EXERCICIOS DE APROFUNDAMENTO – INGLÊS – ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUMS
TEXTO PARA A PRÓXIMA QUESTÃO:
Japan WW2 Soldier Who Refused to Surrender Dies
A Japanese soldier who refused to surrender after World War Two ended and spent 29 years in the jungle
has died aged 91 in Tokyo. Hiroo Onoda remained in the jungle on Lubang Island near Luzon, in the Philippines,
until 1974 because he did not believe that the war had ended. He was finally persuaded to emerge after his ageing
former commanding officer was flown in to see him. Onoda was greeted as a hero on his return to Japan.
The young soldier had orders not to surrender - a command he obeyed for nearly three decades. “I became
an officer and I received an order. If I could not carry it out, I would feel shame. I am very competitive”, he said.
Three other soldiers were with him at the end of the war. One emerged from the jungle in 1950 and the other two
died.
Mr Onoda ignored several attempts to get him to surrender. He later said that he dismissed search parties
sent to him, and leaflets dropped by Japan, because there was always something suspicious, so he never believed
that the war had really ended. Though Onoda had been officially declared dead in December 1959, search parties
were sent out in 1972, when the last person from his group was killed by local police, but they did not find him.
Onoda was now alone.
On February 20, 1974, a Japanese man, Norio Suzuki, found Onoda after four days of searching. They
became friends, but Onoda still refused to surrender, saying that he was waiting for orders from a superior officer.
Suzuki returned to Japan with photographs of himself and Onoda as proof of their encounter, and the Japanese
government located Onoda’s commanding officer, Major Yoshimi Taniguchi. He flew to Lubang where on March 9,
1974, he finally met with Onoda and rescinded his original orders in person.
The Philippine government granted him a pardon, although many in Lubang never forgave him for killing 30
people during his campaign on the island. 1The news media reported on this and other misgivings, but at the same
time welcomed his return home.
Adapted from http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-25772192 and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroo_Onoda
1. (Espcex (Aman) 2015) In the sentence “The news media reported on this and other misgivings...” (ref. 1), this
refers to
a) other misgivings.
b) killing 30 people.
c) so much attention.
d) the Philippine government.
e) original orders.
TEXTO PARA A PRÓXIMA QUESTÃO:
Brazil’s Rolezinhos – The Kids Are All Right
Shopping Metrô Itaquera, a gleaming mall amid the favelas (shantytowns) of eastern São Paulo, gained
notoriety on January 11th, when the police used rubber bullets and tear gas to disperse a crowd of 3,000 youths.
The youngsters were participating in a rolezinho, a gathering of tens, hundreds, and sometimes thousands of
youngsters which is convened via social networks.
Mall owners and shopkeepers have reasons to be cautious. A few rolezinhos have led to muggings and
robberies. But most do not end in Itaquera-like chaos: the word’s true meaning is closer to “little outing”. And theories
that rolezeiros are class warriors or favela dwellers tired of the country’s veiled racism are not correct. “Their battle
cry is not ‘Less oppression!’” says Renato Barreiros, who has directed a documentary about them. “It’s ‘More
Adidas!’”
The point of a rolezinho is “to hang out, chill, buy nice things, meet people”, explains Vinicius Andrade, a 17year-old from Capão Redondo, a favela in western São Paulo. He has taken part in 18 big rolezinhos and helped
organize a few, drawing some of his 89,000 Facebook followers. His 15-year-old girlfriend, Yasmin Oliveira, a
rolezeiro sweetheart with 94,000 fans of her own on the social network, says that 2shopping centers make good
meeting places because they are safe – an important consideration in a crime-ridden city. There are few other public
venues for kids, especially in poorer neighborhoods.
As well as air conditioning, shopping centres also confer something no open-air space can: status.
Rolezeiros enjoy walking around in a branded T-shirt and bermudas, with a pair of 400 reais ($170) shades perched
on a baseball cap. Vinicius confesses to spending 800-1,000 reais a month on clothes and accessories, most of
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EXERCICIOS DE APROFUNDAMENTO – INGLÊS – ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUMS
what he makes as a helper at a local Adventist church. Just 8% of Itaquera shoppers enjoy a monthly income in
excess of 2,780 reais. 1Some rolezeiros support their flashy lifestyle by reselling outmoded attire to poorer neighbors.
Shopkeepers in the local malls have mixed feelings about the gatherings. On the one hand, the youngsters
make ideal clients: they often pay cash and can spend 2,000-3,000 reais in one go. On the other, larger groups can
scare away customers.
Adapted from http://www.economist.com
2. (Espcex (Aman) 2015) In the sentence “...shopping centers make good meeting places because they are safe...”
(ref. 2), the word they refers to
a) fans.
b) shopping centers.
c) rolezeiros.
d) kids.
e) neighborhoods.
TEXTO PARA A PRÓXIMA QUESTÃO:
Leia o texto para responder às questões.
Pediatric group advises parents to read to kids
June 26, 2014
By Amy Graff
Reading Go Dog Go to your 6 month old might seem like wasted time because she’s more likely to eat the
book than help you turn the pages, but a statement released by the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) this
week says reading in the early years is essential. Reading out loud gets parents talking to their babies and the sound
of an adult’s voice stimulates that tiny yet rapidly growing brain. In the statement, the academy advises pediatricians
to tell parents to read books to their children from birth.
Reading regularly with young children stimulates optimal patterns of brain development and strengthens
parent-child relationships at a critical time in child development, which, in turn, builds language, literacy, and socialemotional skills that last a lifetime. Research shows that a child’s brain develops faster between 0 and 3 than at any
other time in life, making the early years a critical time for babies to hear rich oral language. The more words children
hear directed at them by parents and caregivers, the more they learn.
While many babies are read Goodnight Moon and The Very Hungry Caterpillar every night before bed,
others never get a chance to “pat the bunny.” Studies reveal that children from low-income, less-educated families
have significantly fewer books than their more affluent peers. By age 4, children in poverty hear 30 million fewer
words than those in higher-income households. These dramatic gaps result in significant learning disadvantages that
persist into adulthood. The AAP hopes the new guidelines will encourage all parents to start reading from day one.
Research shows that when pediatricians talk with parents about reading, moms and dads are more likely to
fill their home with books and read. Also, to help get more parents reading, the AAP is partnering with organizations
such as Scholastic and Too Small to Fail to help get reading materials to new families who need books the most.
This is the first time the AAP has made a recommendation on children’s literary education and it seems the
timing might be just right as more and more parents are leaning on screens and electronic gadget to occupy their
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EXERCICIOS DE APROFUNDAMENTO – INGLÊS – ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUMS
babies. “The reality of today’s world is that we’re competing with portable digital media,” Dr. Alanna Levine, a
pediatrician in Orangeburg, N.Y., told The New York Times. “So you really want to arm parents with tools and
rationale behind it about why it’s important to stick to the basics of things like books.”
http://blog.seattlepi.com. Adaptado.
3. (Unesp 2015) No trecho do terceiro parágrafo “By age 4, children in poverty hear 30 million fewer words than
those in higher-income households.”, o termo em destaque se refere às crianças
a) de famílias pobres.
b) de famílias com menor escolaridade.
c) de famílias de maior renda.
d) com problemas de aprendizagem.
e) com mais de quatro anos de idade.
TEXTO PARA A PRÓXIMA QUESTÃO:
Leia o texto para responder a(s) questão(ões).
The Rise of Antibiotic Resistance
By The Editorial Board
May 10, 2014
The World Health Organization has surveyed the growth of antibiotic-resistant germs around the world – the
first such survey it has ever conducted – and come up with disturbing findings. In a report issued late last month, the
organization found that antimicrobial resistance in bacteria (the main focus of the report), fungi, viruses and parasites
is an increasingly serious threat in every part of the world. “A problem so serious that it threatens the achievements
of modern medicine,” the organization said. “A post-antibiotic era, in which common infections and minor injuries can
kill, far from being an apocalyptic fantasy, is instead a very real possibility for the 21st century.”
The growth of antibiotic-resistant pathogens means that in ever more cases, standard treatments no longer
work, infections are harder or impossible to control, the risk of spreading infections to others is increased, and
illnesses and hospital stays are prolonged. All of these drive up the costs of illnesses and the risk of death. The
survey sought to determine the scope of the problem by asking countries to submit their most recent surveillance
data (114 did so). Unfortunately, the data was glaringly incomplete because few countries track and monitor
antibiotic resistance comprehensively, and there is no standard methodology for doing so.
Still, it is clear that major resistance problems have already developed, both for antibiotics that are used
routinely and for those deemed “last resort” treatments to cure people when all else has failed. Carbapenem
antibiotics, a class of drugs used as a last resort to treat life-threatening infections caused by a common intestinal
bacterium, have failed to work in more than half the people treated in some countries. The bacterium is a major
cause of hospital-acquired infections such as pneumonia, bloodstream infections, and infections in newborns and
intensive-care patients. Similarly, the failure of a last-resort treatment for gonorrhoea has been confirmed in 10
countries, including many with advanced health care systems, such as Australia, Canada, France, Sweden and
Britain. And resistance to a class of antibiotics that is routinely used to treat urinary tract infections caused by E. coli
is widespread; in some countries the drugs are now ineffective in more than half of the patients treated. This
sobering report is intended to kick-start a global campaign to develop tools and standards to track drug resistance,
measure its health and economic impact, and design solutions.
The most urgent need is to minimize the overuse of antibiotics in medicine and agriculture, which accelerates
the development of resistant strains. In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has issued
voluntary guidelines calling on drug companies, animal producers and veterinarians to stop indiscriminately using
antibiotics that are important for treating humans on livestock; the drug companies have said they will comply. But
the agency, shortsightedly, 1has appealed a court order requiring it to ban the use of penicillin and two forms of
tetracycline by animal producers to promote growth unless they provide proof that it will not promote drug-resistant
microbes.
The pharmaceutical industry needs to be encouraged to develop new antibiotics to supplement those that
are losing their effectiveness. The Royal Pharmaceutical Society, which represents pharmacists in Britain, called this
month for stronger financial incentives. It said that no new class of antibiotics has been discovered since 1987,
largely because the financial returns for finding new classes of antibiotics are too low. Unlike lucrative drugs to treat
chronic diseases like cancer and cardiovascular ailments, antibiotics are typically taken for a short period of time,
and any new drug is apt to be used sparingly and held in reserve to treat patients resistant to existing drugs.
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EXERCICIOS DE APROFUNDAMENTO – INGLÊS – ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUMS
Antibiotics have transformed medicine and saved countless lives over the past seven decades. Now, rampant
overuse and the lack of new drugs in the pipeline threaten to undermine their effectiveness.
(www.nytimes.com. Adaptado.)
4. (Unifesp 2015) No trecho do quarto parágrafo (ref. 1), “has appealed a court order requiring it to ban the use of
penicillin”, o termo em destaque se refere a
a) drug companies.
b) Food and Drug Administration.
c) penicillin.
d) a court order.
e) animal producers.
TEXTO PARA A PRÓXIMA QUESTÃO:
Read the text and answer the question(s).
Argentina defaults – Eighth time unlucky
Cristina Fernández argues that her country’s latest default is different. She is missing the point.
Aug 2nd 2014
ARGENTINA’S first bond, issued in 1824, was supposed to have had a lifespan of 46 years. Less than four
years later, the government defaulted. Resolving the ensuing stand-off with creditors took 29 years. Since then
seven more defaults have followed, the most recent this week, when Argentina failed to make a payment on bonds
issued as partial compensation to victims of the previous default, in 2001.
Most investors think they can see a pattern in all this, but Argentina’s president, Cristina Fernández de
Kirchner, insists the latest default is not like the others. Her government, she points out, had transferred the full
$539m it owed to the banks that administer the bonds. It is America’s courts (the bonds were issued under American
law) that blocked the payment, at the behest of the tiny minority of owners of bonds from 2001 who did not accept
the restructuring Argentina offered them in 2005 and again in 2010. These “hold-outs”, balking at the 65% haircut the
restructuring entailed, not only persuaded a judge that they should be paid in full but also got him to 1freeze
payments on the restructured bonds until Argentina coughs up.
Argentina claims that paying the hold-outs was impossible. It is not just that they are “vultures” as Argentine
officials often put it, who bought the bonds for cents on the dollar after the previous default and are now holding
those who accepted the restructuring (accounting for 93% of the debt) to ransom. The main problem is that a clause
in the restructured bonds prohibits Argentina from offering the hold-outs better terms without paying everyone else
the same. Since it cannot afford to do that, it says it had no choice but to default.
Yet it is not certain that the clause requiring equal treatment of all bondholders would have applied, given
that Argentina would not have been paying the hold-outs voluntarily, but on the courts’ orders. Moreover, some
owners of the restructured bonds had agreed to waive their rights; 2had Argentina made a concerted effort to
persuade the remainder to do the same, it might have succeeded. Lawyers and bankers have suggested various
ways around the clause in question, which expires at the end of the year. But Argentina’s government was slow to
consider these options or negotiate with the hold-outs, hiding instead behind indignant nationalism.
Ms Fernández is right that the consequences of America’s court rulings have been perverse, unleashing a
big financial dispute in an attempt to solve a relatively small one. But 3hers is not the first government to be hit with
an awkward verdict. Instead of railing against it, she should have tried to minimize the harm it did. Defaulting has
helped no one: none of the bondholders will now be paid, Argentina looks like a pariah again, and its economy will
remain starved of loans and investment.
Happily, much of the damage can still be undone. It is not too late to strike a deal with the hold-outs or back
an ostensibly private effort to buy out their claims. A quick fix would make it easier for Argentina to borrow again
internationally. That, in turn, would speed development of big oil and gas deposits, the income from which could help
ease its money troubles.
More important, it would help to change 4perceptions of Argentina as a financial rogue state. Over the past
year or so Ms Fernández seems to have been trying to rehabilitate Argentina’s image and resuscitate its faltering
economy. She settled financial disputes with government creditors and with Repsol, a Spanish oil firm whose
Argentine assets she had expropriated in 2012. This week’s events have overshadowed all that. For its own sake,
and everyone else’s, 5Argentina should hold its nose and do a deal with the hold-outs.
(http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21610263. Adapted)
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EXERCICIOS DE APROFUNDAMENTO – INGLÊS – ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUMS
5. (Fgv 2015) The word hers, as used in the reference 3, allude to the Argentine
a) dispute.
b) verdict.
c) consequence.
d) court ruling.
e) government.
TEXTO PARA A PRÓXIMA QUESTÃO:
The trouble with trying to make trains go faster
By Katia Moskvitch
As technology advances, transport gets ever faster, and trains are no exception. But with great speed come
great drawbacks. Katia Moskvitch reports on the pitfalls facing train designers trying to reach even greater speed on
rails.
Since George Stephenson’s Rocket, designers have been trying to make trains go faster and faster. Despite
all the innovations, particularly in the last 50 years it’s still a dream that all cities around the world could be connected
by high-speed trains that complete journeys in a flash, allowing you to arrive at your destination relaxed and
untroubled. Why is this the case?
Going fast on rails brings its own special set of problems. Human bodies are simply not built for rapid
acceleration, we experience certain low frequency motions that create discomfort – a feeling of “motion sickness”.
We also experience rapid acceleration, for example, each time we take off and land in a plane.
Then there is the logistics of trying to send a train faster along a track. Going fast means pushing air out of
the way, which also requires a lot of power. A train travelling at 300 mph (480 km / h) uses roughly 27 times more
power than one travelling at 100 mph (160 km / h). And at ground level the air is a lot denser than it is at 35,000ft
(10,600 m) where airliners regularly cruise. That means more resistance, and therefore more vibrations.
If trains could travel just in straight lines and without any dips, then high speeds would not be a big issue. It’s
the bends and the ups and downs that create a problem, especially in Europe, with its many rivers and mountains
and old train lines following long-travelled routes.
14 August 2014 | www.bbc.co.uk
6. (Espm 2015) The underlined pronoun which in the 4th paragraph of the text refers to:
a) way
b) out of the way
c) air out of the way
d) pushing air out of the way
e) going fast means pushing air out of the way
TEXTO PARA A PRÓXIMA QUESTÃO:
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EXERCICIOS DE APROFUNDAMENTO – INGLÊS – ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUMS
Leia o texto a seguir e responda à(s) questão(ões).
Welcome to Madrid: City of Protests
Madrid (CNN) — “The people, united, will never be divided!” yells the crowd, angrily waving banners and
placards. “To fight is the only way!” Dog-walkers, mothers with strollers, an pensioners carrying shopping bags join
the crowd. These people on the sidewalk are no curious neighbors. Indeed, many of them are complete strangers to
the family living on the fifth floor, but they are all here to protect Rocio from eviction – being forced to leave her
property by legal process
Rocio and her son, now 17 and in high school, moved from Ecuador in 2003, when times were good and
jobs plentiful in Spain. But then the global financial crisis hit, bringing Spain’s economy’ down, Rocio lost her two jobs
– in a shop, and as a cleaner. For a while, Rocio got by on benefits but then those stopped too. She is an example of
the crisis many Spaniards face as the country deals with the highest unemployment rate since the Civil War in the
1930s, and a recession entering its second year. “I can’t stand the thought of living on the streets with my san, but I
have no idea where else to go”, she says.
Rocio’s story is echoed by others all over Spain. It is this fear that took many Spanish citizen to action. Many
of those people who are outside the door of Rocio’s apartment block are supporter of “Stop Desahucios” (Stop
Evictions), part of the Platform of People Affected by Mortgages (PAI – Plataforma de Afectados por la Hipoteca), a
group that campaigns to prevent banks and authorities from eviction because of the country’s economic crisis. They
accuse the banks and authorities o ‘real estate terrorism”.
There are also the mass marches of the 15-M movement – also known as the “Indignados”. Activist Dante
Scherma, 24, says citizens were not used to speaking out on political issues. “The 15-M movement made people talk
about social issues, and about politics in normal conversations - in cafés, restaurants, bars – where before they only
talked about football or fashion.”
Back in Vicalvaro, the moment of truth has arrived, but the crowd – now shouting at the police, insisting they
have to stop forcing families to leave their properties – appears to have had an impact. Lawyers from the PAH
explain that Rocio will be able to stay – for a while, at least. For those working to stop Spain’s eviction epidemic,
today has seen a small and temporary victory. For those demonstrating about cuts, corruption and lack of cash, the
protests will go on.
Adaptado de: http://edition.cnn.com/2013/02/20/world/europe/madrid-city-of-protests/index.html
7. (Espcex (Aman) 2014) In the sentence “...insisting they have to stop forcing families to leave their properties...”,
words they and their respectively refer to
a) the crowd and families.
b) the crowd and the police.
c) the police and families.
d) the families and the properties.
e) the police and the properties.
TEXTO PARA A PRÓXIMA QUESTÃO:
A HISTORY OF PI
The history of Pi, says the author, though a small part of the history of mathematics, is nevertheless a mirror
of the history of man. 5Petr Beckmann holds up this mirror, 4giving the background of the times when Pi made
progress — and also when it did not, because 3science was being 1stifled by militarism or religious fanaticism. The
mathematical level of this book is flexible, and there is plenty for readers of all ages and interests.
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Petr Beckmann was born in Prague, Czechoslovakia, in 1924. 6Until 1963, he worked as a research scientist
for the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, when he was invited as a Visiting Professor to the University of
Colorado, where he decided to stay permanently as professor of electrical engineering.
Dr. Beckmann has authored 11 books and more than 50 scientific papers, 2mostly on probability theory and
electromagnetic wave propagation. History is one of his side interests; another is linguistics (7he is fluent in five
languages and he has worked out a new generative grammar which enables a computer to construct trillions of
grammatical sentences from a dictionary of less than 100 unprocessed words).
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EXERCICIOS DE APROFUNDAMENTO – INGLÊS – ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUMS
8
He also publishes a monthly pro-science, pro-technology, pro-free enterprise newsletter Access to Energy,
in which he promotes the viewpoint that clean energy can be made plentiful, but that access to it is blocked by
government interference and environmental paranoia.
BECKMANN, Petr. A History of Pi. New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 1983.
8. (Ita 2014) Indique a alternativa que contém a referência correta para o termo sublinhado.
a) “giving the background of the times when Pi made progress …” (ref. 4)  background
b) “Petr Beckmann holds up this mirror, giving the background of the times when Pi made progress — and also when
it did not …” (ref. 5)  mirror
c) “Until 1963, he worked as a research scientist for the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, when he was invited
…” (ref. 6)  research scientist
d) “he is fluent in five languages and he has worked out a new generative grammar which enables a computer to
construct …” (ref. 7)  five languages
e) “He also publishes a monthly pro-science, pro-technology, pro-free enterprise newsletter Access to Energy, in
which he promotes the viewpoint …” (ref. 8)  newsletter Access to Energy
TEXTO PARA A PRÓXIMA QUESTÃO:
2
Harvard conducted one of the longest and most comprehensive studies of human development — the 75
year old Grant Study — that’s reached some fascinating conclusions regarding the recipe for leading a happy life.
The sample group was comprised of healthy male Harvard college students who, over the course of their lifetime,
agreed to meet with an array of scientists and researchers who measured their psychological, physical and
anthropological traits. 1Though all identities are confidential, it was recently discovered that John F. Kennedy was a
sample participant. Following these men through times of war, their careers, parenthood and old age, the Grant
Study has amassed an exorbitant amount of data that deeply reflects the human condition. What can be concluded
from seven decades of data? It is quite simple actually; warm relationships between parents, spouses, children and
friends have the greatest impact on your health and happiness in old age. The study found that 93 percent of the
sample group who were thriving at age 65, had a close relationship with a sibling when they were younger. As
George Vaillant, the lead director of the study states, it can all be boiled down into five simple words: “Happiness is
love. Full stop.” (Business Insider.)
http://www.goodnet.org/articles/1055 (acesso em 10/06/2013).
9. (Ita 2014) Substituindo os adjetivos long e comprehensive, respectivamente, por easy e rich na oração “Harvard
conducted one of the longest and most comprehensive studies of human development” (ref. 2), teremos:
a) the most easy - the richest
b) the easiest - the most rich
c) the more easy - the richer
d) the easiest - the richest
e) the most easy - the most rich
TEXTO PARA A PRÓXIMA QUESTÃO:
Is this what really goes on in the staff room?
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EXERCICIOS DE APROFUNDAMENTO – INGLÊS – ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUMS
10. (Ita 2014) Em “the more I learn, the less clear anything gets”, mantém-se o mesmo sentido em:
a) more learning, less obscurity.
b) more learning, more obscurity.
c) less learning, more obscurity.
d) less learning, less doubts.
e) more doubts, more obscurity.
TEXTO PARA A PRÓXIMA QUESTÃO:
DISTANT PEAK CAR
Carmakers worry that one day demand for cars will stop rising. But that is a long way off.
IN 1924 FORD ran an advertisement headlined “His First Car”, urging fathers to buy their teenage sons their
first set of wheels. The idea caught on. 1For boys, especially, learning to drive became an essential part of growing
up. By the late 1970s 86% of American 18-year-olds—of both sexes—had a driving licence. But then the trend went
into reverse: 6researchers at the University of Michigan found that in 2010 only 61% of 18-year-old Americans had
licences. Other rich countries are going the same way. Teenagers are showing less interest in cars as they turn their
attention to smartphones and social networking.
12
This is a worry for carmakers, who are wondering where their future customers are going to come from. In
the two decades to 2008 the number of miles driven by Americans in their 20s fell by 8%. In Britain a study for the
RAC Foundation, a transport-research body, found a 30% drop among men in the same age group between 1996
and 2006.
7
One reason for concern is that half the world’s population now lives in towns and cities, which have only so
much space for cars. Even in rapidly growing car markets such as China, city governments in the more prosperous
parts of the country are beginning 2to restrict new car registrations and invest heavily in public transport.
Young urban residents may also be meeting up less often in person, 8thanks to social-networking sites that
let them keep in touch digitally. So they have less need for a car, and when they do need one they turn to car clubs,
which offer rental by the hour in their neighbourhood, and to car-sharing schemes. In particular, the generation who
came of age after 2000, the so-called “millennials”, express a preference for having access to rather than owning
cars. But some of that may be just talk. In a survey by McKinsey, American millennials said they expected to use car
clubs in the future, but when asked if owning a car would remain an important status symbol, 3they were much more
likely to answer “yes” than older consumers.
Economic factors, too, work against car ownership. 9Sheryl Connelly, Ford’s “global trends and futuring”
manager, notes that a few decades ago teenagers in America often got free driving lessons at school, but now they
may have to pay up to $800 for them before they can sit their test. 4The cost of adding a young driver to the family’s
car-insurance policy too has risen sharply, she says. In Britain the RAC Foundation study found that fewer young
men are driving because their employers have cut back on providing company cars.
However, studies also show a marked rise in the proportion of elderly people with driving licences.
Babyboomers pretty much all learned to drive, and now that they are beginning to retire they expect to continue
motoring. The development of assisted driving, followed one day by fully automated cars, will allow them to stay
mobile for much longer.
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EXERCICIOS DE APROFUNDAMENTO – INGLÊS – ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUMS
What may be happening in rich countries is a one-off shift in the timing of people’s driving careers, so that
they start later but then continue well into old age. This may be no bad thing for carmakers. It has long been an open
secret in the business that 5cars are advertised as being for the young but are bought mainly by the middle-aged with
the necessary disposable income. In America the average Mercedes buyer is in his late 50s, and even the
supposedly youth-oriented MINI Cooper is typically bought by people in their early 40s. The world’s biggest car
markets—China, North America and Europe—are all greying.
10
So it is not clear that declining car ownership among young urbanites will have more than a marginal effect
on overall car sales. Besides, argues Renault-Nissan’s Mr Ghosn, for most people “their car is more than an object.”
For some it is an extension of their home, he says, and most people would rather not share their home. For others it
is their pet, and who wants to share their pet?
All in all, “peak car”—the point at which worldwide demand for cars will stop rising—still seems quite 11a long
way off. In the rich world some of the economic factors that have deterred young people from taking up driving will
fade away: as cars become increasingly self-piloting and accident rates fall, insurance costs should decrease, and in
time there will be little or no need to take expensive lessons.
The Economist, April 20th, 2013.
11. (Ita 2014) Assinale a opção em que o emprego sintático do item lexical that é diferente dos demais.
a) “... researchers at the University of Michigan found that ...” (ref. 6)
b) “One reason for concern is that ...” (ref. 7)
c) “… thanks to social-networking sites that …” (ref. 8)
d) “Sheryl Connelly, Ford’s “global trends and futuring” manager, notes that …” (ref. 9)
e) “So it is not clear that ...” (ref. 10)
TEXTO PARA A PRÓXIMA QUESTÃO:
Will we ever… understand why music makes us feel good?
19 April 2013
Philip Ball
No one knows why music has such a potent effect on our emotions. But thanks to some recent studies we
have a few intriguing clues. Why do we like music? Like most good questions, this one works on many levels. We
have answers on some levels, but not all.
We like music because it makes us feel good. Why does it make us feel good? In 2001, neuroscientists
Anne Blood and Robert Zatorre at McGill University in Montreal provided an answer. Using magnetic resonance
imaging they showed that people listening to pleasurable music had activated brain regions called the limbic and
paralimbic areas, which are connected to euphoric reward responses, like those we experience from sex, good food
and addictive drugs. Those rewards come from a gush of a neurotransmitter called dopamine. As DJ Lee Haslam
told us, music is the drug.
But why? It’s easy enough to understand why sex and food are rewarded with a dopamine rush: this makes
us want more, and so contributes to our survival and propagation. (Some drugs subvert that survival instinct by
stimulating dopamine release on false pretences.) But why would a sequence of sounds with no obvious survival
value do the same thing?
The truth is no one knows. However, we now have many clues to why music provokes intense emotions.
The current favourite theory among scientists who study the cognition of music – how we process it mentally – dates
back to 1956, when the philosopher and composer Leonard Meyer suggested that emotion in music is all about what
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EXERCICIOS DE APROFUNDAMENTO – INGLÊS – ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUMS
we expect, and whether or not we get it. Meyer drew on earlier psychological theories of emotion, which proposed
that it arises when we’re unable to satisfy some desire. That, as you might imagine, creates frustration or anger – but
if we then find what we’re looking for, be it love or a cigarette, the payoff is all the sweeter.
This, Meyer argued, is what music does too. It sets up sonic patterns and regularities that tempt us to make
unconscious predictions about what’s coming next. If we’re right, the brain gives itself a little reward – as we’d now
see it, a surge of dopamine. The constant dance between expectation and outcome thus enlivens the brain with a
pleasurable play of emotions.
(www.bbc.com. Adaptado.)
12. (Unifesp 2014) No trecho do segundo parágrafo – which are connected to euphoric reward responses –, a
palavra which refere-se a
a) pleasurable music.
b) sex, good food and addictive drugs.
c) limbic and paralimbic areas.
d) magnetic resonance imaging.
e) euphoric reward responses.
TEXTO PARA A PRÓXIMA QUESTÃO:
Emerging economies
The Great Deceleration
The emerging-market slowdown is not the beginning of a bust. But it is a turning-point for the world economy
WHEN a champion sprinter falls short of his best speeds, it takes a while to determine whether he is
temporarily on poor form or has permanently lost his edge. The same is true with emerging markets, the world
economy’s 21st-century sprinters. After a decade of surging growth, in which they led a global boom and then helped
pull the world economy forwards in the face of the financial crisis, the emerging giants have slowed sharply.
China will be lucky if it manages to hit its official target of 7.5% growth in 2013, a far cry from the double-digit
rates that the country had come to expect in the 2000s. Growth in India (around 5%), Brazil and Russia (around
2.5%) is barely half what it was at the height of the boom. Collectively, emerging markets may (just) match last year’s
pace of 5%. That sounds fast compared with the sluggish rich world, but it is the slowest emerging-economy
expansion in a decade, barring 2009 when the rich world slumped.
This marks the end of the dramatic first phase of the emerging-market era, which saw such economies jump
from 38% of world output to 50% (measured at purchasing-power parity, or PPP) over the past decade. Over the
next ten years emerging economies will still rise, but more gradually. The immediate effect of this deceleration
should be manageable. But the longer-term impact on the world economy will be profound.
Running out of puff
In the past, periods of emerging-market boom have tended to be followed by busts (which helps explain why
so few poor countries have become rich ones). A determined pessimist can find reasons to fret today, pointing in
particular to the risks of an even more drastic deceleration in China or of a sudden global monetary tightening. But
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EXERCICIOS DE APROFUNDAMENTO – INGLÊS – ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUMS
this time a broad emerging-market bust looks unlikely.
China is in the midst of a precarious shift from investment-led growth to a more balanced, consumptionbased model. Its investment surge has prompted plenty of bad debt. But the central government has the fiscal
strength both to absorb losses and to stimulate the economy if necessary. That is a luxury few emerging economies
have ever had. It makes disaster much less likely. And with rich-world economies still feeble, there is little chance
that monetary conditions will suddenly tighten. Even if they did, most emerging economies have better defences than
ever before, with flexible exchange rates, large stashes of foreign-exchange reserves and relatively less debt (much
of it in domestic currency).
That’s the good news. The bad news is that the days of record-breaking speed are over. China’s
turbocharged investment and export model has run out of puff. Because its population is ageing fast, the country will
have fewer workers, and because it is more prosperous, it has less room for catch-up growth. Ten years ago China’s
per person GDP measured at PPP was 8% of America’s; now it is 18%. China will keep on catching up, but at a
slower clip.
That will hold back other emerging giants. Russia’s burst of speed was propelled by a surge in energy prices
driven by Chinese growth. Brazil sprinted ahead with the help of a boom in commodities and domestic credit; its
current combination of stubborn inflation and slow growth shows that its underlying economic speed limit is a lot
lower than most people thought. The same is true of India, where near-double-digit annual rises in GDP led
politicians, and many investors, to confuse the potential for rapid catch-up (a young, poor population) with its
inevitability. India’s growth rate could be pushed up again, but not without radical reforms—and almost certainly not
to the peak pace of the 2000s.
Jul 27th 2013/www.economist.com
13. (Espm 2014) The pronoun they in the underlined sentence of the fifth paragraph of the text: “Even if they did, …”
refers to
a) China
b) plenty of bad debt
c) a few emerging economies
d) rich-world economies
e) monetary conditions
TEXTO PARA A PRÓXIMA QUESTÃO:
The following text refers to question(s)
The Movies
MY WEEK WITH MARILYN
Has anyone counted the number of books, films and even songs (Elton John’s “Candle in the Wind”, for
example) that have been dedicated to the life and death of Marilyn Monroe (1926-62)?This is in addition to all the
movies __( I )__ Marilyn herself made during her brief career. Nearly 50 years after her death, the Monroe industry is
alive and well. The latest example is My Week With Marilyn (__( II )__ received its US release in November, and is
scheduled for Brazil on February 24). It tells the story of the film star’s trip to Britain, during the course___( III )__ she
worked with Sir Laurence Olivier. Seen through the eyes of Olivier’s assistant, Colin Clark (__( IV )__ Marilyn had an
affair), it stars Michelle Williams as Marilyn (pictured above), Kenneth Branagh as Olivier, and Judi Dench, __( V
)__ plays another great actress, Dame Sybil Torndike.
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EXERCICIOS DE APROFUNDAMENTO – INGLÊS – ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUMS
www.speakup.com.br
14. (Mackenzie 2014) The words that properly fill in blanks I, II, III, IV and V, in the text, are
a) that / which / of which / with whom / who
b) which / which / about whom / with which / who
c) when / who / whom / with which / who
d) which / which / from which / with whom / that
e) that / when / in which / with who / who
TEXTO PARA A PRÓXIMA QUESTÃO:
Read the article and answer question(s).
The road to hell
(1) Bringing crops from one of the futuristic new farms in Brazil’s central and northern plains to foreign
markets means taking a journey back in time. Loaded onto lorries, most are driven almost 2,000km south on narrow,
potholed roads to the ports of Santos and Paranaguá. In the 19th and early 20th centuries they were used to bring in
immigrants and ship out the coffee grown in the fertile states of São Paulo and Paraná, but now they are
overwhelmed. Thanks to a record harvest this year, Brazil became the world’s largest soya producer, overtaking the
United States. The queue of lorries waiting to enter Santos sometimes stretched to 40km.
(2) No part of that journey makes sense. Brazil has too few crop silos, so lorries are used for storage as well
as transport, causing a crush at ports after harvest. Produce from so far north should probably not be travelling to
southern ports at all. Freight by road costs twice as much as by rail and four times as much as by water. Brazilian
farmers pay 25% or more of the value of their soya to bring it to port; their competitors in Iowa just 9%. The
bottleneck at ports pushes costs higher still. It also puts off customers. In March Sunrise Group, China’s biggest soya
trader, cancelled an order for 2m tonnes of Brazilian soya after repeated delays.
(3) All of Brazil’s infrastructure is decrepit. The World Economic Forum ranks it at 114th out of 148 countries.
After a spate of railway-building at the turn of the 20th century, and road- and dam-building 50 years later, little was
added or even maintained. In the 1980s infrastructure was a casualty of slowing growth and spiralling inflation.
Unable to find jobs, engineers emigrated or retrained. Government stopped planning for the long term. According to
Contas Abertas, a public-spending watchdog, only a fifth of federal money budgeted for urban transport in the past
decade was actually spent. Just 1.5% of Brazil’s GDP goes on infrastructure investment from all sources, both public
and private. The long-run global average is 3.8%. The McKinsey Global Institute estimates the total value of Brazil’s
infrastructure at 16% of GDP. Other big economies average 71%. To catch up, Brazil would have to triple its annual
infrastructure spending for the next 20 years.
(4) Moreover, it may be getting poor value from what little it does invest because so much goes on the wrong
things. A cumbersome environmental-licensing process pushes up costs and causes delays. Expensive studies are
required before construction on big projects can start and then again at various stages along the way and at the end.
Farmers and manufacturers spend heavily on lorries because road transport is their only option. But that is working
around the problem, not solving it.
(5) In the 1990s Mr Cardoso’s government privatized state-owned oil, energy and telecoms firms. It allowed
private operators to lease terminals in public ports and to build their own new ports. Imports were booming as the
economy opened up, so container terminals were a priority. The one at the public port in Bahia’s capital, Salvador, is
an example of the transformation wrought by private money and management. Its customers used to rate it Brazil’s
worst port, with a draft too shallow for big ships and a quay so short that even smaller vessels had to unload a bit at
a time. But in the past decade its operator, Wilson & Sons, spent 260m reais on replacing equipment, lengthening
the quay and deepening the draft. Capacity has doubled. Land access will improve, too, once an almost finished
expressway opens. Paranaguá is spending 400m reais from its own revenues on replacing outdated equipment, but
without private money it cannot expand enough to end the queues to dock. It has drawn up detailed plans to build a
new terminal and two new quays, and identified 20 dockside areas that could be leased to new operators, which
would bring in 1.6 billion reais of private investment. All that is missing is the federal government’s permission. It
hopes to get it next year, but there is no guarantee.
(6) Firms that want to build their own infrastructure, such as mining companies, which need dedicated
railways and ports, can generally build at will in Brazil, though they still face the hassle of environmental licensing. If
the government wants to hand a project to the private sector it will hold an auction, granting the concession to the
highest bidder, or sometimes the applicant who promises the lowest user charges. But since Lula came to power in
2003 there have been few infrastructure auctions of any kind. In recent years, under heavy lobbying from public
ports, the ports regulator stopped granting operating licences to private ports except those intended mainly for the
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EXERCICIOS DE APROFUNDAMENTO – INGLÊS – ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUMS
owners’ own cargo. As a result, during a decade in which Brazil became a commodity-exporting powerhouse, its
bulk-cargo terminals hardly expanded at all.
(7) At first Lula’s government planned to upgrade Brazil’s infrastructure without private help. In 2007 the
president announced a collection of long-mooted public construction projects, the Growth Acceleration Programme
(PAC). Many were intended to give farming and mining regions access to alternative ports. But the results have been
disappointing. Two-thirds of the biggest projects are late and over budget. The trans-north-eastern railway is only
half-built and its cost has doubled. The route of the east-west integration railway, which would cross Bahia, has still
not been settled. The northern stretch of the BR-163, a trunk road built in the 1970s, was waiting so long to be paved
that locals started calling it the “endless road”. Most of it is still waiting.
(8) What has got things moving is the prospect of disgrace during the forthcoming big sporting events.
Brazil’s terrible airports will be the first thing most foreign football fans see when they arrive for next year’s World
Cup. Infraero, the state-owned company that runs them, was meant to be getting them ready for the extra traffic, but
it is a byword for incompetence. Between 2007 and 2010 it managed to spend just 800m of the 3 billion reais it was
supposed to invest. In desperation, the government last year leased three of the biggest airports to private operators.
(9) That seemed to break a bigger logjam. First more airport auctions were mooted; then, some months later,
Ms Rousseff announced that 7,500km of toll roads and 10,000km of railways were to be auctioned too. Earlier this
year she picked the biggest fight of her presidency, pushing a ports bill through Congress against lobbying from
powerful vested interests. The new law enables private ports once again to handle third-party cargo and allows them
to hire their own staff, rather than having to use casual labour from the dockworkers’ unions that have a monopoly in
public ports. Ms Rousseff also promised to auction some entirely new projects and to re-tender around 150 contracts
in public terminals whose concessions had expired.
(10) Would-be investors in port projects are hanging back because of the high chances of cost overruns and
long delays. Two newly built private terminals at Santos that together cost more than 4 billion reais illustrate the
risks. Both took years to get off the ground and years more to build. Both were finished earlier this year but
remained idle for months. Brasil Terminal Portuário, a private terminal within the public port, is still waiting for the
government to dredge its access channel. At Embraport, which is outside the public-port area, union members from
Santos blocked road access and boarded any ships that tried to dock. Rather than enforcing the law that allows such
terminals to use their own workers, the government summoned the management to Brasília for some arm-twisting. In
August Embraport agreed to take the union members “on a trial basis”.
(11) Given such regulatory and execution risks, there are unlikely to be many takers for either rail or port
projects as currently conceived, says Bruno Savaris, an infrastructure analyst at Credit Suisse. He predicts that at
most a third of the planned investments will be auctioned in the next three years: airports, a few simple port projects
and the best toll roads. That is far short of what Brazil needs. The good news, says Mr Savaris, is that the
government is at last beginning to understand that it must either reduce the risks for private investors or raise their
returns. Private know-how and money will be vital to get Brazil moving again.
(www.economist.com/news/special-report. Adapted)
15. (Fgv 2014) In the sentence fragment from the fifth paragraph – But in the past decade its operator... – the word
its refers to
a) Wilson & Sons.
b) equipment.
c) capacity.
d) customers.
e) the port in Salvador.
TEXTO PARA A PRÓXIMA QUESTÃO:
BRAZILIAN AIR FORCE ACADEMY
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EXERCICIOS DE APROFUNDAMENTO – INGLÊS – ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUMS
AFA (Air Force Academy), located at Pirassununga, State of São Paulo, is responsible for the training of
Pilots, Administrative and Aeronautics Infantry Officers for the Brazilian Air Force.
The history of the Brazilian military pilots schools goes back to 1913, when the Brazilian Aviation School was
founded, at Campo dos Afonsos, State of Rio de Janeiro. Its mission was to provide instruction at similar levels to
those of the best European schools at the time; Blériot and Farman aircraft, made in France, were available for the
instruction of the pupils. The Great War 1914-1918, however, forced its instructors to leave and the school was
closed.
At that time, both the Brazilian Army and Navy had their own air arms, the Military Aviation and the Naval
Aviation. The Navy bought Curtiss F seaplanes in May 1916 to equip the latter, and in August of the same year, the
Naval Aviation School was created.
The Military Aviation, however, only activated its Military Aviation School after the Great War, on 10 July
1919. Among the aircrafts used at the school, one could find the Sopwith 1A2, Bréguet 14A2, and Spad 7.
Until the beginning of the 1940s, both schools continued with their activities. 1The Brazilian Government was
concerned with the air war in Europe and decided to concentrate under a single command the military aviation
activities. 6Thus, on 20 January 1941, the Air Ministry was created and both the Army and Navy air arms were
disbanded, their personnel and equipment forming the Brazilian Air Force. On 25 March 1941, the Aeronautics
School was based at Campo dos Afonsos, and its students became known as Aeronautics Cadets from 1943 to the
current days.
As early as 1942, it became clear that the Aeronautics School would need to be transferred to another place,
offering better climate and little interference with the flight instruction of the future pilots. 2The town of Pirassununga
was chosen among others, and, in 1952, the first buildings construction was initiated. The transfer of the School
activities to Pirassununga occurred from 1960 to 1971. 3The School was redesigned as the Air Force Academy in
1969.
The motto of the Academy is the Latin expression “Macte Animo! Generose Puer, sic itur ad astra”, extracted
from the poem Thebaida, by the Roman poet Tatius. It is an exhortation to the cadets, which can be translated as
Courage! This is the way, oh noble youngster, to the stars.
The instruction of the Aeronautics Cadets, during the four-year-long course, has its activities centred in the
words COURAGE – LOYALTY – HONOUR – DUTY – MOTHERLAND. The future officers take courses on several
subjects, including Calculus, Computer Science, Mechanics, Portuguese and English, given by civilian lecturers, Air
Force instructors and supervisors. The military instruction itself is given on a daily basis, and 4the Cadets are trained
on different subjects, including parachuting, and sea and jungle survival.
According to the chosen specialization, the Cadet will receive specific instruction:
Pilots: Instruction on precision maneuvering, aerobatics, formation flying and by instruments, with 75 flying
hours on the primary/basic training aircraft T-25 Universal, beginning on the 2nd term of the 1st year and completed
in the 3rd year. Advanced training is given on T-27 Tucano aircraft, with 125 flying hours.
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Administrative: Training on the scientific and technological modern foundations of economics and financial
management, and logistics training.
Aeronautics Infantry: Instruction on defense and security techniques of military Aeronautics installations,
anti-aircraft measures, command of troops and firefighting teams, military laws and regulations, armament usage,
military service and call-up procedures.
During their leisure time, the Cadets participate on the activities of seven different clubs: Aeromodelling,
Literature, Informatics, Firearms shooting, Gauchos Heritage (for those coming from the South of Brazil), Gerais
Club and Sail Flying. The clubs are directed by the Cadets themselves, under supervision of Air Force officers.
The Academy also houses the Brazilian Air Force Air Demonstration Squadron – The Smoke Squadron.
Flying as the eagles do!
Adapted from http://www.rudnei.cunha.nom.br/FAB/en/afa.html
16. (Epcar (Afa) 2013) All the options below complete the boldfaced sentence. Mark the one in which the Relative
Pronoun is INCORRECTLY used.
When Brazilian Aviation School was founded,
a) both the Brazilian Army and the Navy, which had their own air arms, used to have military missions.
b) Rio de Janeiro was the place where this school was located.
c) there were two French aircrafts who were available to the instructions of the students.
d) it provided instructions that were similar to the best European schools.
TEXTO PARA AS PRÓXIMAS 2 QUESTÕES:
Why Bilinguals Are Smarter
Speaking two languages 5rather than just one has obvious practical benefits in an increasingly globalized
world. But in recent years, scientists have begun to show that 10the advantages of bilingualism are even more
fundamental than being able to converse with 11a wider range of people. Being bilingual, it turns out, makes you
smarter. It can have a profound effect on your brain, improving cognitive skills not related to language and even
protecting from dementia in old age.
This view of bilingualism is 1remarkably different from 12the understanding of bilingualism through much of
the 20th century. Researchers, educators and policy makers long considered a second language to be an
interference, cognitively speaking, that delayed a child’s academic and intellectual development. They were not
wrong about the interference: there is ample evidence that in a bilingual’s brain both language systems are active
even when he is using only one language, thus creating situations in which one system obstructs the other. But this
interference, researchers are finding out, isn’t so much a handicap as a blessing in disguise. It forces the brain to
resolve internal conflict, giving the mind a workout that strengthens its cognitive muscles.
Bilinguals, 2for instance, seem to be more adept than monolinguals at solving certain kinds of mental
puzzles. In a 2004 study by the psychologists Ellen Bialystok and Michelle Martin-Rhee, bilingual and monolingual
preschoolers were asked to sort blue circles and red squares presented on a computer screen into two digital bins —
one marked with a blue square and the other marked with a red circle. In the first task, the children had to sort the
shapes by color, placing blue circles in the bin marked with the blue square and red squares in the bin marked with
the red circle. Both groups did this with comparable ease. Next, the children were asked to sort by shape, which was
more challenging because it required placing the images in a bin marked with a conflicting color. 13The bilinguals
were quicker at performing this task.
6
The collective evidence from a number of such studies suggests that the bilingual experience improves the
3
brain’s so-called executive function — a command system that directs the attention processes that we use for
planning, solving problems and performing various other mentally demanding tasks. These processes include
ignoring distractions to stay focused, switching attention willfully from one thing to another and holding information in
mind — like remembering a sequence of directions while driving.
14
Why does the fight between two simultaneously active language systems improve these aspects of
cognition? Until recently, researchers thought 7the bilingual advantage was centered primarily in an ability for
inhibition that was improved by the exercise of suppressing one language system: this suppression, it was thought,
would help train the bilingual mind to ignore distractions in other contexts. But that explanation increasingly appears
to be inadequate, since studies have shown that bilinguals perform better than monolinguals 4even at tasks that do
not require inhibition, like threading a line through an ascending series of numbers scattered randomly on a page.
The bilingual experience appears to influence the brain from infancy to old age (and 8there is reason to
believe that it may also apply to those who learn a second language later in life).
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EXERCICIOS DE APROFUNDAMENTO – INGLÊS – ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUMS
In a 2009 study led by Agnes Kovacs of the International School for Advanced Studies in Trieste, Italy, 7month-old babies exposed to two languages from birth were compared with peers raised with one language. In an
initial set of tests, the infants were presented with an audio stimulus and then shown a puppet on one side of a
screen. Both infant groups learned to look at that side of the screen in anticipation of the puppet. But in a later set of
tests, when the puppet began appearing on the opposite side of the screen, the babies exposed to a bilingual
environment quickly learned to switch their anticipatory gaze in the new direction while the other babies did not.
Bilingualism’s effects also extend into the twilight years. In a recent study of 44 elderly Spanish-English
bilinguals, scientists led by the neuropsychologist Tamar Gollan of the University of California, San Diego, found that
individuals with a higher degree of bilingualism — measured through a comparative evaluation of proficiency in each
language — were more resistant than others to the beginning of dementia and other symptoms of Alzheimer’s
disease: the higher the degree of bilingualism, the later the age of occurrence.
Nobody ever doubted the power of language. 9But who would have imagined that the words we hear and the
sentences we speak might be leaving such a deep imprint?
Adapted from http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/18/opinion/sunday/the-benefitsof-bilingualism.html
17. (Epcar (Afa) 2013) Considering the use of comparison, mark the INCORRECT option.
a) […] the advantages of bilingualism are even more fundamental than being able to converse […] (ref. 10)
b) […] with a wider range of people. (ref. 11)
c) […] the understanding of bilingualism through much of the 20th century. (ref. 12)
d) The bilinguals were quicker at performing this task. (ref. 13)
18. (Epcar (Afa) 2013) The relative pronoun THAT can be omitted in all the sentences below, EXCEPT
a) The collective evidence from a number of such studies suggests that the bilingual experience improves the brain’s
so-called executive function. (ref. 6)
b) [...] the bilingual advantage was centered primarily in ability for inhibition that was improved by the exercise of
suppressing one language system. (ref. 7)
c) [...] there is reason to believe that it may also apply to those who learn a second language later in life. (ref. 8) [...]
d) But who would have imagined that the words we hear and the sentences we speak might be leaving such a deep
imprint? (ref. 9)
TEXTO PARA A PRÓXIMA QUESTÃO:
Apple manufacturing plant workers complain of long hours and militant culture
Chengdu, China (CNN) — Miss Chen (we changed her name for this story), an 18-year-old student from a village
outside of the southern megacity of Chongqing, is one of more than one million factory workers at a Chinese
company that helps manufacture products for Apple Inc.’s lucrative global empire, which ranked in a record $46.3
billion in sales last quarter. They work day or night shifts, eating and sleeping at company facilities, as they help build
electronics products for Apple and many other global brand names, such as Amazon’s Kindle and Microsoft’s Xbox.
As a poor college student with no work experience, looking for a job in China’s competitive market is an uphill battle.
So when Chen was offered a one-month position at Foxconn with promises of great benefits and little overtime, she
jumped at the chance. But when she started working, she found out that only senior employees got such benefits.
“During my first day of work, an older worker said to me, ‘Why did you come to Foxconn? Think about it again and
leave right now’,” said Chen, who plans to return to her studies at a Chongqing university soon.
Foxconn recently released a statement defending its corporate practices, stating its employees are entitled to
numerous benefits including access to health care and opportunities for promotions and training. In response to
questions from CNN, Apple also released a statement: “We care about every worker in our worldwide supply chain.
We insist that our suppliers provide safe working conditions, treat workers with dignity and respect, and use
environmentally responsible manufacturing processes wherever Apple products are made. Our suppliers must live
up to these requirements if they want to keep doing business with Apple.”
After three weeks of applying more than 4,000 stickers a day onto iPad screens by hand and working 60 hours a
week in an assembly line, Chen says she’s ready to go back to school and study hard so she’ll never have to return
to Foxconn. “It’s so boring, I can’t bear it anymore. Everyday is like: I get off from work and I go to bed. I get up in the
morning, and I go to work. It is my daily routine and I almost feel like an animal,” said Miss Chen. When asked why
humans do machine-like work at Foxconn, she responds, “Well, humans are cheaper.”
Adaptado de http://edition.cnn.com, consulta em 06/02/2012.
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19. (Espcex (Aman) 2013) In the sentence “Foxconn recently released a statement defending its corporate
practices...”, the word its refers to
a) statement.
b) Foxconn.
c) health care.
d) practices.
e) employees.
TEXTO PARA A PRÓXIMA QUESTÃO:
Fire at Antarctica station kills 2 Brazilian sailors
Two Brazilian sailors died and one was injured Saturday after a fire broke out at a naval research station in
Antarctica, authorities reported. The fire occurred at the Comandante Ferraz Station on King George Island, said
Adm. Julio Soares de Moura Neto, commander of the Brazilian Navy. The three sailors were trying to extinguish a
fire that broke out in the engine room of the facility. Brazilian military police are investigating the cause. The station is
home to researchers who conduct studies on the effects of climate change in Antarctica and its implications on the
planet, according to the Ministry of Science and Technology and Innovation. Researchers at the base also study
marine life and the atmosphere.
Adaptado de http://articles.cnn.com, consulta em 26/02/2012.
20. (Espcex (Aman) 2013) In the sentence “The station is home to researchers who conduct studies...”, the word
who refers to
a) station.
b) researchers.
c) home.
d) studies.
e) Ministry of Science and Technology and Innovation.
TEXTO PARA A PRÓXIMA QUESTÃO:
Examine os anúncios para responder à questão.
21. (Unesp 2013) Nos anúncios, as palavras use, you, need, electricity e wisely são exemplos, respectivamente, de
a) substantivo, pronome, verbo, substantivo e advérbio.
b) verbo, pronome, verbo, substantivo e advérbio.
c) substantivo, adjetivo, verbo, substantivo e adjetivo.
d) verbo, pronome, verbo, adjetivo e adjetivo.
e) substantivo, pronome, substantivo, adjetivo e advérbio.
TEXTO PARA A PRÓXIMA QUESTÃO:
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EXERCICIOS DE APROFUNDAMENTO – INGLÊS – ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUMS
Leia o texto para responder à questão.
Analyze an advertisement
Peter Sells
Sierra Gonzalez
Not all advertisements make perfect sense. Not all of them promote or imply acceptance of social values that
everyone would agree are what we should hope for, in an enlightened and civilized society. Some advertisements
appear to degrade our images of ourselves, our language, and appear to move the emphasis of interaction in our
society to (even more) consumerism. There may even be a dark, seamy, or seedy side to advertising. This is hardly
surprising, as our society is indeed a consumer society, and it is highly capitalistic in the simplest sense. There is no
doubt that advertising promotes a consumer culture, and helps create and perpetuate the ideology that creates the
apparent need for the products it markets.
For our purposes here, none of this matters. Our task is to analyze advertisements, and to see if we can
understand how they do what they do. We will leave the task of how we interpret our findings in the larger social,
moral and cultural contexts for another occasion.
It is often said that advertising is irrational, and, again, that may well be true. But this is where the crossover
between information and persuasion becomes important; an advertisement does not have to be factually informative
(but it cannot be factually misleading).
In a discussion of what kind of benefit an advertisement might offer to a consumer, Jim Aitchison (1999)
provides the following quote from Gary Goldsmith of Lowe & Partners, New York. It sums up perfectly what it is that
one should look for in an advertisement. The question posed is “Is advertising more powerful if it offers a rational
benefit?” Here is Goldsmith’s answer: “I don’t think you need to offer a rational benefit. I think you need to offer a
benefit that a rational person can understand.”
(www.stanford.edu. Adaptado.)
22. (Unesp 2013) O pronome it, utilizado na última linha do primeiro parágrafo, na frase for the products it markets,
refere-se
a) à necessidade da propaganda.
b) à área de publicidade.
c) à ideologia da propaganda.
d) aos mercados consumidores.
e) à cultura do consumismo.
TEXTO PARA A PRÓXIMA QUESTÃO:
On Solidarity: Who is helped when someone is helped?
There comes a time
When we heed a certain call
When the world must come together as one
There are people dying
And it’s time to lend a hand to life
Poverty, starvation, diseases, among other social problems, still make many people suffer in different parts of the
world, despite the advances in agricultural developments, in medicine and in technology. And, as pointed out in the
verses above, from the song We are the world (www.lyrics007.com), there comes a time when we heed a certain call
/ when the world must come together as one. It seems, however, that such time is and will always be the present
time, since there has always been people dying, people suffering physical and psychological oppression.
Conversely, aid is always and continuously necessary.
Fortunately, a number of charities and non-governmental organizations have put forward campaigns to help the
populations in poor areas of our planet, to lend a hand to life. This is a way through which food, money and medical
help can be provided and thus counterbalance the suffering faced by the ill, the homeless, the poor. And providing
aid to these less fortunate populations can be seen, according to the same song, as the greatest gift of all. The song
continues, saying that
We can’t go on pretending day by day
That someone, somehow will soon make a change
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EXERCICIOS DE APROFUNDAMENTO – INGLÊS – ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUMS
We are all a part of God’s great big family
And the truth, you know, love is all we need
The call for help and the claim for responsibility towards the needs of the poor is made to every human being, then
everybody should do something because we are all a part of God’s great big family.
My question is, in fact, what reasons really motivate us to help other people? To what extent are we motivated by the
arguments presented in the song? Or are there other reasons involved in solidarity?
The chorus tells us that
There’s a choice we’re making
We’re saving our own lives
It’s true we’ll make a better day, just you and me
but I would question such choice as motivated by the desire for a better world that includes everybody, a world with
no big social differences. Perhaps that we actually see solidarity as a way to literally save our own lives, and that you
and me would not include as many people as it should. Rather than thinking about so many people who need help,
we engage in charity and make donations for our own benefit, to build up an image of solidarity from which we could
end up as beneficiaries. Not to feel guilty, to sort of “buy a place in heaven”.
We certainly need more than romantic love to commit ourselves to true solidarity.
23. (Unesp 2013) Qual o significado da expressão the greatest gift of all? A que essa expressão se refere?
TEXTO PARA AS PRÓXIMAS 2 QUESTÕES:
Work after eight months of pregnancy is as harmful as smoking, study finds
Conal Urquhart and agencies
July 28, 2012
Working after eight months of pregnancy is as harmful for babies as smoking, according to a new study. Women who
worked after they were eight months pregnant had babies on average around 230g lighter than those who stopped
work between six and eight months.
The University of Essex research – which drew on data from three major studies, two in the UK and one in the US –
found the effect of continuing to work during the late stages of pregnancy was equal to that of smoking while
pregnant. Babies whose mothers worked or smoked throughout pregnancy grew more slowly in the womb.
Past research has shown babies with low birth weights are at higher risk of poor health and slow development, and
may suffer from a variety of problems later in life. Stopping work early in pregnancy was particularly beneficial for
women with lower levels of education, the study found – suggesting that the effect of working during pregnancy was
possibly more marked for those doing physically demanding work. The birth weight of babies born to mothers under
the age of 24 was not affected by them continuing to work, but in older mothers the effect was more significant.
The researchers identified 1,339 children whose mothers were part of the British Household Panel Survey, which
was conducted between 1991 and 2005, and for whom data was available. A further sample of 17,483 women who
gave birth in 2000 or 2001 and who took part in the Millennium Cohort Study was also examined and showed similar
results, along with 12,166 from the National Survey of Family Growth, relating to births in the US between the early
1970s and 1995.
One of the authors of the study, Prof. Marco Francesconi, said the government should consider incentives
_____1_____ employers to offer more flexible maternity leave to women who might need a break before,
_____2_____ after, their babies were born. He said: “We know low birth weight is a predictor of many things that
happen later, including lower chances of completing school successfully, lower wages and higher mortality. We need
to think seriously about parental leave, because – as this study suggests – the possible benefits of taking leave
flexibly before the birth _____3_____ quite high.”
The study also suggests British women may be working for _____4_____ now during pregnancy. While 16% of
mothers questioned by the British Household Panel Study, which went as far back as 1991, worked up to one month
before the birth, the figure was 30% in the Millennium Cohort Study, whose subjects were born in 2000 and 2001.
(www.guardian.co.uk)
24. (Unifesp 2013) Assinale a alternativa que completa corretamente a lacuna 4 no texto.
a) longer
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EXERCICIOS DE APROFUNDAMENTO – INGLÊS – ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUMS
b) far
c) more
d) less
e) fewer
25. (Unifesp 2013) In the excerpt from the first paragraph – than those who stopped work between six and eight
months –, the word those refers to
a) smoking.
b) babies.
c) months.
d) women.
e) pregnancy.
TEXTO PARA A PRÓXIMA QUESTÃO:
5 Ways To Turn Fear Into Fuel
Editor’s note: This is a guest post from Jonathan Fields, author of Uncertainty: Turning Fear and Doubt Into Fuel for
Brilliance.
Uncertainty. It’s a terrifying word.
Living with it, dangling over your head like the sword of Damocles, 5day in day out, is enough to send anyone
spiraling into a state of anxiety, fear and paralysis.
11
Like it or not, though, uncertainty is the new normal. We live in a time where the world is in a state of constant,
long-term flux. And, that’s not all. If you want to spend your time on the planet not just 6getting-by, but consistently
creating art, experiences, businesses and lives that truly matter, you’ll need to proactively 7seek out, invite and even
deliberately amplify uncertainty. Because the other side of uncertainty is opportunity.
Nothing great was ever created by waiting around for someone to tell you it’s all going to be okay or for perfect
information to drop from the sky. Doesn’t happen that way. Great work requires you to act in the face of uncertainty,
to live in the question long enough for your true potential to emerge. There is no alternative.
1
When you find the strength to act in the face of uncertainty, you till the soil of genius.
2
Problem is, that kills most people. It leads to unease, anxiety, fear and doubt on a level that snuffs out most
genuinely meaningful and potentially revolutionary endeavors before they even see the light of day. Not because
they wouldn’t have succeeded, but because you never equipped yourself to 8handle and even harness the emotional
energy of the journey.
But, what if it didn’t have to be that way?
What if there was a way to turn the fear, anxiety and self-doubt that rides along with acting in the face of
uncertainty—4the head-to-toe butterflies—into fuel for brilliance?
10
3
Turns out, there is. Your ability to lean into the unknown isn’t so much about luck or genetics, rather it’s something
entirely trainable. I’ve spent the past few years interviewing world-class creators across a wide range of fields and
9
pouring over research that spans neuroscience, decision-theory, psychology, creativity and business.
Through this work, a collection of patterns, practices and strategies have emerged that not only turbocharge insight,
creativity, innovation and problem-solving, but also help ameliorate so much of the suffering so often associated with
the pursuit of any creative quest.
Fonte: http://zenhabits.net/fearfuel. Acesso em 07/12/2011. Texto adaptado.
26. (Ita 2013) No trecho “Problem is, that kills most people” (ref. 2), o pronome relativo “that” refere-se a
a) falta de alternativas.
b) longos questionamentos.
c) dificuldade para agir diante da incerteza.
d) incapacidade de descobrir o verdadeiro potencial.
e) falta de informações precisas.
TEXTO PARA A PRÓXIMA QUESTÃO:
WILDLIFE
Asia’s Biggest Wildlife Traffickers
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(BANGKOK) — Squealing tiger cubs stuffed into carry-on bags. Luggage packed with hundreds of squirming
tortoises, elephant tusks, even water dragons and American paddlefish. Officials at Thailand‘s gateway airport
proudly tick off the illegally trafficked wildlife they have seized over the past two years.
But Thai and foreign law enforcement officers tell another story: Officials working-hand-in-hand with
traffickers ensure that other shipments through Suvarnabhumi International Airport are whisked off before they even
reach customs inspection.
It’s a murky mix. A 10-fold increase in wildlife law enforcement actions, including seizures, has been reported
in the past six years in Southeast Asia. Yet, the trade’s Mr. Bigs, masterful in taking advantage of pervasive
corruption, appear immune to arrest and continue to orchestrate the decimation of wildlife in Thailand, the region and
beyond.
And Southeast Asia’s honest cops don’t have it easy.
“It is very difficult for me. I have to sit among people who are both good and some who are corrupt, says
Chanvut Vajrabukka, a retired police general. “If I say, ‘You have to go out and arrest that target,’ some in the room
may well warn them,’” says Chanvut, who now advises ASEAN-WEN, the regional wildlife enforcement network.
Several kingpins, says wildlife activist Steven Galster, have recently been confronted by authorities, “but in
the end, good uniforms are running into, and often stopped by bad uniforms. It’s like a bad Hollywood cop movie.
“Most high-level traffickers remain untouched and continue to replace arrested underlings with new ones,” says
Galster, who works for the FREELAND Foundation, an anti-trafficking group.
August 15, 2012 / www.time.com
27. (Espm 2013) In the underlined sentence ‘“If I say, ‘You have to go out and arrest that target,’ some in the room
may well warn them,”’, the pronoun some refers to:
a) honest cops
b) people who are good
c) some people who are corrupt
d) a retired police general
e) that target
TEXTO PARA A PRÓXIMA QUESTÃO:
The following text refers to question(s).
STOP ANTICIPATING TIREDNESS
Recently, I was on a flight from San Francisco to Chicago when I overheard one of the silliest conversations
imaginable. It demonstrates a critical yet common mistake that many people seem to make on an ongoing basis. The
conversation, ____(I)____, centered around how tired each of these two people were going to be – tomorrow and all
week!
It was as if each person was trying to convince the other, and perhaps themselves, how many hours and
how hard they were working, how few hours of sleep they were going to get, and, most of all, how tired they were
going to be. I wasn’t quite sure if they were bragging or complaining, but one thing was certain, they were appearing
more and more tired the longer the conversation continued.
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EXERCICIOS DE APROFUNDAMENTO – INGLÊS – ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUMS
They each said things like, “Boy, am I going to be tired tomorrow,” “I don’t know how I’m going to make it
through the rest of the week,” and “I’m only going to get three hours of sleep tonight.” They told stories of late nights,
lack of sleep, uncomfortable hotel beds, and early morning meetings. They anticipated feeling exhausted, and I’m
sure they were going to be correct in their assumption. Their voices were heavy, as if the lack of sleep they were
going to get was already affecting them. I actually felt myself getting tired just listening to part of the conversation!
The problem with anticipating tiredness in this way, or in any way, is that it clearly reinforces tiredness. It
rivets your attention to the number of hours you are sleeping and how tired you are going to be. Then, when you
wake up, you’re likely to do it again by reminding yourself how few hours it has been since your head hit the pillow.
Who knows what really happens, but seems it to me that anticipating tiredness must send a message to your brain
reminding you to feel and act tired because that is the way you have programmed yourself to respond.
Don’t sweat the small stuff
By Richard Carlson
28. (Mackenzie 2013) The sentence that properly fills in blank (I) in the text is
a) which must have lasted at least half an hour.
b) that could have lasted at least half an hour.
c) that should have lasted at least half an hour.
d) which should last at least half an hour.
e) which can last at least half an hour.
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EXERCICIOS DE APROFUNDAMENTO – INGLÊS – ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUMS
Gabarito:
Resposta da questão 1:
[B]
O texto diz: "The Philippine government granted him a pardon, although many in Lubang never forgave him for killing
30 people during his campaign on the island. The news media reported on this and other misgivings, but at the
same time welcomed his return home" (o governo das Filipinas concedeu perdão a ele, embora muitas pessoas em
Lubang nunca o perdoaram por ter matado 30 pessoas durante sua campanha militar na ilha. A imprensa noticiou
esse e outros impasses, mas ao mesmo tempo o recebeu bem ao retornar para casa). Assim, o demonstrative
pronoun this refere-se ao "assassinato de 30 pessoas".
Resposta da questão 2:
[B]
A alternativa [B] está correta, pois o personal pronoun they (eles) refere-se aos shopping centers. Tradução do
trecho: "os shopping centers são bons lugares porque eles são seguros".
Resposta da questão 3:
[C]
A alternativa [C] está correta, pois o trecho destacado pode ser entendido como: "até os 4 anos de idade, as
crianças pobres ouvem 30 milhões de palavras do que aquelas [crianças] em lares de maior renda".
Resposta da questão 4:
[B]
A alternativa [B] está correta, pois o pronome "it" refere-se a "Food and Drug Administration". "But the agency,
shortsightedly, has appealed a court order requiring it to ban the use of penicillin" (Mas a agência [FDA], de modo
impensado, recorreu a uma decisão judicial que exigia que ela [FDA] banisse o uso da penicilina).
Resposta da questão 5:
[E]
O possessive pronoun refere-se ao governo da presidente da Argentina. O texto coloca: "But hers is not the first
government to be hit with an awkward verdict" (mas o dela não é o primeiro governo a ser atingido por um veredicto
estranho...).
Resposta da questão 6:
[D]
O pronome relativo which refere-se ao fato de que uma movimentação mais rápida faz com que o ar seja deslocado.
Assim, a alternativa correta é a [D] (deslocando o ar).
Resposta da questão 7:
[C]
A frase destacada pode ser entendida como: “insistindo que eles [os policiais] têm que parar de forçar as famílias
a deixarem suas [das famílias] propriedades”. Assim, a alternativa correta é a [C].
Resposta da questão 8:
[E]
A alternativa [E] está correta, pois o pronome which (qual) refere-se ao boletim informativo Access to Energy.
Tradução da frase: “ele também publica um boletim informativo em prol da ciência, da tecnologia e da empresa livre,
no qual ele defende o ponto de vista...”.
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EXERCICIOS DE APROFUNDAMENTO – INGLÊS – ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUMS
Resposta da questão 9:
[D]
Os adjetivos long e comprehensive foram usados na forma superlativa. Assim, os superlativos de easy e rich são
respectivamente the easiest e the richest.
Resposta da questão 10:
[B]
A frase destacada possui a seguinte tradução: “quanto mais eu aprendo, menos claras ficam as coisas”. A
alternativa [B] está correta, pois é próxima do significado original: “mais aprendizado, mais obscuridade”.
A questão foi classificada como “ruim”, pois apesar da alternativa [B] ser a mais fiel ao significado do trecho original,
a alternativa [D] também possui proximidade semântica ao trecho. A tradução da alternativa [D] é: “menos
aprendizagem, menos dúvidas”. Como o personagem encara a aprendizagem como algo que leva a não clareza
sobre as coisas, é razoável inferir que menos aprendizagem levaria a mais clareza, ou seja, a menos dúvidas sobre
as coisas.
Resposta da questão 11:
[C]
A alternativa [C] é a única em que o pronome “que” é usado como pronome relativo em uma oração subordinada
adjetiva restritiva, pois a frase pode ser entendida como: “graças aos sites de redes sociais que permitem a
comunicação digital”.
Resposta da questão 12:
[C]
A alternativa [C] está correta, pois o pronome relativo which refere-se às áreas límbica e paralímbica. O texto afirma
que “people listening to pleasurable music had activated brain regions called the limbic and paralimbic areas,
which are connected to euphoric reward responses, like those we experience from sex, good food and addictive
drugs. Those rewards come from a gush of a neurotransmitter called dopamine” (pessoas que ouvem músicas
agradáveis haviam ativado regiões cerebrais chamadas áreas límbicas e paralímbicas, que são conectadas a
reações recompensadoras eufóricas, parecidas com aquelas que sentimos devido ao sexo, boa comida e drogas
viciantes. Essas reações vêm de uma grande quantidade do neurotransmissor dopamina).
Resposta da questão 13:
[E]
Tradução do trecho “And with rich-world economies still feeble, there is little chance that monetary conditions will
suddenly tighten. Even if they did...”: “e com as economias mundiais ricas ainda frágeis, há pouca chance de que as
condições monetárias repentinamente se fortaleçam. Mesmo que elas [as condições monetárias] se
fortalecessem...”. Assim, a alternativa correta é a [E].
Resposta da questão 14:
[A]
A alternativa [A] está correta, pois completa corretamente as lacunas. Tradução dos trechos:
"This is in addition to all the movies that Marilyn herself made during her brief career" (Esse é um adendo a todos os
filmes que a própria Marilyn fez durante sua própria carreira). Ressalta-se que a lacuna (I) pode ser completada por
that ou which porque possuem a função de objeto direto e referem-se a "coisas" (movies).
"The latest example is My Week With Marilyn (which received its US release in November, and is scheduled for
Brazil on February 24)" (O último exemplo é My Week With Marilyn - que ganhou seu lançamento norte-americano
em Novembro e está previsto para o Brasil em 24 de fevereiro). Ressalta-se que a lacuna (II) só pode ser
completada por which porque possui a função de sujeito, refere-se a "coisas" (filme) e está em uma oração
subordinada adjetiva explicativa.
"It tells the story of the film star’s trip to Britain, during the course of which she worked with Sir Laurence Olivier" (ele
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EXERCICIOS DE APROFUNDAMENTO – INGLÊS – ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUMS
conta a história da viagem da estrela do cinema à Grã-Bretanha durante o curso da qual ela trabalhou com Sir
Laurence Olivier). Ressalta-se que a lacuna (III) só pode ser completada por of which porque as preposições
forçam o uso de tal pronome relativo quando há referência a "coisas" (história).
"Seen through the eyes of Olivier’s assistant, Colin Clark (with whom Marilyn had an affair)" (Visto através dos
olhos do assistente de Olivier, Colin Clark - com quem Marilyn teve um caso). Ressalta-se que a lacuna (IV) só
pode ser completada por with whom porque as preposições forçam o uso de tal pronome relativo quando há
referência a pessoas (Colin Clark).
"Judi Dench, who plays another great actress, Dame Sybil Torndike" (Judi Dench, que faz outra grande atriz, Dame
Sybil Torndike). Ressalta-se que a lacuna (V) só pode ser completada por who porque possui a função de sujeito,
refere-se a uma pessoa (Judi Dench) e está em uma oração subordinada adjetiva explicativa.
Resposta da questão 15:
[E]
A alternativa [E] está correta, pois o possessive adjective its refere-se ao porto em Salvador. O texto coloca: "The
one at the public port in Bahia’s capital, Salvador, is an example of the transformation wrought by private money and
management [...]. But in the past decade its operator, Wilson & Sons, spent 260m reais on replacing equipment,
lengthening the quay and deepening the draft (Um deles em um porto público na capital da Bahia, Salvador, é um
exemplo de transformação forjada pela gestão e dinheiro privados [...]. Mas na última década seu operador [do
porto em Salvador], Wilson & Sons, gastou 260 milhões de reais em substituição de equipamentos, alongamento do
cais e aprofundamento do calado [termo técnico marítimo]).
Resposta da questão 16:
[C]
Não se pode utilizar o pronome relativo who para fazer referências a objetos (aircrafts), mas, sim, that ou which.
Resposta da questão 17:
[C]
A alternativa [C] é a única que não possui adjetivos ou advérbios na forma comparativa. Todas as demais
alternativas possuem adjetivos que foram corretamente empregados (more fundamental, wider range e quicker).
Resposta da questão 18:
[B]
Não se pode omitir o pronome relativo that na alternativa [B], pois ele exerce a função sintática de sujeito da oração
seguinte (was improved by exercise). Além de that, poderia ser usado o pronome which.
Resposta da questão 19:
[B]
A sentença possui a seguinte tradução: “a Foxconn, recentemente, fez um pronunciamento defendendo suas
práticas corporativas”. Assim, o possessive adjective its refere-se à empresa Foxconn.
Resposta da questão 20:
[B]
A sentença possui a seguinte tradução: “a estação é lar de pesquisadores que realizam estudos...”. Assim, o
relative pronoun who refere-se a pesquisadores.
Resposta da questão 21:
[B]
Use é um verbo usado no imperativo, you é subject pronoun (pronome pessoal do caso reto), need é o verbo
precisar, electricity é um noun (substantivo) que significa eletricidade e wisely um adverb of manner (advérbio de
modo).
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EXERCICIOS DE APROFUNDAMENTO – INGLÊS – ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUMS
Resposta da questão 22:
[B]
Tradução do trecho: “Não há dúvida de que a publicidade promove uma cultura de consumo e ajuda a formar e
perpetuar a ideologia que cria a aparente necessidade para os produtos que ela [publicidade] comercializa”.
Resposta da questão 23:
A expressão the greatest gift of all significa “o maior presente de todos” e refere-se à ajuda às populações menos
afortunadas.
Resposta da questão 24:
[A]
O adjetivo longer deve ser utilizado, uma vez que o estudo mencionado no texto sugere que as mulheres britânicas
possam estar trabalhando mais tempo hoje em dia durante a gravidez. Segundo o texto, 16% das mães estudadas
em 1991 trabalhavam até um mês antes do nascimento de seus filhos, ao passo que em 2000 e 2001 a
porcentagem aumentou para 30%.
Resposta da questão 25:
[D]
O excerto destacado pode ser entendido como: ... do que aquelas [mulheres] que pararam de trabalhar entre seis e
oito meses... . Assim, o demonstrative pronoun “those” refere-se ao substantivo mulheres.
Resposta da questão 26:
[C]
Segundo o texto, o pronome relativo that refere-se àquilo que mata a maioria das pessoas, no caso, as dificuldades
associadas à incerteza. Em outras palavras, that refere-se aos obstáculos ligados à incerteza (to act in the face of
uncertainty).
Resposta da questão 27:
[C]
Tradução do trecho destacado: “Se eu digo, ‘você tem que sair e prender aquele alvo,’ alguns na sala podem muito
bem alertá-los”. Tal alerta ocorre porque existem pessoas corruptas (alternativa [C]) que não querem que seus
aliados sejam presos.
Resposta da questão 28:
[A]
As alternativas [B] e [C] podem ser eliminadas rapidamente, devido ao uso do pronome "that" (não podemos usá-lo
entre vírgulas). A alternativa [A] está correta, pois pode ser traduzida como: "a conversa, que deve ter durado
pelo menos uma hora, centrou-se no nível de cansaço que cada um dessas pessoas atingiria - amanhã e na
semana inteira!". O uso do modal must confere a ideia de dedução, pois o autor do texto tenta se lembrar de quanto
tempo a conversa durou.
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