ICP - Brasil.".
391
Art. 19 da Lei 9.099/95.
Quando o autor está assistido por advogado, a intimação eletrônica é sempre possível, pois é requisito
essencial do processo eletrônico que o advogado tenha acesso à internet e que consulte o sistema a cada 10 dias,
sob pena de considerar-se intimado (arts. 2º e 5º, § 3º, da Lei 11.419/2006).
392
139
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393
“Art. 2º O processo orientar-se-á pelos critérios da oralidade, simplicidade, informalidade, economia
processual e celeridade, buscando, sempre que possível, a conciliação ou a transação.”(grifo nosso)
394
CÂMARA, Alexandre Freitas. Juizados Especiais Cíveis Estaduais e Federais: uma abordagem crítica.
Lúmen Juris: Rio de Janeiro, 2004, p. 238.
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395
PEREIRA, Guilherme Bollorini. Juizados Especiais Federais Cíveis. 2. ed. Lumen Juris: Rio de Janeiro:
2006, p. 172.
141
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396
A conclusão decorre da experiência do autor, que ostenta mais de 4 anos de atuação em varas federais de
competência exclusiva dos juizados especiais federais.
397
Cf., sobre o tema, admitindo a inexistência de processo autônomo de execução, PEREIRA, Guilherme
Bollorini. Juizados Especiais Federais Cíveis. 2. ed. Lumen Juris: Rio de Janeiro: 2006, p.213; BOCHENEK,
142
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Antônio César. Competência Cível da Justiça Federal e dos Juizados Especiais Federais Cíveis. RT: São Paulo,
2004, p. 173; TOURINHO Neto, Fernando da Costa; FIGUEIRA JÚNIOR, Joel Dias. Juizados Especiais
Federais Cíveis e Criminais: comentários à Lei 10.259, de 10/07/2001. RT: São Paulo, 2002, p. 412.
398
Registre-se que o processo autônomo de execução foi extinto no âmbito do CPC, em relação à execução de
título executivo judicial, pela Lei n. 11.232/2005.
399
Por exemplo, ao segurado da Previdência Social pode ter sido concedido, desde o início da lide, auxíliodoença por meio de antecipação de tutela.
143
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400
Apenas no caso de requisição de pequeno valor (RPV) expedida até o valor máximo de alçada dos juizados
federais, ou seja, 60 salários mínimos, pois os precatórios de valor superior são submetidos ao rito tradicional do
caput do art. 100 da CF/88.
401
As requisições de pagamento no âmbito da Justiça Federal, tanto as RPV´s como os precatórios, são
regulamentadas pela Resolução n. 559/2007 do Conselho da Justiça Federal (DOU 28/06/2007).
402
PEREIRA, Guilherme Bollorini. Juizados Especiais Federais Cíveis. 2. ed. Lumen Juris: Rio de Janeiro:
2006, p.213.
144
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403
Este também é o entendimento de CÂMARA, Alexandre Freitas. Juizados Especiais Cíveis Estaduais e
Federais: uma abordagem crítica. Lúmen Juris: Rio de Janeiro, 2004, p. 211.
145
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404
Esse é o termo que costuma designar as turmas de juízes de primeiro grau.
ALVIM, J. E, Carreira. Juizados Especiais Cíveis Estaduais: Lei 9.099/95. Juruá: Curitiba, 2003, p. 118-119.
406
“§ 3º No recurso extraordinário o recorrente deverá demonstrar a repercussão geral das questões
constitucionais discutidas no caso, nos termos da lei, a fim de que o Tribunal examine a admissão do recurso,
somente podendo recusá-lo pela manifestação de dois terços de seus membros.”
407
O termo extraordinário aqui serve para designar de forma genérica os recursos posteriores ao julgamento de
segunda instância.
405
146
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408
São cinco as Regiões da Justiça Federal brasileira.
A chamada “Turma Nacional de Uniformização dos Juizados Especiais Federais” está regulamentada pelo
Conselho da Justiça Federal, por meio da Resolução n. 390, de 19/09/2004. Tal norma prevê a sua composição
por 10 juízes federais em atuação nas turmas recursais, sendo 2 de cada região da Justiça Federal.
410
Também no mesmo sentido, cf., PEREIRA, Guilherme Bollorini. Juizados Especiais Federais Cíveis. 2. ed.
Lumen Juris: Rio de Janeiro: 2006, p. 203; ALVIM, J. E. Carreira. Juizados Especiais Federais. Forense: Rio de
Janeiro, 2002, p. 99-100, apesar da crítica deste autor à terminologia legal adotada; e CÂMARA, Alexandre
Freitas. Juizados Especiais Cíveis Estaduais e Federais: uma abordagem crítica. Lúmen Juris: Rio de Janeiro,
2004, p. 250.
411
Cf., CÂMARA, Alexandre Freitas. Juizados Especiais Cíveis Estaduais e Federais: uma abordagem crítica.
Lúmen Juris: Rio de Janeiro, 2004, p. 253/254, para quem o incidente trata-se de um recurso especial disfarçado,
o qual não é cabível, na forma do art. 105 da CF, contra decisões proferidas por órgãos judiciais que não se
409
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qualificam como tribunais. Também nesse sentido, ALVIM, J. E. Carreira. Juizados Especiais Federais.
Forense: Rio de Janeiro, 2002, p. 107/108.
412
SILVA, José Afonso. Curso de Direito Constitucional Positivo. 16. ed. São Paulo: Malheiros, 1999, p. 562.
413
Também nesse sentido, PEREIRA, Guilherme Bollorini. Juizados Especiais Federais Cíveis. 2. ed. Lumen
Juris: Rio de Janeiro: 2006, p. 204-205.
149
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Convém apresentar um esclarecimento terminológico, pois no texto serão utilizadas como sinônimas as
expressões “duração razoável do processo” e “celeridade processual”, tendo em vista que se entende que elas
significam a mesma coisa, ou seja, equivalem ao direito ao julgamento célere dos processos judiciais.
415
Frederico Koehler aponta que já nas primeiras declarações de direitos de alguns Estados formadores dos
Estados Unidos da América (Virgínia e Delaware) constava a exigência de julgamento célere (speedly without
delay) e que foi incorporado à Constituição Americana definitiva por meio da 6ª Emenda, de 15/12/1791. Cf.
KOEHLER, Frederico Augusto Leopoldino. O princípio da razoável duração do processo: propostas para sua
concretização nas demandas cíveis. Recife: Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada junto à Faculdade de Direito da
UFPE, aprovada em 24/03/2008, p. 21.
151
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416
Confira-se, a propósito, o seguinte trabalho acadêmico, no qual o autor traça os aspectos históricos do
princípio da celeridade processual. KOEHLER, Frederico Augusto Leopoldino. O princípio da razoável duração
do processo: propostas para sua concretização nas demandas cíveis. Recife: Dissertação de Mestrado
apresentada junto à Faculdade de Direito da UFPE, aprovada em 24/03/2008, p. 20-24.
417
PIOVESAN, Flávia. Direitos Humanos e o Direito Constitucional Internacional. 8. ed. São Paulo: Saraiva,
2007, p. 235.
418
Sobre a força jurídica da declaração, Fábio Konder Comparato a considera tecnicamente uma recomendação a
ser seguida pelos Estados-membros da ONU, mas esclarece, apesar disso, que ela tem força jurídica como
reveladora de princípios universais de Direito Internacional que, por sua vez, teriam força vinculante.
COMPARATO, Fábio Konder. A afirmação histórica dos Direitos Humanos. 5. ed. São Paulo: Saraiva, 2007, p.
226-227. Para Piovesan, a declaração da ONU também teria validade jurídica por ter se transformado em
152
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Internacional. 8. ed. São Paulo: Saraiva, 2007, p. 144-146.
419
No Dicionário Aurélio, versão eletrônica 3.0, o adjetivo efetivo apresenta três significações: “1. Que se
manifesta por um efeito real; positivo: 2. Permanente, estável, fixo: 3. Que merece confiança; seguro, firme.”,
todas num sentido positivo, ou seja, de algo que realmente acontece.
420
O Conselho da Europa é uma organização política supranacional (que não se confunde com a União
Européia: esta é uma comunidade menor, com mais enfoque na integração econômica) formada por 47 países
europeus. O Conselho da Europa apresenta semelhança com a OEA – Organização dos Estados Americanos em
relação aos países das Américas. Ele tem sede em Strasbourg, na França, e foi criada pela Convenção Européia
dos Direitos do Homem, tendo como enfoque maior a defesa dos direitos humanos no âmbito europeu. Maiores
informações podem ser obtidas no sítio http://www.coe.int.
421
O nome oficial da convenção em inglês é: Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental
Freedoms.
422
Cf. RAMOS. André de Carvalho. Processo Internacional de Direitos Humanos: análise dos sistemas de
apuração de violações de direitos humanos e a implementação das decisões no Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: Renovar,
2002, p. 185-186. Após a edição dessa obra, mais três protocolos foram firmados, segundo consta do sítio oficial
do
Conselho
da
Europa:
<http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/ListeTraites.asp?MA=3&CM=7&CL=ENG>.
153
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423
A tendência atual, no âmbito internacional, é o reconhecimento da universalização dos direitos humanos,
embora de forma cuidadosa e maleável em face da grande diversidade cultural dos povos do mundo, que também
deve ser respeitada. Por sua vez, há autores como Jürgen Habermas que reconhecem a dificuldade da realização
universal dos direitos humanos, em face da “tensão peculiar entre o sentido universal dos direitos humanos e as
condições locais da sua efetivação”, apesar deste filósofo reconhecer que “os direitos humanos oferecem o único
fundamento de legitimação dentre todos os reconhecidos para a política da comunidade dos povos; quase todos
os Estados adoraram o teor da carta dos direitos humanos da ONU [...]”. Cf. HABERMAS, Jürgen. A
constelação pós-nacional: ensaios políticos. Trad. Márcio Seligmann-Silva. São Paulo: Littera Mundi, 2001, p.
150-151.
424
Para conferir a tradução portuguesa do texto da Convenção, acessar o sítio oficial da Corte Européia: <
http://www.echr.coe.int/NR/rdonlyres/7510566B-AE54-44B9-A163912EF12B8BA4/0/PortuguesePortugais.pdf>.
425
Texto original e completo em inglês:
“Article 6 – Right to a fair trial
1. In the determination of his civil rights and obligations or of any criminal charge against him, everyone is entitled
to a fair and public hearing within a reasonable time by an independent and impartial tribunal established by law.
Judgment shall be pronounced publicly but the press and public may be excluded from all or part of the trial in the
interests of morals, public order or national security in a democratic society, where the interests of juveniles or the
protection of the private life of the parties so require, or to the extent strictly necessary in the opinion of the court in
special circumstances where publicity would prejudice the interests of justice.
Disponível em : < http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/en/Treaties/Word/005.doc>. Acesso em 14/02/2008.
Cf. ainda, o texto em português: Disponível em: http://www.echr.coe.int/NR/rdonlyres/7510566B-AE54-44B9A163-912EF12B8BA4/0/PortuguesePortugais.pdf.. Acesso em 18/02/2008.
154
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426
Sobre a importância da Corte Européia na defesa dos direitos humanos, cf. ALEXY, Robert.
Constitucionalismo Discursivo. Trad. Luís Afonso Heck. Porto Alegre: Livraria do Advogado, 2007, p. 103-104.
427
Cf. COMPARATO, Fábio Konder. A afirmação histórica dos Direitos Humanos. 5. ed. São Paulo: Saraiva,
2007, p. 269-270. E, ainda, RAMOS. André de Carvalho. Processo Internacional de Direitos Humanos: análise
dos sistemas de apuração de violações de direitos humanos e a implementação das decisões no Brasil. Rio de
Janeiro: Renovar, 2002, p. 186. Ambos os autores ressaltam a efetividade do sistema de proteção dos direitos
humanos na Europa.
428
As alterações da Convenção Européia dos Direitos Humanos promovidas pelos protocolos ns. 09 e 11
possibilitaram ao cidadão lesado o direito de petição direta à Corte Européia solicitando a reparação da violação,
independentemente da análise do caso pela antiga Comissão Européia de Direitos Humanos, órgão extinto pelo
Protocolo n. 11, que se assemelhava ao Ministério Público ou a um órgão de investigação não-judicial. Cf.
RAMOS. André de Carvalho. Processo Internacional de Direitos Humanos: análise dos sistemas de apuração de
violações de direitos humanos e a implementação das decisões no Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: Renovar, 2002, p. 205207.
155
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429
Referência à redação original do tratado, anterior ao Protocolo n. 11, de 1998.
BOBBIO, Norberto. A Era dos Direitos. Campus: Rio de Janeiro, 1996, p. 40.
431
KOEHLER, Frederico Augusto Leopoldino. O princípio da razoável duração do processo: propostas para sua
concretização nas demandas cíveis. Dissertação de Mestrado UFPE, aprovada em 24/03/2008, p. 20-24. Cf.
ainda, BARRUFFINI, Frederico Liserre. Possibilidade de efetivação do direito à razoável duração do processo.
Revista de Processo. São Paulo, ano 31, n. 139, set. 2006, p. 268.
432
KOEHLER, Frederico Augusto Leopoldino. O princípio da razoável duração do processo: propostas para
sua concretização nas demandas cíveis. Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada junto à Faculdade de Direito da
UFPE. Recife: aprovada em 24/03/2008, p. 90-93.
433
Ibidem, p. 93.
430
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KOEHLER, Frederico Augusto Leopoldino. Op. cit., p. 98-100.
PIOVESAN, Flávia. Direitos Humanos e o Direito Constitucional Internacional. 8. ed. São Paulo: Saraiva,
2007, p. 250.
435
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Há quem defenda, inclusive, o direito à indenização pelo Estado no caso de demora excessiva no trâmite dos
processos. Cf., a respeito, KOEHLER, Frederico Augusto Leopoldino. O princípio da razoável duração do
processo: propostas para sua concretização nas demandas cíveis. Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada junto à
Faculdade de Direito da UFPE. Recife: aprovada em 24/03/2008, p. 101 e segs.
437
CINTRA, Antônio Carlos de Araújo; GRINOVER, Ada Pellegrini; DIMAMARCO, Cândido Rangel. Teoria
Geral do Processo. 23. ed. Malheiros: São Paulo, 2007, p. 84.
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Ibidem, p. 85.
OLIVEIRA, Carlos Alberto Alvaro de. O processo civil na perspectiva dos direitos fundamentais. Revista
Forense. Rio de Janeiro, ano 100, vol. 372, p. 77-86, mar./abr. 2004, p. 77-78.
440
THEODORO JÚNIOR, Humberto. Celeridade e efetividade da prestação jurisdicional: insuficiência da
reforma das leis processuais. Revista de Processo. São Paulo, ano 30, n. 125, p. 61-78, jul. 2005, p. 63.
439
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441
Mauro Cappelletti anota que as constituições modernas abarcaram institutos processuais, como a assistência
judiciária aos pobres, que procuram facilitar o acesso à Justiça. Cf. CAPPELLETTI, Mauro. Problemas de
Reforma do Processo Civil nas Sociedades Contemporâneas. Revista de Processo. São Paulo, ano 17, n. 65, p.
127-143, jan./mar. 1992, p. 131.
442
CAPPELLETTI, Mauro. Problemas de reforma do processo civil nas sociedades contemporâneas. Revista de
Processo, a. 17, n. 65, jan./mar. 1992, p. 139.
443
KOEHLER, Frederico Augusto Leopoldino. O princípio da razoável duração do processo: propostas para
sua concretização nas demandas cíveis. Recife: Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada junto à Faculdade de
Direito da UFPE, aprovada em 24/03/2008, p. 28.
160
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ROCHA, Cesar Asfor. Justiça de qualidade. Folha de São Paulo. São Paulo, 06 set. 2008. Opinião, p. A3.
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MARINONI, Luiz Guilherme. Teoria Geral do Processo. vol. 1, 2. ed., São Paulo: RT, 2007, p. 225.
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MOREIRA, José Carlos Barbosa. O desafio da celeridade na prestação jurisdicional. Revista da Escola de
Magistratura do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Rio de Janeiro, v. 9, n. 36, 2006, p. 80.
447
Sobre o tema da “justiça das decisões” como parte integrante do direito ao acesso à Justiça, cf. CINTRA,
Antônio Carlos de Araújo; GRINOVER, Ada Pellegrini; DIMAMARCO, Cândido Rangel. Teoria Geral do
Processo. 23. ed. Malheiros: São Paulo, 2007, p. 40-41.
448
THEODORO JÚNIOR, Humberto. Celeridade e efetividade da prestação jurisdicional: insuficiência da
reforma das leis processuais. Revista de Processo. São Paulo, ano 30, n. 125, jul. 2005, p. 70.
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449
ALVES, Francisco Glauber Pessoa. A efetividade como axiologia: premissa obrigatória para um processo
célere. In: FUZ, Luiz; NERY Jr., Nelson; WAMBIER, Teresa Arruda Alvim (coords.). Processo e Constituição:
estudos em homenagem ao professor José Carlos Barbosa Moreira. São Paulo: RT, 2006, p. 146-152, p. 152.
450
Alguns doutrinadores referem-se à necessidade de alterações legislativas e avanços no funcionamento
administrativo dos tribunais em geral. Cf., entre outros, ZARIF, Cláudio Cintra. Da necessidade de repensar o
processo para que ele seja realmente efetivo. In: FUZ, Luiz; NERY Jr., Nelson; WAMBIER, Teresa Arruda
Alvim (coords.). Processo e Constituição: estudos em homenagem ao professor José Carlos Barbosa Moreira.
São Paulo: RT, 2006, p. 139-145, p. 145.
451
DANTAS, Frederico Wildson da Silva. O princípio constitucional da inafastabilidade: estudo com enfoque no
ativismo judicial. Revista da Escola da Magistratura Federal de Pernambuco, Recife: TRF da 5ª Região, n. 17,
mar/2008, p. 99.
164
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452
CAMBI, Eduardo. Neoconstitucionalismo e neoprocessualismo. In: FUZ, Luiz; NERY Jr., Nelson;
WAMBIER, Teresa Arruda Alvim (coords.). Processo e Constituição: estudos em homenagem ao professor José
Carlos Barbosa Moreira. São Paulo: RT, 2006, p. 662-683, p. 674.
453
Cf. CINTRA, Antônio Carlos de Araújo; GRINOVER, Ada Pellegrini; DIMAMARCO, Cândido Rangel.
Teoria Geral do Processo. 23. ed. Malheiros: São Paulo, 2007, p. 93.
454
DANTAS, Frederico Wildson da Silva. O princípio constitucional da inafastabilidade: estudo com enfoque no
ativismo judicial. Revista da Escola da Magistratura Federal de Pernambuco, Recife: TRF da 5ª Região, n. 17,
p. 83-113, mar. 2008, p. 97.
455
Trata-se de posição de vários doutrinadores, conforme estudo de: ZARIF, Cláudio Cintra. Da necessidade de
repensar o processo para que ele seja realmente efetivo. In: FUZ, Luiz; NERY Jr., Nelson; WAMBIER, Teresa
Arruda Alvim (coords.). Processo e Constituição: estudos em homenagem ao professor José Carlos Barbosa
Moreira. São Paulo: RT, 2006, p. 139-145, p. 143.
456
BARRUFFINI, Frederico Liserre. Possibilidade de efetivação do direito à razoável duração do processo.
Revista de Processo. São Paulo, ano 31, n. 139, p. 265-279, set. 2006, p. 268.
457
ZARIF, Cláudio Cintra. Op. cit., p. 143.
165
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É bastante conhecida a tradicional divisão dos direitos fundamentais em direitos fundamentais propriamente
ditos e em garantias fundamentais, no sentido de que as garantias são instrumentais e visam assegurar os bens
jurídicos protegidos essenciais pelos direitos fundamentais. Cf. SANTOS. Gustavo Ferreira. Direitos
fundamentais e pré-condições da democracia. Revista da Escola da Magistratura Federal do TRF da 5ª Região.
Recife: TRF da 5ª Região, n. 15, p. 151-157, ago. 2007, p. 152.
459
No mesmo sentido, conferir a posição de: BARRUFFINI, Frederico Liserre. Possibilidade de efetivação do
direito à razoável duração do processo. Revista de Processo. São Paulo, ano 31, n. 139, p. 265-279, set. 2006, p.
269.
460
SARLET, Ingo Wolfgang. A eficácia dos Direitos Fundamentais. 8. ed. Porto Alegre: Livraria do Advogado,
2007, p. 82.
166
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461
CAMBI, Eduardo. Neoconstitucionalismo e neoprocessualismo. In: FUZ, Luiz; NERY Jr., Nelson;
WAMBIER, Teresa Arruda Alvim (coords.). Processo e Constituição: estudos em homenagem ao professor José
Carlos Barbosa Moreira. São Paulo: RT, 2006, p. 662-683, p. 664.
462
SARLET, Ingo Wolfgang. A eficácia dos Direitos Fundamentais. 8. ed. Porto Alegre: Livraria do Advogado,
2007, p. 275-276.
463
Ibidem, p. 289.
464
Ibidem, p. 279.
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465
Ibidem, p. 279.
MARINONI, Luiz Guilherme. Técnica Processual e Tutela dos Direitos. São Paulo: RT, 2004, p. 187.
467
Ibidem, p. 189.
466
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Ibidem, p. 189.
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Trata-se de autarquia criada pelo Decreto n° 99.350, de 27 de junho de 1990, mediante a fusão do IAPAS
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470
A propósito, uma classificação razoável dos direitos fundamentais é aquela exposta pelo constitucionalista
português José Carlos Vieira de Andrade, que os divide em: direitos de defesa (de cunho liberal), direitos de
participação (políticos) e direitos prestacionais (nos quais estão incluídos os direitos sociais em geral), já exposta
antes no trabalho. Vide p. 73 e segs., nas quais a divisão dos direitos fundamentais apresenta-se mais detalhada.
471
TRINDADE, Antônio Augusto Cançado. O legado da Declaração Universal e o Futuro da Proteção
Internacional dos Direitos Humanos. In: AMARAL JR., Alberto; PERRONE-MOISÉS, Cláudia Maria (org.). O
Cinqüentenário da Declaração Universal dos Direitos do Homem. São Paulo: EDUSP, 1999, p. 29.
472
Grande parcela da doutrina pátria ressalta que, no plano constitucional brasileiro, a Constituição de 1988 tenta
superar o modelo tradicional de democracia formal, pela “via da constitucionalização dos direitos sociais e da
criação de instrumentos de judicialização dessas pretensões de caráter positivo”. Cf. MENDES, Gilmar Ferreira.
Integração Social e Perspectivas da Democracia. In: SAMPAIO, José Adércio Leite (coord.). Constituição e
Crise Política. Del Rey, Belo Horizonte, 2006, p. 464.
473
Para Peces-Barba Martínez, a “liberdade promocional” tem três dimensões: suprimento das necessidades
básicas e vitais do ser humano, de sua manutenção e de sua melhoria, as quais complementam a liberdade
clássica de não interferência. Cf. MARTÍNEZ. Gregorio Peces-Barba. Lecciones de Derechos Fundamentales.
Madri: Dykinson, 2004, p. 140-143.
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474
LUÑO, Antonio-Henrique Perez. Los derechos fundamentales. 9. ed. Madri: Editorial Tecnos, 2007, p. 183184.
475
HABERMAS, Jürgen. A constelação pós-nacional: ensaios políticos. Trad. Márcio Seligmann-Silva. São
Paulo: Littera Mundi, 2001, p. 83-84.
476
Para Peces-Barba, existem três dimensões da liberdade: a de não interferência, de cunho clássico; a
promocional, de caráter social, e a de participação política. Cf. MARTÍNEZ. Gregorio Peces-Barba. Lecciones
de Derechos Fundamentales. Madri: Dykinson, 2004, p. 140-146.
477
MENDES, Gilmar Ferreira. Integração Social e Perspectivas da Democracia. In: SAMPAIO, José Adércio
Leite (coord.). Constituição e Crise Política. Del Rey, Belo Horizonte, 2006, p.465.
478
Ibidem, p. 465.
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479
MENDES, Gilmar Ferreira. Integração Social e Perspectivas da Democracia. In: SAMPAIO, José Adércio
Leite (coord.). Constituição e Crise Política. Del Rey, Belo Horizonte, 2006, p. 473.
480
MARINONI, Luiz Guilherme. Técnica Processual e Tutela dos Direitos. São Paulo: RT, 2004, p. 103.
481
Ibidem, p. 103-104.
482
SANTOS. Gustavo Ferreira. Direitos fundamentais e pré-condições da democracia. Revista da Escola da
Magistratura Federal do TRF da 5ª Região. Recife: TRF da 5ª Região, n. 15, p. 151-157, ago. 2007, p. 152.
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estão instalados em prédio próprio, no centro da cidade de Recife-PE, de fácil acesso à população. As demais
varas federais, cíveis, criminais e de execução fiscal, encontram-se instaladas em outra localidade, mais afastada
do centro urbano.
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Os dados foram colhidos das estatísticas publicadas pela Corregedoria-Geral do TRF da 5ª Região.
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485
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QDFLRQDO(PRQ~PHURFDLXXPSRXFRSDUDFLQTHQWDHWUrV
SRU FHQWR PDV DLQGD p VLJQLILFDWLYD D FLUFXQVWkQFLD GH TXH RV MXL]DGRV
178
HVSHFLDLVUHFHEHPDPDLRUSDUWHGRVSURFHVVRVGHFRPSHWrQFLDGD-XVWLoD
)HGHUDODWXDOPHQWH
1R SUHVHQWH DQR DWp D SURSRUomR VH
PDQWpPFRQIRUPHPRVWUDRJUiILFRDQWHULRU
&RQILUDVH SDUD XPD PHOKRU LOXVWUDomR GD TXHVWmR RV
VHJXLQWHV JUiILFRV TXH PRVWUDP D FLWDGD FRPSDUDomR DWp R DQR GH
120%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
75%
80%
57%
60%
43%
58%
56%
42%
44%
2004
2005
51%49%
53%
47%
2006
2007
40%
25%
20%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
1998
1999
2000
2001
JEF's
2002
2003
Justiça Federal Comum
1800000
1600000
1400000
1200000
1000000
800000
600000
400000
200000
0
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
JEF's
Justiça Federal Comum
486
Os dados foram colhidos do sítio eletrônico oficial do Conselho da Justiça Federal, órgão constitucional
Coordenador da Justiça Federal no Brasil. Disponível em: http://daleth.cjf.jus.br/atlas/proctramdisjulrem.htm.
Acesso em 27/08/2008.
179
2 VHJXLQWH JUiILFR PRVWUD D TXDQWLGDGH GH SURFHVVRV
DMXL]DGRV QD -XVWLoD )HGHUDO GHVGH R DQR GH LQGLFDQGR R Q~PHUR
DEVROXWRGHSURFHVVRVGLVWULEXtGRVHPFDGDDQRGHWDOKDQGRVHWDPEpPD
SURSRUomR HQWUH RV SURFHVVRV GRV MXL]DGRV HVSHFLDLV IHGHUDLV H RV GDV
GHPDLVYDUDVIHGHUDLV
Seções
(total)
JEF's
Justiça
Federal
Comum
JEF's
Justiça
Federal
Comum
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
838.643 1.079.158 1.097.964 1.002.095 1.368.061 2.107.941 2.643.324 2.538.362 2.298.107 2.474.704
0
0
0
0
348.809
916.442 1.533.647 1.421.702 1.166.005 1.302.255
838.643 1.079.158 1.097.964 1.002.095 1.019.252 1.191.499 1.109.677 1.116.660 1.132.102 1.172.449
0%
0%
0%
0%
25%
43%
58%
56%
51%
53%
100%
100%
100%
100%
75%
57%
42%
44%
49%
47%
$ SUHVHQWH DQiOLVH GRV GDGRV WRGDYLD p PDLV UHVWULWD
HQYROYHQGRDSHQDVRVSURFHVVRVTXHWUDPLWDUDPQRVMXL]DGRVHVSHFLDLVGH
5HFLIH3(2XQLYHUVRSHVTXLVDGRFRUUHVSRQGHDRVSURFHVVRVTXHWLYHUDP
RUGHQV GH SDJDPHQWR UHTXLVLomR GH SHTXHQR YDORU 539 RX SUHFDWyULR
H[SHGLGDV QR DQR GH HQWUH H H TXH
HQYROYHUDPGLUHLWRVIXQGDPHQWDLVVRFLDLVDTXLHQWHQGLGRVRVUHIHUHQWHVD
EHQHItFLRV SUHYLGHQFLiULRV DVVLVWHQFLDLV H j UHPXQHUDomR GRV VHUYLGRUHV
S~EOLFRVHPLOLWDUHV
3DUD TXH R SURFHVVR IRVVH LQFOXtGR QD SHVTXLVD D
UHVSHFWLYD 539 WHYH TXH VHU H[SHGLGD RX VHMD DVVLQDGD SHOR MXL] QR
SHUtRGR DFLPD UHIHULGR PHVPR TXH R SURFHVVR WHQKD LQLFLDGR QRV DQRV
DQWHULRUHVD2TXHLPSRUWRXSDUDDLQFOXVmRQDSHVTXLVDIRLRDQR
GR SDJDPHQWR GD FRQGHQDomR HQWHQGLGR HVWH FRPR VHQGR R DQR GH
H[SHGLomRGD539
6DEHVH TXH DV 539V YrP VHQGR SDJDV QD -XVWLoD
)HGHUDO QR SUD]R GH DWp VHVVHQWD GLDV GD GDWD GD H[SHGLomR GH
IRUPDTXHSDUDRVHIHLWRVGDSHVTXLVDRSDJDPHQWRSUHVXPHVHRFRUULGR
VHPSUH QR PHVPR DQR GD H[SHGLomR DLQGD TXH HIHWLYDPHQWH SDUD DV
180
539V H[SHGLGDV QRV PHVHV GH QRYHPEUR H GH]HPEUR GH R
SDJDPHQWRUHDOWHQKDRFRUULGRQRLQtFLRGRDQRGH
3RU ILP SDUD D PHGLomR GR WHPSR GH WUDPLWDomR GRV
SURFHVVRV Vy IRUDP DQDOLVDGRV RV SURFHVVRV FRP VHQWHQoD IDYRUiYHO DRV
SDUWLFXODUHVSRLVVyQHVVHFDVRpSRVVtYHOPHGLURWHPSRQHFHVViULRSDUD
D FRQFUHWL]DomR GH GLUHLWRV IXQGDPHQWDLV QD PHGLGD HP TXH QRV FDVRV
GH LPSURFHGrQFLD GR SHGLGR QD YHUGDGH QmR KRXYH D UHDOL]DomR MXGLFLDO
GH XP GLUHLWR IXQGDPHQWDO PDV DQWHV RFRUUHX D QHJDomR GD H[LVWrQFLD
GHVVH GLUHLWR FRQVLGHUDGD D VLWXDomR LQ FRQFUHWR GD SDUWH GHPDQGDQWH
TXH QmR VH VXEVXPLD D XP GLUHLWR IXQGDPHQWDO UHFRQKHFLGR SHOR
RUGHQDPHQWR
(PVXPDRVFULWpULRVSDUDDGHOLPLWDomRGRVSURFHVVRV
SHVTXLVDGRVIRUDPRVVHJXLQWHV
D SURFHVVRV TXH WLYHUDP VHQWHQoD IDYRUiYHO DRV
FLGDGmRVHIRUDPSDJRVQRDQRGHRXVHMDFRP
539H[SHGLGDQRUHIHULGRDQR
E SURFHVVRV QRV TXDLV IRUDP GLVFXWLGRV GLUHLWRV
IXQGDPHQWDLV VRFLDLV SUHYLGHQFLiULRV DVVLVWHQFLDLV H
TXHVW}HVVDODULDLVGRVVHUYLGRUHVIHGHUDLV
$ SDUWLU GRV GDGRV H[WUDtGRV GR VLVWHPD LQIRUPDWL]DGR
GH SURFHVVR HOHWU{QLFR GRV MXL]DGRV HVSHFLDLV IHGHUDLV GD  5HJLmR GD
-XVWLoD)HGHUDOGHQRPLQDGRGH6LVWHPD&UHWDIRLSRVVtYHOORFDOL]DURWRWDO
GH FLQFR PLO WUH]HQWRV H WULQWD UHTXLVLo}HV GH SHTXHQR YDORU
539VH[SHGLGDVQRDQRGHHQWUHžGHMDQHLURHGHGH]HPEUR
487
A título ilustrativo, a velocidade de julgamento dos processos em geral, no âmbitos dos juizados especiais
federais de Recife, incluindo tanto os processos com sentença procedente como os com sentença improcedente, é
da seguinte ordem: 117 dias, conforme extrato do sistema informatizado denominado CRETA tirado em
02/12/2008. Disponível em: <http://ww1.jfpe.gov.br/cretape/>.
181
GRUHIHULGRDQRSHORVWUrVMXL]DGRVHVSHFLDLVIHGHUDLVGH5HFLIH3(HTXH
VHUHIHUHPjVSUHVWDo}HVSHFXQLiULDVGHGLUHLWRIXQGDPHQWDOVRFLDO
$QWHV GD DQiOLVH GRV SUD]RV GH WUDPLWDomR SDUD XPD
PHOKRU FRQWH[WXDOL]DomR GRV GDGRV SURFXURXVH LOXVWUDU RXWURV DVSHFWRV
TXDQWLWDWLYRVGRVMXL]DGRVHPUHODomRDIDWRVUHOHYDQWHVFRPRRWLSRGR
GLUHLWRSOHLWHDGRDH[LVWrQFLDRXQmRGHDFRUGRSDUDDVROXomRGROLWtJLR
SDUD YHULILFDU VH D ILQDOLGDGH GH FRQFLOLDomR GRV MXL]DGRV HVSHFLDLV HVWi
VHQGR DWHQGLGD VH KRXYH RX QmR D LQWHUYHQomR GH DGYRJDGR KDELOLWDGR
QR VHQWLGR GH HVFODUHFHU VH Ki XPD PDLRU IDFLOLGDGH GH DFHVVR j -XVWLoD
SHORV SDUWLFXODUHV R YDORU GDV UHTXLVLo}HV H[SHGLGDV TXH LQGLFD D
LPSRUWkQFLDHFRQ{PLFDGRVMXL]DGRVQDiUHDGHDWXDomRHDUHDOL]DomRRX
QmRGHDXGLrQFLDGHFRQFLOLDomR
2SULPHLURLWHPDQDOLVDGRGL]UHVSHLWRDRWLSRGHGLUHLWR
VRFLDO SOHLWHDGR TXH SRGH VHU GH TXDWUR HVSpFLHV SDUD RV ILQV GR
SUHVHQWH HVWXGR GLUHLWR GH FDUiWHU SUHYLGHQFLiULR DVVLVWHQFLDO
UHPXQHUDWyULRGHVHUYLGRUS~EOLFRHGHVHUYLGRUPLOLWDU
$ VHJXLQWH WDEHOD PRVWUD D UHSDUWLomR GDV 539V
VHJXQGRDFODVVLILFDomRSURSRVWDILFDQGRFODURTXHDJUDQGHPDLRULDGRV
GLUHLWRVVRFLDLVUHFRQKHFLGRVSHORV-XL]DGRV(VSHFLDLV)HGHUDLVGL]UHVSHLWR
DEHQHItFLRVSUHYLGHQFLiULRVFHUFDGH(VVHVSURFHVVRVHQYROYHP
WDQWRDFRQFHVVmRGHQRYRVEHQHItFLRVSUHYLGHQFLiULRVFRPRDUHYLVmRGR
YDORU GH SDJDPHQWR GRV PHVPRV (P UHODomR DRV GLUHLWRV GH QDWXUH]D
DVVLVWHQFLDOWRGRVRVSURFHVVRVHVWXGDGRVGL]HPUHVSHLWRjFRQFHVVmRGR
EHQHItFLR DVVLVWHQFLDO SUHYLVWR QR DUW 9 GD&RQVWLWXLomR )HGHUDO RX
VHMD DR GLUHLWR DR SDJDPHQWR PHQVDO GH XPD SUHVWDomR GH XP VDOiULR
PtQLPRSDUDRVLGRVRVRXGHILFLHQWHVSREUHV
0DWpULD
3UHYLGHQFLiULD
$VVLVWHQFLDO
488
Os dados foram extraídos do Sistema Processual CRETA, em uso na 5ª Região da Justiça Federal, Versão 3.3,
por meio de rotinas executadas pela equipe de informática que presta assessoria técnica ao TRF da 5ª Região.
Disponível em: <http://ww1.jfpe.gov.br/cretape/>.
182
5HPXQHUDomR
HUYLGRUS~EOLFR
5HPXQHUDomR
VHUYLGRUPLOLWDU
7RWDO
MATÉRIA
4,07%
0,13%
34,35%
61,44%
Previdenciário - 3275
Assistencial - 1831
Servidor Público - 217
Militar - 7
1R TXH SHUWLQH j HILFiFLD GR VLVWHPD GH FRQFLOLDomR
SHUFHEHVH GH SODQR TXH XPD SDUWH UHOHYDQWH RX VHMD PDLV GD PHWDGH
GRVSURFHVVRVDQDOLVDGRVFLQTHQWDHGRLVSRUFHQWRIRLUHVROYLGD
SRUPHLRGHWUDQVDomRMXGLFLDOFRQIRUPHPRVWUDDWDEHODDVHJXLU
183
48%
Processos com Acordo Homologado - 2791
52%
Processos sem Acordo - 2539
7UDWDVHVHPG~YLGDGHQ~PHURGHJUDQGHUHOHYkQFLD
SRLVFRPSURYDRIRUWHSRWHQFLDOGRVMXL]DGRVHVSHFLDLVIHGHUDLVQRVHQWLGR
GHXPD-XVWLoDPDLVFpOHUHHHIHWLYDGHYHQGRVHWDOUHVXOWDGRjQRUPDGR
DUW SDUiJUDIR ~QLFR GD /HL Q TXH DXWRUL]D GH IRUPD
H[SUHVVD RV DGYRJDGRV S~EOLFRV D FHOHEUDU DFRUGRV SDUD D UHVROXomR GH
FRQWURYpUVLDV GH SHTXHQD PRQWD ( R VXFHVVR GHVVD QRUPD WDPEpP Vy
SRGH RFRUUHU HP IDFH GD QRYD PHQWDOLGDGH FRQFLOLDWyULD LQVWDXUDGD QR
kPELWR GD -XVWLoD )HGHUDO TXH LPSUHJQRX PDJLVWUDGRV IXQFLRQiULRV
DGYRJDGRV H DV SUySULDV SDUWHV TXH SUHIHULUDP UHVROYHU ORJR VXDV
SHQGrQFLDVMXUtGLFDVPHVPRTXHjFXVWDGHXPDSHUGDHFRQ{PLFDSDUFLDO
GHVHXGLUHLWR
$ WtWXOR LOXVWUDWLYR WDPEpP p LPSRUWDQWH PRVWUDU R
TXDQWLWDWLYR GH SURFHVVRV TXH IRUDP DMXL]DGRV VHP D DWXDomR GH XP
DGYRJDGR OHJDOPHQWH FRQVWLWXtGR VHQGR TXH WUH]H SRU FHQWR GRV
SURFHVVRVHVWXGDGRVQmRQHFHVVLWDUDPGDDWXDomRGHDGYRJDGRV
184
13%
87%
Processos com Advogado - 4.624
Processos sem Advogado - 706
1R TXH SHUWLQH DR PRQWDQWH SDJR SHOR (VWDGR SDUD
VDOGDUDV539VWHPRVRVVHJXLQWHVQ~PHURV
9DORU7RWDOGR3DJDPHQWR5393UHFDWyULR5
9DORU0pGLRGR3DJDPHQWR5393UHFDWyULR5
(VVHV Q~PHURV UHIOHWHP D LPSRUWkQFLD HFRQ{PLFD GRV
MXL]DGRV HVSHFLDLV IHGHUDLV HP 5HFLIH H 5HJLmR 0HWURSROLWDQD SRLV KRXYH
XPLQJUHVVRQDHFRQRPLDORFDOGHTXDVHPLOK}HVGHUHDLVHPXPDQR
3RURXWURODGRRYDORUPpGLRGHSDJDPHQWRGDV539VIRLGDRUGHPGH
PLOUHDLVDSUR[LPDGDPHQWHTXHQmRpYDORUGHVSUH]tYHOFRQVLGHUDQGRVH
TXH ERD SDUWH GD FOLHQWHOD GRV MXL]DGRV HVSHFLDLV IHGHUDLV p GH SHVVRDV
FRPHVFDVVRVUHFXUVRVILQDQFHLURV
$ SURSyVLWR YDOH UHJLVWUDU TXH Ki HVWXGR PRVWUDQGR
TXHQRkPELWRGD5HJLmRGD-XVWLoD)HGHUDORYDORUWRWDOGDV539V
SDJDV QR DQR GH IRL VXSHULRU D GRLV ELOK}HV GH UHDLV TXDQWLD HVVD
489
Abrange São Paulo e Mato Grosso do Sul.
185
VXSHULRU j WRWDOLGDGH GRV SUHFDWyULRV SDJRV QR PHVPR DQR HP WRGD D
-XVWLoD)HGHUDOLQFOXLQGRVHRVSUHFDWyULRVRULJLQDGRVGH6mR3DXOR
7DO GDGR PRVWUD D IRUoD HFRQ{PLFD GRV MXL]DGRV
HVSHFLDLV IHGHUDLV RV TXDLV DR FRQFUHWL]DUHP GLUHLWRV IXQGDPHQWDLV
VRFLDLVSHUPLWLUDPRLQJUHVVRGHFLIUDVUHOHYDQWHVQDHFRQRPLDQDFLRQDO
2XWUR SDUkPHWUR LPSRUWDQWH SHVTXLVDGR FRQVLVWLX QR
TXDQWLWDWLYR GH SURFHVVRV TXH GHPDQGDUDP D UHDOL]DomR GH DXGLrQFLD
VHQGR TXH SDUWH FRQVLGHUiYHO GRV SURFHVVRV DSUR[LPDGDPHQWH TXDUHQWD H VHWH SRU FHQWR GLVSHQVRX D UHDOL]DomR GR UHIHULGR DWR
SURFHVVXDO
3URFHVVRVFRP$XGLrQFLD
3URFHVVRVVHP$XGLrQFLD
47%
Processos com Audiência - 2800
53%
Processos sem Audiência - 2530
7DO Q~PHUR UHIOHWH FRP WRGD D FHUWH]D D UHDOLGDGH
HVSHFtILFD GDV FDXVDV HP WUDPLWDomR QD -XVWLoD )HGHUDO DV TXDLV PXLWDV
YH]HVWUDWDPGHJUDQGHVTXHVW}HVGHGLUHLWRIHGHUDOTXHQmRDSUHVHQWDP
D QHFHVVLGDGH GH SURGXomR GH SURYD HP DXGLrQFLD FRPR SRU H[HPSOR
490
COSTA, Yvete Flávio da; SOUZA, Peterson de. A efetividade do Processo nos Juizados Especiais Federais.
Revista Direito Federal, a. 23, n. 83. p. 259-266, Brasília: AJUFE, jan./mar. 2006, p. 264.
186
RFRUUHQRVSURFHVVRVGHUHYLVmRGRYDORUGRVEHQHItFLRVSUHYLGHQFLiULRVRX
GHFRQFHVVmRGHUHDMXVWHVDODULDOSDUDRVVHUYLGRUHVS~EOLFRV
1HVVHV WLSRV GH GHPDQGDV MXGLFLDLVHP UHJUD QmR Ki
QHFHVVLGDGH GH UHDOL]DomR GH DXGLrQFLD SDUD D RLWLYD GR GHSRLPHQWR
SHVVRDOHGHWHVWHPXQKDVEDVWDQGRDDQiOLVHGRRUGHQDPHQWRMXUtGLFRH
GHGRFXPHQWRVDQH[DGRVSHODVSDUWHV
3RU ILP FDEH DQDOLVDU RV UHVXOWDGRV GLUHWDPHQWH
UHODFLRQDGRV FRP R REMHWLYR ILQDO GD SHVTXLVD TXH HUD R GH PHGLU D
YHORFLGDGHGHWUDPLWDomRGRVSURFHVVRVGRVMXL]DGRVHVSHFLDLVIHGHUDLVQR
TXHSHUWLQHjVFDXVDVHQYROYHQGRGLUHLWRVVRFLDLV
3DUD WDQWR HVWDEHOHFHXVH ODSVRV SURFHVVXDLV H
SURFXURXVHPHGLURWHPSRGHWUDPLWDomRHPFDGDXPGHOHVRSULPHLUR
FREUHRSHUtRGRLQWHUPHGLDGRHQWUHDGDWDGRDMXL]DPHQWRHDSURODomRGD
VHQWHQoD R VHJXQGR HQWUH R DMXL]DPHQWR H R WUkQVLWR HP MXOJDGR R
WHUFHLURDSDUWLUGRDMXL]DPHQWRDWpDH[SHGLomRGDRUGHPGHSDJDPHQWR
HRTXDUWRSRUILPGRDMXL]DPHQWRDWpRDUTXLYDPHQWRGRSURFHVVR
$ SDUWLU GRV GDGRV FROKLGRV GR 6LVWHPD &UHWD
FRQVWDWRXVH RV VHJXLQWHV SUD]RV GH WUDPLWDomR GRV SURFHVVRV FRPR
PRVWUDPRVTXDGURVDEDL[R
Data do ajuizamento até a sentença
Data do ajuizamento até o trânsito em
julgado
Data do ajuizamento até a expedição da
RPV
Data do ajuizamento até o Arquivamento
227
284
350
367
187
TEMPO DE TRAMITAÇÃO (DIAS)
400
350
367
284
300
227
200
100
0
Ajuizamento até a
Sentença
Ajuizamento até o
Trânsito
Ajuizamento até a
RPV
Ajuizamento até o
Arquivamento
2V UHVXOWDGRV PRVWUDP TXH R WHPSR GH WUDPLWDomR
WRWDO GRV SURFHVVRV GRV MXL]DGRV HVSHFLDLV IHGHUDLV HQYROYHQGR GLUHLWRV
VRFLDLV FRQVLGHUDQGRVH R ODSVR FRPSUHHQGLGR HQWUH R DMXL]DPHQWR GD
DomR H R DUTXLYDPHQWR p HP PpGLD XP SRXFR VXSHULRU D XP DQR RX
VHMDGHGLDV
9DOH UHVVDOWDU TXH GHQWUR GHVVH SHUtRGR RFRUUHP
WRGRV RV DWRV SURFHVVXDLV QHFHVViULRV j HQWUHJD HIHWLYD GD SUHVWDomR
MXULVGLFLRQDO HP FRQFUHWR D VDEH FDGDVWUDPHQWR H GLVWULEXLomR FLWDomR
SHUtFLD VH IRU R FDVR DXGLrQFLD TXDQGR FDEtYHO VHQWHQoD MXOJDPHQWR
GHHYHQWXDOUHFXUVRUHDOL]DomRGRFiOFXORHRSDJDPHQWRGRGLUHLWRVRFLDO
GHPDQGDGR
-i HP UHODomR j H[SHGLomR GD 539 R WHPSR GH
WUDPLWDomRUHVWDXPSRXFRLQIHULRUDXPDQRSRUYROWDGHGLDV1RWH
VHTXHRWUkQVLWRHPMXOJDGRQRVSURFHVVRVSHVTXLVDGRVWHPRFRUULGRHP
SUD]R UD]RDYHOPHQWH LQIHULRU RX VHMD HP FHUFD GH GLDV PDLV RX
PHQRV VHQGR TXH D GHPRUD YHULILFDGD HQWUHHVVD GDWD H D H[SHGLomR GD
539 MXVWLILFDVH SHOD QHFHVVLGDGH GH HODERUDomR GH FiOFXOR RX WDPEpP
SHOR WHPSR GHPDQGDGR SDUD D LPSODQWDomR GD REULJDomR GH ID]HU TXH
SRGHRFRUUHUDQWHVGD539QRFDVRGHQHFHVVLGDGHGHDSXUDURYDORUGD
188
UHQGD PHQVDO LQLFLDO GR EHQHItFLR SUHYLGHQFLiULR DQWHV GD UHDOL]DomR GRV
FiOFXORV
$ FRPSDUDomR GHVVHV GDGRV FRP RV SUD]RV GH
WUDPLWDomR GDV YDUDV IHGHUDLV FRPXQV H WDPEpP GRV SURFHVVRV MXGLFLDLV
HP JHUDO QRWDGDPHQWH QD -XVWLoD &RPXP PRVWUD TXH R DUFDERXoR
QRUPDWLYR GRV MXL]DGRV HVSHFLDLV IHGHUDLV HVWi GH DFRUGR FRP R SULQFtSLR
GDUD]RiYHOGXUDomRGRSURFHVVRMiTXHRSUD]RGHXPDQRQmRSRGHVHU
FRQVLGHUDGRH[FHVVLYRRXIRUDGHXPSDUkPHWUR³UD]RiYHO´'HIDWRVHR
SDJDPHQWR GD FRQGHQDomR GiVH GHQWUR GR SHUtRGR GH GLDV WDO
VLJQLILFDTXHRVDYDQoRVWUD]LGRVSHODV/HLVQVH
SHUPLWHPRDOFDQFHGDFHOHULGDGHSURFHVVXDO
3RU RXWUR ODGR p IDWR QRWyULR TXH SURFHVVRV MXGLFLDLV
HP YDUDV RUGLQiULDV FRVWXPDP WUDPLWDU SRU ORQJRV DQRV FRPR VH QRWD
WDPEpP GD H[WHQVD OLWHUDWXUD MXUtGLFD VREUH R WHPD QR %UDVLO GH PRGR
TXH R PLFURVVLVWHPD SURFHVVXDO GRV MXL]DGRV HVSHFLDLV IHGHUDLV SRGH VHU
FRQVLGHUDGR GH ERD TXDOLGDGH H HVWLPXODGR SDUD DEDUFDU FDGD YH] PDLV
FRPSHWrQFLDV GHVGH TXH HYLGHQWHPHQWH DFRPSDQKDGD GH XPD LQIUD
HVWUXWXUDPDWHULDOHKXPDQDDGHTXDGD
3RGHVHDILUPDUSRUWDQWRQRTXHVHUHIHUHDRVGLUHLWRV
IXQGDPHQWDLV VRFLDLV TXH XVXDOPHQWH VmR SOHLWHDGRV QRV MXL]DGRV
HVSHFLDLV IHGHUDLV RV SURFHVVRV HP WUDPLWDomR WrPDWHQGLGR DR GLUHLWR j
GXUDomR UD]RiYHO Mi TXH R SUD]R GH FHUFD GH XP DQR SDUD D WUDPLWDomR
WRWDO GR IHLWR DWp D GDWD GR SDJDPHQWR GD FRQGHQDomR QmR SRGH VHU
FRQVLGHUDGR IRUD GRV SDGU}HV UD]RiYHLV PHVPR HP FRPSDUDomR j
GXUDomRGHSURFHVVRVTXHWUDPLWDPQD-XVWLoDGHSDtVHVGHVHQYROYLGRV
'HIDWRFRPRYLVWRDQWHVPHVPRQRkPELWRGRVSDtVHV
GR &RQVHOKR GD (XURSD Ki SURFHVVRV HQYROYHQGR GLUHLWRV VRFLDLV TXH
GXUDUDP ORQJRV DQRV H TXH SRU LVVR D &RUWH (XURSpLD GH 'LUHLWRV
+XPDQRV YHP GHWHUPLQDQGR R SDJDPHQWR GH LQGHQL]DomR DRV LQGLYtGXRV
OHVDGRVSHODGHPRUDH[FHVVLYD
189
&RQFOXV}HV
2V GLUHLWRV IXQGDPHQWDLV ± TXH KRMH SRGHP VHU
FRPSUHHQGLGRV
FRPR
D
SRVLWLYDomR
GRV
GLUHLWRV
KXPDQRV
LQWHUQDFLRQDOPHQWHUHFRQKHFLGRV±VXUJHPGHIRUPDSDXODWLQDQDKLVWyULD
KXPDQD SHOR PHQRV GHVGH D ,GDGH 0pGLD QD TXDO LGHDLV GH OLEHUGDGH H
MXVWLoDH[HUFLWiYHLVFRQWUDRVVREHUDQRVMiFRPHoDYDPDVHGHOLQHDU
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D OHL VHUYLUDPVH GRV LGHDLV LOXPLQLVWDV DSUHVHQWDGRV QRV 6pFXORV ;9, D
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190
SDVVDUDPVHULQVHULGRVHPWH[WRVFRQVWLWXFLRQDLVFRPRQRFDVRGD&DUWD
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VHQGR ODUJDPHQWH UHFRQKHFLGRV H HIHWLYDGRV QR FKDPDGR ³SULPHLUR
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7DPEpP QR SODQR GR 'LUHLWR ,QWHUQDFLRQDO GHXVH R
UHFRQKHFLPHQWR SDXODWLQR GRV GLUHLWRV VRFLDLV HFRQ{PLFRV H FXOWXUDLV
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KXPDQRV H D XPD PDLRU LQWHUGHSHQGrQFLD HQWUH R 'LUHLWR ,QWHUQDFLRQDO
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PHWDGH GR 6pFXOR ;; QR VHQWLGR GD EXVFD GD PDLRU HIHWLYLGDGH GDV
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(P TXH SHVH D GLVFULFLRQDULHGDGH OHJLVODWLYD FRQVWLWXLU
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WHPSHUDGD H PLWLJDGD SHOD IRUWH YLQFXODomR GR OHJLVODGRU DRV GLUHLWRV
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192
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GRLV DVSHFWRV R IiWLFR H R MXUtGLFR PDV TXH QmR LPSOLFD HP yELFH
DEVROXWRjFRQFUHWL]DomRMXGLFLDOGHGLUHLWRVVRFLDLVFRQIRUPHDOLiVYHP
GHFLGLQGR R 6XSUHPR 7ULEXQDO )HGHUDO HP GHWHUPLQDGDV PDWpULDV R TXDO
SDUHFHH[LJLUTXHDDXVrQFLDGHUHFXUVRVILQDQFHLURVSDUDDUHDOL]DomRGR
GLUHLWRWHPTXHVHUGHPRQVWUDGDGHIRUPDFODUDSHOR(VWDGRHPFDGDFDVR
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HP YLVWD D QRVVD JUDQGH GHVLJXDOGDGH VRFLDO H D WUDGLFLRQDO H QRWyULD
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IXQGDPHQWDLV VRFLDLV GHVWDFDPVH D LQVWLWXLomR MXUtGLFD GRV MXL]DGRV
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2VMXL]DGRVHVSHFLDLVIHGHUDLVIRUDPFULDGRVSHOD/HLQ
HP FXPSULPHQWR DR PDQGDPHQWR FRQVWLWXFLRQDO GR DUW GD &) $ UHIHULGD OHL LQWURGX]LX QD -XULVGLomR )HGHUDO SiWULD HQRUPHV
PRGLILFDo}HV URPSHQGR FRP SDUDGLJPDV IRUPDOLVWDV EXURFUiWLFRV H
HOLWLVWDV TXH VHPSUH DFRPSDQKDUDP D LPDJHP GD -XVWLoD )HGHUDO GHVGH
VXD FULDomR WHQGR HP YLVWD TXH HVWD HUD UHFRQKHFLGD FRPR XPD -XVWLoD
PDLVDIDVWDGDGDVRFLHGDGHHGRVSUREOHPDVGRGLDDGLDGDFRPXQLGDGH
193
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FULDomR GH XP ULWR VLPSOLILFDGR LQIRUPDO H GLQkPLFR ± TXH LQFOXVLYH
SURSRUFLRQRX D DSOLFDomR GH LGpLDV FULDWLYDV SHORV MXt]HV H VHUYLGRUHV HP
SURO GD PDLRU HIHWLYLGDGH SURFHVVXDO H WDPEpP SHOR DIDVWDPHQWR GRV
SULYLOpJLRVSURFHVVXDLVGD)D]HQGD3~EOLFD
$ VLPSOLILFDomR H FHOHULGDGHV SURFHVVXDLV QR kPELWR GD
-XVWLoD)HGHUDOLPSOLFDUDPQDDSUR[LPDomRGHVWDFRPDVFDPDGDVPHQRV
IDYRUHFLGDV GD SRSXODomR QRWDGDPHQWH DTXHOHV LQGLYtGXRV TXH
QHFHVVLWDPGHDX[tOLRSHFXQLiULRGR(VWDGRSDUDXPDVREUHYLYrQFLDGLJQD
2V UHVXOWDGRV LPHGLDWRV FRPSURYDUDP R VXFHVVR GD
LQLFLDWLYD OHJDO H DXWRPDWLFDPHQWH HVWLPXODUDP R UHGLUHFLRQDPHQWR GDV
GHPDQGDV GH FRPSHWrQFLD GD -XVWLoD )HGHUDO GDV YDUDV IHGHUDLV
WUDGLFLRQDLVSDUDRQRYRPLFURVVLVWHPDSURFHVVXDOTXHDWXDOPHQWHUHFHEH
PDLV SURFHVVR GR TXH WRGDV DV RXWUDV YDUDV IHGHUDLV FtYHLV FRPXQV
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3DVVDGRV PDLV GH VHLV DQRV GD LQVWDODomR HIHWLYD
GRV MXL]DGRV HVSHFLDLV IHGHUDLV SRGHVH FODUDPHQWH FRQFOXLU SHOR VHX
VXFHVVR QRWDGDPHQWH QR TXH VH UHIHUH j FHOHULGDGH SURFHVVXDO (P TXH
SHVHDH[LVWrQFLDGHSUREOHPDVPHQRUHVSHQGHQWHVTXHDLQGDLQWHUIHUHP
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5HFLIH3( RV SURFHVVRV HQYROYHQGR GLUHLWRV VRFLDLV H TXH WrP VHQWHQoD
IDYRUiYHO DRV SDUWLFXODUHV HVWmR VHQGR ILQDOL]DGRV HP DSUR[LPDGDPHQWH
XP DQR GLDV HP PpGLD LQFOXVLYH FRP R SDJDPHQWR GR YDORU GD
FRQGHQDomR GHQWUR GHVVH SHUtRGR (P DOJXQV FDVRV TXHVW}HV
SUHYLGHQFLiULDV UHODFLRQDGDV D EHQHItFLRV SRU LQFDSDFLGDGH SRGHP VHU
UHVROYLGDV HP PHQRV GH PHVHV TXDQGR RFRUUH D FRQFLOLDomR HP
194
DXGLrQFLD RX TXDQGR R ,166 QmR LQWHUS}H UHFXUVR FRQWUD D VHQWHQoD GH
SURFHGrQFLDWHQGRHPYLVWDDLQH[LVWrQFLDGHUHH[DPHQHFHVViULR
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IUHTrQFLD DR FRQWUiULR GR TXH VXFHGLD TXDQGR R GLUHLWR DR EHQHItFLR
SUHYLGHQFLiULRHUD GLVFXWLGRHPDomR RUGLQiULDQDVYDUDVIHGHUDLVVXMHLWD
DRUHH[DPHQHFHVViULRHDRVGHPDLVWUkPLWHVEXURFUiWLFRVRTXHPXLWDV
YH]HVOHYDYDRSURFHVVRDGXUDUDQRV
2 PLFURVVLVWHPD GRV MXL]DGRV HVSHFLDLV IHGHUDLV WHP
DPSOR UHVSDOGR QR SULQFtSLR FRQVWLWXFLRQDO GD UD]RiYHO GXUDomR GR
SURFHVVRSRVLWLYDGRSHOD(PHQGD&RQVWLWXFLRQDOQRTXDOJR]D
GH HILFiFLD LPHGLDWD WHQGR HP YLVWR R VHX VWDWXV GH GLUHLWRJDUDQWLD
IXQGDPHQWDOQDIRUPDGR†žGRDUWžGD&DUWD3ROtWLFDGH
3RU RXWUR ODGR SRGHVH FRQVLGHUDU TXH R SULQFtSLR GD
FHOHULGDGH SURFHVVXDO Mi VH HQFRQWUDYD SUHVHQWH QR WH[WR FRQVWLWXFLRQDO
DQWHV PHVPR GD UHIHULGD HPHQGD FRQVWLWXFLRQDO WHQGR HP YLVWD VXD
DGHTXDomR DR FRQWH~GR QRUPDWLYR GR GLUHLWR IXQGDPHQWDO DR DPSOR
DFHVVRj-XVWLoDRXPHVPRGRGHYLGRSURFHVVROHJDOTXHMiDPSDUDYDPR
GLUHLWR DR SURFHVVR FpOHUH H HIHWLYR DQWHV GD SRVLWLYDomR OHYDGD D HIHLWR
UHFHQWHPHQWH
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GH GLPLQXLomR GD DEUDQJrQFLD GRV MXL]DGRV HVSHFLDLV IHGHUDLV RX PHVPR
GH DOWHUDomR GH DVSHFWRV QRUPDWLYRV SRQWXDLV TXH SRVVDP UHGX]LU R
SRWHQFLDO GH FHOHULGDGH DWXDOPHQWH LQFUXVWDGR QR PLFURVVLVWHPD
SURFHVVXDO 3RGHVH IDODU DWp PHVPR QD H[LVWrQFLD GH XPD ³SURLELomR GH
UHWURFHVVR´ FRQVWLWXFLRQDO TXDQWR j SURWHomR SURFHVVXDO FRQIHULGD DRV
FLGDGmRV HVSHFLDOPHQWH RV KLSRVVXILFLHQWHV SHOR VLVWHPD GRV MXL]DGRV
HVSHFLDLVIHGHUDLV
'HYHVH OHPEUDU TXH QRV MXL]DGRV HVSHFLDLV IHGHUDLV
DRFRQWUiULRGRTXHVXFHGHQRVMXL]DGRVHVSHFLDLVHVWDGXDLVKiXPDIRUWH
GHPDQGD GH GLUHLWRV VRFLDLV QRWDGDPHQWH GRV GLUHLWRV SUHYLGHQFLiULRV H
491
Sobre a proibição do retrocesso, oriunda da tradição jurisprudencial constitucional germânica, Cf. SARLET,
Ingo Wolfgang. A eficácia dos Direitos Fundamentais. 8. ed. Porto Alegre: Livraria do Advogado, 2007, p. 442
e segs.
195
DVVLVWHQFLDLVSRUSDUWHGDVFDPDGDVPHQRVIDYRUHFLGDVGDSRSXODomRGH
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UHVXOWDGRV VRE SHQD GH YLRODomR GH GLUHLWRV VRFLDLV EiVLFRV TXH
UHODFLRQDPVH IRUWHPHQWH FRP R SULQFtSLR GD LJXDOGDGH PDWHULDO H
SRUWDQWRFRPDSUySULDGLJQLGDGHKXPDQD
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DLQGDSRGHVHUDSHUIHLoRDGRHPIDYRUGHXPDDLQGDPDLVFpOHUHSUHVWDomR
MXULVGLFLRQDOQRWDGDPHQWHSRUPHLRGHPHOKRULDVOHJDLVHHVWUXWXUDLVWDLV
FRPR GLPLQXLomR GDV SRVVLELOLGDGHV GH LQWHUSRVLomR GH UHFXUVRV SDUD D
7XUPD1DFLRQDOGH8QLIRUPL]DomRRXSDUDR67-DLQGDSUHYLVWDVSHOD/HL
QUHVWULo}HVPDWHULDLVSDUDDDGPLVVmRGHUHFXUVRVSDUDDV
LQVWkQFLDV QDFLRQDLV FRPR H[ JU D LQVWLWXLomR GH XPD ³UHSHUFXVVmR
JHUDO´ SUHYLVmR GH PDLRU YHUED RUoDPHQWiULD SDUD R SDJDPHQWR GH
SHULWRV PpGLFRV PHOKRULD GD 'HIHQVRULD 3~EOLFD GD 8QLmR LQVWLWXLomR
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VLVWHPD SURFHVVXDO DGHTXDGR DR DWHQGLPHQWR QR kPELWR GD -XVWLoD
196
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197
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