WASTE ATLAS
2013 Report
Waste Atlas
2013
2
Steering Committee
Hermann Koller – Managing Director of ISWA
Markus Luecke – GIZ, SWEEP-Net Teamleader
Antonis Mavropoulos – CEO and founder of D-Waste
Surendra Shrestha – Director of International Environmental Technology Center, UNEP
Masuro Tanaka – SWAPI coordinator, Tokyo University
Nickolas J. Themelis – Professor of Chemical Metallurgy, Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, Columbia
University, US
Scientific Committee
Jose Fernando Juca – Professor at UFPE, Recife Area, Brazil;
Stratos Kalogirou – President of WTERT Greece and also a member of the Board in WTERT/USA in Earth Engineering Center
of Columbia University;
Agamuthu Pariatamby – Editor-in-Chief of WM&R, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia;
Mario Russo – Coordinator Professor at Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo, Portugal;
Costas Velis – Lecturer in Resource Efficiency Systems, University of Leeds, UK;
Goran Vujic – Assistant Professor at the University of Novi Sad, Serbia.
WASTE ATLAS TEAM
Waste Atlas has been developed through coordinated efforts and contributions by almost a thousand people. However, most
of the work regarding the web interface and the data acquisition has been done by the permanent Waste Atlas Team, namely:
Ilianna Koukosia – GIS Expert
Ioannis Makris – Waste Atlas Developer
Alexandros Mavropoulos – Waste Atlas Project Manager
Antonis Mavropoulos – D-Waste Founder & CEO
Niki Mavropoulou – Data Analyst
Anthi Psalida – Data Analyst
Maria Tsakona – D-Waste Product Manager
E-Mail : [email protected]
http://www.atlas.d-waste.com/
Waste Atlas
2013
3
Contributors
We would like to thank all the contributors for the data they provided. We would like to thank especially the following people
for their excellent contributions: Ranjith Annepu (India), Timothy Byrne (United Kingdom), Magda Correal (Colombia),Natālija
Cudečka-Puriņa (Latvia), Makoto Fujita (Japan), Joy Jadam (Lebanon), Ana Loureiro (Portugal), Liubov Melnikova (Russia), Ralf
Müller (Germany), Juan Antonio Munizaga (Chile), Iris Odenthal (Germany), Michiko Ota (Japan),Eva Ridick (Mongolia), Ricardo
Rollandi (Argentina), Atilio Savino (Argentina), Nickolas Themelis (USA), Jenny Westin (Sweden), Filipa Vaz (Portugal), Christos
Venetis (Greece), Claudio Vieira (Brazil).
Website: http://www.d-waste.com
E-mail: [email protected]
Graphic design and layout: D-Waste Creative Department
Waste Atlas Partnership
ISSN: 2241 - 2484
LEGAL NOTICE
Contents copyright protected © D-WASTE.COM
Reproduction, photocopying, unauthorized selling or transmission by magnetic or electronic means of this publication in whole
or parts are strictly prohibited. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use must be previously granted
by D-Waste Environmental Consultants Ltd. Violation of copyright will result in legal action, including civil and/or criminal
penalties, and suspension of service.
E-Mail : [email protected]
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Waste Atlas
2013
4
PREFACE
The Waste Atlas started as a simple, yet powerful idea. There is so much
data about waste management ‘hidden’ in the web: reports and scientific
publications. How about having it organised in a user-friendly, well-structured
and clearly presented way, able to provide meaningful information to those
who need it? A simple way would be to organize the gigabytes of data and the
hundreds of thousand documents around a map. Even better, extract the most
reliable data, give it a uniform shape format and upload it on a web map, so
that everyone always could access it. And why not provide free access to it and
ask everyone to contribute, because this is the only way to obtain unreported
information and to serve the need for continuous validation and updating.
The idea was simple, but the implementation was much more complex. It
took thousands of man-hours to develop the right software tools capable of
managing the data complexity, make it user-friendly, screen files and search
for the most reliable values, and identify the exact location of thousands of
facilities. Despite these challenges, the Waste Atlas is here, and with this report
we celebrate its first birthday.
During this first year, the Waste Atlas became a collaborative product of six organizations (ISWA, WtERT, SWEEP-Net, SWAPI,
University of Leeds, and D-Waste) and of nearly one thousand individuals. Despite their different backgrounds, all of them
share the same view of a sustainable waste management in need to be understood on a global scale. There is agreement in
that integrated waste management efforts currently lack in data sets and benchmarking tools required to fast improve things
on the ground. There is consensus on the urgent need to develop modern web and mobile applications that will serve the
waste management and recycling community.
Waste Atlas is already a unique information tool that aims to fill the aforementioned gaps and become a global reference for
waste management experts, decisions makers, municipalities, companies, students, researchers and the general public.
In less than a year, Waste Atlas has been shaped with data from 59,000 files and documents. Currently (August, 2013), Waste
Atlas hosts data for 162 countries, 1773 cities, 840 sanitary landfills, 697 waste to energy (WtE) plants, 100 mechanical-biological
treatment (MBT) facilities, 74 biological treatment facilities, and 46 of the world’s biggest dumpsites. The supporting software
has been advanced to include a suite of novel customised graphs, visualizations and data-reporting modes. Waste Atlas among
else provides unique global graphs that hint towards potential correlations of economic and social variables with key waste
management indicators.
This document is the ‘2013 Waste Atlas report’ and aims at presenting the first year's progress and the Waste Atlas database
outputs regarding the profiles of 162 countries. The most significant difficulties faced are described, as well as, the next steps
to be taken.
Waste Atlas has just started on its long way. Already widely recognized as a very useful tool, it will need much more work and
improvements to become more scientific, more representative and more interactive. We will keep working hard on these
three aspects, in close collaboration with our global partners and thousands of contributing individuals. As we keep uploading
and managing data, we do not forget to mark the new emerging questions that will bring forward new data demands, in a
perpetual cycle.
We do hope you will find this report useful and look forward to your comments and contributions.
Antonis Mavropoulos
D-Waste Founder & CEO
E-Mail : [email protected]
http://www.atlas.d-waste.com/
Waste Atlas
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KEY MESSAGES
5
Steering Committee
Markus Luecke, GIZ/SWEEP-Net Teamleader:
SWEEP-Net as a regional network for integrated
solid waste management in the Middle East and
Northern African region highly welcomes and
supports Waste Atlas, since it provides essential
and important information for all planners, decision
makers, potential investors and other stakeholders
concerned with solid waste management and
the efficient management of natural resources.
The information provided is clear and – most
important - free accessible. This makes Waste Atlas
attractive especially for our partners in developing
and emerging countries. Waste Atlas allows for
benchmarking and provides a platform where
countries can present their state and pace of
development in this important sector. SWEEP-Net
therefore is ready to contribute in making Waste
Atlas a success.
E-Mail : [email protected]
David Newman, President of ISWA: ISWA is
proud to be a partner of the Waste Atlas and
will contribute to its diffusion, the information
contained within it and its use as a tool for waste
planning. I think the essential point about the
Waste Atlas is this: it is a phenomenal tool for city
planners facing challenges in implementing waste
systems, so this goes for about half the world’s
population today. But more than this, the Waste
Atlas provides a clear and easily consultable tool to
understand where, how and which waste is treated
(or not) and in what form. It gives a quick insight
into the state of development of many nations and
from this we can understand what an important
factor waste is today in ensuring sustainable
development. The Waste Atlas changes the game
in terms of the quality of information available in
one source, and for this its developers and we, as
partners, should all be proud to offer this source,
free, to the world.
http://www.atlas.d-waste.com/
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KEY MESSAGES
6
Steering Committee
Surendra Shrestha, Director of IETC/UNEP: In
2012, the Rio+20 conference underscored that
broad public participation and access to information
is essential to promoting sustainable development.
The Waste Atlas is an initiative that provides access
to information on waste management around the
world, supporting UNEP’s efforts to strengthen the
science-policy interface and to promote integrated
solid waste management globally. Waste Atlas
takes data from multiple sources and organizes and
structures it in a meaningful way. It is accessible to
everyone, everywhere, and even encourages people
to contribute information through crowdsourcing,
thus empowering the public to monitor
developments in their environment. As waste and its
impacts is one of the most daunting environmental
challenges in the 21st century, the Waste Atlas is an
important step towards a concrete contribution to
sustainable development.
E-Mail : [email protected]
Nickolas J. Themelis, Professor at Columbia
University
and founder of Global WTERT
Council:
The Waste Atlas is an ambitious
undertaking to manage the oceans of waste
management data generated in different parts of
the world. After only one year of intensive effort,
this project is on its way to accomplish this goal.
The Global WTERT Council wishes our colleague
Antonis Mavropoulos, full success!
http://www.atlas.d-waste.com/
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KEY MESSAGES
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Scientific Committee
Agamuthu Pariatamby, Editor-in-Chief of WM&R,
University of Malaya: The Report looks great and
exhibits data that is clear. The organization of the
data is good and will appeal to professionals as well
as waste managers. The approach of disseminating
the solid waste data in simple but colorful figures
will definitely capture the audience. I am delighted
to be a part of this important report which will form
another very important source of information.
E-Mail : [email protected]
Mário
Russo,
Coordinator
Professor
at
Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo: The
Waste Atlas is an interactive tool that was lacking
in the waste sector in any country, since it lets us
easily and for free to access several important data
for planners, designers, managers, politicians and
citizens interested in the issue of waste. It has the
merit of providing a collection of standardized data
in a single source. For millions of people it is the only
source with data that allow planning and design in
many countries, especially in Africa, Latin America
and Asia. I must stress that it is an interesting
tool for engineering students for their research
and academic works. All the “Waste Family” must
collaborate with Waste Atlas in order to improve the
data about waste sector in their countries.
http://www.atlas.d-waste.com/
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KEY MESSAGES
8
Scientific Committee
Costas Velis, Lecturer at University of Leeds: a worldleading institution delivering research and education
of global impact, is delighted to actively support the
creation, operation and dissemination of Waste Atlas.
We will contribute to the scientific robustness of this
ground-breaking initiative, and ensure that the wider
academic community and its beneficiaries, from
students to policy and decision makers will receive
maximum benefits. Introducing a practical tool such
as Waste Atlas is the result of ‘big think’ and has huge
disruptive potential: for the very first time, it enables all
stakeholders to obtain an overview of key solid waste
and resource management facts, in a freely accessible,
rapid, succinct, comprehensive and user-friendly
way. Flexible in scale, it goes from local to global. Its
crowdsourcing feature empowers people in sharing
much needed information, making available otherwise
unobtainable, lay expertise, such as the location of
obscure dumpsites. Data quality is of paramount
importance and considerable effort is dedicated to
cross-check, validate and overcome any discrepancies.
Its potential as a source of previously unavailable
critical data, combined with completeness of coverage,
provides already a unique overview and benchmarking
opportunities. As a database, it opens new important
opportunities in developing novel insights, not least
on the fundamental interdependencies between
technologies, governance, and socioeconomic factors,
which lie at the heart of effective waste and resources
management. As the solid waste management
practitioners and other stakeholders get their hands
around Waste Atlas a new unprecedented level of
awareness could be soon achieved. As everything
radically new, teething issues will inevitably be present.
We invite you to join us and focus on the big picture,
heralding the arrival of Waste Atlas, a major leap
forward for the waste and resources community, an
absolutely timely and significant achievement.
E-Mail : [email protected]
Goran Vujic, Assistant Professor at the University
of Novi Sad: Waste Atlas is a very fast, reliable and
comprehensive visual tool for students who need
to understand complexity of Global, but also LocalRegional Solid Waste Management. Using the big
variety of data presented in Waste Atlas students
can understand the impacts that culture, GDP, social,
demography and other aspects have on Waste
management. In future, academics and experts
will have a great opportunity to work together on
predicting waste quantities and composition, with
Waste Atlas to provide a good starting point. Waste
prediction analysis is one of the examples that can
display how important and useful tool Waste Atlas
can be for everyone, from students and professors
to engineers, decision makers and authorities.
http://www.atlas.d-waste.com/
Waste Atlas
2013
contents
9
INTRODUCTION
10
An Ocean of Data
10
WASTE ATLAS
12
Waste Atlas Concept
12
Input to, architecture and use of Waste Atlas
14
Functionality Already Available on Waste Atlas
15
Correlated Global Charts & Global WM Maps
20
Putting Waste Atlas in practice – Assessment of Current Situation
37
CONCLUSIONS & CHALLENGES
40
ANNEX I
41
ANNEX II
42
E-Mail : [email protected]
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Waste Atlas
2013
INTRODUCTION
10
An Ocean of Data
Our era is characterized by an explosive growth in the amount of data available. Rapid technological evolution and development
has led to increased exchange of information. According to IBM (1), around 2.5 quintillion bytes (2.5 x 10(18) bytes) of data are
generated daily (2012), embedded in the physical world in devices such as computers and mobile phones, in the course of
creating and communicating data.
This tremendous rate of data generation results in vast amounts of data remaining unstructured on the web, making necessary
the use of search engines seeking for meaningful information. Around 80% of the data generated is in the unstructured and
form of presentation files, emails, audio and video files.
In the waste management sector there is also a great amount of data on the web that remains mostly unstructured. To illustrate,
Figure 1-1 presents the results that the Google search engine generated for several key words related to waste management,
on April 4, 2013. The magnitude of the results in Figure 1-1, demonstrates the massive amount of waste management data
available on the internet.
Google Results for WM related key words (accessed on 04/04/13)
600.000.000
512.000.000
500.000.000
407.000.000
400.000.000
342.000.000
300.000.000
202.000.000
200.000.000
187.000.000
186.000.000
113.000.000
86.700.000
100.000.000
57.100.000
Waste
Waste Health
Waste
Environment
Waste to Energy
Recycling
Waste
Management
Waste Human
Right
Dump sites
Waste Treatment
Figure 1-1: Google results for WM related key words
IBM (2012), “Understanding Big Data”. Available at:
http://www-01.ibm.com/software/data/bigdata/
2 BASEX (2008), “Information Overload: Now $900 Billion – What is Your Organization’s Exposure?”. Available at:
http://www.basexblog.com/2008/12/19/information-overload-now-900-billion-what-is-your-organizations-exposure/
1
E-Mail : [email protected]
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Waste Atlas
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There is a vital need for meaningful filtering, interpreting and guiding through this information ‘chaos’. Currently, the Google
search engine receives more than two million queries per minute (2), from users who seek useful and meaningful information.
At the same time, according to research by Basex (2), information overload costs the U.S. economy a minimum of $900 billion
per year in decreased employee productivity and innovation.
To those who use search engines for professional purposes and look for easily accessible yet reliable information, it becomes
obvious that there is a need for better, more selective and more efficient search engines. This need can be safely anticipated
to significantly grow in the future.
The challenge is both quantitative and qualitative. In quantitative terms, the challenge is to identify the most suitable results
amongst hundreds of thousands to hundreds of millions of available data, without spending disproportionately much time.
In qualitative terms, the ranking of the ‘search’ results is usually based on the popularity of the web pages and their relevance
with the ‘search’ terms. Nevertheless, neither popularity nor relevance is directly (if at all) linked to the reliability required for
professional and scientific purposes.
Another important limiting factor is the human capability to process and understand data. According to the economist Herbert
Simon, “A wealth of information creates a poverty of attention and a need to allocate that attention efficiently among the
overabundance of information sources that might consume it.” To overcome this apparent or actual limit, several ways are
available to process, visualise and synthesise meaningful information from this unstructured initial data population. Data
management techniques are one of these ways, creating significant value by transforming data to information patterns.
Regarding the waste management and recycling sector, there is a growing recognition of the need for data sets of worldwide
coverage, which will allow all interested parties to benchmark and justify local decisions and policies in a more informed and
relationally justified manner. Waste Atlas aims to gather all such useful data in one place and provide tools for transforming
data into meaningful information, most helpful in decision making processes. To this, Waste Atlas combines advanced data
visualisation technologies with crowd-sourcing and experts reviews.
E-Mail : [email protected]
http://www.atlas.d-waste.com/
WASTE ATLAS
Waste Atlas Concept
Waste Atlas
2013
12
Waste Atlas is a crowd-sourcing, non commercial, free access map that visualises municipal solid waste management data
across the world for comparison and benchmarking purposes. The platform can be easily accessed through the web portal
www.atlas.d-waste.com and aims to transform the vast amount of data available into meaningful information and make it
available to everyone interested in waste and resource management.
Data collection and uploading is based on the contribution of global partners and numerous scientists, consultants, academics,
students and practitioners, from many countries and organizations. Data uploaded on Waste Atlas is cross-validated in the first
place with other data sets available from multiple sources to ensure its reliability and consistency. What is finally published is
what is considered as the most accurate. Specifically, each quantitative piece of information published is accompanied with
reference to its published source. However, even data with published sources may not be as accurate, reliable and up to date
as required; hence, all data is comprehensively evaluated before uploading. To this, the validity and publication date of the
accompanied source is also taken into account. The methodology used to produce the data is evaluated as well. Multiple or
comparable sources are actively sought and where available cross-checking is performed, e.g. taking time evolution or regional
(/country/city) features into account. Verified outliers or data of questionable quality are exempted from uploading. However,
all documents are kept in our database for future re-evaluation.
E-Mail : [email protected]
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Net, the Global WTERT (Waste to Energy and Technology) Council, GIZ/SWEEP-NET, SWAPI and the University of Leeds. Each
partner has its unique role in this alliance:
D-Waste (www.d-waste.com) is responsible to organize the project; to provide, develop, update, optimize and support
technically the Waste Atlas web tool; to receive, elaborate, examine and correct (if necessary) the data provided; to implement,
demonstrate and visualize the data provided; to bear the costs of data collection, acquisition and management and the
expenses of website management and hosting and its equivalent application; to promote the Waste Atlas web tool.
ISWA (http://www.iswa.org/) a global, independent and non-profit making association, working in the public interest to fulfil
its declared mission which is “To Promote and Develop Sustainable and Professional Waste Management Worldwide” provides
waste management data already available from its long established working groups and conferences’ proceedings and its
unique Knowledge Base project.
Global WTERT Council (www.wtert.org) is an academic-industry organization consisting of fourteen national groups; it brings
together engineers, scientists, and managers from universities, industry, and government with the objective of advancing
sustainable waste management worldwide.
GIZ/SWEEP-NET (http://www.sweep-net.org/) is a regional network which works on institutionally anchoring the principles of
sustainable and integrated solid waste management in Middle East - North Africa region countries and beyond, supports Waste
Atlas by providing waste management data on regional, city, or country level utilizing the network’s scientific and professional
resources.
SWAPI, the Society of Solid Waste Management Experts in Asia and Pacific Islands is an organization which is rapidly developed
at the Asian Pacific Region, where more than half of the global population is situated, promotes Waste Atlas at the Asian Pacific
and encourages its members to provide local waste management data.
University of Leeds (www.leeds.ac.uk), a world-leading institution, delivering research and education of global impact, actively
supports the creation, operation and dissemination of Waste Atlas. Waste and resource management expertise within the
School of Civil Engineering, focusing on cross-disciplinary innovation for closing the materials loop and renewable energy
generation, will contribute to data provision, analysis and overall scientific robustness of Waste Atlas. University of Leeds will
ensure that the wider academic and research community and its beneficiaries, from students to policy- and decision-makers,
will feed into Waste Atlas and receive maximum benefits from it.
During the 1st Waste Atlas Workshop held on April 24, 2013, representatives from all the entities participating in the Waste
Atlas partnership declared the establishment of a steering and of a scientific committee. More specifically, it was decided that
role of the steering committee will be to coordinate - prioritize the activities related to Waste Atlas partnership and to indicate
future steps and targets for further development, whereas role of the scientific committee will be to ensure the scientific
and technical integrity and consistency of the project, its proper documentation and scientific support and its linkages with
research and academic institutes.
E-Mail : [email protected]
http://www.atlas.d-waste.com/
Waste Atlas
2013
Input to, architecture and use of Waste Atlas
14
So far, more than 5,000 unique users have used Waste Atlas from 122 different countries, almost 1,000 people use its demo
mobile app and more than 1,000 people have contributed with data. Currently, the database supporting Waste Atlas includes
more than 59,000 files and it is increasing day by day and at a fast pace.
Waste Atlas software is based on the MVC (Model-View-Controller) architecture and is written using several programming
languages, including PHP, Html5, JavaScript and CSS3. The front-end (View) utilizes Google Maps JavaScript API v3 for the
presentation and projection of geographically-enabled data and Google Chart Tools for data visualization and chart rendering.
It also uses the JavaScript library, JQuery, for the user interface and layout of the application. The back-end (Model and
Controller) utilizes a powerful MySQL database for storing, organizing and retrieving data.
Waste Atlas design and layout aim at providing to its users a handy and easily-navigated web application. The functionality
provided by Waste Atlas includes:
•
Searching, retrieving and displaying the available data on the map
•
Geocoding, that is searching for addresses (such as “1600 Amphitheatre Parkway, Mountain View, CA”) or places and display them on the map
•
Distance Calculation between two or more items on the map
•
Easy change of map type. Available types are RoadMap, Satellite, Hybrid and Terrain
•
Street View ability where applicable
•
Map Overview on the bottom right of the map to easily identify current position in high scales
•
Automaticaly generated, up-to-date and print-ready Country Waste Profile for all available countries
Users can benefit from Waste Atlas functions by:
•
Creating Customized Charts for comparison purposes
•
Viewing unique Global Correlation Charts (see Section 2.3)
•
Accessing global visualizations of specific waste management indicators (See Section 2.3)
•
Obtaining information regarding the amount of data already uploaded on Waste Atlas
•
Accessing data regarding current global waste management situation
•
Submiting waste management data
More detailed information about Waste Atlas can be accessed through the Help tab of the application at
www.atlas.d-waste.com
Waste Atlas is also available as a mobile application available in Android and iOS markets. Use the
QR to download it from the App Store.
E-Mail : [email protected]
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Waste Atlas
2013
Functionality Already Available on Waste Atlas
15
Waste Atlas focuses on municipal solid waste and provides data for countries, cities and waste management facilities. As
municipal waste is defined the waste mainly produced by households, including also similar waste generated from sources
such as commerce, offices and public institutions. The amount of municipal waste generated consists of waste collected by or
on behalf of municipal authorities and disposed of through the waste management system(3) . The waste composition adopted
in Waste Atlas includes the following streams: organic, paper/cardboard, metal, plastic, glass and others. In all cases, data on
Waste Atlas is presented in a way to facilitate users to compare conditions and situations.
Data for Countries
The data uploaded on Waste Atlas aims to provide the users with a better understanding of a country’s waste and resource
management in the context of its wider situation. Therefore, in addition to waste management data, the Waste Atlas also
provides economic, social, population and development indicators.
3
European Environment Agency, 2013, ‘Managing municipal solid waste — a review of achievements in 32 European countries’.
Available at: http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/managing-municipal-solid-waste
E-Mail : [email protected]
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The users can find information about waste generation per capita, municipal waste generation, environmental stress,
waste intensive consumption, collection coverage, recycling rate, unsound disposal and waste composition (See Annex II for
definitions). Other indicators available are: GNI per capita (PPP); access to improved sanitation facilities; access to improved
water source; population; population density; the percentage of urban population; and the Human Development Index (HDI).
Although many countries have data that is available and up to date, for several cases it was difficult to find an accurate and up
to date waste synthesis. Typical data quality challenges are:
a)
In many scientific reports and articles writers adopt as waste composition of the country the waste composition of the country’s capital, which is not always accurate. The same inaccurate extrapolation is done for waste generation per capita rates too.
b)
The different components of municipal waste (organics, paper, plastics, etc.) are not uniformly defined, creating consistency problems.
c)
The definition of municipal waste is not the same and it differs significantly in between countries. A very often phenomenon was the integration of the C&D stream into the municipal one.
For challenge a), cross-checking with Waste
Atlas database data from multiple sources
was used as a means to adjust apparent
mistakes. For the challenges b) and c),
besides cross-checking with data from
similar conditions, basic statistical analysis
was used to identify data inconsistencies.
So far, data sets for 162 countries
are uploaded, covering 97% of global
population. Based on these datasets,
country profiles have been created and are
available. An example of a country profile
is given in Figure 2-1.
Figure 2-1: Portugal country profile on Waste Atlas
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Data for Cities
This layer includes data for 1773 cities from all over the world and more specifically information about overall municipal solid
waste generation and municipal solid waste generation per capita. For these two categories of data are provided to the users
it should be highlighted that an important inconsistency was made apparent while researching for data.
In many papers, referring to the same cities for similar periods, different waste generation per capita rates, different overall
waste generation and finally different populations were provided. In some cases, the three parameters did not match at all as
it was proven with elementary maths.
The problem is probably more generic and it is due to three factors.
a)
The definition of a city is not always clear, especially when multiple municipalities and metropolitan areas are the subjects of the analysis. Thus different populations may be associated with different waste quantities and resulting
in often biased or mutually inconsistent data points.
b)
In many cases waste generation is assessed based on the waste collected or disposed of, leading to
underestimation of the involved metrics since they do not include (often informal) recycled quantities.
c)
Different authors use different municipal waste definitions, resulting in different waste generation profiles.
An important challenge is the lack of concrete socioeconomic datasets at the city level that would have allowed the investigation
of potentially useful correlations between waste profiles and socioeconomic indicators.
Data for cities derives from the latest reliable source available in Waste Atlas database. Moreover, in some cases the city data
provided considers regional and metropolitan areas. Such problems will be dealt with Waste Atlas next steps.
E-Mail : [email protected]
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Waste Atlas
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18
Data for Facilities
This group of data aims to provide to Waste Atlas’ users useful information about a range of solid waste treatment facilities.
More specifically, Waste Atlas hosts layers about sanitary landfills, waste to energy plants (WtE), mechanical and biological
treatment facilities (MBTs), biological treatment facilities (BTs) (See Annex II for definition) and dumpsites. It is mentioned that
the data is uploaded randomly, following the contributions received and the utilization of the multiple resources.
It should be noted that:
•
The layer of Sanitary Landfills includes all the sites that fulfill certain environmental standards in order to be characterized
as sanitary landfills. However, there is a number of sites, which were proved not to fulfill the minimum requirements of
a sanitary landfill and for this reason they were not uploaded on Waste Atlas. In addition, limited number of controlled
landfills is uploaded on Waste Atlas, especially for developing countries, aiming to “assist” and highlight their efforts
to upgrade their uncontrolled dumpsites to sanitary landfills and generally to start applying safer forms of waste
management. In every case, these sites are indicated with a comment. On Waste Atlas, users can find data about the
status of a landfill, namely if it is active or not, the area it occupies, the amount of waste already disposed of in it, its
annual capacity as well as information about the population it serves.
•
In the layer of Waste to Energy (WtE) only facilities that treat thermally the incoming waste and generate energy are
included. Although this categorization may be conflicting with others that include facilities of Anaerobic Digestion as
WtE, Waste Atlas adopted a categorization of facilities based on the type of treatment implemented. By applying the
WtE layer, users can access information regarding the type of the plant, namely if the technology applied is incineration,
pyrolysis or gasification, its start up year and its annual capacity.
•
The MBT layer includes information about the type of the facility, its start up year and its annual capacity. Three major
types of MBT facilities have been identified so far; MBT-Compost; MBT-AD and MBT-RDF/SRF facilities, differentiatled on
the basis of the main biological reactor and the related main product of the plant.
•
•
E-Mail : [email protected]
The BT layer includes facilities that receive only
feedstock or source segregated organic waste. In
this type of facilities only biological treatment takes
place, namely Composting and Anaerobic Digestion.
The information provided in this layer is the same
type of information as in MBT facilities.
Even though dumpsites may not considered waste
facilities, given the existing situation in most places
of the developing world and the waste management
practices followed in most of these countries, it
was considered important to include dumpsites in
the waste facilities group, in order to have a better
perception of the current situation. Users can find
useful information about the status of the dumpsite,
the estimated amount of the waste included in them,
the waste concentration of them, namely how many
tons are included per hectare, and the estimated
number of informal waste pickers that work in them.
http://www.atlas.d-waste.com/
Waste Atlas
2013
19
So far, users can find data for:
•
840 sanitary landfills (SLs)
•
697 waste to energy facilities (WtE)
•
100 mechanical-biological treatment facilities (MBTs)
•
74 biological treatment facilities (BTs?)
•
46 of the world biggest dumpsites.
The most important problems faced during the mapping of facilities were the following.
a)
The exact location was very difficult to be found for most of the facilities and it became possible only after extensive research and specific contributions of organizations and local scientists.
b)
The facilities' categorization was not always easy to be implemented and maybe there is a need for a different one.
c)
Although the data available for dump sites is much more than is uploaded, there is a huge lack of reliable
information about them.
At this point and in order to avoid any confusion, it should be highlighted that the facilities data already uploaded on Waste
Atlas are not complete for each reported country; however, this is a primary effort to outline the waste management systems
in each of them. Even though in most countries of the developing world dumping is still the main practice of solid waste
management, scarce data exists even for the few good practices available. On the contrary, in rich and developed countries,
not only information was available, but in certain cases it was grouped and categorized as well. For this reason, it can be
observed that most of the operating WtE facilities in Europe and the United States have been uploaded on Waste Atlas,
whereas there is lack of information about facilities in Asia (excluding Japan) and in Africa.
E-Mail : [email protected]
http://www.atlas.d-waste.com/
Waste Atlas
2013
Correlated Global Charts & Global WM Maps
20
This part aims to present 9 global correlation charts and 8 global waste management maps (visualizations) that have been
created using the data already available on Waste Atlas. The graphs provided are outputs of the Waste Atlas database.
The innovative characteristic of the Global Graphs is that they correlate for the first time waste management indicators (such as
collection coverage or rate of unsound disposal) with other indicators, such as HDI and GNI per capita, for so many countries.
Moreover, visualizations make more obvious and highlight the differences existing over the world in many aspects of waste
management, suggesting the areas where research and studies should be conducted and funds should be allocated to
ameliorate current situation.
It should be noted that the global correlation charts present all the data found, including outliers. Even though a comment of
the trends outlined in these graphs would be constructive, all data collected needs further elaboration in order to come up
with safe conclusions. For this reason the scientific committee of Waste Atlas will take all the necessary actions required so as
to elaborate this data and to conclude to any outcomes. As for the global waste management maps, all data was uploaded.
Global waste management maps make more obvious the lack of data for certain areas of the world, such as the developing
countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America.
E-Mail : [email protected]
http://www.atlas.d-waste.com/
Waste Atlas
2013
21
GLOBAL CORRELATION CHARTS
E-Mail : [email protected]
http://www.atlas.d-waste.com/
Waste Atlas
2013
22
Country legend
1−Albania
31−Chile
61−Grenada
91−Madagascar
123−Rwanda
2−Algeria
32−China
62−Guatemala
92−Malawi
3−Angola
33−Colombia
63−Guyana
93−Malaysia
124−Sao Tome
and Principe
4−Antigua and
Barbuda
34−Comoros
64−Haiti
94−Maldives
65−Honduras
95−Mali
5−Argentina
35−Congo, Dem.
Rep.
96−Malta
6−Armenia
36−Congo, Rep.
66−Hong Kong
SAR, China
7−Australia
37−Costa Rica
67−Hungary
8−Austria
38−Cote d'Ivoire
68−Iceland
9−Azerbaijan
39−Croatia
69−India
10−Bahrain
40−Cuba
70−Indonesia
11−Bangladesh
41−Cyprus
12−Barbados
42−Czech
Republic
71−Iran, Islamic
Rep.
13−Belarus
14−Belgium
15−Belize
16−Benin
17−Bhutan
73−Israel
44−Dominica
74−Italy
45−Dominican
Republic
75−Jamaica
47−Egypt, Arab
Rep.
19−Bosnia and
Herzegovina
48−El Salvador
20−Botswana
49−Eritrea
21−Brazil
50−Estonia
22−Brunei
Darussalam
51−Ethiopia
52−Fiji
23−Bulgaria
24−Burkina Faso
53−Finland
54−France
25−Burundi
55−Gabon
26−Cameroon
56−Gambia, The
27−Canada
57−Georgia
28−Cape Verde
29−Central
African Republic
30−Chad
43−Denmark
46−Ecuador
18−Bolivia
72−Ireland
58−Germany
59−Ghana
60−Greece
76−Japan
77−Jordan
78−Kazakhstan
97−Mauritania
98−Mauritius
99−Mexico
100−Moldova
101−Mongolia
102−Morocco
103−Mozambique
104−Myanmar
105−Namibia
106−Nepal
107−Netherlands
108−Nicaragua
109−Niger
110−Nigeria
125−Saudi Arabia
126−Senegal
127−Serbia
128−Sierra Leone
129−Singapore
130−Slovak
Republic
131−Slovenia
132−South Africa
133−Spain
134−Sri Lanka
114−Panama
144−Thailand
83−Lao PDR
115−Paraguay
145−Togo
84−Latvia
116−Peru
85−Lebanon
117−Philippines
146−Trinidad and
Tobago
86−Lesotho
118−Poland
87−Lithuania
119−Portugal
88−Luxembourg
120−Qatar
89−Macao SAR,
China
121−Romania
E-Mail : [email protected]
158−Vietnam
159−West Bank
and Gaza
160−Yemen, Rep.
161−Zimbabwe
140−Switzerland
143−Tanzania
90−Macedonia,
FYR
157−Venezuela,
RB
139−Sweden
113−Pakistan
122−Russian
Federation
156−Uzbekistan
138−Swaziland
142−Tajikistan
82−Kyrgyz
Republic
155−Uruguay
137−Suriname
112−Oman
81−Kuwait
154−United States
136−Sudan
141−Syrian Arab
Republic
80−Korea, Rep.
153−United
Kingdom
135−St. Lucia
111−Norway
79−Kenya
152−United Arab
Emirates
147−Tunisia
148−Turkey
149-Turkmenistan
150−Uganda
151−Ukraine
http://www.atlas.d-waste.com/
E-Mail : [email protected]
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
5
109
143
16
145
128
59
15
91
64
24
36
95
35
25
97
18
35
34
161
45
25
113
126
160
70
55
11
3
20
32
65
115
117
114 116
121
102
Access to Improved Sanitation Facilities (% of population with access)
150
69
17
108
For countries' names refer to page 20
110
106
75
104
65
33
62
84
21
132
75
Collection Coverage vs Access to Improved Sanitation Facilities
135
44
9
45
137
63
85
100
147
99
48
98
148 40
6 118
15
134
127
46
159
5 157 146 13
1
95
47
144
19 57
2
50 93
141
77
72
23
76 88 96 107
68
53 54 58
61 60
8 14 43 119
140
130
31
42 15527 129
139
4
85 111
80 154 153
7
39 131
37
12
67
Waste Atlas
2013
23
http://www.atlas.d-waste.com/
Collection Coverage (%)
E-Mail : [email protected]
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
2.20
35
25
109
128
91
2.70
150
143
145
24 95
106
64
11
34
16
161
108
97
126
160
100
65
117
17
18
134
47
6
57
62
102
141
115
70
36
48
1
144
19
15
46
147
77
3 32
45
40
75
2
127
116
23
137
20
114
121
93
148
155 31
118
39
21 1267
4
84
50
10
131
146 130 42 96 119
80
60
3.20
3.70
Log10[GDP per Capita (current US $/yr)]
4.20
For countries' names refer to page 20
69
110
59
63
135 61
157 5
33
132 98
85
44
99
37
9
For countries' names refer to page 20
113
159
13
Collection Coverage vs GDP per Capita
22
4.70
72
6674 153 58 76 53 139 43 89
54 14 8 107
27
68 129
154
7
140
111
88
5.20
Waste Atlas
2013
24
http://www.atlas.d-waste.com/
Collection Coverage (%)
E-Mail : [email protected]
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0.20
35
0.30
109
25
24
128
95
161
0.40
34
145
64
97
126
160
91
3
104
0.50
11
113
69
62
102
108
0.60
70
63
65
20
141
47 100
117
159
115
18
9
0.70
2
148
15
147
77
134
32
45
144
137
48
Human Development Index (HDI)
17 36
59
33
46
6
1
19 57
75
116
127
121
155
40
93 23
114
135 157 61 13 146
98
85
4
44
99
37
21
For countries' names refer to page 20
16
150
143
110
106
132
Collection Coverage vs HDI
0.80
118
39
12 10 67
5 84 119
31
50
22
96130
0.90
72
58
153 42 74 531443 66 68
76 139 107
60
88 129 548 80 140 27
154
7
131
111
1.00
Waste Atlas
2013
25
http://www.atlas.d-waste.com/
Collection Coverage (%)
E-Mail : [email protected]
Waste Generation per capita (kg/yr)
34
100
137
63
23
135
114
10
125
112
146
0
0
103
400 143
5,000
67
31
15 13
45
85
148 39
21
87
5 98
149 144 9020 93
115
44 9912
142
57 48 77
121 157 37 84
127 159
40
61 122 22 50
26
300
117
1116
118
108 83 210171 47
75132 78
95 64158 59 653210270 46 62
33
151
82
147
136
25
16
35 69 36134 141
200 24 30 38
105 28 138 55
49 56 128 156 16018 9
52
29 11 97
145 92
91 113 86 126 3 6
79
123 16151150
106
100
500
600
700
800
900
1,000
42
155
10,000
80
130
4
119
131
89
15,000
133
129
73
60
20,000
66
74
68
107
152
14
139
54 153
72
53
8
25,000
76
58
43
Household Final Consumption Expenditure per Capita (current US $/yr)
96
81
For countries' names refer to page 20
120
41
27
30,000
154
88
35,000
Waste Generation per capita vs Household Final Consumption Expenditure per Capita
111
140
40,000
Waste Atlas
2013
26
http://www.atlas.d-waste.com/
E-Mail : [email protected]
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
2.8
11
66
161
16
80
30
136
26
126 113
159
84
158
160
71
3.3
101
18
47
57
62
102
64
141
103
6
151
115
1
79
46
72
52
144
32
105
3
2
40
96
3.8
127
116
23
135
33
61
114
37
121
99
94
5
157
148
87100
85
21
39
68
118
12
89
31
155
GDP per Capita (Current US $) ($/year/capita)
15
147
50
10
130
For countries' names refer to page 20
117
17
134
48
Organics vs GDP per Capita
4.3
125
98
83
119
112
60
41
74
22
133
67
76
153
54
69
27
107
8
53
154
73
129
77
14
43
7
4.8
91
140
111
120
Waste Atlas
2013
27
http://www.atlas.d-waste.com/
Organics (%)
E-Mail : [email protected]
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
2.5
92
91
3.0
145
103
64
30
150
106
11
126
136
160
26
3.5
158
100
69
117
52
3
17
134
115
18 141
102
62
6
47
77
15
48
105
151
32
46
2
94
144
116
4.0
147 33
135
1
61
37
21
127
71
85
23
121
98
31
93 99
155
114
GNI per Capita (Current international $) ($/year/capita)
159
83
113
101
157
For countries' names refer to page 20
16
79
63
57
Paper/Cardboard vs GNI per Capita
5
148
84
67
87
50
39 118
12
10
130
96
119
60
112
125
73
4.5
133
41
80
68 74
7
14
27
53
54 153
72
76
8
43
107
140
66
22
154
89
129
111
120
5.0
Waste Atlas
2013
28
http://www.atlas.d-waste.com/
Paper/Cardboard (%)
E-Mail : [email protected]
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0
106
82
97
160
159
108
83
26 113
25 64 1611
110
3
70
18
17
115
102
77
47
15
134
62 141
69 117
65
100
48
75
46
2
32
1
45
9
116
10,000
33
135
147
144
137
37
21
127
157
23
85
98
99
114
155
93
31
5
84
148
12
10
42
119
60
73
131
68
80
30,000
41
72
76
153
54 7
40,000
53 14 58
139 8
43
107
GNI per Capita, PPP (Current international $) ($/year/capita)
130
96
For countries' names refer to page 20
20,000
39
87
67
146
Unsound Disposal vs GNI per Capita
154
50,000
22
66
140
89
60,000
129
70,000
Waste Atlas
2013
29
http://www.atlas.d-waste.com/
Unsound Disposal (%)
E-Mail : [email protected]
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1,000
2.20
35
25
51
92
109
128
91
106
1232456
145
103
2.70
150
2949
143
95
79
16
161
30
11
64
34
3.20
26
83
108
59
136 160
158
82
126
69
86 38
124 156
110
97113
159
101
47 102
134 62
141
6
57
36 138
28
151
70
115
48
1
19
46
71
52
2
32
75
40
3.70
3
94
127
116
45 13
105
149 144
90
77
147
15
9
33
44
23
135
20
98
121
37
132
61
114
137
Log10[GDP per Capita (current US $/yr)]
18
117
17
65
63
99
93
55
78
157
5
85 148
31
122
12
118
84
67
39
21 87155
4
4.20
50
130
146
For countries' names refer to page 20
142
100
10
Waste Generation per capita vs GDP per Capita
42
125
80
119
96
131
60
112
22
133
73
41
66
74
153
54
76
129
14
58
68
152
107
4.70
53
8
72
154
27
139
43
81
89
140
111
120
88
5.20
Waste Atlas
2013
30
http://www.atlas.d-waste.com/
Waste Generation per capita (kg/yr)
E-Mail : [email protected]
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1,000
0.2
35
0.3
109
24
30 12829 49
103
25
51
95
161
0.4
92
38
136
64
143
91 3
104
26
0.5
11
113
79
36
59
69
28
62
102108
158
0.6
159
117
70 132
47
65
141
82
105
156
20
101
18
94
115
55
112
21
135
23
125
114
4
146
81
39
31
119
10
67
0.7
44
0.8
13
19 85
87
93
155
5
98
90
122 99 121
12
57 3761
127
118
157
84
40
116
46 75 1
2 71
78
32
33
134
151
147
9
52
6
45 15
148
144
149 77
137
48
Human Development Index (HDI)
83
17
124 138
142
63
100
For countries' names refer to page 20
160
86 126
110
150 97106
56 16 145
123
34
Waste Generation per capita vs HDI
130
22
50
96
120
152
41
73
8
42
131
133 54
153 74
53
129
14
60
88
76
0.9
80
66 139
107
58
72
154
140
68
43
27
111
1
Waste Atlas
2013
31
http://www.atlas.d-waste.com/
Waste Generation per capita (kg/yr)
Waste Atlas
2013
32
GLOBAL WASTE MANAGEMENT MAPS
E-Mail : [email protected]
http://www.atlas.d-waste.com/
Waste Atlas
2013
33
E-Mail : [email protected]
http://www.atlas.d-waste.com/
Waste Atlas
2013
34
E-Mail : [email protected]
http://www.atlas.d-waste.com/
Waste Atlas
2013
35
E-Mail : [email protected]
http://www.atlas.d-waste.com/
Waste Atlas
2013
36
E-Mail : [email protected]
http://www.atlas.d-waste.com/
Waste Atlas
2013
Putting Waste Atlas in practice – Assessment of Current Situation
37
Waste Atlas aims to gather useful information around solid waste management in one place. All this great amount of data
uploaded creates a huge potential that enables users to conduct easily comparisons between countries and cities of similar
size or wealth, as well as to make conclusions about waste management practices and trends.
This section presents the outcomes of a recent assessment about the current global solid waste generation, the average solid
waste generation per capita, as well as the average solid waste composition. Calculations were based on data for 162 countries
from all over the world, data that is already available on Waste Atlas and that covers 97% of the global population.
Making the necessary calculations, it was assessed that current solid waste generation is up to 1.84 billion tonnes, whereas
average solid waste generation is assessed to 271.7 kg/cap/year. Figure 2-2 presents the average global waste composition.
In addition to the abovementioned
outcomes, Table 2-1 summarizes
average figures from the data already
uploaded on Waste Atlas. More
specifically it provides info about the
average Waste Intensive Consumption,
the average Recycling Rate and the
Average Unsound Disposal rate. For
every indicator, the number of countries
counted is also provided.
Figure 2-2: Average global waste composition
Table 2-1: Global Average Indicators
Indicators
Quantity
Units
Number of countries
counted
Municipal Solid Waste Generation
1.84
1090t year-1
162
Municipal Solid Waste Generation per
capita
271.7
Kg cap-1 year-1
162
Collection Coverage
73.9
%
122
Recycling rate
16.0
%
91
Unsound disposal rate
38.0
%
Environmental Stress
14.9
t (km )
162
Waste Intensive Consumption
0.05
Kg $-1
155
96
2 -1
Assessment
of the current global situation is an example of the outcomes that may arise from the use of Waste Atlas, including
amongst others waste projections and benchmarking studies. For practical examples you can download Antonis Mavropoulos'
presentation in Lisbon GRAPESB conference from http://www.d-waste.com/presentations/utilizing-waste-atlas-detail.html#.
UlKa5oa9lgE
E-Mail : [email protected]
http://www.atlas.d-waste.com/
Waste Atlas
2013
38
162 Countries
Users from 122 countries
>1,700 Cities
97% of global MSW
Generation
Full profile for
100 biggest cities
More than 1,700 Waste
Treatment Facilities
5,000 unique users
1,000 contributors
Uploaded data Density
Unique Visual Maps
Global Correlation Graphs
Customized Charts
323
80
1167
955
Free
Crowdsourced
Benchmarking
1,774
1,757
145
162
Data
Countries
Cities
Facilities
May 2012
Dec 2012
Sep 2013
The biggest waste management database
E-Mail : [email protected]
http://www.atlas.d-waste.com/
Waste Atlas
2013
39
E-Mail : [email protected]
http://www.atlas.d-waste.com/
CONCLUSIONS & CHALLENGES
Waste Atlas
2013
40
The implementation of Waste Atlas was a substantial learning experience and several difficulties and challenges were
encountered during its first year. The most important conclusions and challenges are summarized below.
• The very positive critiques and the popularity of Waste Atlas with users and contributors demonstrated the necessity of such
a project and highlighted the need for more efforts that will shape the global picture of waste management and provide data
sets that will allow benchmarking.
• Waste Atlas aims to collect waste management data from all over the world in a single place and to visualize it spatially on
a map. For this reason, the data collected had to be edited, composed and converted into a uniform way that would facilitate
comparisons and benchmarking. In addition, exact location of facilities had to be identified, an action that in most cases
proved to be difficult and time consuming. Although humanity lives in “the big data” era, waste management seems still to
remain in the big “lack of data” era. This reflects the underestimation of waste management and recycling in the global political
agendas and it highlights the need for serious coordinated efforts to upgrade it.
• The collection of data in the first year of operation has highlighted the problem of data inconsistency and the lack of a global
methodology that will support global uniform data collection and interpretation. This issue is of high importance especially
for institutions, policy makers and financial authorities in country and city level, requiring coordinated actions to deal with it
efficiently.
• A year’s work has proved that combining crowdsourcing with dedicated expertise is a way to deal with the problems mentioned
above. The global waste management and recycling community should further focus on crowdsourcing activities as a means
to provide solutions to the lack of data that can be utilized for decision making procedures.
• Already a large amount of data has been collected and remains unpublished, waiting for further utilization and development.
The first year's experiences documented the need for a more concrete and consistent database development and for a more
broad scientific support in order to utilize the huge data sets in the best way.
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ANNEX I
Key References
A wide range of studies, scientific and technical papers and free access databases have been used for the upload of data
on Waste Atlas. As for socio-economic data, it was all taken from World’s Bank database, with the exception of HDI which is
an index established by United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). The following publications have been the main
contributions to the conceptualization and implementation of Waste Atlas.
1. Wilson DC, Rodic L, Scheinberg A, Velis CA and Alabaster G (2012) Comparative analysis of solid waste management in 20
cities. Waste Management & Research 30(3): 237-254. Available at: http://wmr.sagepub.com
2. Scheinberg A, Wilson DC and Rodic L (eds) (2010) Solid Waste Management in the world’s cities: Water and Sanitation in
the World’s Cities. Earthscan for UN-Habitat, London and Washington DC. Available at: http://www.unhabitat.org/pmss/
listItemDetails.aspx?publicationID=2918
3. Hoornweg D and Bhada-Tata P (2012) What a Waste – a Global Review of Solid Waste Management. World Bank, Washington,
DC, USA. Available at: http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTURBANDEVELOPMENT/0,,contentMDK:23172
887~pagePK:210058~piPK:210062~theSitePK:337178,00.html
4. D-Waste (2012) Waste management for everyone. Available at: www.d-waste.com
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Waste Atlas
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ANNEX II
Access to improved
sanitation facilities
Access to improved sanitation facilities refers to the percentage of the population with
at least adequate access to excreta disposal facilities that can effectively prevent human,
animal, and insect contact with excreta. Improved facilities range from simple but protected pit latrines to flush toilets with a sewerage connection. To be effective, facilities
must be correctly constructed and properly maintained
Access to improved
water source
Access to an improved water source refers to the percentage of the population with
reasonable access to an adequate amount of water from an improved source, such as
a household connection, public standpipe, borehole, protected well or spring, and rainwater collection. Unimproved sources include vendors, tanker trucks, and unprotected
wells and springs. Reasonable access is defined as the availability of at least 20 litres a
person a day from a source within one kilometre of the dwelling
Biological treatment
facilities
Biological treatment facilities are defined as the facilities that receive source segregated
organic waste and within them only biological processes, such as composting and biomethanization – anaerobic digestion, take place
Collection Coverage
The amount of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) collected as a proportion of total MSW
generated
Dumpsites
Environmental Stress
GDP per capita
As Dumpsites are defined those sites used for the disposal of waste that do not fulfil
certain environmental criteria
The amount of the municipal solid waste generated in a country divided by country’s
area, expressed in tonnes per square kilometre (tonnes/km2)
GDP per capita is gross domestic product divided by midyear population. GDP is the
sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product
taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is calculated
without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and
degradation of natural resources. Data are in current U.S. dollars
GNI per capita, PPP
GNI per capita based on purchasing power parity (PPP). PPP GNI is gross national income (GNI) converted to international dollars using purchasing power parity rates. An
international dollar has the same purchasing power over GNI as a U.S. dollar has in the
United States. GNI is the sum of value added by all resident producers plus any product
taxes (less subsidies) not included in the valuation of output plus net receipts of primary
income (compensation of employees and property income) from abroad. Data are in
current international dollars
Household Final
Consumption
Expenditure
Household final consumption expenditure per capita is an indicator generated by
D-Waste by dividing the Household Final Consumption Expenditure of each country with
its total population. This indicator is used to correlate the waste generation patterns
with the consumption patterns. Data for Final Household Consumption Expenditure per
capita are in U.S. dollars per person
Human Development
Index (HDI)
Mechanical Biological Treatment (MBT)
facilities
Municipal Solid Waste
A composite index measuring average achievement in three basic dimensions of human
development—a long and healthy life, knowledge and a decent standard of living
As Mechanical Biological Treatment facilities are defined the facilities that receive commingled waste, use mechanical separation to remove recyclables and the dry fraction,
and use biological methods to treat the organic fraction
As Municipal Waste is defined as th e waste mainly produced by households, including
also similar waste generated from sources such as commerce, offices and public institutions. The amount of municipal waste generated consists of waste collected by or on
behalf of municipal authorities and disposed of through the waste management system
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Population density
Population density is midyear population divided by land area in square kilometres.
Population is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents
regardless of legal status or citizenship-except for refugees not permanently settled
in the country of asylum, who are generally considered part of the population of their
country of origin. Land area is a country’s total area, excluding area under inland water
bodies, national claims to continental shelf, and exclusive economic zones. In most cases the definition of inland water bodies includes major rivers and lakes
Poverty headcount
ratio at $2 a day (PPP)
Population below $2 a day is the percentage of the population living on less than $2.00
a day at 2005 international prices. As a result of revisions in PPP exchange rates, poverty
rates for individual countries cannot be compared with poverty rates reported in earlier
editions
Recycling Rate
The amount of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) recycled as a proportion of total MSW generated
Sanitary Landfill
As Sanitary Landfills are defined those sites used for the disposal of waste, that fulfil
certain environmental criteria, including amongst others limited access to the site, cover of waste with soil materials, leachate control, landfill gas control, etc
Unsound Disposal
The percentage of total Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) generated that is disposed or burnt
in controlled and uncontrolled dumpsites
Urban population
(% of total)
Urban population refers to people living in urban areas as defined by national statistical
offices. It is calculated using World Bank population estimates and urban ratios from the
United Nations World Urbanization Prospects
Waste Composition
The detailed description of the material composition of the waste streams, using percentage of material types. The streams adopted in Waste Atlas are: organic, paper/cardboard, metal, plastic, glass and others
Waste Generation per
capita
The average amount of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) generated annually per person
Waste Intensive
Consumption
The amount of Municipal Solid Waste generated in a country per dollar of household
consumption expenditure
Waste to Energy (WtE)
facilities
In Waste Atlas as Waste to Energy facilities are defined those facilities that treat thermally the waste and generate either energy or steam or both
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