Governing
the Police
of the Future
Governando a
Polícia do
Futuro
Christopher Stone
Instituto Fernando Henrique Cardoso
November 28, 2007
Program in Criminal Justice
Policy and Management
Kennedy School of Government
Harvard University
Brown Inquiry Into RCMP
“O poder das autoridades
“The prerogative of the
policiais de conduzir as
Commissioner to direct the
operações de policiamento
operation of the policing
praticamente não é passível
function is subject to
de controle externo... Será
virtually no oversight…. Is it
possível desenvolver uma
possible to impose a
estrutura moderna de
modern governance
governança para as
structure on a police
polícias?... Acredito que
force? … I believe that
there is ample evidence that
existam amplas evidências
de que mudanças
structural changes are
estruturais são necessárias”
required.”
--Report of the Brown Inquiry into the RCMP
June 2007
Program in Criminal Justice
Policy and Management
Kennedy School of Government
Harvard University
A Quick History of Modern Policing
• Continual
adjustments to the
balance among the
executive, the
courts, and the
public as the
sources of
legitimacy,
effectiveness, and
governance.
Program in Criminal Justice
Policy and Management
• Ajuste contínuo em
direção a um
equilíbrio de poder
entre o Executivo, o
Judiciário e o
público como
fontes de
legitimidade,
efetividade e
governança.
Kennedy School of Government
Harvard University
A Quick History of Modern Policing
• Professional
policing in the mid20th century aims to
reduce the
dominance of the
executive, in favor
of the courts.
Program in Criminal Justice
Policy and Management
• Policiamento
profissional em
meados do século
XX busca reduzir a
dominância do
poder Executivo,
em favor do
Judiciário.
Kennedy School of Government
Harvard University
A Quick History of Modern Policing
• Community policing
in the late-20th
century aims to tilt
the police toward
the citizenry
• Governance
mechanisms, too,
have adjusted over
these decades
Program in Criminal Justice
Policy and Management
• O Policiamento
Comunitário, no
final do século XX,
aproxima a polícia
dos cidadãos
• Mecanismos de
governança
também se
ajustaram ao longo
destas décadas
Kennedy School of Government
Harvard University
A Quick History of Modern Policing
– Executive governance
through new secretariats,
tighter control on
appointment of chiefs
– Court governance
through rule-making and
prosecution-led
investigation
– Citizen governance
through associations,
political advocacy, and
complaints
Program in Criminal Justice
Policy and Management
– Governança do Executivo por
meio de novos secretariados
e controles mais rígidos
sobre a nomeação dos
Chefes de polícia
– Governança pelo Judiciário e
investigações conduzidas
pela Promotoria
– Governança pelo público por
meio de associações,
reivindicações e queixas
Kennedy School of Government
Harvard University
Complaints Bodies
Increasing in Authority
Program in Criminal Justice
Policy and Management
Aumento da autoridade
das Comissões
Independentes de
Apuração
Kennedy School of Government
Harvard University
Governance of Police
Easily Becomes
Unbalanced
Program in Criminal Justice
Policy and Management
A Governança da
Polícia facilmente tornase desequilibrada
Kennedy School of Government
Harvard University
Atualmente as polícias respondem a
múltiplos agentes e instituições
Controle Interno
Controle pelo
Estado
Controle Social
Program in Criminal Justice
Policy and Management
Responsabilização
de Crimes
Responsabilização
de Condutas
Responsabilização
de Custos
Dirigentes,
CompStat
Corregedoria de
polícia,
“Sistemas de
alertas”
Responsáveis pela
Gestão financeira,
Comitês de
Auditoria
Legisladores;
Judiciário;
Comissões de
Ética, Averiguação
e RH;
Ombudsman
Ministro/Secretaria
de Finanças,
Inspetorias,
Legisladores
Mídia, comunidade
de acadêmicos,
ONGs de direitos
humanos,
comunidades
organizadas
Mídia, ONGs
(Budget Monitoring
NGOs)
Ministros,
Secretários e
Legisladores
Mídia, comunidade
de acadêmicos,
grupos e
comunidades
organizados
Kennedy School of Government
Harvard University
CompStat: Performance Measurement
in New York City
Program in Criminal Justice
Policy and Management
Kennedy School of Government
Harvard University
Immediate Future
of Governance
• Stronger internal
governance of crime,
cost, and conduct
• More integrated
accountability
• More international
accountability
Program in Criminal Justice
Policy and Management
O Futuro Imediato da
Governança
• Governança interna
mais rígida do crime,
dos custos e das
condutas
• Responsabilização
mais integrada
• Responsabilização
mais
internacionalizada
Kennedy School of Government
Harvard University
England & Wales
Police Standards Framework
Program in Criminal Justice
Policy and Management
Kennedy School of Government
Harvard University
International Accountability
With Legal Authority: CICIG
Program in Criminal Justice
Policy and Management
Kennedy School of Government
Harvard University
International Accountability
With Legal Authority: CICIG
• The new International Commission
Against Impunity in Guatemala was
approved by the legislature in July
2007
• The independent commission will
have the power to require all
government personnel to cooperate
with its investigations, and will be able
to bring its own prosecutions
• The commission will be able to hire
Guatemalans and foreigners to
conduct its investigations
Program in Criminal Justice
Policy and Management
Kennedy School of Government
Harvard University
International Accountability Through
Civil Society: Police Station Visits
• Single protocol worldwide on 5 dimensions of police station
service to public:
–
–
–
–
–
Community Orientation
Physical Conditions
Equal Treatment
Transparency and Accountability
Detention Conditions
• Tested in Oct/Nov 2006: More than 1,000 citizens visited
more than 400 police stations in 23 countries using
common protocol in 17 languages
• An international jury visited the five regional winners and
presented a global award here in the Hague in April to the
highest scoring station.
Program in Criminal Justice
Policy and Management
Kennedy School of Government
Harvard University
International Accountability Through
Civil Society: Police Station Visits
Program in Criminal Justice
Policy and Management
Kennedy School of Government
Harvard University
International Accountability Through
Civil Society: Police Station Visits
Initiated and funded by Altus Global Alliance,
the programme, which ends today, aims to
identify some of the best police practices
in different regions….
The five elements the police stations will be
judged on are whether they are community
orientated, whether the station's condition is
good, whether the personnel treat the public
equally, whether there is transparency and
accountability in their operations and
whether their detention centres are good.
Program in Criminal Justice
Policy and Management
Kennedy School of Government
Harvard University
Need for New Governance
“a complaints-driven model can no longer provide adequate
oversight of a national policing organization whose wideranging mandate confers jurisdiction over matters as
diverse as traffic tickets, trans-national organized crime
and global terrorism. Although it remains true that police
conduct is subject to judicial review when policing
activities result in criminal charges and public trials, the
RCMP is increasingly achieving its objectives
through covert operations aimed at preventing or
disrupting criminal activities. Such activities are rarely
subject to public scrutiny since they remain below the
radar of both the criminal courts and the public
complaints machinery.” – Paul Kennedy
Program in Criminal Justice
Policy and Management
Kennedy School of Government
Harvard University
www.altus.org
Program in Criminal Justice
Policy and Management
Kennedy School of Government
Harvard University