2011
A drylands call for action
A drylands call for action
Declaration of Fortaleza
Declaration of Fortaleza
Centro de Gestão e Estudos Estratégicos
Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação
Center for Strategic Studies and Management
Science, Technology & Innovation
A drylands call for action
2 0 1 0
Declaration of Fortaleza
Brasília – DF
2011
ISBN 978-85-60755-41-7
© Center for Strategic Studies and Management (CGEE)
Social organization supervised by the Brazilian Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation - MCTI
President
Mariano Francisco Laplane
Executive Director
Marcio de Miranda Santos
Directors
Antonio Carlos Filgueira Galvão
Fernando Cosme Rizzo Assunção
Gerson Gomes
Edition / Tatiana de Carvalho Pires
Front cover / Anna Carolina
Diagramation / Marjorie Amy Yamada
Graphic Designer / Eduardo Oliveira
P474
A DRYLANDS CALL FOR ACTION: The Declaration of Fortaleza. 2011.
Brasília: Center for Strategic Studies and Management-CGEE.
190 p: il. ; 24 cm.
ISBN 978-85-60755-41-7
1. Climate and drylands. Sustainable Development of Drylands. Semiarid. Desertification. Adaptation to Climate Change. ICID+18. DRYLANDS
CALL FOR ACTION: The Declaration of Fortaleza. Centro de Gestão e
Estudos Estratégicos. Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação.
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This publication is part of the activities carried out under the CGEE Management Agreement - 17 Addendum / Action: Support to II
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Print in 2011.
A drylands call for action
Declaration of Fortaleza
Supervision
Antonio Carlos Filgueira Galvão
Director of ICID+18
Antonio Rocha Magalhães
Technical team
Betina Ferraz
Carmem Silvia Corrêa Bueno
José Roberto de Lima
Luis Eduardo Montenegro Castelo
Support
Amanda Caldas Porto
Declaration working group
John Redwood, coordinator
Superior Council
Cid Ferreira Gomes, Governor of Ceará, Brazil
Ahmed Djoghlaf, Executive Secretary, UNCBD, Canada
Enrique Iglesias, Secretary General, Ibero-American Secretariat, Spain
Eduardo Henrique Accioly Campos, Governor of Pernambuco, Brazil
Francisco José Pinheiro,Vice Governor of Ceará, Brazil
Gilberto Câmara, Director, INPE, Brazil
José Machado, Executive Secretary, Ministry of
Environment, Brazil
Luc Gnacadja, Executive Secretary, UNCCD,
Lúcia Carvalho Pinto de Melo, President, CGEE, Brazil
Luis Antônio Elias, Executive Secretary, MCT, Brazil
Marco Farani, Director, ABC, Brazil
Marcio Pochman, President, IPEA, Brazil
Michel Laurent, President, IRD, France
Roberto Macedo, President, FIEC, Brazil
Roberto Smith, President, BNB, Brazil
Vicente Andreu, President, ANA, Brazil
Wellington Dias, Governor of Piauí, Brazil
Scientific Committee
Jesse Ribot, SDEP, University of Illinois, USA
Antonio Carlos Filgueira Galvão, CGEE, Brazil
Antonio Divino Moura, INMET, Brazil
Antonio Rocha Magalhães, ICID+18, Brazil
Arun Agrawal, University of Michigan, USA
Carlos Fernandez-Jauregui, WASA-GN, Spain
Carlos Nobre, INPE, Climate Network, Brazil
Cynthia Rosensweig, NASA, USA
Dalvino Trocoli Franca, ANA, Brazil
Daniel Bradley, DfID, Brazil
Dirceu Silveira Reis Jr., FUNCEME, Brazil
Donald Nelson, University of Georgia, USA
Donald Wilhite, Nebraska University, USA
Eduardo Sávio Martins, FUNCEME, Brazil
Edward Bresnyan, World Bank, Brazil
Elisio Contini, Embrapa, Brazil
Francisco de Assis Melo Lima, CETREDE, Brazil
Graham Haylor, DfID/DewPoint, UK
Jean Loup Guyot, IRD, Brazil
José Almir Cirilo, Secretariat of Water Resource
Pernambuco , Brazil
José Aroudo Mota, IPEA, Brazil
José Sydrião Alencar, BNB, Brazil
Jurgen Schmandt, HARC, USA
Lisa Schipper, SEI, Thailand
Liana Caleial, IPEA, Brazil
Maria Carmem Lemos, Universit Michigan, USA
Marcel Bursztyn, CDS-UNB, Brazil
Martin Parry, Imperial College, UK
Meiry Sayuri Sakamoto, FUNCEME, Brazil
Michael Glantz, INSTAAR, University of Colorado, USA
Monirul Mirza, Env. Canada and University of Toronto,
Canada
Neil Adger, Tyndal Centre, UK
Tânia Bacelar, CEPLAN, Brazil
Tim Finam, University of Arizona, USA
Organisation Committee
Antonio Rocha Magalhães, Director of ICID, Brazil
Renê Teixeira Barreira, Secretary of Science and Technology, Ceara, Brazil
Adriana M. Moura, IPEA, Brazil
Aidil de Carvalho M. B. Borges, Ministry of Education
and Sport, Cape Verde
Albert Brasil Gradvohl, DNOCS, Brazil
Betina Ferraz, ICID/CGEE, Brazil
Bruno Pagnoccheschi, ANA, Brazil
Carmen Silvia Corrêa Bueno, CGEE, Brazil
Daniel Bradley, DFID, Brazil
Eduardo Sávio Martins, FUNCEME, Brazil
Edward Bresnyan, World Bank, Brazil
Egon Krakhecke, Ministry of Environment, Brazil
Habib Jorge Fraxe Neto, IPEA, Brazil
Heitor Matallo, UNCCD, México
Jean-Loup Guyot, IRD - Institute of Research for Development, Brazil
Jesse Ribot, SDEP, University of Illinois, USA
José Narciso Sobrinho, BNB/ETENE, Brazil
José Roberto de Lima, Ministry of the Environment,
Brazil
Meiry Sayuri Sakamoto, FUNCEME, Brazil
Ricardo Correia, CETREDE/UFC, Brazil
Roberto Germano Costa, INSA, Brazil
Rogério Barros, Unifor, Brazil
Secretariat
Antonio Rocha Magalhães, Director of ICID
Carmen Silvia Corrêa Bueno, CGEE
Betina Ferraz, Technical Advisor
Amanda Caldas Porto, Assistant
José Roberto de Lima, Ministry of the Environment
Luis Eduardo Montenegro Castelo, Advisor
IT Team
Robson Franklin, Website manager
Aurélio Wildson, Developer
Ramon Siebra, Developer
Alex Araujo, CGEE
Events Company
Micheline Carmarço, Director IKONE
Preface
In 1992, I had the opportunity to participate in the first ICID, the International Conference on
Impacts of Climate Variation and Sustainable Development in Semi-arid Regions, which took place
in Fortaleza. The Brazilian sponsors and organizers intended that Conference to be a contribution to
the Rio 92 Summit. I was impressed by the scientific level of the discussions that involved participants
from all over the world and the major international organizations. That Conference confirmed my
sentiment that it was necessary to pay more attention to the special conditions of the drylands of
Brazil and of the world. I had already devoted part of my time as a researcher in the climate arena
doing work in Northeast Brazil, which contains a large semi-arid region. I helped in the development
of the first seasonal forecasts for rainfall in NE Brazil and could witness its initial uses to guide rainfed,
subsistence agriculture in the drylands. The ICID 92 Conference helped me to understand that
climate is only one of the variables that affect the lives of people living in the drylands. In fact, as was
one of the conclusions of ICID 92, the drylands should be looked from a perspective of sustainable
development that included the social, environmental and economic dimensions.
Since then, I have followed up more closely on the discussions that involved the drylands, including
Brazilian and international initiatives, like the creation of the United Nations Convention to
Combat Desertification, the UNCCD. Then, in 2010, I was glad to participate in the Second ICID,
the International Conference on Climate, Sustainability and Development in Semi-arid Regions,
known as ICID + 18, because it happened 18 years after the first ICID. I was again impressed by
the level and quality of attendance of the Conference. Considering that it was not an official UN
Conference, I thought of what drivers pushed such a wide and committed group of scientists and
policy makers to go to Fortaleza again and to try to update the discussions on the drylands and to
offer a contribution to the Rio + 20 Conference.
In fact, as this volume documents, the drylands are important in all aspects: land area, population,
social, economic and environmental dimensions. Most of the world poverty is concentrated in
the drylands. The social impacts of climate change will be more serious in the drylands, because
that is where social vulnerability is highest. However, in comparison with other areas of the world,
they lack attention from international and even national policymakers. That is why, in the Ministry
of Science, Technology and Innovation of Brazil, we want to strengthen research and knowledge
about the drylands, including the development of new networks of scientists and policymakers and
international south-south and tri-partite cooperation. The needed transition to a green economy
is an additional driver to search for new development paradigms for the drylands. This volume is an
important contribution to the objective of raising the stakes in regard to the drylands.
Carlos Afonso Nobre
Research Secretary
Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation
Brasilia, Brazil
Index
Presentation
9
Acknowledgements
12
Message from Ban Ki-Moon, United Nations Secretary General
15
Launch of the decade of deserts and fight against desertification
17
Part I. A Drylands Call for Action
23
1. Executive summary
25
2. Declaration of Fortaleza
28
Part II. Opening Ceremony
35
1. Antonio Rocha Magalhães, Director of ICID+18
37
2. Luc Ganadja, Executive Secretary of the Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD)
40
3. Message from Christiana Figueres, Executive Secretary of the
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
44
4. Message from Ahmed Djoghlaf, Executive Secretary of the
Convention on Biological Diversity (UNCBD)
47
5. Alan Charlton, Ambassador of the United Kingdom
49
6. Michel Laurent, President of the Institute of Research for Development, France (IRD)
52
7 José Machado, Vice Minister of Environment, Brazil
55
8 Cid Ferreira Gomes, Governor of the State of Ceará, Brazil
58
Part III. Keynote Presentations
61
1. Jeffrey Sachs, Earth Institute, University of Columbia, USA
63
2. Ignacy Sachs, Research Center on Contemporary Brazil, France
80
3. Jesse Ribot, SDEP, University of Illinois, USA
87
Part IV. Summary Reports of Selected Sessions
1. Synergies among the Rio conventions
97
99
2. Latin American and the Caribbean dialogue table: sustainable development in drylands
103
3. África: climate, sustainability and development in semi-arid regions
108
4. Parliamentary dialogue – ICID+18
112
5. Platform on social technologies
119
Part V. Concluding Remarks: the Drylands and the Rio+20
125
Annexes
1. List of Acronyms
133
2. Conference Program
137
1. Plenaries
139
2. Panels and Roundtables
142
3. Poster sessions
177
4. Dialogue tables
188
A drylands call for action
Declaration of Fortaleza
Presentation
The Second International Conference on Climate, Sustainability and Development in Semi-arid
Regions, the ICID+18, was held in Fortaleza, state of Ceará, Brazil, from 16th to 20th August, 2010.
It was organized by the Center for Strategic Studies and Management (CGEE), a social organization
linked to the Brazilian Ministry of Science and Technology, at that time presided by Mrs. Lucia
Carvalho Pinto de Melo, who supervised CGEE's initiative. ICID resulted from an ample effort that
involved the sponsorship of the Government of the State of Ceará, the Ministry of Environment,
the Ministry of Science and Technology, the Ministry of National Integration and the Bank of the
Northeast of Brazil, and the support from numerous organizations, national and international, such
as the DfID, the IRD, the World Bank, the IADB, the National Confederation of Industries (CNI/FIEC),
the University of Illinois (SDEP) and many others.
ICID+18 involved the participation of scientists and policymakers from governments, international
organizations, civil society, academia and the private sector from 80 countries representing all
continents and dryland regions of the world. It took two years for its organization and involved the
partnership of many institutions, government and non-government, around the world.
Why to do such an effort? The Drylands of the world represent 40% of the planet´s land surface and
30% of the world´s population, about 2 billion people. Most of the poverty of the world is concentrated
in the dryland regions of Africa, Asia and Latin America. To tackle the problems of the drylands is
directly related to a commitment with the Millennium Development Goals (MDG), especially in regard
to reducing poverty, illiteracy and environmental degradation. And, according to the IPCC and other
studies, these are the regions that will be most adversely affected by climate change.
In 1992, the first ICID was instrumental to support the creation of the United Nations Convention to
Combat Desertification and Mitigate the Effects of Droughts, the UNCCD. During the last 18 years,
there was important institutional improvement, both at the international and national levels. We have
now the UNCCD and the two other Rio Conventions, the UNFCCC and the UNCBD, and certainly
there is more awareness in regard to the environmental problems of degradation and desertification,
as well as with the impacts of climate variability and change. Notwithstanding these improvements,
these regions still lack priority, investments and support to their sustainable development. The peoples
9
that inhabit these regions lack voice and means to promote their development in a sustainable way.
The UNCCD, the Convention to Combat Desertification, is the UN Convention that attracts the least
support from governments and international organizations.
The decision to hold another ICID and convene peoples and institutions concerned with the fate
of the drylands was again an attempt to call the attention of the decision and opinion makers
of the world to the challenges and potentialities of these regions. A new world summit, the UN
Conference on Sustainable Development (UNCSD) known as the Rio+20, will be held in Rio de Janeiro
in June 2012. The ICID+18 is a contribution of its participants and its promoters to the Rio+20, and
a clear objective of ICID is to contribute to strengthen the agenda of the Rio+20 in regard to issues
concerning the drylands. The participants in the ICID + 18 expect that not only there will be more
space in the Rio+20 agenda devoted to the drylands, but also there will be more commitment
from governments and organizations to create and strengthen instruments to effectively support
sustainable development in these regions.
In this publication, CGEE is proud to bring to a broader audience of policy makers, scientists,
government and non-government representatives, a selection of key documents presented at the
ICID or prepared by its participants. Together with the Declaration of Fortaleza, which brings a call
for action in the drylands, we have included the statements made by the UN Secretary General,
Ban Ki-moon, the Executive Secretary of the UNFCCC, Christiana Figueres, the Executive Secretary
of the UNCBD, Ahmed Djoghlaf, and the statement of the Executive Secretary of the UNCCD, Luc
Gnacadja. We also include the keynote speech by Professor Jeffrey Sachs, and special presentations
by Professors Ignacy Sachs and Jesse Ribot. The booklet also includes words from the Governor of
the host state, Mr. Cid Gomes and other authorities that participated in the Conference.
We hope that this publication, containing highlights of the ICID+18 and specially the Declaration of
Fortaleza, will be useful to all of us who have a commitment with the well-wbeing of the peoples
that inhabit the arid, semi-arid and subhumid lands of the world. The messages contained in the
documents published here may inspire decisions and concrete actions that in the end will help to
reduce social, environmental and economic vulnerability in the drylands, and to increase prospects
for sustainable development for the benefit of their populations.
Antonio Carlos Filgueira Galvão
Director, CGEE
10
Mariano Francisco Laplane
President, CGEE
2 0 1 0
Acknowledgements
Many individuals and organizations contributed to make this book happen, In the first place, I
want to thank the promoters and supporters of the Second International Conference on Climate,
Sustainability and Development in Semi-arid Regions (ICID+18), which took place in Fortaleza, Brazil,
from 16th to 20th August, 2010. They were many, but here I want to highlight the enthusiastic
contribution of the Governor of the State of Ceará, Cid Ferreira Gomes; the Minister of Environment
of Brazil, Izabella Teixeira; the then Minister of Science and Technology of Brazil, Sérgio Rezende; the
then President of the Bank of Northeast of Brazil, Roberto Smith; the former President of CGEE –
Center for Management and Strategic Studies, Lúcia Carvalho Pinto de Melo; the President of FIEC
– Federation of Industries of Ceará, Roberto Proença de Macedo; the President of IRD – Institute
of Research of France, Michel Laurent; and the Executive Secretary od UNCCD – United Nations
Convention to Combat Desertification, Luc Gnacadja.
Many other persons and institutions were active contributors to ICID+18, including the Ministry of
Integration of Brazil, the DfID – Department for International Development, of the United Kingdom,
the World Bank, the Inter-American Development Bank, several organizations of the United Nations
System, including the UNFCCC, UNCBD, ECLA, UNEP and UNDP; the IISD – International Institute
of Sustainable Development; the IICA – Inter-American Institute of Cooperation for Agriculture;
the INSA – Institute of the Semi-arid; the Embrapa – Agricultural Research Company of Brazil; the
Academy, including several universities and research centers in Brazil and in other countries, and many
others. A complete list can be seen in the conference program, included as an annex to this volume.
A special thanks to the authors who took their precious time to come to ICID+18 and share their
thoughts, converns, hopes and recommendations with all participants. Together, their contribution
represents an important resource for all countries and international and national institutions which
have a stake on the sustainable development of the drylands of the world, especially in this moment
where out hopes are targeting the Rio+20 Summit in June 2012.
I also want to thank my colleagues at the ICID+18 Secretariat for their dedications and hard work:
Betina Ferraz, José Roberto de Lima, Carmem Bueno, Luis Eduardo Castelo, Eduardo Martins
(Funceme) and Jesse Ribot (University of Illinois-SDEP); my colleagues at the CGEE, especially Tatiana
12
A drylands call for action
Declaration of Fortaleza
Pires and Eduardo Oliveira, for helping with the preparation of this volume; and, last but not least,
my wife Fatima for her patience, enthusiasm and continuous support.
It is my sincere hope that this book will inspire decision makers of the Rio+20 to make the right
decisions for benefiting the sustainable development of the drylands of the world.
Antonio Rocha Magalhães
Director of ICID+18, CGEE
13
A drylands call for action
Declaration of Fortaleza
Ban Ki-Moon, United Nations Secretary General
Message to the Second International Conference on Climate, Sustainability and Development in Semi-Arid
Regions on the Launch of the UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification
Foto: www.un.org
Ban Ki-Moon
It gives me great pleasure to send greetings to the Second International Conference on Climate,
Sustainability and Development in Semi-arid Regions.
More than 2 billion people live in the world’s drylands. The vast majority live on less than one
dollar a day and without adequate access to freshwater. Almost three-quarters of rangelands show
various symptoms of desertification. Continued land degradation — whether from climate change,
unsustainable agriculture or poor management of water resources — is a threat to food security,
leading to starvation among the most acutely affected communities and robbing the world of
productive land.
Land degradation also poses growing social costs. Increased competition for depleted dryland
resources can generate localized conflict and broader tensions. The forced migration of millions of
people creates the risk of social breakdown in the traditional lands they leave behind and instability
in the increasingly crowded urban areas to which they go in search of jobs, shelter and services.
15
These are formidable challenges. But they are not intractable. Across the globe, efforts to rehabilitate
drylands are showing results. By providing sustained assistance to local communities, we can preserve
or recover millions of hectares of land, reduce vulnerability to climate change and alleviate hunger
and poverty for one-third of humanity.
Desertification and land degradation are global problems that require a global response. As we begin
the Decade for Deserts and the Fight Against Desertification, let us pledge to intensify our efforts
to nurture the land we need for achieving the Millennium Development Goals and guaranteeing
human well-being. Please accept my best wishes for a successful conference.
16
A drylands call for action
Declaration of Fortaleza
Launch of Decade for Deserts and the Fight against
Desertification
Foto: ICID+
August, Fortaleza, Brazil, 16 August 2010
The United Nations Decade for Deserts and Desertification was launched in Fortaleza, Brazil,
during the Second International Conference: Climate, Variability, Sustainability and Development,
ICID+18. In 2007, the United Nations General Assembly declared 2010-2020 the UN Decade for
Deserts and the Fight against Desertification. The Decade is designed to heighten public awareness
about the threat desertification, land degradation and drought pose to sustainable development
and ways leading to their alleviation.
17
Speaking during the ceremony in Fortaleza, Luc Gnacadja, Executive Secretary of the Convention
said the international community is at a cross-roads. “The path of business-as-usual will worsen the
speed of degradation with devastating impacts on livelihoods, families and communities,” adding
that the alternative path “is the one that will embrace and undertake the formidable challenges of
sustainability implying that we choose to channel our collective action towards it.”
Highlighting the special history between the Convention and the ICID Conferences, which in
the 1990s contributed to the creation of the Convention and was now the launching pad of the
Decade, Mr. Gnacadja called on the participants, as stakeholders to the issue, to take the vision of
the Decade and lead so that by 2020, land issues move “higher on national and global development
agendas; with drylands viewed as assets and not liabilities in the global vision of sustainability, and a
prerequisite for achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).”
Signing of the Record Marking the Event
Present to witness the event were the over 2,500 participants drawn from 100 countries participating
at the ICID+18 Conference taking place from 16-20 August 2010. The dignitaries who signed the
Decade’s Record of the Launch included several ministers from Brazil, as well as ministers from Niger,
Senegal and Ethiopia, governors and high-ranking officials from various institutions.
In addition, the Ministers from Argentina, Germany, Algeria and Bhutan also sent messages to the
launch and in support of the Decade campaign, as did the heads of UN agencies and the UNCCD’s
Greening Ambassador Byong Hyon Kwon.
UN Secretary General’s Message
Mr. Gnacadja also presented the message of the UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon to the
Conference. In his message, Secretary-General Ban drew attention to the challenges faced by the
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A drylands call for action
Declaration of Fortaleza
poor in the drylands and the costs of the land degradation to society, and stated that while the
challenges are formidable, they are not intractable.
“As we begin the Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification, let us pledge to intensify
our efforts to nurture the land we need for achieving the Millennium Development Goals and
guaranteeing human well-being,” the Secretary-General advocated.
Keynote Statements
Speaking at the opening ceremony, a child Mayor from Ceará, David Santos, said “even though
I am a child, I have a message for the adults. I am concerned about the world, especially my
country Brazil.” He expressed concern about the environmental situation in Brazil, and globally, and
expressed the hope that today’s adults would not damage the planet, but it should be sound for
the next generations. “I would like my children and grand children to have a better environment and
conditions than those that I have,” he said.
Vice-Minister of Environment José Machado highlighted various initiatives undertaken by the
Government of Brazil to combat desertification. The Vice-minister highlighted the challenges
faced in the drylands in Brazil, and said there is a need to strengthen the institutional framework to
address the problems.
19
l.
A drylands call for action
ll. Opening ceremony
III. Keynote presentations
IV. Summary report of selected sessions
V. Concluding remarks:
the drylands and the Rio+20
Part I. A drylands call for action
A drylands call for action
Declaration of Fortaleza
Foto: ICID+
A drylands call for action
Executive Summary
The foremost objective of local, national and international action in the world’s Drylands is sustainable
development, constituted of improved governance and enhanced livelihoods achieved through
greater voice, empowerment, and political representation of their populations (especially the poor).
Emerging climate and sustainable development challenges and opportunities in the Drylands must
not be understated. The current plight of the Drylands includes risks to global security associated
with the deepening poverty, food insecurity, and vulnerability in the face of natural disasters and
climate change, and increasing conflicts and violence. The Declaration of Fortaleza calls for:
• Immediate decisive international community action for human and ecosystems wellbeing in Drylands.
• Climate-sensitive Drylands development interventions with special attention to the needs
of women, children and the elderly.
25
• Climate adaptation “win-win” tactics and strategies to reduce local vulnerability, increase
resilience and build assets of the poor.
• Greater institutional capacity for managing climate variability and projected climate change.
• Stronger mechanisms to arrest and avoid land degradation through integrated action to
mitigate the effects of droughts, fires and floods, to conserve soil and water resources and
biodiversity, and to resiliently adapt to climate stress.
• Development of financial mechanisms to compensate local communities for the
environmental protection services they provide.
• Exploiting of investment opportunities through comparative advantages of Drylands
such as solar, wind, biomass and hydropower.
• Enhanced energy and food security by the improved efficient management of demand for
water through pricing and other means.
• Greater political representation of Drylands people in local, national and global policy
making to bring local knowledge, cultural values, needs and aspirations into all development policies.
• A “Drylands Summit on Sustainable Development” to refine policy options for Drylands
worldwide. Collectively, Drylands countries should become treated as equal partners in the
global environment & development agenda.
• Equal attention to sustainable Drylands development issues at the Rio+20 Conference
agenda by full consideration of ICID+18 inputs and those of the above-proposed
Drylands Summit.
• A strategic geo-political “Drylands Initiative” or alliance, to coordinate responses to
common climate and development problems and opportunities.
• Support for community-level knowledge-based strategies to educate children, adults,
policy and decision makers, parliamentarians, and media, about the obvious as well as
hidden implications of climate and environmental change.
• Strengthening of management to prevent environmental deterioration of existing and
newly protected areas and to rehabilitate degraded areas.
• Cataloguing of the sustainable uses and conservation techniques of biodiversity in Dryland regions.
• Strengthening of synergies among global, national, regional and local interventions to
mitigate and adapt to climate change, conserve biodiversity, and to curb desertification.
• Accelerated disbursement of concessionary resources from recently established Climate
Investment and Adaptation Funds, while reinforcing national institutional absorptive
capacities to effectively utilize these resources. Industrialized countries should meet their
previous financial pledges in support of climate-sensitive development activities.
26
A drylands call for action
Declaration of Fortaleza
• Holding greenhouse gas emitters accountable to generate additional finances for
adaptation measures. Climate-related damage compensation and insurance instruments
should also be developed.
• Financial innovations under climate change conditions that include: (i) funds to finance
adaptation and associated sustainable development activities in Drylands; (ii) payment for
ecological and other environmental services, including establishment of a fund for reduction
of emissions from land degradation and desertification, as has been done for tropical forests.
• Recognition of quality education at all levels as a high-return investment in human
capital to raise awareness of local populations about the linkages among climate change,
poverty and sustainability. The priority focus should be on youth.
• Ensuring effective voice, empowerment and representation in public decision-making
regarding the future of Dryland regions through the development of Drylands-specific
education policies.
• An integrated multi-disciplinary climate research, observation, modeling and
applications program to inform resource managers, policy makers, planners, educators and
local populations.
• Significantly greater social sciences inputs that focus on the societal causes of vulnerability
and resilience as well as the societal impacts of climate variability and change.
• Bridging the gap between scientific Drylands research and its uptake in environmental
decision-making and governance.
• Respect for the cultures of indigenous, traditional and other local populations that have
inhabited these regions for centuries.
• Strengthening of Drylands knowledge networks: (i) for scientific and applied research
and information exchange; and (ii) to foster exchange of experiences among specialists,
government authorities and civil society.
• Measures to facilitate appropriate technology transfer, including the fostering of
south-south and tripartite cooperation and the establishment of local laboratories and
observatories (collaboratories).
• Improved development coordination in such areas as education, land, water and forest
resource management, the combating of desertification, adapting to climate change,
protecting biodiversity, improving food security, and poverty reduction.
• Keeping “Food Security for Sustainable Development” a priority area since food insecurity
remains a fundamental obstacle to reducing vulnerability and promoting resilient adaptation.
Part I. A drylands call for action
27
A Drylands call for action: Declaration of Fortaleza
The Drylands worldwide contain the largest concentrations of poverty and suffer the greatest
pressures on their natural resources such as water, soils, and biodiversity. Their populations are
extremely vulnerable to the adverse consequences of environmental changes related to climate
variability and change, and are among the least able to cope effectively with them. Desertification
alone, as a symbol of environmental threats in the Drylands, adversely affects the livelihoods of one
billion (1,000,000,000!) people.
A gathering of 2,350 participants from 80 countries, including public officials, natural and social
scientists, representatives of the private sector and international agencies, and members of nongovernmental and other civil-society organizations, met in Fortaleza, state of Ceará, Brazil, from
August 16th to 20th, 2010, in the Second International Conference on Climate, Sustainability and
Development in Semi-arid Regions (ICID+18). They exchanged information and lessons of the past
two decades about sustainable development in Drylands around the globe and offered policy
recommendations for consideration at the Rio+20 summit in 2012.
Since the first ICID was held in 1992, human-induced global warming and environmental changes
and their consequences for human and ecosystems well-being are now widely accepted as
fundamental development issues. Although significant advances continue to be made in scientific
knowledge and public understanding concerning the interactions among climate, environmental
sustainability and socio-economic development and despite progress and the best of government
intentions, the challenges continue to increase and constrain efforts to effectively reduce poverty,
mitigate and adapt to climate change and achieve sustainable development and the Millennium
Development Goals (MDGs).
Political resolve, sustained commitment to action and to provide additional resources are
urgently needed to realize these objectives. These challenges are critical but surmountable in the
underrepresented arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid regions, collectively called “Drylands’.
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Past errors, poorly conceived policies, and exploitative practices have resulted in environmental
and social conditions that are not easily reversed without substantial and sustained development
efforts that require increased national and international financial support. Declining productivity in
the Drylands of their natural resources, the prevalence of poverty and significant inequities as well as
institutional weaknesses are expected to be worsened by climate variability and change.
Drylands regions contribute much less to global climate change (ie, as sources of greenhouse gas
emissions) than other biomes, but are likely to be much more adversely affected by it.
Extreme weather and climate events around the globe — most recently floods in Pakistan and
forest and peat fires in Russia and Indonesia, dust storms in China, erratic monsoon behavior in
India, droughts and food shortages in sub-Saharan Africa, severe prolonged droughts and water
shortages in northern Mexico and Northeast Brazil among other disastrous events elsewhere —
underscore the urgency for governments to prepare for an uncertain climate future.
The economic and social impacts of such high-impact climate, water and weather events include
sharply reduced agricultural output and productivity, damages to infrastructure, disruption or loss
of basic services, massive dislocation of population, and increasing frequency of conflict, violence,
and misery in the poorest parts of the developing world. Industrialized countries are not immune
from adverse climate-related changes and are also increasingly susceptible to the similar high impact
phenomena. Yet, the world’s Drylands possess many important assets, including rich social, cultural
and biological diversity. They are responsible for more than 20% of food production around the globe.
Drylands present many opportunities for sustainable development, especially renewable solar,
wind and biomass energy. Many of the actions required to address climate challenges are of benefit
now as well for long-term economic growth, sustainable development and poverty alleviation in
future decades. They require a high priority consideration from governments, national and regional,
from the international community and from the private sector.
Deliberations during the Second International Conference on Climate, Sustainability and
Development in Semi-arid Regions (ICID+18) resulted in a call for the following action:
Part I. A drylands call for action
29
Climate Change and Sustainable Development: Challenges and Opportunities
for the Drylands
30
1.
The sustainable development of Drylands, through improved governance, enhanced
livelihoods and greater voice, empowerment, and political representation of their
populations (especially the poor), should be the foremost objective of local to international
action.
2.
Climate-sensitive development interventions from local to global must be substantially
increased paying special attention to the needs of women, children and the elderly,
throughout the Drylands.
3.
“Win-Win” opportunities to cope with global warming must be identified and pursued,
especially climate adaptation tactics and strategies that reduce local vulnerability, increase
resilience and build assets of the poor. Efforts are needed to develop greater institutional
capacity for managing climate variability today in the context of projected climate
changes (e.g., greater emphasis on improved climate and environmental monitoring
networks, drought preparedness planning based on a risk-based management approach,
development of appropriate decision-support tools, and improved information delivery
systems to aid decision making). Efforts must promote access to land and to markets, as
well as effective civil-society grassroots participation in decision-making, implementation,
and evaluation of development activities.
4.
Mechanisms should be strengthened through integrated action to arrest and avoid
land degradation, to mitigate the effects of droughts, fires and floods, to conserve soil
and water resources and biodiversity, and to resiliently adapt to climate change and its
consequences. In addition, mechanisms to financially compensate local communities for
the environmental protection services they provide must be identified and implemented.
Multilateral and bilateral development agencies can play an important role.
5.
Investment opportunities should exploit the comparative advantages of dryland areas
such as solar power generation, as well as other alternative and renewable energy sources
(including hydropower, wind, and biomass). They should also support techniques for
rainwater capture, improved sanitation, wastewater reuse in irrigation and low carbon,
resource saving and environmentally-friendly activities. Such investment would enhance
energy and food security by the improved efficient management of demand for water
through adequate pricing and other means. The integration of water basins should also
be considered.
A drylands call for action
Declaration of Fortaleza
Political Representation from local to international
6.
The concerns of Drylands peoples are often poorly represented in international, national
and local policy processes. Good governance of the Drylands will also bring knowledge,
cultural values, needs and aspirations of local inhabitants into multi-level policy and
decision-making.
7.
To promote the recognition and well-being of Drylands, second and third-order
implications of the climate-poverty-sustainability interface should be widely
acknowledged, and Drylands countries should become equal partners in the global
environment and development agenda.
8.
The United Nations should urgently consider the current plight of the Drylands,
including the risks to global security associated with the growing impoverishment and
food insecurity, increasing vulnerability to natural disasters and climate change, and rising
conflicts and violence in Dryland regions.
9.
Convene a “Drylands Summit on Sustainable Development” to refine policy options for
Drylands worldwide. Inputs from ICID+18 and those of the proposed Drylands Summit
would enhance discussion of the importance of Drylands issues in the Rio+20 Conference
agenda. Summits for other eco-regions should also be identified and convened.
10. A new strategic geo-political Drylands Initiative, if not alliance, can be developed to
coordinate efforts to address common climate, development and sustainability related
problems, prospects and opportunities.
11. Generate support for development and implementation of community-level knowledgebased strategies to educate children, adults, policy and decision makers, including
parliamentarians, and the media, about the obvious as well as hidden implications of
climate and environmental changes In the Drylands.
Biodiversity Protection
12. There is also the need to recover degraded areas, strengthen the management and
sustainability of existing and newly protected areas and to prevent environmental
deterioration of those that are as yet well preserved. Dryland regions should catalogue
and prioritize the various sustainable uses and conservation of biodiversity.
Part I. A drylands call for action
31
Synergies Among Global Environment and Development Initiatives
13. Synergies among global, national, regional and local interventions to mitigate and adapt
to climate change, conserve biodiversity, and curb desertification should be maximized.
Interactions among and with the three Rio Conventions (UNCCD, UNCBD, UNFCCC)
should be integrated with broader domestic and international efforts to foster quality of
basic education, combat poverty and promote sustainability.
Financing Climate-Sensitive Sustainable Development
14. Enhancing climate-sensitive sustainable development activities will require additional
financial resources. Part of these costs should be absorbed by national economies, but,
because of the global public goods nature of these issues, a larger share of the needed
incremental financing should come from industrialized countries.
15. Previous financial pledges by industrialized countries to support sustainable development
efforts must be met. Existing institutional arrangements and financial instruments
must not only be strengthened but must become more efficient. Disbursement of
concessionary resources from recently established Climate Investment and Adaptation
Funds, for example, should be accelerated, and local and national institutional absorptive
capacities strengthened to effectively utilize these resource.
16. Holding emitters of greenhouse gases accountable by applying the “Polluter Pays” principle,
and other such measures, should generate additional sources of financial resources to support
new investments in adaptation measures. Financial innovations to advance sustainable
development under climate change conditions should also include: (i) funds to finance
adaptation and associated sustainable development activities in Dryland subregions, such
as the proposed Fund for the Caatinga ecosystem in Brazil; (ii) payment for ecological and
other 5 environmental services, including establishment of a fund for reduction of emissions
from land degradation and desertification, along the lines of existing ones for reduction of
emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in tropical forest areas (REDD); and (iii)
climate-related damage compensation and insurance instruments.
Education and Food Security for Sustainable Development
17. Contextualized quality education at all levels should be a priority, cooperatively supported
by all agencies involved. In addition to a high-return investment in human capital, this
should be viewed as the need to raise the awareness of local populations about the
linkages among climate change, poverty and sustainability. This will ensure an effective
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voice, empowerment and representation in public decision-making regarding the future
of Dryland regions. Specific Drylands education policies should be developed. The
priority focus should be on the youth of both genders beginning with early childhood
development. They have the most at stake and will become the next wave of policy and
decision makers.
18. Food Security for Sustainable Development must be a key area of concern among
civil society, NGOs, international agencies, government institutions and other forms of
organization, as food security remains a fundamental need for reducing vulnerability and
promoting resilient adaptation.
Knowledge and Information Exchange
19. An integrated multidisciplinary climate research, observation, modeling and applications
program should be implemented to inform resource managers, policy makers,
planners, educators and local populations about adaptation to the consequences of a
changing climate.
20. While information technology and knowledge based on the complex causes and effects
of climate variability, extremes and change have advanced significantly during the past
two decades, significantly greater inputs from the social sciences are needed, especially to
focus on the social and political causes of vulnerability and resilience as well as the societal
impacts of climate variability and climate change.
21. The gap caused by a mismatch between scientific and technological investigation related
to the Drylands along with knowledge about production systems on the one hand, and
the prevailing system of decision-making and environmental and local governance, on
the other, should be eliminated. New Science and Technology (S&T) knowledge must
be developed in existing and new Drylands institutions. Sustainable development efforts
must respect the cultures of indigenous, traditional and other local populations that have
inhabited these regions for centuries.
22. Drylands knowledge networks should be enhanced with twobasic objectives:
i) scientific and applied research: exchange of information, discussion of methodologies, communication of scientific discoveries and joint development of research activities; and
ii) participatory planning and action: create a forum for exchanging experiences among
specialists, government authorities and civil society.
Part I. A drylands call for action
33
International Cooperation
23. Strengthen measures to facilitate international cooperation and appropriate technology
transfer, including the fostering of south-south and tripartite cooperation and the
establishment of local laboratories and observatories.
24. Efforts to improve coordination and reduce the existing compartmentalization of
development programs should be promoted at all levels, especially in areas such as
education, land, water and forest resource management, the combating of desertification,
adapting to climate change, protecting biodiversity, improving food security, and poverty
reduction.
A Sense of Urgency
25. The urgency to respond to current and emerging climate, development and sustainability
challenges and opportunities in drylands must not be understated. The international
community has shown its intention to place drylands development on the international
agenda by the launching at ICID+18 of the 'United Nations Decade of Deserts and the
Fight Against Desertification 2010-2020'. In light of ICID+18's findings and in view of
global climate change scenarios that intensify the drylands development imperative, the
dawn of this new UN Decade is a welcome recognition that decisive action for human
and ecosystems well-being in the world's drylands is needed now!
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Part II. Opening ceremony
A drylands call for action
Declaration of Fortaleza
Opening ceremony
1.
Director ICID+18
Foto: ICID+
Antônio Rocha Magalhães
Ladies and Gentlemen,
I welcome the governor of Ceará, Dr. Cid Gomes, and in his name I want to greet all authorities that
are present here in the opening of the ICID+18. Otherwise I do not think I would have time to make
my statement, which will be very short.
Let me begin by thanking all those who came from afar, from very far away or from not so very far
away, in order to be here today and throughout this week, to look at the problems and potentialities
of the dry regions of the planet: the arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid, which we summarize here in
this conference as semi-arid regions. This is an important subject for us, here in Brazil, because we're
in one of these major regions of the world, which is the Brazilian semi-arid Northeast.
During the week, we'll be working with about 80 panels and roundtables, from a technical-scientific
and policy perspective. These sessions will happen simultaneously in six different auditoriums and
will cover all topics of ICID. We will also have a few moments, sitting here in this room in plenary
sessions. Tomorrow morning, Aug. 17, we will have a very important meeting, to which we expect
Part II. Opening ceremony
37
the participation of all, to discuss the synergies between the three UN environmental conventions,
the so-called Rio Conventions: Climate Change (UNFCCC), Combat Desertification (UNCCD), and
Biological Diversity (UNCBD).
We will have a keynote speech by Professor Jeffrey Sachs, on Wednesday at the end of the day,
to which I wish to invite all participants. Professor Jeffrey Sachs is Special Adviser to the Secretary
General of the United Nations, Ban Ki-Moon, and President of the Earth Institute at Columbia
University. And on Friday, Dec. 20, the entire space will be dedicated to the discussion and adoption
of the Declaration of Fortaleza.
In addition to this lineup of panels and roundtables, we will also have a set of dialogue tables, which
are parallel events that will take place during the week, right here within the Convention Center,
where groups of people and institutions interested in specific issues seek to define and strengthen
their discussions and their cooperation agendas.
Several other parallel events will be happening, including a cultural program at the end of each
day. The goal of our work during these five days will be mainly to arrive at a set of strategic
recommendations that can be taken by the scientists and policy makers that are present here. Our
first objective is to influence the agenda of Rio+20, which is the United Nations Conference on
Sustainable Development, bringing together heads of states. The Rio+20 will take place in Rio de
Janeiro in 2012, 20 years after Rio 1992. We want the Rio+20 to strongly consider the agenda of
development and sustainability of dryland regions of the planet. That would fix a feature that we
have seen today, which is the insufficient priority given to issues related to these regions. These are
exactly the regions where poverty is concentrated in the world, where degradation problems are
felt most and where the effects of climate change may be more severe from an economic, social and
environmental perspective.
So we have much work, we have a long agenda, we will have many scientific contributions, but
especially there will be opportunities for dialogue between scientists, decision makers, politicians,
and representatives of international institutions. This work is extremely important for us to
effectively identify what is strategic, what should be done and can be done to change the fate of the
dry regions of the planet.
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I would like to thank, from the heart, all institutions that are here and which made this conference
happen, through your sponsorship, your support, your encouragement and your help in consolidating
our conference program. In particular, I wish to record our thanks to our sponsors, who are the
Government of Ceará, the Ministry of Environment, the Ministry of Science and Technology, the
Ministry of National Integration, the Bank of Northeast Brazil and the Federation of Industries
of Ceará. I would also like to thank the Institute of Development Research (IRD), France, the UK
Department for International Development (DfID), UK and the Interamerican Development Bank
(IDB), for the sponsorship and collaboration. And other institutions that helped us identify and
bring experts and policymakers from various regions of the planet, including the World Bank, the
United Nations Commission for Latin America (ECLAC), the National Water Agency (ANA), the
National Space Research Institute (INPE), the National Institute of the Semi-arid (INSA) and the
Ceará State Foundation for Meteorology (FUNCEME). Finally, I want to record a special thanks to
the Executive Secretariat of the UNCCD, which has supported and encouraged us in the preparation
of this conference, and that decided to use the opportunity of ICID to make the launching, right
from here, of the United Nations Decade of Deserts and Desertification (UNDDD).
Thank you.
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39
2. Executive Secretary of the Convention to
Combat Desertification – UNCCD
Foto: ICID+
Luc Gnacadja
Excellencies, Ladies and Gentlemen,
This is a memorable day. As you know, the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
and this Conference share a unique history. The first ICID in 1992 was instrumental to the outcomes
of the Rio Earth Summit. It provided the building blocks for the negotiations that led to the
Desertification Convention. Now as then, the second ICID is preparing the input on drylands issues
for the Rio plus 20 Summit to be held in 2012. And today, this conference will also be the launching
pad for a decade to highlight the critical role that the drylands play on our planet. So what, in
concrete terms, will be the legacy of ICID+18?
In his message to this Conference the UN Secretary General has set for us a vivid picture of where
the global community stands: at a cross-road with two paths. The path of business-as-usual will
worsen the speed of degradation with devastating impacts on livelihoods families and communities,
and will further cause more extinction of life and jeopardize the future of Humanity. The alternative
path is the one that will embrace and undertake the formidable challenges of sustainability implying
that we choose to channel our collective action towards it.
By organizing the ICID, Brazil is setting an example.
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Declaration of Fortaleza
Although re-known for its tropical forests, close to 16% of Brazil is drylands, which is home to 19%
of the country’s population. By hosting ICID conferences and the launch of the Decade, Brazil is
making the point that the drylands matter too and are important global assets for human wellbeing and security.
As you know, the world’s drylands cover over 40% of the Earth’s land surface. With more lands
around the world facing increasing degradation, the United Nations General Assembly considered
it crucial to mount a Decade-long campaign for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification so that
their value becomes embedded in our psyche.
So what if drylands did not exist; would it matter?
This is a provocative question that I hear often. So let me give a straight forward answer. Without
the drylands, the global food situation would be very different. Imagine a world without 50% of the
world’s livestock, and its wildlife. Imagine that 44% of all the world’s cultivated systems no longer
existed or existed in some other location. Where might that location be, and what would be the
effect? Now imagine that common foods such as bread that come from wheat, which is indigenous
to drylands, did not exist. Stretch this thought further because it is not just bread that we would
miss. At least one third of the crops under cultivation today would not exist. Now picture further
what this would mean by 2050 when the world’s population is over 9 billion. That would be part of
the scenario without drylands. What is significant is that it is the scenario we are willingly unfolding as
we degrade and abandon the drylands. Land degradation is a global phenomenon, but is known as
desertification, when it takes place in the drylands. It is reflected in a deterioration of the soil’s quality.
Land is a finite resource but its degradation is tolerated because we do not know for sure how fast
it is occurring and where, we underestimate it greatly, and ignorance and misperceptions about
drylands persist. This is where conferences such as this one and the Decade campaign come in.
Scientists and experts must provide the data and information that will also serve as ammunition for
all arid land stakeholders to campaign in order to generate a paradigm shift, to change the hearts
and minds of the public, the policy and decision makers.
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41
A key focus of the Decade campaign, then, must be getting rid of prevailing misperceptions and
ignorance about drylands, at all levels. The ignorance that takes drylands to be wastelands, marginal
areas or liabilities. And the misperception of desertification as a merely local, not global, concern.
Among this Conference participants are prominent stakeholders of drylands issues. So, let me pose
the question again: What will be the legacy of ICID+18?
In my view, we should be measured by the extent to which we will contribute to the building of
a new global paradigm. One that repositions “land issues” where they belong: higher on national
and global development agendas; and drylands as assets and not liabilities for the global vision of
sustainability, and a prerequisite for achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).
The convergence of ICID+18 and launch of the 2010-2020 Decade for Deserts and the Fight against
Desertification is not just another ‘happy coincidence’. “Our aim is to forge a global partnership to
reverse and prevent desertification and land degradation and to mitigate the effects of drought
in affected areas in order to support poverty reduction and environmental sustainability”. The
Decade is an opportunity to foster policies and actions that will improve the livelihoods of affected
populations and the conditions of their ecosystems and to generate global benefits. But the vision
will remain words on paper without effective and concrete financial assistance, capacity building
and technology transfer. These are the pillars of international cooperation.
In this regard and on behalf of the five United Nations agencies spearheading the events of the
Decade, allow me to thank the Government of Brazil and its various agencies for the financial and inkind contributions they have provided, which have made ICID+18 and the Decade launch successes
and to particularly acknowledge the contribution of the Governor and people of the State of Ceará.
Allow me also to recognize the importance of the contributions of individuals in creating partnerships,
through the example of Professor Antonio Magalhães, the Director of the ICID+18. His dedication
to a successful conference and outcome is commendable and deserve our gratitude. I also wish to
thank Bank Nordeste for its support in publishing the awareness raising materials that will be used
for the launches here and elsewhere in other regions of the world. The role of the private sector for
progress in the drylands cannot to be overemphasized.
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Excellencies, distinguished delegates, ladies and gentlemen, as lesson learnt from the fight against
the Dust Bowl, a severe dust storm phenomenon caused by severe drought coupled with decades of
failing farming practices that caused major and durable ecological damages to the US and Canadian
grasslands during the 1930s, President F. D. Roosevelt once said: “A nation that destroys its soils
destroys itself”. History has thought us that this is true not only for nations but also for civilizations.
Let us not be the generation that jeopardizes the heritage of future generations by degrading
any land.
The Decade is an occasion for all stakeholders to take the mantle of its vision and walk the talk. It
begins with those of us gathered here today to carry the message globally. So allow me now to hand
the floor back to the Master of Ceremony to guide us in a participatory ceremony to launch the UN
Decade for Deserts and the Fight Against Desertification.
I thank you.
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3. Message from the Executive Secretary of the Convention to
Climate Change – UNFCCC
Foto: www.unfccc.int
Christiana Figueres
Excellencies, ladies and gentlemen,
I am honoured to address you at this important conference. No doubt, ICID+18 provides a major
opportunity for the international community to advance many of the critical issues that semi-arid
and arid regions face.
In this session, the conference also provides an opportunity to further explore synergies among the
Rio Conventions, specifically as they relate to dry areas.
That semi-arid and arid regions are highly vulnerable to climate change is beyond doubt. Impacts
include a decrease in water resources and reduced crop yields - in other words, impacts that affect
the very core of the human existence: water and food.
Recent research indicates that even if basic adaptive measures are taken, global agricultural
production is likely to decline by 3% by 2080. The demand for water, especially for crop water,
generally increases as temperatures increase. This means that, while climate change is expected to
reduce the supply of water, demand for water will increase.
This clearly points to the need for comprehensive adaptation measures that go beyond “the basic”.
This need is perhaps made all the more urgent given that more than 2 billion people across the
world live in semi-arid and arid regions.
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Encouragingly, initial adaptation initiatives in some of these areas are beginning to show results and
could serve as important pointers for future action.
The main emphasis of most of these initiatives is on improving information, strengthening
institutions and developing strategies for reducing impacts on vulnerable population groups. One
such example is the Kenya Adaptation to Climate Change in Arid Lands programme, which, in
addition, also provides technical assistance at the local level.
What has become clear is that improved access to climate data both on a national and on a local
level is critical for proper adaptation planning. The need for detailed climate information and related
capacity-building is especially apparent in developing countries. In this regard, I thank the World
Meteorological Organisation and its partners for developing the Global Framework for Climate
Services.
What has also become clear from initial adaptation interventions is that switching to drought, heat
or salt resistant crops can only be one part of the approach. A key element of successful interventions
centres on improved water and water infrastructure management.
Finally, adaptation measures in semi-arid and arid regions can have a large mitigation potential, as
well as contribute to the reduction of threats to biodiversity and the prevention of land degradation.
These synergies should be fully exploited.
One example is agriculture. Good practices in the agricultural sector can increase the ability of soils
to absorb greenhouse gases, improve water management, lessen the impact on biodiversity and
have the additional effect of preventing land degradation.
Under the UNFCCC negotiations, Governments are steadily working towards a strengthened
response to climate change. The next UN Climate Change Conference is set to be held in Cancun,
Mexico at the end of this year.
There seems to be convergence, that Cancun should produce a balanced package of decisions that
would operationalise the key elements of the Bali Action Plan. This would mean increased action on
Part II. Opening ceremony
45
adaptation and mitigation supported by adequate and new finance, technology cooperation and
capacity building.
Through increased action in these areas, some of the key vulnerabilities of semi-arid and arid regions
could be addressed in a more thorough way, while picking up synergies along the way. But that is for
Cancun to bring to full fruition.
For now, your deliberations will contribute to strengthening the ability of countries to manage their
lands sustainably. No doubt, they will also support countries in their ability to halt land degradation
and desertification, which have the potential to also yield benefits for the climate.
Thank you.
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4. Message from Executive Secretary of the Convention on Biological
Diversity – UNCDB
Foto: www.uncdb.int
Ahmed Djoghlaf
Ladies and Gentlemen,
Biodiversity, climate change and development are strongly linked in drylands. Biodiversity in drylands,
and the traditional knowledge associated with livelihoods in drylands, is critical for sustainable
development. Unfortunately, the biodiversity of dry and sub-humid lands is facing a number of
threats from human activities. Already 2,311 species are threatened or endangered in drylands
while at least 15 species have disappeared completely from the wild. This trend shows no sign of
reversing as drylands are among the most vulnerable regions to the negative impacts of climate
change. Climate change negatively affects biodiversity, with serious consequences on biodiversitybased livelihoods. Desertification and biodiversity loss are exacerbated by climate change, which is
threatening the delicate climatic balance under which dryland species have evolved.
Given the challenges faced by dryland biodiversity, it is important to take action now. In fact,
biodiversity loss, climate change and land degradation are three problems linked by common
solutions. The conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity not only reduces the vulnerability of
dryland ecosystems to the negative impacts of climate change and desertification, it is also central
to livelihood development and poverty alleviation. There exist a number of management options
based on the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity, including integrated land and water
management, the application of the ecosystem approach, conservation and management of key
natural resources, traditional knowledge, innovations and practices, and the use of agricultural
Part II. Opening ceremony
47
biodiversity. Sustainable land management in agricultural areas and grazing land can also increase
carbon sequestration, helping mitigate climate change.
We need to learn more about this important region and the value its biodiversity has in terms of
providing critical ecosystem services. We need to involve indigenous peoples and local communities
in decision making and we need to address the global challenges of climate change and development.
Doing so is particularly important in this 2010 International Year of Biodiversity, during which time
the international community is striving to find solutions to the rapid and ongoing loss of our
biological resources. On September 22nd the 65th session of UN General Assembly will for first
time discus the importance of biodiversity, its role in sustainable development and its role in the
fight against climate change. And in October our tenth Conference of the Parties, to be held in
Nagoya, Japan, will finalize a 2020 biodiversity target and a 2050 biodiversity vision as a part of a
comprehensive post-2010 strategic plan for stopping biodiversity loss in the future.
Also in Nagoya, the Convention on Biological Diversity, in consultation with the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change and United Nations Convention to Combat
Desertification, will convene the Rio Conventions’ Ecosystems and Climate Change Pavilion. The
Pavilion will also be held during the 16th Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC in Cancun in
November. The Pavilion will provide a unique opportunity for Parties and organisations to highlight
activities linking biodiversity conservation, sustainable land management, and climate change
mitigation and adaptation. In addition, it will be particularly important for all three Rio Conventions
to work closely together toward important events such as the Rio+20 Summit in 2012 and the
Millennium Development Goals Review in 2015. This important meeting in Brazil provides us with
an opportunity to focus on actions to be taken to address these challenges. In this spirit, I wish you
a successful meeting.
Thank you for your kind attention.
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5.
Ambassador of the United Kingdom
Foto: ICID+
Alan Charlton
Excellencies, Ladies and Gentlemen,
It is a pleasure to be here today at the ICID+18 conference. This has convened an impressive range
of representatives from the policy and science communities. This high level of participation is
encouraging, because we are here to learn, share ideas, and draw attention to a part of the world
that is very important, but frequently overlooked.
We are here to focus attention on the world’s drylands – home to more than a third of the world’s
population. The drylands are often presented as ‘marginal areas’ – places that are highly vulnerable
to shocks and stresses from climate and competition for scarce resources. It is true that arid and
semi-arid areas face many challenges, and that these challenges are likely to increase in nearly any
scenario of climate change. I hope that ICID is successful – as it was 18 years ago – in helping to
highlight the vulnerability of the drylands, and ensure that they are not overlooked by policy-makers.
But there is another story about the drylands, and that is one of resilience, innovation and adaptation.
And that is the story that we hope ICID will also help to uncover. This is a story about generations
of adaptation to the challenges of living in conditions where resources can be scarce, variable and
uncertain. Conditions of adversity have fostered widespread examples of creativity, entrepreneurship
and innovation.
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We do not have all the answers. But with the likelihood of a more uncertain climate in the future, we
need to learn more about what has worked and what has not in making development sustainable
and resilient in the world’s drylands. And we need to explore how we can develop stronger
partnerships to share lessons and inform policy and action.
I welcome this initiative of Brazil to convene people on this important issue. I believe that Brazil
has a wealth of experience in tackling a range of development challenges. And, like many others, I
believe that Brazil can draw on this experience to deliver a significant positive impact in developing
countries. Brazil already has a promising cooperation programme, and we believe that this will
continue to grow and deliver positive benefits.
The UK is working with Brazilian partners to support their efforts to exchange ideas, good practices
and lessons learned with developing countries on a range of issues. This includes supporting initiatives
like ICID + 18, which help to bring people together to identify common challenges, promising
solutions and opportunities for partnership. That is why in June the UK sponsored three pre-events
in West, East and Southern Africa around the themes of the ICID conference. This provided an
opportunity for African experts to discuss their latest findings and to make connections amongst
themselves. And it also helped to raise awareness amongst researchers, government and the NGO
community in the three regions.
We are very grateful to our colleagues in the Dewpoint Centre, supported by the UK’s Department
for International Development, who helped to coordinate these pre-workshops in Africa. The
workshops were used to run a competitive process from which 30 African experts were identified
to present their findings in Fortaleza this week. This competitive process has given us the confidence
that the quality of discussion at ICID will be high.
Our interest in helping to bring people together in this way is simple: the UK believes that it is
in all of our interest to make the world a safer, fairer and more prosperous place. In the drylands
this means making sure that investments and populations are protected against climate risks, in
order to safeguard future growth, protect vulnerable people and ensure that progress on sustainable
development is not reversed.
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For example, one particular theme that arose in the pre-workshops was the importance of
making agriculture and natural resource management resilient to pressures of climate variability
and uncertainty. Agriculture remains central to the livelihoods and well-being of 70 per cent of
the workforce in many African countries. Making agriculture more productive and resilient under
conditions of stress and climatic variability will be central to building prosperity, equality and
accelerating progress towards the Millennium Development Goals.
This is one area where Brazil’s experience and expertise is well recognised. I am delighted that Brazil,
through Embrapa, is seeking to strengthen its cooperation with Africa on productive and resilient
agriculture, including through initiatives like the Africa-Brazil Agricultural Innovation Marketplace.
The UK is proud to be a supporter of this initiative, which will take forward policy dialogue and
collaborative research between Brazil and Africa.
I hope that this kind of productive collaboration between countries can be deepened. I am confident
that the ICID process will help to make further connections, foster new partnerships, and help us all
to progress towards a more sustainable future.
Thank you all.
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6. President of Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, France
Foto: ICID+
Michel Laurent
Ladies and Gentlemen,
It is a great pleasure for me to open with you all this International Conference devoted to sustainable
development in semi-arid regions. I do so on behalf of the IRD and the Agency we represent now,
which brings together major research institutions and French universities on challenges for research
in developing countries. I salute here the Managing Director of CIRAD, Patrick Carron, with whom
we open many projects worldwide.
Brazil and France share the same vision of the great challenges in international politics. The objective
of the political dialogue is to establish regular consultations, dense and productive, on reforms
of global governance as well as on preparations for major international events, particularly the
fight against climate change. This common approach is concretized by the strategic partnership
agreements signed in December 2008, concerning, among other things, cooperation on sustainable
development of the Amazon biome. Today, we look forward to this conference in Fortaleza,
preparing large decisions of Rio+20.
During the official visit of the President of the French Republic in Brazil in September 2009,
Presidents Lula and Sarkozy reaffirmed, in particular, the importance of multilateralism,
environmental protection and biodiversity, the fight against climate change, and promoting
sustainable development and social justice. On this occasion, accompanying President Sarkozy, I
was invited by the Ministry of Environment in Brasilia, on September 8, 2009. During this exchange,
in the presence of Antonio Magalhães (Director of ICID), I was convinced of the need to involve
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the IRD in the event, but also that of our scientific partners in arid regions, in particularly those
of Africa and the Middle East.
We are honored that Mr. Amadou Tidiane Ba (Minister of Higher Education and Research of Senegal)
and Mr. Abdou Kaza (Minister for Water, Environment and the fight against desertification in Niger),
have accepted our invitation to come to ICID, and I am very happy about that. They demonstrate
by their presence the quality of the partnership in which we have been engaged for more than half
a century with their countries in the North-South dialogue.
I recall that the IRD, the French public research institution that brings together nearly 2,400
employees, operates permanently in thirty countries worldwide. We are developing research
partnerships on major issues facing the developing countries today (health, environment, natural
resources, pollution, migration for example).
The IRD researchers who hold positions of resident researchers in the partner institutions are
recognized for their competencies and skills. In Brazil today, there are about twenty researchers
developing joint research programs, and they have recently developed joint research laboratories
with universities in Brazil. They train and supervise young doctoral students.
The IRD has therefore mobilized, both in Brazil within the organizing committee of the ICID, and I
salute the work of Jean Loup Guyot, IRD representative in Brazil, as in our diverse teams of research
units in France and abroad, with local support from representations of the IRD, especially in Africa.
The President of the French Committee of fight against desertification, Richard Escafadal, has also
worked extensively.
I am therefore pleased to note today that – in addition to the 15 researchers from the IRD that
are present here - there are more than 50 colleagues from the South, partners of IRD and CIRAD,
that are also here, coming from 18 countries of semi-arid regions, mostly from Africa. Together,
researchers from North and South, they will be presenting during the week the results of their work
in 8 round tables and panels.
Through their work, these researchers will demonstrate, I hope, the whole point of collaboration
between Brazil, France and African countries to succeed together to meet the challenges posed by
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climate change on water resources, on biodiversity, on the environment, and on the people who
live in semi-arid regions. In this perspective, a first tripartite cooperation agreement was signed in
Belém on July 1, 2010, involving Brazil (INPE – National Institute for Space Research - and I welcome
the excellent scientific collaboration we have with this organization, and the friendship that binds us
to Gilberto Câmara, its Director General), France (IRD associated with AFD and CNES) and Gabon
(with AGEOS – Gabonese Agency Study and Observation Space), the agreement that has received
strong support from the ABC (Brazilian Cooperation Agency). I also expect a lot from the "dialogue
table" that will gather us tomorrow morning on the tripartite collaboration, tools and methods to
be promoted.
To conclude, let me say that I fully share the analysis of Antonio Magalhães, who thinks that given the
magnitude of the challenges, we must unite our forces. Brazil has over one hundred years experience
with public policies for the development of arid Northeast, and many lessons have been or may
be learned from this experience for the benefit of all. France has to its credit a vast experience of
research in all regions of the world, including the dry regions. And Africa, in addition to representing
the main development challenge in these arid regions, also has experiences from which lessons can
be learned for the benefit of all.
The IRD research operator, and agency provider of means, will continue to engage strongly with
partners here in Brazil but also in Africa on all these major issues. Our efforts will also be directed
towards the mobilization of our European partners and all international institutions working in
these areas. I wish you a very fruitful and very friendly conference.
Muito obrigado a todos.
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7.
Vice Minister of Environment, Brazil
Foto: ICID+
José Machado
Ilmo. Sr. Governor Cid Gomes
Executive Secretary of UN Convention to Combat Desertification and Mitigating the Effects of
Drought – UNCCD, Luc Gnacadja
Ministers of all countries present here
Ambassadors present here,
Ladies and Gentlemen,
Firstly I would like to convey the best wishes of the Minister of Environment of Brazil, Izabella
Teixeira, who, unfortunately, could not be present at the opening of this important Conference, as
was her wish.
After months of work, under the guidance of Antonio Rocha Magalhães, who has been tireless and
selfless in the defense of matters concerning the development of the semi-arid region of Brazil, with
our support, with support from the federal government, with the central role of the Government
of Ceará, expressed in the effort and dedication of Governor Cid Gomes and his team, here we are
doing the opening of this international conference aimed at discussing the sustainable development
of arid and semi-arid regions of the planet and more specifically issues relating to the advancement
of desertification processes. This is happening after 18 years, counted from the first ICID in 1992 and
the UN Conference on Environment and Development, the Rio 92 Summit.
Part II. Opening ceremony
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This is significant and important because it is an opportunity for science, technical and political
decision makers to meet and review concepts, to build new concepts, but more importantly, in
addition to good technique and good science that is basic, to reaffirm and rebuild a new pact aimed
at the sustainable development of the dryland regions of the globe. It is essential that science be
presented and discussed at this conference, and show us what we need to do effectively in order to
reach an international political pact in favor of the drylands.
We need to make a political decision beyond technical matters. Brazil, for example, has accumulated
technical and scientific knowledge, since many decades, on environmental and socioeconomic
issues of the Brazilian semi-arid region: but what is missing, in fact, is the political and institutional
commitment that comes from the Parliament and pervades executive powers at various levels of
government (federal, state and municipal). This means breaking differences, overcoming differences
of all kinds, differences that enable and facilitate the fragmentation that we still have in this region,
where institutions have difficulty to work together, driven by vanity or other less noble sentiments.
We need soldering institutions in the Northeast of Brazil, but particularly in the semi-arid, enabling
us to overcome the limitations we have today. Brazil is an unequal country, in all respects. But
the regional inequality is a trade mark of our country. We will not win if we follow the inequality
reversed priorities, if we capitulate to this logic that has concentrated wealth, as well as technical and
scientific knowledge in some regions of the country.
I think that, after the words of the representative of children, the little mayor of the City of Maracanau,
David Santos, our speech may be repetitive and unnecessary. Because he, with the simplicity of a
child, gave us the hard way: we have to do our homework, thinking of future generations. And he,
still a young boy, is already thinking about his children and grandchildren with a maturity that we
have to rescue every day, at every step.
Brazil is meeting a period of excellent prospects. The country is growing economically at high rates
and such growth tends to continue in the future. We are looking forward to the year 2022, when
Brazil will celebrate 200 years as an independent nation. I believe more than ever, Brazilians of all
places, from all corners and from all shades have to act like the owners of this country and build a
pact for the sustainable development of our semi-arid.
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We need to garner the expertise of several institutions that exist here, and I argue in favor of
knowledge, but bringing upfront the political capital of this generation of young, modern governors
that exist in this region. We really need to build a federal agreement that enables us to reverse this
unacceptable situation of inequality. It is outrageous that we are losing each year, every day, millions
of acres of good land because of poor practices and unsustainable land use. We must change the
paradigm, but we need to talk and talk a lot. This conference is an excellent opportunity for this to
occur.
My dear Luc Gnacadja, I assume here the commitment on behalf of the Ministry of Environment
- but I believe I also speak on behalf of colleagues from the Ministries of Agrarian Development,
Science and Technology and National Integration – to bring to the Government of Brazil a proposal
for the President to issue a decree incorporating the country to the activities and commitments of
the UN Decade of Deserts and Combat to Desertification, which was launched and signed here
today.
I wish everyone a good conference and I want to say that the Ministry of Environment is a partner
absolutely decided on this theme. We want to work incessantly to rescue our semi-arid region.
Securing the population in the region to stay here, working with a dignified life. For this we need
to build a sustainable pattern of development for this region and this requires, above all, political
insight and foresight. I think this is what we are currently experiencing with this Conference, which
has a strong partnership between the federal and the state governments in this region, besides many
other institutions.
Thank you all.
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8.
Governor of the state of Ceará, Brazil
Foto: ICID+
Cid Ferreira Gomes
Excellencies, Ladies and Gentlemen,
The stage is set for a crucial debate, which brings forth the question of the fate of the arid and
semi-arid regions of the world in face of the threat of global warming and its social, economic and
environmental impacts. By extension, we will be here to discuss the very future of the planet and
the human survival.
The Second International Conference: Climate, Sustainability and Development in Semi-arid Regions,
the ICID+18, that we have the honor of hosting in Fortaleza, is the most categorized forum ever
assembled in recent years to address this issue. In this meeting we have luminaries of the scientific
community, who sit alongside policy makers, representatives of international organizations, civil
society and private sector. The expected result is a collection of contributions to the implementation
of policies for the sustainable development of the arid and semi-arid regions, which account for one
third of the world population and record the sharpest and unacceptable levels of poverty.
With this event, the State of Ceará adds another contribution to the global debate on environmental
degradation, vulnerability of arid and semi-arid regions, the crucial need for adaptation to climate
change and, above all, the right to sustainable development. The first ICID, which was preparatory to
the Rio 92 Summit, happened in this city 18 years ago and had a strong impact, contributing to the
creation of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification. Now, new developments are
foreseen. We expect that this conclave will echo in the United Nations Conference on Sustainable
Development, scheduled for 2012 in Rio de Janeiro.
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I want here to greet the representatives of the Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology
and National Integration, as well as the Bank of Northeast Brazil, representatives of international
institutions, in particular the UNCCD, UNCDB, UNFCCC, ECLA, World Bank, IDB, DFID, IRD, the
governments of the northeastern states and the Federation of Industries, which are aligned to the
State Government of Ceará to the achievement of ICID+18.
I also want to greet all supporters to the Conference, and I welcome the organizers – the
Secretary of Science, Tecnology and Higher Education of the State of Ceará, the Coordination
to Combat Desertification in the Ministry of Environment and the Center for Management and
Strategic Studies (CGEE). To Professor Antonio Rocha Magalhaes, Director of the Conference, my
sincere appreciation.
To the Participants who came from all over Brazil and the representatives from 80 countries from all
continents, as well as from international organizations, my message of thanks. Your presence here is
a great honor for us. I'm sure there will be an extremely fruitful participation from all.
Ladies and gentlemen, I hope our land, known as the "Land of the Sun," will enlighten the debate and
inspire the necessary synergy for us to invest our strength, from now on, in a campaign to combat
desertification, against the various agents of global warming and in favor of biodiversity, sustainable
development, empowerment of the population, food security, safeguarding water resources and,
finally, in favor of life.
Thank you all.
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Part III. Keynote Presentations
A drylands call for action
Declaration of Fortaleza
Keynote Presentations
1.
Jeffrey Sachs, Earth Institute, University of Columbia
Foto: www.grinnell.edu
Jeffrey Sachs
Master of Ceremony
Ladies and Gentlemen,
We welcome you for this important session, when we will hear the Keynote presentation by
Professor Jeffrey Sachs.
We would like to record the attendance of His Excellency the Minister of Scientific Research of
Senegal, Amadou Tidiane Bâ; The Honorable Minister of Water, Environment and Fight Against
Desertification of Niger, Abdou Kaza; and Honorable Minister of Water Resources of Ethiopia,
Asfaw Dingamo; and other authorities from Brazil and other countries, and from international
organizations.
To chair this session, we invite the President of the Federation of Industries of the State of Ceara –
FIEC, Dr. Roberto Macedo.
Part III. Keynote Presentations
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Dr. Roberto Macedo
Thanks to all of you who are present here today.
It is a pleasure to be here right now. I would like to congratulate all those who are here participating
in this Conference. I want to greet Antonio Rocha Magalhaes, coordinator of this event, our
countryman of the state of Ceará. Through him I greet everyone who is here today. My role is to
try to coordinate some of the work of this day and do a short reading of the wide curriculum of
Professor Jeffrey Sachs, who is our Keynote Speaker this afternoon.
Professor Sachs is an Economist and Director of Earth Institute at Columbia University. He is also
Professor of Sustainable Development at the School of International Public Affairs, and Professor
of Health Policy at the School of Public Health. In addition, he is a Special Adviser to the Secretary
General of the United Nations, Ban Ki-Moon. He was a founder of Millennium Promise Alliance, a
nonprofit organization dedicated to fighting extreme poverty and hunger in the world. Between
2002 and 2006, he coordinated the works of Millennium Development Goals. His works cover,
among others, the topics of economic development, environmental sustainability, poverty reduction
and globalization. His experience earned him extensive knowledge of the world. He is the author of
several books including The End of Poverty and Common Wealth.
It is a pleasure to introduce to you Professor Jeffrey Sachs.
Professor Jeffrey Sachs, Keynote Speaker1
The Drylands and Development: Raising the Political Stakes
Dr. Macedo, Ladies and gentlemen;
1
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It´s a great honor and pleasure for me to be here at this important meeting. And I can tell you
that this has been, I'm sure as for you, a fixed point on my calendar for a long time because of the
importance of the subjects that we have in discussion this week. And giving the importance of ICID
eighteen years ago and what we know will result from this meeting, the crucial role that you are
playing and the deliberations this week cannot be overestimated.
I am an economist, I happen to have the pleasure of leading a scientific institution. Many of my
colleagues and some of my former colleagues are here in the room. So I am an economist who
spends a great deal of time worrying about how to translate this scientific knowledge into public
policy. And I want to talk about that facet of the problem of the dry lands today. And I want to talk
about it from a perspective of some desperation.
Because we are failing in this process right now. However much the science has advanced and
however much of the practice of adaptation in many of the regions here has progressed, I think it is
fair to say we are still losing the battle, globally.
As you have been discussing all week, the dry lands are the most vulnerable part of the world
to climate change and the home of most of the world´s very poorest people. And that´s not a
coincidence though, because the dry lands pose problems of survival and production, that are
simply harder than in most other regions of the world. And so, even before anthropogenic climate
change, these were very difficult regions.
And when countries have dry land regions and tempered regions as Brazil, it was not unusual, in fact
it is the rule, that the dry land areas tend to be the poorer or the more difficult regions for human
well being and often for economic development. And when looked at globally, the dry lands are also
certainly the regions of the most advanced crisis in the world.
When we add the challenge of human induced climate change on top of already very serious
economic and social and ecological challenges, we are pushing towards catastrophe and I think that´s
what ICID needs to help the world to understand. And I want to give a few minutes of thought about
how, perhaps, we can make some progress on that and also to express my solidarity with you to help
make that happen in the crucial two years to come. Of course the Rio+20 Conference in 2012 will be
Part III. Keynote Presentations
65
one occasion where the important messages of this week can reach the world. But there are many
occasions before that, that we should take note of. I want to show some ideas about that as well.
A year of climate catastrophes including:
Record temperatures and heat waves
Russian fires
Pakistan, China, and Sahel floods
Horn of Africa droughts
Miserable policy front:
US Government inaction on climate
Spreading violence in the drylands
UNFCCC crisis of confidence
Absence of timely delivery on promised climate financing
The phony war on climate science
The first point I want to make is that this has been a disastrous year from the point of view of our
common agenda. Disastrous not only from the physical point of view, but also from the political
point of view. And I think these are only right to emphasize how we are losing ground. Not only we
are losing ground biophysically, socially, economically, demographically, but we are losing ground
politically as well. So we know that the first eight months of this year are already record breaking.
My colleagues at the Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) together with NCAR and others
have already shown for the first half of 2010, this is the warmest year on record. And we know that
it is also a year of extremes in all parts of the world. We have devastation in many dryland regions
or regions experiencing extreme drought and heat waves and of course the notorious ones among
these are the rocking fires that have made Moscow and environs unlivable this year.
Devastation of floods at record levels in Pakistan, in China, in the Sahel of Africa and in other regions
of the world. And I know because I travel with the UN Secretary General very often. When he said,
as he did last week, that the floods that he saw in Pakistan were unlike anything that he´s seen
before, I can tell you that, first of all, it is not coming from a man who speaks in high probability. It
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is coming from a man who has seen a tremendous amount of devastation before his eyes. I wasn´t
with him on the trip to Pakistan, but I can only imagine what he saw if he made a statement like that.
An unrivaled disaster facing millions and millions of people who are standing as you can see on high
level if they can reach it without food for days now, in the devastation along the Indus river basing.
And in China where I was earlier this summer and talking with the Yangtze river authority, this
turned out to be one of the most disastrous years in modern chinese history as well for flooding
with many threats still to come. And once again in the Horn of Africa there are extreme droughts
which are coming in greater intensity and more frequency and in places where my colleagues
and I are working in the dryland parts of East Africa, I can say on behalf of the communities with
which we are working that whether the downscale models have been able to prove it or not, these
communities know without question that the climate has changed and changed in an enormously
adverse manner for them. Often involving the disappearence of short rains, more frequent and
more prolonged droughts and more famine. Now at the same time that the world record is showing
these horrendous set of outcomes, the political situation vis-a-vis be climate changes I think they
also have to be regarded as dramatic.
First it´s only about 4 weeks ago, since the U S administration pulled back any attempt at climate
legislation this year. And very likely it means there will be no climate change legislation during the
4 years of this Obama term. Because now it´s quite likely that the US Government will lose seats
in the mid-term election and they couldn´t get climate change pass even with a large majority of
the governing party and it will be nearly impossible for two years. And then after that of course
anything goes, but here we have the second largest emitter in the world, just a small amount behind
China now, and by far the world´s largest emitter per capita of any major economy doing absolutely
nothing, going into the eighteenth year of complete inaction.
How to imagine greater disgrace than the one the United States offers on this record? And how to
imagine a collection of more ignorant people than we have in the US Senate by the way? It´s not only
that they represent our constituents, but they are fools many of them, absolute idiots. And I don´t
mind saying because they are wrecking the world and so keeping it a secret is irresponsible as well.
Now we also have geopolitically a growing crisis in the drylands. I´ll show you a picture, in just a
moment, of conflicts in the drylands which I regard as not a coincidence, but it´s a puzzle relationship
Part III. Keynote Presentations
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between extreme poverty and the outbreak and persistence of violence. And it´s definitely spreading.
And even worse what´s spreading is American throwing missiles, CIA operatives and others who
think they are going to solve the problems of the drylands through heat squads and bombing. And
of course this is not only absurd, it´s certainly tragic, because war is spreading as it does, when you put
issues like hunger and poverty in the hands of generals. And that´s what the United States has done.
Wrong people, wrong diagnosis, wrong model, wrong tools. But it sure is a bold load of money going
into this. Think about 100 billion dollars being invested in the drylands of Afghanistan in the form
of troops and bombing. 100 billion per year being invested. With that amount of money we may
be able to solve some problems in the drylands, but they are not digging anyways, and they are not
tending to the live stock, they´re bombing. And that´s where the money is going right now.
Thirdly, the Framework Convention on Climate Change is definitely in an existential crisis. Because
Copenhagen was disastrous in my opinion. However it´s painted, it was a disaster. Four pages of
a non binding document after two years of work! I often say that if any of my graduate students
ever shows up, after two years with a four page paper and says “Professor, it's not complete, but we
wanted to hand in something”, that´s absolutely a failing performance. And that's what the world
did. And I would put the US as the lead fail and I would put China and a number of other countries
close behind. Though I think the US bore the legal responsibility and moral responsibility. It is not
the only one that was derelicting in its attention to the world.
The next problem, to give this neatly, this year, is that at Copenhagen, one of the few things that
supposedly came out of it, was a commitment for an emergency financing on climate change of 10
billion dollars a year, from 2010 to 2012. If anybody has found any of that, please let me know. I chase
money for a living. I can´t find it. Of course it´s promised. But promises are very cheap. And actual
delivery to people who need the help is lagging .
And then finally, I think it´s no secret that climate science took a serious hit this past year. Not
because of anything wrong with the science, but because of once again another demonstration
of the power of propaganda in the world. There´s just a lot more money behind anti-science than
there is behind science. Let's face it. And it´s all a game. It´s all public relations. This climate gate
business was nothing but propaganda game. A powerful entrance. At least say it. And I have a
couple of ideas about it. We don´t need to be defensive.
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The people that lead this campaign and publicize it starting with the auditorium board of the Wall
Street Journal are a disgrace. And they need to be called out on it. The procedures of science are
more meticulous than of any other human endeavor and with more checks and more control.
And there are no controls on the auditorium page of the Wall Street Journal. It´s driven purely by
meanness, ignorance and greed. And they have the audacity to attack the scientific community.
And we need to have more effective response. And the effective response needs to understand
more clearly what´s really going on. And what´s really going on is a game of public relations, funded
by major industries and their interests.
Drylands include all terrestrial regions where the production of crops, forage, wood and other ecosystem services are limited by
water. Formally, the definition encompasses all lands where the climate is classified as dry subhumid, semiarid, arid or hyper-arid.
This classification is based on Aridity Index values
The long-term mean of the ratio of an area’s mean annual precipitation to its mean annual potential evapotranspiration is the
Aridity Index (AI).
Notes:
The map is based on data from UNEP Geo Data Portal (http://geodata.grid.unep.ch/). Global area based on Digital Chart
of the World data (147,573,196.6 square km); Data presented in the graph are from the MA core database for the year
2000.
Major episodes of political violence, defined as political violence involving the systematic use of lethal violence and terror by groups and/or
states that substantially affect the society or societies that directly experience the armed conflict (resulting in at least 500 directly related
fatalities, substantial destruction of infrastructure and population displacements) Espisodes may involve states, a state and no-state group, or
non-state groups only, including inter-state and independence war, ethnic and revolutionary (civil) war, inter-communal warfare, genocide and
communal massacres. Each episode is rated on a ten-point scale according to its total impact on the societies that are directly affected by the
violence (Center for Systemic Peace, 2007)
Part III. Keynote Presentations
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This is a map we all know well, of course the map of the dry land regions. But the red triangles on the
map are zones of conflict. The map is two years out of date. I took the conflict zones. It comes from
SIPRI, the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. And I mapped them onto the world map.
And what you see is that there is a high and unsettling fact that the dry lands have a huge disproportion
of the world´s conflicts. And this I think is a pertinent fact and not a coincidence at all. Why is it?
Because conflicts with frequency hit the poors in most vulnerable places in the world. Conflicts
right out in impoverished countries and the hungry places. More and more research has confirmed
in recent years, including research done at the Earth Institute, that when the rains fail in Africa, the
probability of civil conflicts breaking out increases multiply. That´s startling, but obviously a reality
of the region we are dealing with. Because failed rains are not an inconvenience, they are a matter of
life and death. And conflict is a matter of hunger and disarray.
I´m working a lot in Sub-Saharan Africa. There is a scratch of instability across the entire drylands of
Africa. From northern Senegal to northern Mali, desert regions through Niger, Chad, Sudan, Somalia,
parts of Ethiopia, Eritrea, right across the Red Sea in the Yemen, Iran, Iraq, the dry lands of Pakistan
and Afghanistan. One continuous swap of drylands eco-system stretches about 10000 miles and
accounts for a huge proportion of those red triangles.
And that area is also the area now of US military intervention spreading. In the Sahel it is the CIA
and the new African command. In the Horn of Africa it is the spread of war around Somalia. And
the heavy engagement of US supporting the Ethiopian troops and others in Somalia. Across the
Red Sea there is a secret not so secret war under way in the Yemen, a country that is in profound
ecological stress, that America interprets as Al Qaeda crisis, because they don´t understand what a
hunger crisis is in the White House and in the Pentagon and the Congress.
So everything is viewed through a military lens. And into Pakistan and Afghanistan. And so I
mentioned all of this for the obvious reason that what we are talking about here is of course human
well being. It is of course survival of very poor people. It´s about economic development. It´s about
eco-system functioning. But it´s also about war and peace. And one of the messages that need to go
out from this community is that there is a more reliable way to peace than sending the military. And
there is a more systematic reason for conflict than ideology. And that would be drought, famine,
hunger, disease and poverty.
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And there´s no solution that the Pentagon is going to offer to any of that except going home. And
if we are going to send anything from the army, let it be the corps of engineers to drill some wells.
Because that´s really what is missing. It is basic viability and livelihoods.
I think what´s so important about ICID in addition to all the science that is been brought today
here is the capacity to mobilize global action. That´s what we did eighteen years ago. That´s what
we hope we will do again now. And I want to mention some of the things that are on the way in
other dryland parts of the world, that I think can be brought into the umbrella you are creating here.
First, on my own account, I can tell you, within a span of about 8 weeks, I´ll be at three regional
drylands Conferences. Each one undertaking independently, but undertaking for the reasons that
bring us together globally. So next week, actually in New Orleans, the Mayor of New Orleans and
several Prime Ministers of the Caribbean Islands and the lead climate negotiator of Mexico and
the head of the Environmental Protection Agency of the United States, I´m happy to say, will be
meeting to talk about climate risk in the Caribbean basin. We just completed at the Institute an
overview, an analytical overview of climate change in the Caribbean. And one of the overpowering
results was the likelihood of continuing drying in the Caribbean Island economies. They are already
dry, but they are likely to become a lot drier and there´s overwhelming consistency of the climate
models on that point. And of course this is one of the major things that we´ll talk about, the other
being the hazards of more intense hurricanes. The evidence seems to be fewer hurricanes perhaps
because of changes in wind, but more extreme hurricanes. There is a lot of uncertainty about that,
but there is a lot of reason to worry as well.
Some New Regional Initiatives in Semi-Arid Lands:
Gulf Coast and Caribbean Basin: Earth Institute, UNDP, New Orleans
Mediterranean Basin: Government of Greece
Horn of Africa “Drylands Initiative”: COMESA, Earth Institute, Seven Governments
In October Prime Minister George Papandreou of Greece will host a Mediterranean basin Conference
and I hope there can be some representation from here to that meeting. He is calling the leaders
of the whole Mediterranean community, southern Europe and north Africa and the Levant, to a
meeting to talk about the overwhelming evidence of drying, more heat waves and more record
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of wild fires and the likes that are hitting the Mediterranean. And I think that this is extremely
important because the leadership of the Mediterranean is a powerful political leadership and knows
that their region of the world is also in extreme duress and in extreme cross fire of long term climate
change. And it´s also an important region from the point of view of ICID because it´s a developed
country region by large.
Then I´ll mention third a meeting that the Earth Institute sponsored together with COMESA, the
community of Eastern Southern Africa in Nairobi last month. We are proposing with 7 governments
in the Horn of Africa and in East Africa, so it´s Kenya, Northern Kenya, Northern Uganda, the two
dry land regions of those two countries. Somalia, Ethiopia, Djibouti, Eritrea and Sudan. Not an easy
part of the world. A group effort to address the growing crisis of pastoralism. Because there are
about 30 million people who are essentially pastoralists and they´re facing havoc in their lives. And
they are the marginal parts of their societies which are marginal societies in the world. And so the
pastoralist crisis in my view is the single most intense climate crisis on the planet right now.
We are working in one pastoralist region in northeast Kenya, a place called Garissa District. It´s the
hardest part of all our work across Africa, because of the extreme dry lands conditions and one
disaster after another. Frequent drought, and when it's not drought, intense floods. And it´s one or
the other. And it´s just been a series of devastations for the last five years during our work there. And
that´s representative of what´s happening throughout the region.
And then the US sends in troops on top of all of this. Because the US cannot see poverty for what
it is. It´s just a blind spot. And so this is a third initiative that is starting. Now these initiatives are not
linked together right now, but they need to be linked together. Because dry land regions all over
the world are coming to understand their extreme vulnerability, and political leaders are coming.
We hosted the meeting and we had 22 ministers from those 7 countries show up and that showed
a high level of determination to do something about this crisis. And so we´re launching a ground
based program of integrated development in the pastoralists regions as a result of the meeting. But I
would say that there´s growing political understanding of this issue that can be tapped at this point
and very important to tap.
One thing I wanted to mention quickly is what we are doing in that dry land region, because I think
that there are probably some useful lessons and I will be very happy to exchange notes and ideas
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with any of you here. We have been tearing out for the last five years an initiative which we call
the Millennium Villages Project, based on works that I was lucky to lead for Kofi Anan and now
continue for Ban Ki-moon, called the Millennium Project, which is identifying ways to achieve the
Millennium Development Goals in impoverished regions.
The Millennium Villages Approach for Impoverished Dryland Communities:
Holistic rural development strategy
Focus on:
•
Agriculture (crops, animal husbandry, agroforestry)
•
Primary Health care
•
Education (primary and secondary)
•
Infrastructure (water, sanitation, connectivity, transport, electricity)
•
Business development, especially farmer cooperatives
Will be implemented in: Somalia, Kenya, Uganda, Ethiopia, Sudan, Djibouti, and possibly Eritrea
Interested in expanding to other regions (e.g. Haiti, Afghanistan)
We established community based development programs, all over Africa and all ecological zones
from the rain forests to the area of pastoral regions. And I can tell you as a witness to this working in
twelve agroecological zones, the drylands are by far the hardest of the entire program.
So what you are battling with is simply, objectively harder than any place else. We are feeling it
everyday. What is like to be a pastoralist in the twenty first century? What is like to live in the
drylands? One can almost grade our sights, by how much rainfall they get per year and how reliable
the rainfall is in terms of the results in the progress in the escape from poverty. The drier and more
erratic the harder it is. And so these ecological factors are extremely powerful barriers to successful
development. But the point of Millennium Villages is to bring in resources in a science face manner
and in a highly efficient enclosed monitored systems basis to address in an integrated way the
ground level difficulties of the impoverished villages in different ecological zones.
There are five areas of focus. Agriculture, obviously including pastoralism, health, education, basic
Infrastructure and business development. And the idea of the approach is an integrated community
led systems basis that addresses all of those elements in an integrated manner. And while the
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dry lands have been the hardest part of this project, there has been a lot of progress, even in the
pastoralist area. In Northeast Kenya, we have at least a zone of stability and a zone of some human
progress in health and in livelihoods, compared to a sea of instability all around this site, because it´s
right near the Somalia border. And so it does give evidence that there are ways with added resources
to do integrated science based development in this case in arid not only semi arid, but in the arid
pastoralist zone. And we are going to expand that project into Southern countries that I mentioned.
So let me end, by doing a few recommendations. I hope that it might be useful as you move to the
final declaration of this week and I think that the important point is to make clear to the world the
states of climate change in the dry lands, and to help globally to understand them, and mobilize the
growing number of leaders in dry land countries that understand themselves and are ready to help
lead globally on this issue.
Political Actions and Recommendations for the Final Declaration:
1. The Climate Crisis in the Semi-Arid Lands is a Growing Global Security and a
direct threat to fulfillment of the MDGs. Threat, with risks of famine, flooding,
mass migration, disease, and violence
2. The UN Security Council should convene a special session on violence, security,
and the semi-arid lands
3. A new political Alliance of Semi-Arid Countries (ASAC) should be convened
at the MDG Summit in September, and at the COP-16 negotiations in Cancun.
Founding members would include: Brazil, Mexico, Greece, Spain, Kenya, Mali,
Pakistan, Afghanistan, Yemen, among others
4. The ASAC should call for:
74
•
timely disbursement of adaptation funding, with priority to hard-hit ASAC
countries
•
faster progress in global mitigation
•
implementation of a global “Polluter-Pays” greenhouse gas levy to finance
adaptation and mitigation efforts
•
initiation of large-scale solar power programs in appropriate ASAC venues,
with a focus on regions trapped in energy poverty and where large-scale solar
power has obvious commercial feasibility (e.g. the DESERTEC project)
A drylands call for action
Declaration of Fortaleza
So, very quickly, my first point is simply to convey the message powerfully and clearly that the
climate crisis in the semi-arid and arid lands is a growing global security challenge and a direct threat
also to be achieved in the Millennium Development Goals. Now next month a hundred and fifty
world leaders will meet at the United Nations for the tenth year of the fifteen year Millennium
Development Goals process. And I am the main advisor to the UN Secretary General on the
Millennium Development Goals. If you send a message about this, I will make sure it is heard. The
relevance of your agenda to Millennium development Goals in my opinion could not be stronger.
It is no accident that the dry lands are the most impoverished and desperate part of the world and
need help. And that needs to be brought to the attention of the world and next month you´ll have
a hundred fifty world leaders that are there that can hear that message. And I will do whatever I can
to help convey the message that comes from here.
Second , I think we should try together to have a security council meeting on the dry lands. To
take the reality of that map. The fact that the dry lands are the home to a disproportioned share
of the world´s conflicts and have the security council consider the implications of that, because
the world´s diplomats have to understand that not everything is politics. Some things are ecology.
And some things have biophysical base. And then there are conflicts that may mean hunger, not
extremism or extremism as a result of hunger or an exploitation of hunger. And I think if we could
get a UN Security Council meeting, even one day on that, it could help understanding and opening
minds. And perhaps someday, somehow the United States will be less eager to sending the military
to the next dry lands conflicts and instead sending the development effort which is the one that´s
really needed.
Third, I would like to suggest — I don´t know if it is a redundant suggestion or not. I don´t think it
is, but I don´t want to be presumptuous here — that we work together to try to form an alliance of
political leadership in the drylands.
I wrote it as in the spirit of this Conference an alliance of semi-arid countries - ASAC, but it could
be an alliance of the dryland countries. And I do believe that alliance can be formed. It could make
a very powerful difference. We need not only the voice of science but the voice of political leaders
in the world. And I think there are political leaders that can be brought into the leadership on this
issue. Starting with President Lula, starting with President Calderon of Mexico, who´s got a large
dry land region in Mexico in his home stove, the COP 16. Other names that come to mind quickly
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are Prime Minister George Papandreou, Prime Minister Zapatero, Prime Minister Raila Odinga,
President Amadou Toumani Touré, Presidents of Pakistan, Afghanistan, Yemen and others. They all
know what´s really at stake in their countries, even if they can´t make that heard with their individual
voices. But if instead of each region focusing on its regional problems, we got the world´s dry land
leaders together to understand that this is common challenge world wide, of water stress, climate
change, growing dryness, more instability of rainfall, more frequent droughts, more risk of famine,
more risk of wild fires and the like.
I think this can be very powerful and again I certainly am at your service if you would like to help to
organize that. I know most of those leaders, I think they would be receptive to joining together in a
new grouping that talked about climate change, not only by region but by ecological zone, where
they share the deeper characteristics. What would a such group actually do? First it would try to
help itself. It would call for timely disbursement of the promised adaptation funding, giving priorities
to hard hit countries in the dryland region. It would of course demand faster progress on mitigation
actions, including letting the dryland regions focusing on their own countries as well as countries as
the United States, which has a significant dryland region, of course specially in the west.
Fourth, I think that it should call and I should say for all of us, we should understand that the money
question in climate change is a game. And when Secretary of State Hillary Clinton came at the last
minute to Copenhagen, and said “oh we will support 100 billion dollars by 2020 from somehow,
somewhere, someway”, that means nothing. No applause. We should just put our heads in our
hands. Now, what would be something if we had a specific mechanism and we should be done in
my view with this cap and trade nonsense. It was all an elaborate way for politicians to avoid the
word tax, which would be far more straight forward and far more powerful in transformation and
would collect revenues and be a lot more transparent. And the whole cap and trade thing started
because Bill Clinton did not want to say carbon tax. And then Europe adopted it and the United
States abandoned it. And Europe has got a system which is cumbersome and it tries to paddle it
to the world and the world did not want it. And the democrats in the US Congress tried to cap
and trade again and it failed miserably, because it is actually an extremely cumbersome, not useful
system compared to simply putting a carbon tax on it.
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But the point I want to make here is that if we are ever going to collect real money for international
public goods for climate, both adaptation and mitigation, there should just be a carbon levee by
country. Pure and simple. Very transparent. Let polluters pay. It could be a greenhouse gas levee
expanded to cover methane and nitrous oxide, but it should be simple, straightforward, not razzle
dazzle from our Secretary of State, but money on the table and I think this is something that we
should be advocating. Pure, simple. No gimmicks anymore.
And then fifth point I would mention, but I could mention ten, it is that many of the dryland sites
have a lot of potential for renewable energy. In fact some of them are the world´s best places for solar
power. Because its sun shines all day long. And solar initiatives in a large scale would be excellent for
development, excellent for sustainability. Excellent, by the way, for global economic recovery. And
something I think we should be pushing for the dry lands a much expanded, it doesn´t exist yet,
but a coherent global effort to bring solar power and other renewable energy to the dry lands and
specially to energy poor regions of the world. So those are some of the things this new alliance could
usefully call for that would be good for each of the members and good for the world.
Finally let me say we need to get better at global public awareness. We are losing, but not because
we are not so good at it, but because we don´t have billions and billions of dollars behind us, like
the oil companies do. And we are not so good at propaganda because we have the bad habit of
telling the truth for a living. Whereas the opponents have a real habit of lying day in and day out,
and everything sells in this world. No matter how egregious are the lies. And so this is tough. I don´t
want us to abandon our commitment to the truth, ultimately will be the key to solution, but I do
want us to get better at public awareness.
Global Public Awareness Campaign, including:
•
Target the information to national and local political leaders in the Dryland countries
•
Appeal for national efforts in the ASAC countries, especially for marginalized areas
•
Build an active clearinghouse for adaptation best practices
•
Call out Rupert Murdoch and News Corporation for the massive global damage
caused by the WSJ, Fox Television, and others involved in climate-science bashing
•
Mobilize an alliance with major industries operating the drylands, e.g. the mining
and agriculture sectors
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One thing is we should make and figure out how to do a very concerned effort to reach national
local politicians throughout the drylands to explain to them what it means to be a political leader
in the dry lands. So every Governor of the states of Brazil in the dry land regions, the Governors of
the dryland states of the United States, the Prime Ministers of the Caribbean, the Presidents and
District Officials in the Sahel and so forth, should understand, they are in a special place of the
world. Climate change is affecting them in a special and powerful way. And they need to be agents
of change and agents of global awareness as well. And of course we need the voices within countries
to appeal nationwide, so the dry land parts of Brazil are making the case nationally in Brazil. The
dryland parts of the United States are making the case nationally as well.
I think we need to do a better effort on building a clearing house in information and best practices
in adaptation. I´m not sure, I don´t want to reinvent the wheel or duplicate what has been already
done, but I don´t feel yet that we have a global scale clearing house of knowledge on these issues.
And I don´t think that it would be important to create.
I want us to have a campaign against Rupert Murdock. What a first class jerk actually, because
you know there needs to be responsibility in the world. And if you own Fox television, that is the
opposite of responsibility. If you own the Wall Street Journal, that is the opposite of responsibility.
And I think I want us to bring storm a little bit, maybe not at this moment, but how to address new
course phenomenon.
Because it is the purveyor of the worst misinformation in the world. It´s influential, at least in the
United States. It does great damage. And it is entirely unaccountable, it is a machine of lies. And it is
at the heart of our difficulties of getting the truth out.
And finally I´m so happy that Dr. Roberto Macedo is chairing this section from the Chamber of
Industry of Ceara state. Because the last point on my side, the last point I want to make is that
we need to mobilize also an alliance with major industries operating in the dry lands. Because the
industrial sector knows the truth and knows the difficulties. And the industrial sector in order to pass
on survive has to be operating in viable locations. And the voice of industry is powerful. Powerful
politically, powerful in reaching the workforce, powerful in reaching the broader community. And so
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we shouldn´t shy away from that. Of course not all industrialist wants to play. Some of them create
a lot of damage. Like our big oil companies, specially Exxon Mobil, which has funded a tremendous
amount of the misinformation. It certainly deserves its place in the hall of fame right along side to
Rudolf Murdock. But a lot of industry wants to lead responsabilitly. And I think this is another part
of our initiative. So let me close here.
First to thank you for this important gathering. Please understand that in addition to Rio plus 20
in two years, we have an MDG summit next month. We have the COP 16. We have many regional
events. We have no time to loose.
Thank you very much.
Part III. Keynote Presentations
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2. Ignacy Sachs, Research Center on Contemporary Brazil-France
The Challenges of the 2012 United Nations Conference on Sustainable
Development and the Semi-arid Regions2
Foto: CGEE
Ignacy Sachs
In Search of Three-win Solutions
The second Earth Summit, scheduled for 2012, will meet again in Rio de Janeiro at the threshold of
the third great transition in the long co-evolution of the human species with the biosphere. The
first transition, known as the ‘Neolithic revolution’ (Gordon Childe3) started twelve thousand years
ago, was marked by the domestication of several vegetal and animal species, the sedentarisation of
human populations and the emergence of the first cities. The second transition, associated with the
rise of fossil fuels, began at the end of the seventeenth century and led to the industrial revolutions
that changed completely the face of our civilisations.
The present transition ought to free us, as quickly as possible, from our excessive dependence on
oil and coal, so as to reduce the emissions of carbon dioxide, responsible for the warming of the
atmosphere and the resulting deleterious climate changes.
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2
Paper for the Second International Conference on Climate, Sustainability and Development in Semi-arid Regions, (ICID+18),
Fortaleza, 16th – 20th August 2010.
3
Gordon Childe, Man Makes Himself, (London: Spokesman Books, 2003, 1st edition: 1936).
A drylands call for action
Declaration of Fortaleza
According to the Nobel Prize winner Paul Clutzen, we have entered a new geological era – the
anthropocene era – in so far as human activities have grown to a point in which they have a
significant impact on the Earth’s ecosystems.
It is up to us, passengers of the Spaceship Earth, to show that we are capable of acting as true
geonauts4, preparing an orderly exit in the twenty-first century out of the oil age and, possibly,
of the fossil energy age altogether. More generally, we ought to limit the ‘destructive creation’ so
persuasively described by Schumpeter, even though the abyssal consumption disparities between
the rich minorities and all those who barely survive at subsistence levels prevent us from stopping
the material growth and moving to the stationary State visualised by John Stuart Mill5, whatever the
tenants of the degrowth theory may say.6 The fairer the income distribution, the lower will be the
level of GNP at which it will be possible to stop the growth of material output; there are no limits
for immaterial growth – services, cultural activities, etc.7
The capacity to anticipate is a specificity of the human brain8 and planning an important tool at the
hands of modern societies that ought to be revived in the present circumstances, the more so that
we have moved from the abacus age to the computer age and that planning can be conducted by
means of a quadripartite democratic dialogue between the State, the entrepreneurs, the workers
and the organised civil society.
As a matter of fact, we must confront in our plans two simultaneous challenges: the already
mentioned climate change, threatening in the long run the very future of humankind, and the
poverty scandal; how many, among the passengers of the spaceship Earth, go to bed hungry, despite
the fact that the current world production could satisfy everybody’s needs if the distribution of
wealth were less skewed?
4
I borrow this neologism from Erik Orsenna, Portrait du Gulf Stream. Éloge des courants, Paris: Éditions du Seuil, 2005.
5
John Stuart Mill, Principles of Political Economy, (first published in 1848).
6
The leading French author on the subject is Serge Latouche. See also Éric Dupin, “Enquête sur la décroissance, une idée qui
chemine”, Manière de Voir n°112, Le Monde Diplomatique, août-septembre 2010, p.16-21.
7
See on this point the pathbreaking Barriloche model : Amilcar O. Herrera, Un monde pour tous, le modèle mondial latino-américain (Paris: PUF, 1977).
8
See on this point Anatol Rapoport, Conflict in Man-made Environment, (London: Penguin Books, 1974) and Éric Lambin, La Terre
sur un fil, (Paris: Éditions Le Pommier, 2004).
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That is why we must stick to three-win solutions: socially inclusionary, environmentally sustainable
and economically viable. The latter is a precondition to see the other two objectives fulfilled.
A comment is in order here about the way in which the two challenges are intertwined. The poor
are the first victims of climate change. Living from hand-to-mouth, they do not have the resources
neither to mitigate nor to adapt to climate adversity. The Dutch may envisage costly public works to
strengthen and raise the dikes that protect them from the sea but the same cannot be said about
the Bangladeshi, not to mention the inhabitants of the Maldives Islands.
From Stockholm to Rio de Janeiro
The 2012 meeting ought to be put in the historical perspective. It will meet forty years after the
seminal Stockholm conference, which succeeded in putting environment on the UN agenda and was
followed by the creation of the UNEP. Many countries set up ministries of Environment, some even
changed their constitution. The World Commission on Environment and Development, presided
by former Norwegian Prime Minister, Gro Harlem Bruntland, made an important contribution to
the definition of sustainable development and set the stage for the 1992 Earth Summit, which met
in Rio de Janeiro with the presence of 110 heads of State and an impressive parallel forum organised
by the civil society. The Rio meeting prepared an impressive Agenda 21.
However, this document did not have the deserved impact. After the fall of the Berlin Wall and the
implosion of the Soviet Union, the neoliberal counter-reform took the stage. The 2002 Johannesburg
Conference was unable to reverse this trend. Some observers went as far as to say that Johannesburg,
far from being Rio+10, was instead Rio-10.
The 2008 crisis and its aftermath changed again the setting in which the next conference will meet,
once more in Rio de Janeiro. On the positive side, the myth of self-regulating markets has been
seriously shaken, even though not altogether dismissed. Moreover, a crisis is always an opportunity
for change. I am told that in Chinese, the word ‘weiji’ for crisis is built with two characters, the first
meaning danger and the second opportunity.9
9
82
See Éric Lambin, op. cit., p.235.
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Declaration of Fortaleza
On the other hand, the European Union, up to now, has not managed to assist some of its members
most severely hit.
Furthermore, several countries are embarking on austerity policies, oblivious of the fundamental
tenets of Keynesianism. Not speaking of the urgent need to clarify the difference between left and
right wing interpretations of this doctrine: State intervention in times of crisis, financed from deficit,
can pursue very different goals from funding social housing to fostering the armament race.
Above all, the scientists from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) are adamant: the time
span left to mitigate the climate change is pretty short; we ought to think in terms of decades at most.
This underlines the importance of the forthcoming Rio meeting. Without going as far as to say
that it will be the conference of the last chance, we cannot afford to waste this occasion to steer
a new course in world economy and polity. In order to succeed, we ought to adopt a procedure
that reduces the probability of deadlocks likely to appear in the piecemeal negotiations conducted
among almost two hundred countries, as it happened recently in Copenhagen.
In what follows, a three-pronged approach is suggested.
All UN member States ought to be invited to present in, say two years, comprehensive long term
development strategies encapsulated in plans, making use of the following concepts:
•
the ecological footprint, starting with the energy footprint;10
•
the biocapacity enhancement;
•
new energy paradigms characterised by greater sobriety and efficiency as well as substitution
of fossil fuels by renewable energies;
•
the generation of opportunities for decent work, in the ILO acceptance of the term, with
special reference to such themes as food and energy security, exploring the frontiers of the
green and blue revolutions as well as the prospect for agroforestry, in order to move towards
an economy characterised by low carbon emissions;
•
housing, urbanisation and transport systems adapted to different ecosystems.11
10 For the methodology, see the Global Footprint Network, http://www.footprintnetwork.org/en/index.php/GFN/.
11 See Benjamin Dessus, La crise de l’énergie n’a pas de solution technique, Manière de voir – le Monde Diplomatique, n°112, août-septembre 2010, p.34-37.
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The next stage should consist in coordinating these plans so as to generate positive synergies
between them.
In parallel, the United Nations should set up a well endowed UN Fund for Inclusionary and
Sustainable Development to assist the less developed countries. The Fund would be financed by
the proceeds of a tax on fossil fuels, supplemented by the transfer of, say, half a percent of the GNP
of the developed countries to the less developed ones.
Finally networks for S&T cooperation should be organised following a new geography, using biomes
as a matrix and fostering in this way the cooperation among countries situated in low latitudes.12
This brings us back to the subject of the ICID+18 Conference.
Some research priorities for the semi-arid countries
The setting of biome-based cooperative networks among countries sharing similar climatic conditions
and natural resource endowments allows for making good use of cultural differences, learning from
the partners’ organisational settings, managerial practices as well as technical innovations.
The following subjects figure among priorities for cooperative research and exchange of experiences:
•
Water conservation and use
For obvious reasons, each drop of water – the very scarce resource – ought to be conserved and
rationally used and reused whenever possible.
Hence the importance of equipping each household with a cistern to store rain water, side by side
with the construction of water reservoirs from large ponds and açudes to subterranean installations
that minimise water loss by evapotranspiration.
12 See on this point, Francis Hallé, La condition tropicale – une histoire naturelle, économique et sociale des basses latitudes, (Arles :
Actes Sud, 2010).
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By contrast, along rivers, manmade reservoirs and canals, semi-arid regions offer exceptional
conditions for highly productive and competitive orchards, vineyards, vegetable gardens, flower
plantations, and such crops as the sugarcane.
The social impacts of these labour intensive productions are at the maximum when the irrigated
perimeters are managed by cooperatives of small producers.
Hence the paramount importance of the land reform agenda, indispensable for the progress of the
‘evergreen revolution’, in M.S. Swaminathan’s words, also known as the ‘doubly green revolution’.
The difference between the first green revolution associated with the name of Norman Borlaugh
and the evergreen revolution lies in their social impact. The original green revolution only benefited
those happy few with enough capital to buy seeds and fertilisers and with access to water for
irrigation. The evergreen revolution is directed to the majority of small farmers from the first wave
of the green revolution.
A third wave is in the offing, associated with the use of charcoal as catalyser of the metabolic
processes in the soil and renamed for the occasion ‘biochar’.13 Ancestral practices of some Indian
tribes in the Amazon region, responsible for the emergence of fertile ‘terras pretas’, are being
replicated now to set highly productive and less water demanding vegetable gardens.
As far as Brazil is concerned, we lack a precise estimate of the potential for irrigated agriculture
in semi-arid regions. How many Petrolinas are still to come? How many small farmers can benefit
from them, assuming that future irrigation perimeters will be allotted to small farmers organised
in cooperatives?
13 See on this subject, Fighting Climate Change with Green charcoal and increasing Agricultural Productivity, Pro-Natura Newsletter,
December 2008, http://www.pronatura.org/index.php?lang=en&page=newspage.
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•
Renewable energies and urbanisation
Where water is not available, it is still possible to harness the abundant resource – the sun energy
– and, in many places, the wind energy, putting to a productive use the vast expanses of land not
suitable for agriculture and turning out vast amounts of energy far in excess of local needs.
This surplus energy might be put to good use by setting in the region industries transforming raw
materials coming from the neighbouring semi-arid and rain tropical areas and by fostering the
development of urban centres, concentrating side by side with those processing industries all kinds
of services – health care, education, research.
Drawing lessons from the negative experience of such countries like Egypt,14 special attention ought
to be given to protect the scarce agricultural land from being invaded by urban sprawl. It is easier
and cheaper to build cities in the desert than to transform deserts into fields.
The positive lessons coming from Egypt is that arid lands may prove rich in mineral resources and, as
already mentioned, offer plenty of space to harness in favourable conditions solar and wind energy.
Urban settlements in arid and semi-arid lands raise many challenging problems to architects,
urbanists and specialists in urban transportation systems, opening a vast field for the South-South
exchange of experiences. Thanks to their research potential, Brazil and India stand as two potential
locomotives of a network of countries with extensive semi-arid regions.14
Hopefully, the ICID Conference will make a decisive contribution to the consolidation of the
network of countries confronted with the difficult challenge of fostering socially inclusionary and
environmentally sustainable development strategies in the semi-arid and arid regions.
14 See the special report on Egypt in The Economist, July 17th, 2010.
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3. Jesse Ribot, SDEP, University of Illinois, USA
Presentation Highlights of the ICID+18 Conference
Foto: ICID+
Jesse Ribot
Good morning. Ladies and gentlemen, friends and colleagues. I first want to thank Antonio Rocha
Magalhães, for the opportunity to address this group and to collaborate with him to put together
this Conference. It has been an extremely rich experience for me.
I will start my presentation with a few words in Portuguese. So for all of you non-Portuguese
speakers, headphones might be good. This is just for a few moments.
Somos muitos Severinos
iguais em tudo e na sina:
a de abrandar estas pedras
suando-se muito em cima,
a de tentar despertar
terra sempre mais extinta,
a de querer arrancar
alguns roçados da cinza.
Mas, para que me conheçam
melhor Vossas Senhorias
e melhor possam seguir
a história de minha vida,
passo a ser o Severino
que em vossa presença emigra.
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This is from a poem entitled “Morte e Vida Severina” by João Cabral de Melo Neto. And it speaks
of the difficulties, the pain, of living in a land of drought, known as Brazil. A land that´s had much
suffering. The last line of the poem says “to know me better, follow me as I migrate.” I think this line
speaks strongly to what it means to have knowledge of the problems we are studying? This is from
the humanities. It´s about experience, it´s about the experience that we as researchers try to have.
It´s the firsthand knowledge of what it means for someone to live a marginal (or severe – Severino); a
severe marginalized life. Eighteen years ago here in Fortaleza I found this poem while at the first ICID,
and it struck me as representing much of what we were, and still are, trying to talk about.
Eighteen years ago, the situation we were looking at was very different. Not only was climate change
a speculation, not as well accepted as today, despite that there are naysayers; climate change was
also the domain, squarely, of the natural sciences, and there were some social scientists involved –
mostly people involved with drought and issues around that. But the social sciences were at the
edge and one of the things that I want to say today, that really strikes me, is that in this meeting the
social scientists not only were deeply involved, front and center, but the natural scientists as well as
social scientists are calling for working together. Not all. There´s always people that don´t see the
connections, but I think we are really starting to work together. I think we are –scientists, social
scientists, and natural scientists. I´m trained as a physicist to begin with so, I speak a little physics. It´s
a whole other language, but nonetheless together we should truly try to experience that marginality
of Severino, and I think all of us will then be able to speak more clearly with each other.
Nineteen years ago the debate was about climate impact. At ICID the ‘I’ stood for Impactos; Impacts
of climate change. But, what we saw was that the same climate event, a drought of the same
meteorological magnitude, in northeast Brazil which killed millions of people, would kill nobody
in the southwest of the United States. What we see in other parts of the world is that a cyclone in
Bangladesh killed 500,000 people forty years ago, yet a larger storm hitting the same coastline just a
few years ago killed only 3,400 people – on the order of one-hundred-and-fifty-times fewer deaths.
At the time of ICID I, effects of climate were modeled as in Figure 1.
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Impacts?
Reduced Wellbeing
Dislocation
Climate Event
or Trend
Loss of Livelihood
Hunger
Famine
Economic Loss
Figure 1: Impacts as the multiple outcomes of a single event
Clearly, these outcomes, the deaths and the sufferings associated with these events are not the
outcomes of climate. They are not coming out of the sky. Vulnerability does not come from the
sky. Vulnerability is on the ground. And this is what we need to understand, because part of the
composition of vulnerability, part of what triggers the negative events that we see and associate with
climate are climate events. We have to better understand the factors that link those climate events
and outcomes. To do this, we can invert the equation: instead of looking at the multiple effects
of a singular event, we look at the multiple causes of just one of those outcomes. So, we pick one
outcome, and what we begin to see is that vulnerability is composed of many of the elements that
we think of as the social, economic and political context in which we live – poverty and it's causal
structures: exploitation, resource access problems, political exclusion, market fluctuations, unstable
policies. All these things we know very well. These are the things that push people to the margins
so that when climate events and trends occur, and trigger outcomes that we are horrified by, we
see that climate is one amongst many cause variables in that equation. I think we heard exactly that
statement from my colleagues here today. It’s coming from both sides – social and natural scientists.
We know we still have a long way to go in understanding how to keep a dialogue going in which the
social-structural, not just the proximate causes, but the distant causes that happen in boardrooms
of corporations, the causes that come from government policy or international policy or trade
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agreements, we need to keep those in the room when the climatological discussions are going on
and the modeling efforts are going on to understand why disasters occur.
What we see is that many of those variables are the variables of development. All of these variables,
in some way or another contribute to both vulnerability and security. And we need to keep them
in the equation. So in Figure 2, climate is one amongst many variables. I think this was a difficult pill
for many climate scientists and climate-change researchers to swallow. The issue is that this framing
might marginalize climate as a problem, by making it only one amongst many. But in fact research
shows that climate is one amongst many variables, and we need to address it as such because of the
extraordinary interdependence and integrated nature of the problems we face. The variables that
cause vulnerability are neither singular nor independent from each other.
Vulnerability Analysis
Exploitation
Resource Access
Poverty
Political Exclusion
Market Fluctuations
Unstable Policy
Climate events or trends
Loss of
Livelihood
Poor Infrastructure
Poor Social Security System
Lack of Planning
Adaptation & Mitigation
Figure 2: Vulnerability as outcome of many factors
The new term on the block is ‘adaptation’. It´s taking place of what used to be called coping and
resilience. I think we need to remember that there are long histories of research on coping, and even
a great deal of learning on maladaptive coping situations, where people would cope, exhaust their
assets, and be worse off for the next event. We studied these dynamics in the Sahel in the 1960´s
and 70´s and 80´s. We are aware of these things. But today, because we´ve changed the term, we lost
some of that history. Nevertheless, I saw that an enormous amount of extraordinary new research
in ICID II is looking at the inter-temporal effects of policy on reducing and increasing vulnerability. I
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think that´s an important development. We´re not just concerned with the consequences associated
with climate, but also with the consequences associated with climate response.
I think that associating adaptation with development, despite that we need to question many of the
old paradigms of development, is a good thing. Associating development with adaptation questions
could bring some positive attention to the plights in the lands we are working in. But, 18 years ago,
when we looked at this, we had to ask the question ‘why is it that we have to talk about potential
disasters in terms of future vulnerabilities, hunger, famine, dislocation, when, in fact, they are
occurring now and nobody is addressing them’. We had to ask ‘why are they being addressed only
in post-shock disaster situations when they could be addressed by treating the causal structures of
these very problems’.
Today we are at the same place. The IPCC’s Fifth Assessment Report is currently being written.
While we sit in this room there are thousands of people around the world working on this new
report. The structure of that report has brought adaptation front and center. It has marginalized
vulnerability. Look carefully at the outline of the report. When we look at it carefully, we see that
there´s no place in this report to look at causal structure, because if you look at the causal structure,
you will begin to map it onto the institutions at different scales of society that have responsibility.
Responsibility is associated with blame. Nobody wants that. The politics dictate that vulnerability
be relegated to something that we have to consider only as an ‘indicator’. We want to know where
those vulnerable people are. So vulnerability is just an indicator. We don´t want to know why they
are vulnerable. The report obfuscates on causality. All the IPCC report wants to know is how they
are going to adapt. The report is interested in how they are going to move forward from where they
are. It does not ask how they got to a situation of vulnerability. Adaptation is a term that doesn´t
lead us to ask the questions: ‘why do we need to adapt’, and ‘what is it that puts us in that position
of necessity and dire need’?
Of course, I think the term ‘adaptation’ is here to stay, and I welcome it (I have little choice). But I
think we have to look at it and understand its limits and understand its place and functions, and
not accepted it without question. It is a term that we need to think through as social scientists.
Why did it emerge as a term as part of discourse, and what effects might it have, and what kinds
of knowledge this term, this discourse, includes and excludes. Why does it supplant ‘vulnerability’?
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We need to look at these words, because they carry knowledges shaping the way we talk and think
about things within a larger collective social endeavor.
So, let’s go beyond the Fifth Assessment Report – before it begins. Let’s examine the active
ingredients of risk and vulnerability. What are the causes – of ability and inability to change – that
we need to keep in mind as we talk about adaptation? Adaptation is a term I think we need to still
critique, but, since it´s here to stay, what we need to do is to infuse it with meanings that make
it inseparable from the analysis of vulnerability and its causes. That´s how I´d like to see us move
forward. What are the disabling and enabling elements that must change for there to be effective
adaptation? Some I mentioned earlier, such as poverty, infrastructure, etc. But I think that it can be
boiled down further based on cases I heard in discussions this week at ICID II.
What I did hear, and I was mostly attending the social science panels, boils down to issues of power
and marginality in what I call multi-scale inequalities. Drylands are economically low productivity,
when they lack infrastructure. I put the word ‘when’ in there because many people talk about
carrying capacity – which is a nonsense term. Carrying capacity is meaningless. Human beings
change the carrying capacity of land and landscapes all the time. People and their societies make
drylands productive, and they do so using the entire social and political-economic hierarchy they
live in. They do so with infrastructure, technology, access to resources, institutions, resource policy,
and the ability to influence policy. They do so as social and political beings. So, drylands are not just
unproductive in some absolute sense.
Drylands are also marginal, and that is partly because they are hard to govern. They are what Jim
Scott calls Zomia – a place where the state is absent because of steep mountains, difficult to cross
deserts, marshes or forests, and where its diffuse populations are hard to govern because they can
hide or migrate. Many governments tried to solve this problem through sedentarization programs.
Not because this was good for nomads or shifting cultivators, but because the government could
tax them if they were sedentary. These are the kinds of things that we often see going on in the
name of development. Drylands remain marginal in global climate debates dominated by sea level
and forestry carbon sink discussions. Many panels at this conference have discussed how to bring
drylands front and center in that global debate so that drylands are not marginalized. Economic
marginality of drylands has led to underinvestment, within drylands there´s also extraordinary
inequality. We have to acknowledge that the internal dynamics of these zones also are extremely
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problematic, with gender inequalities, ethnic tensions, migrant/settler inequalities. These all need to
be taken into account.
Climate intervention takes place in an unequal world. When you throw a stone in a lake, the ripples
rebound taking on the contours of the edges of that lake. The edges of the lake we are looking at,
not just the drylands, but the whole world, are highly unequal. We risk reproducing and deepening
the contours of inequality if we are not aware of them as we do our work. For example, years
have been spent decentralizing natural resource management, and I think there is a high risk of
recentralization of forest and resource management under programs like REDD [the UN Program
for Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation]. We have to be very conscious
to avoid that.
Inequalities are maintained in many ways. I´m not going to go into how they are maintained –
economically or through policies. I´ll just give one example: the government in Brazil systematically
invested in the development of the south and not the northeast. This is partly about a history
of giving priority to areas of high productivity. Southern areas were more productive, but these
policies created problems within Brazil, such as northeastern populations that could not live in these
drylands, due to lack of investments, and they had to migrate to various forested and urban frontiers.
Things have probably improved, but this is just an example of how marginality is produced. This
marginality is then maintained discursively through narratives of ‘lacks of capacity’ or ‘backwardness’
or even terms like ‘adaptation’ when taken uncritically.
This conference will produce a declaration. What is needed in a declaration? I don´t have an answer,
but I have a few thoughts. Development as an objective is important, because many of the political,
social, and economic factors that cause vulnerability are associated with development. That´s not
necessarily a call for ‘business as usual’, but there´s much ‘business as usual’ that has been positive.
There are projects and programs that have had great successes. Those should be looked at, built on,
and we also need to look at development as an enterprise to figure out whether and when and how
it can contribute. So, we need of course ‘carbon-friendly’ development, but it has to be about the
felt needs of drylands. These needs are also usually not about the weather, as I mentioned earlier.
They are about low productivity, multiple risk, and limited opportunity. These are what have to be
addressed for the security of many rural people in drylands.
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How do we create more interest in and attention to power and inequality? The felt needs must be
voiced, heard and represented. There is a lot of talk about consultation, participation, voice. These
terms, however, are meaningless without representation, accountability and responsiveness. How
do we leverage that responsiveness? Representation requires representatives to have the ability to
‘respond’, because you are not represented if they just listen to you. Representation means there is a
response somehow linked to who and what you are. So I think that one of the big issues is going to
be representation at multiple scales, national, local and global.
We’ll need to have a strategy to get attention and representation for drylands. I don´t think we
need scare tactics, like ‘invest in drylands or we´ll give you the jihad of your life’. I don´t agree with
Jeff Sachs that this will get us very far. Or ‘we’ll supply your slums and favelas with new hoards’, or
‘we’ll supply your forest frontiers with tree hungry settlers’. Those are all within the possible range
of tactics. But communication, images, and suffering have also not taken us very far. These have
generated emergency response. Amartya Sen observed that persistent hunger doesn´t generate
much of a response but famine does. We need to be able to pull back the threshold at which people
perceive and understand what is going on and are drawn to respond. But, I do not think it´s going
to happen in an atomistic, individualistic, bleeding-heart kind of fashion. It is going to happen when
governments band together to do something.
Development is occurring in drylands. We see it. There are many successful projects that have
been discussed in this meeting. Cities are growing and sometimes in a very positive way and other
times there are great difficulties around water supplies and effluents, but there is also economic
activity. Climate action needs to build on existing efforts, not only existing efforts in development
investment, but in analysis and research. The history of ideas should not be abandoned just because
the problem, climate change, is ostensibly new. Climate change is unprecedented, but that doesn’t
mean that people haven´t been experiencing fluctuation and change for the history of humanity.
That´s not new, and the changes we will experience, maybe at new scales, are not new. Perhaps we
need a new social science to deal with that, but we also need to take with us the old social science.
New strategies must enhance the typical efforts to pull people out of poverty. These are things that
we do have some experience with. Many international organizations do. These efforts have been
very difficult, in many ways often marginal in that effect. But we still need to be thinking about and
building on those efforts.
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As I went through the fifty sets of recommendations by participants in this meeting, I began
regrouping them. Many things that came up on those recommendations were classic. Education;
Many calls for infrastructure; Many calls to build assets and entitlements; Representation, voice,
participation – local, national and global; Local government conscientização; Global coordination
of drylands. So, there is a call for representation at multiple scales, including a call for a new global,
political, ecological coalition of drylands – maybe not heads the states, but something parallel
to international cities network or the international rivers network. People called for high-level
political leverage of some sort – like what exists in some conventions, but evidently it has not
been very effective. There are a number of calls for that scale of an intervention. So, voice is called
for and needed at every scale, along with some mechanisms by which to hold government and
representatives accountable.
Policy coordination was a frequent issue – extra-intra-sectoral cooperation came up. This issue of
sectors, like forestry, and other environmental sectors, is extremely important. Sectoral ministries in
most countries override other policies, ignore them because of the enormous material wealth that
they control and allocate. They do need to be coordinated, subjugated to political processes, in a
way that makes them serve the interest of people that they are ostensibly put in place for. And the
need for research came up in almost every panel, in almost every recommendation.
So how do we make all this happen? First, we call for greater representation and empowerment. I
don´t think we just produce these things. We do need to call for them loud and clear. The declaration
discussion this afternoon should focus on how to leverage change. We have technical solutions to
most climate and developing problems. Solutions are on the shelf. The effluents from cars being
driven in the United States are not a technical problem. The problem is not how to make Humvees
that can go 150 miles on a gallon of gas. The problem is how to get the idiots in the Humvees to drive
small cars. This is a social issue, it is not a technical one. Though there are people funding researches
to make big cars more efficient—while social science research remains gravely underfunded. So
we have lots of solutions to the problems we face in drylands. We need transformative pathways. I
don´t know how we will get to them. Calls for change are beginning. But how do we give some bite
to that bark? We need to be able to give leverage to the voices. So somehow we need some sharp
way of creating not just information flowing upward and evaporating, but information that has
hooks on it. We need some way to pull back down material goods, services and political responses.
This is the discussion I think we need today.
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What we heard this morning was an extremely rich set of presentations with recommendations.
What I saw in the one-pagers submitted by participants was even more in depth, with enormous
numbers of great ideas. We will not see all those ideas in the declaration of Fortaleza that this
conference is hammering out. It is a very general kind of document. But they will all be appended to
the declaration in one way or another; they will be present on the website. Those recommendations
are not going to disappear. So I just want to say that because, when we go from the specific
recommendations to a broad document, it may seem like so much is lost. But, in some ways, it
has to be. It’s an impossible task to include it all. So with that said I think we do have a draft that is
interesting and will provoke discussion in the afternoon when we´ll have time to think that through
and discuss it.
Thank you very much.
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Summary report of selected sessions
1. Synergy among the Rio Conventions
Chair: Ambassador Luiz Alberto Figueredo
Rapporteur: Sérguio Zelaya
Foto: ICID+
Conclusions and recommendations
Panelists from UNCDD, UNCBD, UNFCCC, WB, FAO and UNEP
The Plenary Session was chaired by Ambassador Luis Alberto Figueiredo Machado, of the Ministry
of Foreign Affairs, Brazil. Presenters and discussants were: the Executive Secretary of the UNCCD,
Luc Gnacadja, the Executive Secretary of the UNFCCC, Christiana Figueres (recorded message), a
representative of the CBD (Sergio Zelaya on behalf of the Executive Secretary Ahmed Djoglaf), the
Regional Director of UNEP in Latin America, Margarita Astrálaga, a representative of FAO, Nora
Berrahmouni, and a representative of the World Bank, Walter Vergara.
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The Plenary Session was held on August 17th, 2010. Exchanges were made in plenary format, after
keynote presentations by the presenters listed above. A summary of the main conclusions and
recommendations is included below.
Conclusions
1. Drylands are the LOCUS for synergy action on biodiversity conservation and climate change
mitigation and adaptation.
2. Sinergy in drylands must start with action aiming at the over a billion poor and vulnerable
men and women living in such areas.
3. International governance requires an even stronger coordination for more coherence and
effective attention on the inter-linkages within the legal mandate of each treaty. There are
some complexities for national and local governments in effectively acting coordinately
and complementarily on the three conventions, for example on the attendance of multiple
meetings and to actively participate in each of them. Institutional issues (capacities and
development) administrative costs, as well as requirements for separate reporting processes
are also complicated issues for coordination.
4. The achievement of synergy action is also complex maybe due to the segmentation and
compartmentalization of multiple ongoing processes , for example just within the biodiversity
cluster there are more than 150 related international agreements.
5. In drylands there already are priority issues that can be highlighted under synergy action,
such as poverty reduction / food security of vulnerable populations as a priority linked with
ecosystem resilience (water management / droughts, urbanization, biodiversity conservation,
adaptation and mitigation to climate change); these priorities include partnerships for
international cooperation (local, national, regional and international). Finally, it is important
to consistently address several emerging issues, among others, on capacity development,
coordinated research for science, policy development, on awareness creation, financing, on
regional aspects and on thematic issues such as migration and renewable energy.
6. There was agreement in the plenary session that synergy starts at the local level when local
communities, accompanied by Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) and especially integrated
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and coordinated action undertaken by national governments under the mandate of each
convention, increase coherent decision-making, resulting in increased capacity development,
identification of investment frameworks, improved networking and better positioning at the
international negotiation of each agreement.
7.
The coordinated implementation of the Rio conventions can strengthen the identified
advantages for an in-line approach; participants highlighted the forthcoming negotiations
(2010-2011) of climate change and biodiversity, focusing on the resulting schemes for
adaptation, the extension of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), and on the
biodiversity targets. Forest and forestry issues were highlighted as key themes for synergy
action, especially but not only under REDD+, being negotiated within the climate change
process. Other opportunities that can be harnessed are: the joint approach to institutional
support at the local / national / regional levels for common or harmonized reporting and
to the implementation of UNCCD NAPs and UNFCCC NAPAS as well as with UNCBD’s
NBSAPs, on SLM-related issues, through pilot exercises for drawing lessons that could be
thereafter replicated. Some operational level mechanisms to achieve progress in delivering
more effectively on common issues can be provided by, for example, the joint work
programme on drylands between UNCBD and UNCCD and the work of the Joint Liaison
Group (JLG) which gathers the three executive secretaries of the Rio conventions, just to
mention a few of them.
Recommendations
1. The parties to the Rio conventions, their secretariats and other bodies of such conventions
could combine their efforts in the effective design and implementation of policies in
common areas by addressing the vulnerability issue in drylands; the financial aspects (resource
mobilization and recognition of investment opportunities that drylands offer) (for example the
new financial architecture for adaptation as well as mitigation [CDM] to climate change and
biodiversity targets) can help to harness synergy initiatives that support common objectives
through differentiated approaches, focusing – as mentioned in the panel - in dryland areas.
2. As climate change is expected to continue exacerbating biodiversity loss and land
degradation processes, thus accelerating the desertification processes, adaptation measures
that address vulnerability must be at the forefront of the science-based policy decisions and
implementation of the the three conventions, including information exchange, networking
and knowledge management for sustainable investments in drylands.
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3. Nevertheless the recognition of the priorities on climate change adaptation, in drylands there
are also opportunities for climate change mitigation that could be harnessed by reducing
green house gas emissions (carbon sequestration) through joint action in drylands, including
the business sector, and the development of trade and market schemes that include drylands.
4. The secretariats of the Rio conventions must continue and strengthen their roadmap of
common action suggested in the panel, to effectively address common issues at the
respective COPs, at other international meetings, such as the MDGs in NY, and towards
Rio+20 among other coming meetings.
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2. Latin American and the Caribbean Dialogue Table
Foto: ICID+
Sustainable Development in Drylands: combating Desertification and Promoting
Adaptation to Climate Change
Rapporteurs:
Francisco Brzovic Parilo, Regional Advisor for South America, Global Mechanism of the UNCCD.
Alexandrina Sobreira de Moura, General Coordinator of Environmental Studies, Joaquim Nabuco
Foundation.
Scope
During the ICID+18, developed in Fortaleza on 18 August 2002, government officials and
international representatives of academia and civil society organizations in Latin America and
the Caribbean, met in a Regional Dialogue Table convened by the Coordinating Committee of
the Conference and the Facilitation of the GM-UNCCD and ECLAC. The Dialogue Table was
chaired by Octavio Pérez Pardo, from the Secretariat of Environment of Argentina. Throughout
the meeting, a range of topics related to sustainable development of drylands in the light of
the combat of desertification, land degradation and the effects of drought and climate change
adaptation were discussed. It was agreed to raise a shared vision on these issues, which were
considered relevant by the Dialogue Table.
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Topics covered and recommendations
a) Messages proposed by the Dialogue Table
In a first phase of this Regional Dialogue, participants made an initial approach to what should be the
core messages that the Declaration of Fortaleza should incorporate, and these are summarized below:
•
Global Change, recognizing that there is change before and beyond the climate and
biophysical change.
•
Land and poverty, two central elements in sustainable development of drylands.
•
Food sovereignty, in promoting food security of local populations.
•
Integrated local development, resting in unified development strategies of the territory.
•
The UNCCD as a core strategy of governance and sustainable development, a Convention to
Combat Desertification strengthened and energized through an implementation protocol,
and an independent intergovernmental panel (like the IPCC).
•
Convergence of trade and competitiveness with sustainable land management, in the
sense that trade and competitiveness must be compatible with sustainable development
of drylands.
b) Relevant issues and recommendations
I.
The UNCCD as a tool for sustainable development of drylands
It has been recognized that the UNCCD is probably the most effective instrument to attain
sustainable development and human survival in arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid areas, in the
present and in future scenarios where, predictably, the lands under these conditions will expand as
a consequence of climate change.
It has also been recognized that the Convention, in a wider perspective, beyond combating
desertification and mitigating the effects of drought, and also through sustainable land management,
is a tool for adaptation to climate change in the rural sector of drylands.
Finally, it was considered an imperative to accept that the current precarious living conditions that a
significant fraction of the population of drylands is facing represent a major barrier to national and
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global efforts to reduce poverty, food insecurity, migration processes of the rural poor, and to attain
the Millennium Development Goals. Climate change will exacerbate this situation.
The UNCCD can become the main international agreement that can effectively contribute to
such initiatives.
It is recommended to:
•
strengthen the implementation process of the UNCCD through the implementation of a
protocol setting out commitments for all Parties;
•
recognize the mandate of the UNCCD as the broader international agreement to deal in an
integrated way with all mentioned socio-economic and rural issues, desertification in the
drylands, and the impacts of climate change.
II. The gap between science and technology and the decisions on public policies
Weaknesses have been recognized in the communication of scientific knowledge, including
traditional and local knowledge, to government decision makers. Also, there are weaknesses in the
access systems and in the transfer and adoption of technologies by farmers, particularly in drylands.
Moreover, it appears that not always scientific research and technological development properly
take into account local needs.
It is recommended to:
•
expand and create dialogue instances directed to bring together relevant stakeholders
so as to influence the prevailing decision schemes, creating appropriate mechanisms and
formalizing agreements with the aim of improving the flow of communications relative to
conservation and sustainable development of drylands, from the scientific community to
government authorities at local, regional and global levels, incorporating locally relevant
traditional knowledge and practices;
•
strengthen regional proposals, including the "Latin American and Caribbean Initiative on
Science and Technology (ILACT)”, and promoting new networks in science and technology;
•
strengthen and promote programs oriented to the access, the transfer and the adoption
of technologies.
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III. The difficulties to improve synergies among related strategies and programs and
its consequences
The scope of multilateral environmental agreements
Despite efforts being made to promote synergies among international multilateral environmental
agreements, no significant progress has been made.
It is recommended to:
•
accelerate current initiatives to promote synergies between multilateral environmental
agreements, recognizing their distinct mandates;
•
promote the harmonization of national action programs, particularly among the national
action programs related to the implementation of the UNCCD and to the adaptation to
climate change.
The scope of national strategies
Moreover, it has also been noted the insufficient integration of strategies and programs at national
and sub-national levels driving to loss of synergies and to duplication of efforts, competition among
programs for technical and financial resources, and weak local governance, including a lack of active
participation of local governments and civil society organizations.
It is recommended to:
•
promote land use planning at the national level as well as harmonization of public policies
with effects on the sustainability of lands and ecosystems;
•
promote, as far as possible, the unified management of programs involving the same territory
and the same population.
IV. The asymmetries between multilateral environmental agreements and international
agreements on trade, and market access limitations
A dissociation has been observed between the international negotiations on trade and the
commitments under MEAs, as well as between the directives issued by national and international
agencies associated with such negotiations and agreements.
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In particular, the existence of limitations on market access and trade in products of the dry areas of
affected countries has been highlighted.
It is recommended to:
•
ensure that trade negotiations consider the notion of sustainable development as reflected
in the commitments made under the multilateral environmental agreements;
•
strengthen and promote the capabilities present in the affected areas as well as develop and
ensure market access of products produced in these areas.
V. Resource mobilization to combat desertification, mitigate the effects of drought and
adapt to climate change
The need for mechanisms and / or protocols in the scope of the UNCCD aimed at increasing the flow
of financial resources has been recognized, including new and additional resources for investment in
the drylands of developing affected countries. An increased financial flow for the implementation of
UNCCD national action programs would influence more effectively national and local economies.
It was highlighted that a proposal for a Regional Financial Strategy has been adopted (April 2010)
by the Forum of Ministers of the Environment of Latin America and the Caribbean aimed precisely
to increase the availability of financial resources for sustainable land management, including the
increase of governmental budgets with these purposes.
It is recommended to:
•
develop, implement and strengthen, as appropriate, sub-regional platforms and financial
strategies that have been promoted within the framework of the UNCCD, to implement
integrated investment frameworks;
•
favor the effective implementation of the Regional Financial Strategy for Latin America and
the Caribbean that was approved by the XVII Meeting of the Forum of Ministers of the
Environment of Latin America and the Caribbean, and promote similar initiatives in other
regions.
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Foto: ICID+
3. África: Climate, Sustainability and Development in Semi-Arid
Regions
Preamble
Land degradation, loss of biodiversity and climate change are major challenges across semi-arid
and arid lands in Africa. The interaction among these environmental challenges are affecting the
attainment of the UN Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and threaten to convery poverty,
hunger, food insecurity and disease epidemics. The cost of adaptation to climate change is huge
and there is need for adequate resources to be allocated to climate change adaptation in semi-arid
regions at both national and international levels.
The contributors listed below participated and presented papers in various thematic panels
and provide the following recommendations as their contribution to the ICID+18 declaration of
Fortaleza.
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Climate information and data management
•
There is need to support, monitor and collate climate data from various data centres. A
network of climate data modelling, analysis and dissemination centres should be created,
equipped and supported across the dryland regions.
•
For effective adaptation among small holder farming communities, localised climate
information including localised seasonal forecasts should be provided.
•
There is need for effective monitoring of climate change adaptation as a basis for scaling up
national policy.
Pastoralist support systems
•
The indigenous system should be integrated with at the modern system to enhance communities’
adaptive capacity. These traditional/indigenous knowledge systems need to be rehabilitated
and synthesised wherever they exist; and integrated into climate change adaptation plans.
•
Policies should recognize the importance and relevance of pastoral production systems as
means of livelihood and there should be investment in alternative livelihoods for pastoralists.
•
Development of arid environments need to consider pastoral mobility and flexibility which
are key aspects of coping and adapting to climate change: where communities are mobile
they should not be disrupted.
•
There is need for continuous support to programs that incorporate water harvesting into
country policies in the arid and semi-arid areas in order to curb interruption of lives to
affected communities during long dry spells.
Coping and adaptation
•
Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) from Indigenous Knowledge (IK) need to be protected and
fair benefits distribution systems need to be put in place.
•
There is need to stop the loss of rich climatically adapted plant material and livestock breeds
in the semi-arid areas.
•
Ecosystem management and catchment protection are required to maintain continuous
coupling of local systems that drives the local climate.
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Knowledge based research
•
There is urgent need for knowledge based research on climate science, scenario, vulnerability
and impacts for drylands.
•
There is need for technology transfer and capacity building on African innovation for
adaptation in drylands.
Education and capacity building
•
There is need to develop evidence based knowledge for effective decision making in climate
change mitigation and adaptation.
•
The conventional learning environment should make space for the traditional/indigenous
learning to continue.
•
There is need for an ongoing process for communities to be supported to progress with
initiatives related to climate change adaptation.
•
Capacity building and development are crucial for addressing climate risk particularly at local
level, while disaster risk management requires urgent attention to reduce extreme weather
events in urban environments such as flooding, droughts and others.
•
There is need to promote capacity development of dryland regions in carbon credit
financing from soil carbon sequestration, which are not benefiting from the REDD/REDD
plus schemes.
Indigenous knowledge systems
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•
There is need to recognise that communities have a thriving traditional/indigenous
knowledge that is best attuned to them and this should be integrated in research approaches
and in policy making.
•
There is need to move from the school of thought that emphasizes the movement of
communities to areas where they can be integrated.
•
There is need to recognize that the way pastoralists are living is best suited to them and that
they have a right to receive information and social amenities where they live.
•
Use of adapted genotypes (genetic materials) from arid lands should acknowledge such
origin and embrace fair benefit sharing.
A drylands call for action
Declaration of Fortaleza
Networking in communities of practice
•
A forum should be established whereby issues of drylands are discussed and information
is exchanged among policy makers, researchers and academicians and relayed to the
communities in understandable form.
•
E-Learning for the stakeholders should be promoted and facilitated to improve information
sharing and bringing common grounds for Climate change adaptation and control.
•
Communities of practice in climate change education and research are important in
fostering sustained and situated learning for climate change adaptation. It is therefore critical
to mobilize and channel funding to national and regional drylands and semi-arid networks
for capacity building, material development, case study development and expansion in
pastoralists/ farming policy.
Policy issues
•
Support for markets creation and accessing fair trade standards so that these communities
can benefit from the premiums and hence improve their living conditions.
•
There is need for localised instruments that link national to global policies, provide incentives
for green technologies and harness diverse adaptation options in energy, environmental,
financial, technical, human capacity and technological targets.
•
There is need for capacity enhancement in African citizens’ engagement in the climate
change agenda, negotiation of international instruments and access to adaptation finance.
•
There is a need for an inclusive and participatory rural development planning approach that
truly benefits inhabitants of dryland regions.
•
The African team strongly proposes climate justice and that the developed world meets
its commitment from the Kyoto Protocol both on emission targets and on the financing mechanism.
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Foto: ICID+
4. Parliamentary Dialogue – ICID+18
Introduction
During the ICID+18, Representatives of Parliaments from several countries met in Fortaleza, in
different meetings, with members of civil society, academia and the United Nations system. They
discussed issues concerning the drylands of the world and came out with a set of recommendations
to enhance the participation of Parliaments in the discussions and decision processes to assure a
higher national and international priority to issues and opportunities concerning these regions.
The meetings were organized by the Brazilian Senate and the Parliament of the Southern Common
Market (MERCOSUL) and chaired by Senators Inacio Arruda (Brazil), Maria Elena (Uruguay), and
Federal Deputy Edson Duarte. José Roberto de Lima, from ICID, José Roberto da Silva Fonseca
(Advisor to the Brazilian Senate), Carlos Décimo Parliamentary Assistant), formed the Organizing
Committee. Representatives of the Conventions on Climate Change, Biological Diversity and
Combating Desertification, the Global Mechanism, and other UN agencies, such as United Nations
Environment Programme (UNEP), Economic Commission for Latin America (ECLA) and United
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Declaration of Fortaleza
Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), participated in the discussions. Rapporteurs
were Silvio Sant´Anna, from Esquel Brasil Foundation, Francisco Eugênio Arcanjo, from the Brazilian
Senate. Margarita Astralaga, from UNEP, and Elena Abraham, from IADIZA (Argentina), were
invited speakers.
Civil society
Participants recognized that civil society organizations have played a part in implementing the
Rio Conventions, especially in strengthening the Convention to Combat Desertification. Social
organizations have sought to establish synergies between environmental conventions through
integrated actions. These actions require the support of public policies that spring from government
decisions and legislation. The dialogue between parliamentarians and actors from the civil society
discussed institutional issues pertaining to the participation of nongovernmental organizations on
policies for sustainable development of arid and semi-arid regions.
United Nations System
This table discussed the fragility and effectiveness of international policies directed to the dry
regions, the problems of implementing the Rio Conventions, the different treatments accorded
by the development institutions, the low priority given to the dry regions by various international
organizations and the prospects for the future.
Academia
This dialogue between parliamentarians and the scientists aimed to discuss the advancement
of science in matters relating to the sustainable development of drylands, with the purpose of
identifying issues, trends, causes, consequences and solutions to problems such as the advance of
desertification and land degradation, as well as the climate change scenarios, which will have more
impact on these dry regions, and the relationship and the use of the findings in the scientific agenda
about desertification.
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Parliamentary declaration
In 1992, the first International Conference on Impacts of Climate Variation and Sustainable
Development in Semi-arid Regions (ICID 92) was held in Fortaleza, to provide scientific inputs on
the ecological and social conditions of all semi-arid regions of the world to the United Nations
Conference on Environment and Development (Rio 92). The ICID 1992 provided the rationale for
the decision to create the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification and Mitigating
the Effects of Drought (UNCCD), that was signed on June 17, 1994, in Paris. The UNCCD came into
force in 1996 and is currently signed by 193 countries.
Along with the Convention on Biological Diversity and the Convention on Climate Change, the
Convention to Combat Desertification is part of the Rio family of UN Conventions. It was the last
of the three to be signed, and this helped to make it more complete and to incorporate innovations
and specific characteristics. It reaffirms the principles and objectives of the three Rio Conventions,
and makes them more operational and with more efficacy. Another specificity is the importance
it gives to the non-governmental organizations. It is the only convention that requires the direct
participation of the organized civil society and of the peoples that are directly impacted by the
processes of environmental degradation and desertification.
On the other hand, the Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) is the less appealing
of the three conventions, because it works mainly with poor areas and their development. The
States Parties and the UN up to now have failed to implement a serious and safe dynamics for this
convention. After almost two decades, there has been failure to implement its agenda. And with
this lack of priority, 30% of the population remain forgotten.
Studies conducted globally, such as the IPCC, indicate that the arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid
areas, because they are more fragile, will be most adversely affected by climate change.
On the other hand, these areas have important answers for mankind. The resilience of people
and species embodies a wealth of information and knowledge that is important for sustainable
development.
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With regard to aspects of governance, the participation of the politicians has been active, but
it requires clear actions that impact on the territory and on the affected populations within a
reasonable timeframe.
We must consider that researchers, that are in general more thoughtful, need to acquire certainties
that usually require longer periods of time. Both researchers and politicians need support, but the
support to the politician comes from the popular vote, while to the researchers it comes from the
approval of their peers and from obtaining financing.
The UNCCD has created the Committee on Science and Technology (CST), but has not facilitated
the genuine participation of representatives of the academia. This sector has been indirectly present
through ad hoc groups or by invitation of international agencies and/or NGOs, but remains excluded
from the process in a more organic way, and thus the generation of knowledge remains fragmented
and disjointed.
On the other hand, scientists should also make a self-assessment, since in many cases they exclude
themselves from the decision-making processes and have little willingness to participate in the
process of solving problems. A science that consists only of scientific articles, distant from reality,
does not contribute, at least in the short term, to solve problems. Similarly, a science that emphasizes
partial or specialized approaches makes difficult the apprehension of the complexity of the processes
of desertification, which requires an integrated approach.
Action should not be separated from knowledge. Researchers, social representatives and decision
makers are not opposites, but complementary and should work together.
The Parliamentary Dialogue at ICID+18 considered that:
•
There is a clear weakness of synergy among the environmental conventions of the United
Nations, particularly among the Rio agreements;
•
Climate change will affect the arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid zones more than any
other region;
•
Concern with desertification should not be attributed to just one sector, institution or
government, but to all institutions, private or public;
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•
Governments act more in the short term, pressed by immediate interests, therefore the
parliament could be the place to think beyond the immediate short term interests;
•
Civil society and researchers have been losing political capacity in general, not just in the
environmental area, but the accumulation of knowledge, experience and leadership held by
these actors is relevant to the development of synergic actions regarding the implementation
of the Rio Conventions;
•
One cause of loss of capacity for action of NGOs is the deficiency of the regulatory
framework, which opens space for the parliament to improve this legislation;
•
The sector of science and technology, although housed in a scientific committee of the
UNCCD, has not had yet a relevant participation in the discussion and implementation of
the agenda of desertification.
The Parliamentary Dialogue at ICID+18 recommended:
VI. Improving the legal framework and strengthening the role of NGOs.
•
Environmental policies should have agendas of complementarity and respect for
differences. Conflicts can be negotiated through this perspective and complementary
actions between sectors will have better results;
•
Notwithstanding the already differentiated role of civil society organizations in the
Convention to Combat Desertification, it is important to strengthen such participation
and make it more effective;
•
There are attempts to discriminate the action of organizations by restricting funding
mechanisms. This is an area to be addressed;
•
Need for continuation of activities undertaken by non-governmental organizations.
•
That civil society works even more closely to parliaments and seek to promote dialogue
between scientists and affected populations.
•
Valuing non-governmental organizations working on territorial bases.
VII. Strengthening public policies and regulatory measures.
116
•
Incorporate in public policies measures envisaged by the UNCCD and by National Programs.
•
Include scientific information in public policies to combat desertification and to
promote development of arid and semi-arid lands.
•
Foster legislation to put the agenda for combating desertification as a national priority.
•
Develop legislation allowing public agencies to work closer to communities.
•
Develop policies that value centrally farmers and rural producers.
A drylands call for action
Declaration of Fortaleza
•
Review limits and controls to the right to private property in ecologically sensitive areas.
•
Develop policies that put social technologies to serve people and communities.
•
Give priority to policies and activities of dissemination and information, as well as to
the agenda of combating desertification along with all stakeholders, public and private.
•
Assure that the agenda of combating desertification pervade all policies, including
mainly agricultural policies.
•
Create and foster database of social technologies related to populations of semi-arid
regions, with protection of community rights on such knowledge.
•
Value traditional knowledge and biological diversity typical of semi-arid regions.
•
Foster legislation on land use management.
•
Create mechanism to facilitate the dissemination of successful experiences for the most
needy regions.
•
Strengthen institutions for social inclusion in governments and civil society.
•
Enable adequate legislation on social technologies.
VIII. Assuring the role of Parliaments as forums for fundamental institutional issues and
dissemination of information on desertification.
•
Create and stimulate regional or thematic parliamentary forums, to assist in the
creation and implementation of public policies to combat desertification, especially the
democratization of information and programs.
•
Expand institutional mechanisms for democratic participation. It is important for
parliaments to expand their direct participation.
•
Make strategic decisions that lead to the conservation of natural resources.
•
Support the implementation of the Rio+20 Conference in 2012.
IX. Assuring the Importance of the Convention to Combat Desertification and Synergy
among the Rio Conventions
•
The conventions are compartmentalized in the global and national level. This creates
loss, duplication of efforts, and competition for financial and technical resources;
•
The UN system should integrate its actions on semi-arid regions that relate to all three
conventions. At the local level there is no perception of different conventions, so the
different UN agencies should act in coordination with national and local level institutions;
•
Parliaments of the nations that are part of the Rio Conventions could have a central
role in drafting regulations that incorporate the priority of the communities in semi-arid
Part IV. Summary report of selected sessions
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regions. The Rio+20 will represent an opportunity for regional bodies such as Mercosur
to demonstrate its consistent action of a normative framework that does justice to 20
years of the signature of the conventions;
•
Enormous resources are allocated to support the international financial sector and
almost nothing to the mechanisms of multilateral environmental mechanisms;
•
It is necessary to balance the institutional framework provided to the Rio Conventions,
both in international organizations and in national governments;
•
It is necessary to enhance democratization and popular participation of the UNCCD and
its mechanisms, regarding the affected populations, preferably in the sub-national level;
•
The agenda of the Rio+20 should include a space of at least three days to discuss issues
related to sustainable development of arid and semi-arid regions.
X. Reviewing the role of the scientific sector in the agenda on combating desertification
118
•
Review the scientific sector participation in combating desertification and climate
change. The sector must be empowered and trained to respond to urgent needs as well;
•
Transfer knowledge to local communities in places affected by desertification and poverty;
•
Collaborate to build a technical-scientific sector capable of meeting the demands of
society, committed to their problems, while respecting the contributions and needs
of local populations in a participatory process of knowledge generation, capable of
going deep in their subjects but also to develop new interdisciplinary contributions, in
addition to practicing the democratization of knowledge;
•
Capacitate policy makers trained to address the planning processes of knowledge
generation in the short, medium and long term;
•
Bring science to the semi-arid regions, with the establishment of research centers and
training closer to areas of need;
•
Organize and make available the existing knowledge and put it where it needs to be at
the disposition of farmers.
A drylands call for action
Declaration of Fortaleza
5.
Platform on Social Technologies
Foto: ICID+
To conserve biodiversity and address desertification in context of climate change
Representatives of Brazilian civil society organizations, members of academic institutions in Brazil, Spain and
Canada, producer associations, aid agencies and networks, and forums linking social and environmental
organizations, met at the Dialogue Table on "Social Technologies in Community Processes to Combat
Desertification in the Context of Climate Change," during the Second International Conference on
Climate, Sustainability and Development in Semi-arid Regions – ICID+18 meeting in Fortaleza, Brazil, from
16 to 20 August 2010. The Dialogue Table was organised by the Association of Maranhão for the
Conservation of Nature - AMAVIDA, under the coordination of João Otávio Malheiros. Rapporteurs
were Murilo Sérgio Drummond and Clarissa Lobato da Costa. Participants proposed the promotion
of the following Social Technologies Platform, to formulate and support actions, projects and programs
expressing four fundamental components:
•
To undertake and strengthen actions designed to conserve biodiversity and use natural
resources sustainably;
•
To make viable adaptation, as a top priority, in communities which are vulnerable to the
effects of climate change caused by global warming, by means of participatory processes;
•
To consider that the principal (though not the only) effect of the climate crisis is the expansion of areas that are undergoing desertification in our regions and countries in all
Part IV. Summary report of selected sessions
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continents, and for that reason the mutually-reinforcing actions of the three conventions
arising from Rio- must converge to reduce the rate of land degradation, loss of agricultural land and natural sources across the planet.
•
To recognize and reaffirm the important role that entities and institutions which produce
Social Technology have played in facilitating the process of coping with areas undergoing
the effects of climate change and desertification.
We reaffirm the concept that we have been building since 2001, in a process that has resulted in
the creation of the Brazilian Social Technologies and Innovation Forum - a network of civil society
organizations which names as “social” the type of technology that fulfills four dimensions:
Knowledge, science and technology: social problems are the starting point. Social technology is
organized and systematic; it introduces and drives innovation in communities.
Participation, citizenship and democracy: Social Technology promotes democracy and citizenship; it relies on participatory methodologies; it seeks inclusion and accessibility.
Education: Social Technology carries out a full educational process; it develops in a dialogue between scientific and local knowledge, so that the community produces and takes ownership of
understanding and ideas.
Social Relevance: Social Technology is effective in solving social problems; it is environmentally
sustainable and leads to social transformation.
For the creation of an environment that is not hostile to synergistic strategies on biodiversity,
desertification and climate, that values social technology for its practical applications, and that views
community processes as a means and communities as an end, we underscore the urgency of the
following measures to be taken by all involved:
120
•
Strengthening of civil society institutions, by training and by facilitating access to public and
private resources that are in unity with this Platform;
•
Increased commitment of scientific institutions to innovation and development of social
technologies, with appropriate areas of research on strategic dialogue between local community
knowledge in areas affected by and vulnerable to the climate crisis, and scientific knowledge;
•
Effective exercising of their environmental and social responsibilities by enterprises of all sizes,
starting with the largest (for example), through actions which go beyond marketing and
educational campaigns, but in essence which shape the response capacity of communities
and their sustainable development, starting in the place where they live;
A drylands call for action
Declaration of Fortaleza
•
Debureaucratization and streamlining, with decreases in response times between the
formulation and implementation of public policies and private planning for the synergistic
actions of government and international organizations, as well as for the transfer of
government funds and resources for civil society actions inspired by this PLATFORM.
•
Insertion of the fight against desertification and prolonged droughts into the political
agenda of governments, translating this into political and budgetary commitments, and a
priority in international negotiations.
We emphasize therefore that:
•
Current funding and control measures restrict practices and actions due to excessive
bureaucratic requirements, delays in release of funds, and little commitment to the purposes
for which activities are proposed. The lines of financing and transfer of resources for the
dissemination of social technologies and innovation should adopt, from their conception
to their evaluation, innovative control technologies which favor the success of programs
and actions arising from the policies adopted by civil institutions, business, and local and
national, regional and international governments.
•
The current legislation on research, development and application of technology does not
address the specific characteristics and key dimensions of social technologies, namely those
that are not restricted to the development of purely scientific knowledge or guided solely by
market objectives; such legislation should therefore urgently be improved.
•
The academic means for research and development of technologies and innovations are
excessively devoted to market values, which produce at one end the advancement of
knowledge, and at the other the exclusion of its benefits, especially for those who are most
vulnerable to the processes of loss of biodiversity and natural resources, and the poorest
communities which are the worst affected by climate crisis and the advance of desertification.
For these reasons, we call on all members of the ICID+18 Conference to vigorously support this
Platform of social technologies, and refer to it in building their present and future practice.
We expect from all what we demand of ourselves: a proactive attitude and a sense of urgency in action,
to address first the needs of the most vulnerable communities who are thus the most intensely affected
by climate change, through innovative solutions which have social technologies as intervention tools.
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122
Association of Agriculture Popular Movement – AMAP
Josimar Coelho Neto
Beekeepers Association and Meliponinae Pernambuco – APIME
Alexandre Jorge Pimentel Moura
Producers' Association for Sustainable Development – APAEB
Liliane Oliveira Santana
Maranhense Association for Conservation of Nature – AMAVIDA
João Otavio Malheiros
Banco Palmas
Sandra Magalhães
Barca
Silvio Barone
Support Centre for Development of Family Agriculture – Terra Viva
Paul Segundo e Silva
Forest Technology Centre of Catalonia
Evelyn Chaves Jaén
Federation of Rural Workers of Rio Grande do Norte – FETARN
Francisco de Assis Araujo
Esquel Brazil Group Foundation
Silvio Rocha Sant'Anna
Institute Native Bees – IAN
Rafael Cabral Borges
Institute of Social Technologies – ITS
Gerson da Silva Guimaráes
Echo Institute for Citizenship – ECOAR
Miriam Duailibi
Federal Institute of Maranhão – IFMA
Clarissa Lobato da Costa
SOS Gilbués
Fabriciano da Cunha Neto Corado
Universidad de Murcia
Maria Julia Martínez Fernández
Federal University of Maranhão – UFMA
Murilo Sergio Drummond
World Vision
John the Evangelist Jose dos Santos
York University
Dawn Rose Ann Bazely, Patrícia Elaine
Perkins
Part V. Concluding remarks: the
Drylands and the Rio+20
A drylands call for action
Declaration of Fortaleza
The Drylands and the Rio+20
Foto: CGEE
Antonio Rocha Magalhães, Director of ICID+18
Betina Ferraz Barbosa
José Roberto de Lima
This volume contains the main political statements and presentations made during the ICID+18
Conference, in Fortaleza. Together, they confirm the “raison d'être” of the Conference: to call the
attention of the world to the special circumstances faced by the peoples of the Drylands, to
assemble contributions from scholars and policy makers from all interested parties in the world, to
update and deepen the knowledge of the challenges and potentialities pertaining to the drylands,
and to provide a set of recommendations to policy makers in order to assure high priority by all
parties in regard to the sustainable development of those regions.
In his message to the ICID participants, Mr. Ban Ki-moon, Secretary General of the United Nations,
showed why the world should pay more attention to the Drylands: they are the home to 2 billion
people, the majority living under extreme conditions of poverty (in reality, most of the poverty
of the world dwell in the drylands), with processes that lead to further impoverishment of their
Part V. Concluding remarks: the Drylands and the Rio+20
125
natural resources, with land degradation and desertification, and all of this being a cause for major
pressures for outmigration. That is why the United Nations General Assembly decided to dedicate
the present decade (2011-2020) to the theme of deserts and the fight against desertification. The
United Nations Decade on Deserts and the Fight Against Desertification (UNCDD) was officially
launched during the ICID+18. In Ban Ki-moon´s words, “Desertification and land degradation are
global problems that require a global response”.
Ban Ki-moon´s message was reinforced by other messages and statements from the Executive
Secretaries of the three Rio Conventions. Mr. Luc Gnacadja, of the UNCCD, called the attention
to the potentialities of the drylands, which are responsible for 50% of the world´s livestock, 44% of
all cultivated systems and one third of all crops. Ms. Christiana Figueres, of the UNFCCC, focused
on the vulnerability of the drylands to climate change, the potential for adaptation and mitigation
and the synergies among the three conventions to jointly address the problems of climate change,
protection of biodiversity and combat to desertification. And Mr. Ahmed Djoghlaf, of the UNCBD,
showed that the problems faced by the three conventions are linked to common solutions, that is,
common effective policies that will help to combat desertification, protect biodiversity and mitigate
and adapt to climate change. All agreed on the importance of working together in order to reach the
common objectives of the three conventions, help in the process of achievement of the Millennium
Development Goals and promote sustainable development in the drylands and elsewhere.
These points were, in one way or another, reinforced by other speakers in the plenary of ICID, such
as the Ambassador of the United Kingdom to Brazil, Alan Charlton, and the President of the French
Institute for Development Research (IRD), Michel Laurent. The Vice Minister of Environment of
Brazil focused on the Brazilian Semi-arid region and advocated that in order to assure priority for this
region “we need a political decision beyond technical matters”. The Governor of the state of Ceará,
Cid Ferreira Gomes, who hosted the Conference, reaffirmed the right of the drylands to sustainable
development and mentioned the opportunity provided by the Rio+20 as the right place to discuss
these matters.
The same line of reasoning was followed by the keynote speakers. Jeffrey Sachs, from the Earth
Institute at the University of Columbia and Special Advisor to the UN Secretary General, went
further to make specific suggestions in regard to assurance of more priority to the arid, semi-arid
and sub-humid lands. He recommended that the ICID participants should “convey the message
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Declaration of Fortaleza
powerfully and clearly that the climate crisis in the semi-arid and arid lands is a growing global
security challenge and a direct threat to the MDGs”, and because of this we should “try together to
have a UN Security Council meeting on the drylands”. Professor Sachs strongly recommended that
we “work together to try to form an alliance of political leadership in the drylands”, with the leaders
of the main drylands countries, and fight for the implementation of the polluter pays principle, in
the form of a carbon levee by country, in order to finance adaptation and mitigation to climate
change in the poor countries. He recommended dryland countries to take profit of the potential for
renewable energy in their territories. Finally, he recommended that we should get better at global
public awareness and “target the information to national and local political leaders”.
Ignacy Sachs, of the Research Center on Contemporary Brazil, in France, emphasized that “we must
confront in our plans two simultaneous challenges”: climate change and what he called the “poverty
scandal”, and we should strive for “three-win solutions” that are socially inclusionary, environmentally
sustainable and economically viable. In this respect, he underlined the importance of the Rio+20 Summit.
Jesse Ribot highlighted major aspects of the ICID and called the attention to the need to better
understand vulnerability, give more attention to the question of representation and empowerment
and foster development strategies that address the problems of poverty that characterize the drylands.
This volume also includes the main recommendations from some special sessions, focusing on
the importance of joint work of the three Rio conventions to take profit from the possibilities of
synergies among them. Specific recommendations were also made in Dialogue Tables addressing
the special conditions of Latin America and the Caribbean, the African countries, the Parliaments of
the Dryland countries, and the important contribution of the civil society.
Finally, the Declaration of Fortaleza (Part I of this publication) which was discussed and approved
in plenary by the participants of the ICID+18, represents the consensus of the researchers, policy
makers and representatives of civil society, public sector and private sector, on the main messages
that we need to take to the world in regard to the challenges and potentialities of the dryland
regions. These are important regions because of their significance in terms of area, population, social
conditions, environmental challenges and their contribution to food security and the economy of
Part V. Concluding remarks: the Drylands and the Rio+20
127
the world. The political representation of the drylands falls behind their real importance. There will
be no safe world without the sustainable development of the drylands.
The Declaration of Fortaleza starts by recognizing that the drylands contain the largest
concentration of poverty and the greatest pressures on the natural resources of the world, such as
water and biodiversity. It then calls for political, sustained commitment of all parties – countries and
international organizations, as well as organizations of civil society, private sector and the academia to actions and to provide additional resources to the development of the Drylands. It also highlights
the fact that drylands present many opportunities for sustainable development. And finally it offers
a set of 25 recommendations that should be considered by every country and every national or
international institution in order to concretely support the sustainable development of the drylands.
The last recommendation reminds everyone of the “urgency to respond to current and emerging
climate, development and sustainability challenges and opportunities in drylands”.
It is fundamental, then, that the theme of the drylands, their challenges as well as their potentialities,
be adequately treated in the next United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (UNCCD),
the Rio+20. It is important that the question of the drylands be incorporated in the decisions that
will be taken during the Rio+20, and that the pos-Rio+20 brings more voice, representation and
actual priority to the cause of the peoples living in these regions. The recommendations that
stemmed from the ICID participants offer important points that should be taken into account in
the Rio+20 processes and decisions.
The three objectives of the UNCSD are fundamental for the arid, semi-arid and sub-humid areas, as
the drylands are defined by the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification, the UNCCD.
These objectives are:
a) secure renewed political commitment for the sustainable development;
b) assess the progress to date and the remaining gaps in the implementation of the outcomes of
the major summits on sustainable development, since the Rio ; and
c) address new and emerging challenges.
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With these objectives in mind, the two main themes of the Rio+20 are also the themes that need
to be considered for the drylands:
a) promote the green economy in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication, and
b) improve the institutional framework for sustainable development.
In the Rio+20, we expect that progress will be achieved in regard to the objectives and themes
above mentioned for the benefit of life on the planet. As the drylands contain 40% of the whole
land area of the planet, 30% of its population and the majority of the existing poverty, there will
be no sustainable planet if the specific challenges of the drylands are not faced, and if the specific
potentialities presented by the drylands are not promoted. There will not be a sustainable world it
the development of the drylands is not sustainable.
Part V. Concluding remarks: the Drylands and the Rio+20
129
Annex
1. List of acronyms
2. Conference program
Annex I. List of acronyms
A drylands call for action
Declaration of Fortaleza
List of acronyms
ABC Brazilian Cooperation Agency
AMAVIDA Maranhense Association for Conservation
INPE National Institute of Space Research
INSA National Institute of the Semi-Arid
of Nature
ANA Water National Agency
APAEB Producer's Association for Sustainable
Development
APIME Beekeepers Association and Meliponinae
Pernambuco
IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and
Development
BNB Bank of Northeast Brazil
CDS/UnB Center for Sustainable Development
CGEE Center of Strategic Studies and Management
COP Conference of the Parties
DfID United Kingdom Department for
International Development
DNOCS National Department of Works Against
Drought
ECLA Economic Comission for Latin America
ECOAR Echo Institute for Citizenship
FAO United Nations Food and Agriculture
Organization
FETARN Federation of Rural Workers of Rio Grande
do Norte
FIEC Federation of Industries of the State of Ceará
FUNCEME Foundation of Meteorology of the state of
Ceará
HARC Houston Advanced Research Center
IADIZA Institute or Arid Zones, Argentina
IAN Institute Native Bees
IDB Interamerican Development Bank
IFMA Federal Institute of Maranhão
INMET National Institute of Meteorology
IPEA Institute for Applied Economic Research
IRD Institute of Research for Development
ITS Institute of Social Technologies
LACICT Latin American and Caribbean Initiative on
Science and Technology
MCT Ministry of Science and Technology
MDGs Millennium Development Goals
MEAs Multilateral Environment Agreements
MERCOSUL Common Market of the South
MMA Ministry of the Environment
NAPS National Actions Plan
NGOs Non-Government Organizations
PARLASUL Parliament of the Common Market of the
South
REDD Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and
Forest Degradation
SDEP Social Dimensions of Environmental Programs
SEI Stockholm Environment Institute
Terra Viva Support Centre for Development of Family
Agriculture
UFMA Federal University of Maranhão
UN United Nations
UNCBD United Nations Convention on Biologiical
Diversity
UNCCD United Nations Convention to Combat
Desertification
UNEP United Nations Environment Programme
UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change
WASA Water Assessment & Advisory Global
Network
Annex I. List of acronyms
135
Annex 2. Conference program
A drylands call for action
Declaration of Fortaleza
Plenaries
I. Auditorium Brazil
16 AUGUST
7:30 am
I. Registration
9:00 am - 11:00 am
II. Introductory Session
Introductory Remarks and Conference Agenda
Chair: Antonio Rocha Magalhães – Director of ICID
A child’s address to the ICID participants
Bianca Macedo
ICID, a Carbon Neutral Event. Delivery of Certificate by OSIP Prima Mata Atlântica
Aline de Oliveira
Reports on preparatory meetings and address to participants
Alan Charlton – Ambassador of the UK in Brazil
Michel Laurent – Director General of the IRD
Jesse Ribot – University of Illinois, SDEP
Eduardo Sávio Martins – President of FUNCEME , Government of Ceará
José Almir Cirilo – Under Secretary of Water Resources of Pernambuco
Dalton Melo Macambira – Secretary of Environment of Piaui
José Sydrião de Alencar Júnior – Director of the Bank of the Northeast of Brazil
The Drylands of the World
Hervé Thery – UnB/USP, Brazil: Special Presentation on Drylands
Opening Ceremony
Chair: Cid Ferreira Gomes – Governor of Ceará, Brazil
Antonio Rocha Magalhães – Director of ICID: Opening and Welcome Remarks
Message by the Secretary General of the United Nations - Ban Ki-moon,
Luc Gnacadja – Executive Secretary of the UNCCD
The Responsibility of ICID Participants and the Future of the Planet
David Santos – Address by a Youth Representative
Launching of the UN Decade on Deserts and Combating Desertification. Adoption of the Decade
by the Participants of the ICID
Luc Gnacadja – Executive Secretary of the UNCCD
Federal Deputy (member of the house of representatives)
Eduardo Vieira (Deputy Zezeu Ribeiro) – representing the President of the House of Representatives,
A Message from the Parliament
Deputy Michel Temer – Brazil
Annex 2. Conference program
139
The Importance of ICID and the Semi-arid Regions
José Machado – Vice Minister of Environment of Brazil
ICID and the Semi-arid regions, Welcoming Remarks to all Participants
Cid Ferreira Gomes – Governor of the State of Ceará
17 AUGUST
10:20 am - 12:15 am
Plenary Session:
Synergies among the United Nations Conventions: UNFCCC, UNCBD, UNCCD
Chair: Ambassador Luis Alberto Figueiredo Machado (Ministry of Foreign Affairs – Brazil)
Rapporteur: Sergio Zelaya – UNCCD
Christiana Figueres – Executive Secretary, UNFCCC
Luc Gnacadja – Executive Secretary, UNCCD
Sérgio Zelaya – Representing UNCBD
Nora Berrahmouni – FAO
Margarita Astrálaga – UNEP
Walter Vergara – The World Bank
18 AUGUST
5:30 pm - 6:30 pm
Keynote speech:
Theme: The Drylands and Development: Raising the Political Stakes
Jeffrey Sachs – President of the Earth Institute, Columbia University, and Special Advisor to the United Nations Secretary
General, Ban Ki-moon
20 AUGUST
8:30 am - 10:00 am
Plenary Session:
Lessons and Recommendations from the Sessions
Antonio R. Magalhães – Director of ICID, Brazil
Renata Andrade – PUC/Brasília, Brazil
Christian Leduc – IRD, France
Egon Krakhecke – Ministry of Environment, Brazil
Peter Hochet – IRD, France
Eduardo Martins – UFC, Brazil
Michael Hall – NOAA, USA
Chuluun Togtokh – Mongolia Development Institute, Mongolia
Xu Xiuli – Agricultural U. Beijing, China
Mutizwa Mukute – Rhodes University, South Africa
Octavio Perez Pardo – UNCCD, Argentina
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Declaration of Fortaleza
10:15 am - 12:15 am
Keynote speech
Highlights of the ICID Conference
Jesse Ribot – University of Illinois, USA
2:00 pm - 3:45 pm
Mendoza as a Dryland: Development Perspectives
Governor Celso Jaque – Mendoza, Argentina
A Tribute to the Director of ICID 2010, Antonio Rocha Magalhães
Eduardo Beteta – ECLA – Mexico
Reading of Draft Declaration of Fortaleza
John Redwood – USA
Plennary Session:
Discussion of the Draft Conference Declaration of Fortaleza
Discussion and Adoption of the Declaration of Fortaleza
Coordination: Antonio Rocha Magalhães and John Redwood
Closing session
Renê Barreira – Secretary of Science and Technology, State of Ceara, Brazil
João Pedro Gurgel – Representative of Youth, Ceara, Brazil
Eduardo Sávio Martins – President of FUNCEME, Ceara, Brazil
Marcos Dal Fabbro – Representative of Ministry of Environment, Brazil
Jean Loup Guyot – Institute of Research for Development, IRD, France
Maria Teresa Farias – Secretary of Environment, Ceará, Brazil
Carlos Alberto Pinto – Representative of Bank of Northeast, Brazil
Antonio R. Magalhães – Director of ICID: Closing Remarks
Annex 2. Conference program
141
Panels and Roundtables
(Organized by Auditorium)
I. Auditorium Brazil
16 AUGUST
2:30 pm - 3:45 pm
Session 1.3.1 - Panel - INMET / IRI
Climate and Society: Bridging the Gap between Science and Application I
Chair: Antonio Divino Moura – INMET, Brazil
Rap.: Lauro Guimarães Fortes – INMET, Brazil
Tools of Adaptation
Edward Sarachik – University of Washington, USA
Droughts in the Northeast: Circulation Mechanisms and Climate Prediction
Stephen Hastenrath – University of Wisconsin, USA
4:00 pm - 4:45 pm
Session 1.4.1 - Roundtable - MMA
Lessons from the Brazilian Experience
Chair: Egon Krakhecke – Ministry of Environment, Brazil
José Machado – Ministry of Environment, Brazil
Adoniran Sanches Peraci – Ministry of Agrarian Development, Brazil
Atadeu Ferreira – CODEVASF, Brazil
Igor Arsky – Ministry of Social Development, Brazil
José Luis de Souza – Ministry of National Integration, Brazil
17 AUGUST
8:30 am - 10:15 am
Session 2.1.1 - Panel - WB 1
Desertification and Implications for Agricultural Yields
Chair: Uriel Safriel – CECBIDR, Israel
Rap.: Edward Bresnyan – WB, Brazil
Risk Assessment of Amazon Dieback
Walter Vergara – WB, USA
Using Rainman StreamFlow as a tool for Assessing Climate Variability for Sustainable Crop, Pasture
and Water Management
Ian Partridge – DPIF, Queensland, Australia
A “Dynamic Information Framework”: a Construct for Multi-Sector Integration for Resource
Management
Jeffrey Richey – U. Washington, USA
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2:00 pm - 3:45 pm
Session 2.3.1 - Roundtable - CGEE
Development of Semi-Arid Regions
Chair: Antonio Carlos F. Galvão – CGEE, Brazil
Rap.: Antonio Glauter Teófilo Rocha – CGEE, Brazil
In Search of Three-Win Solutions
Ignacy Sachs – EHESC, France
Drought and Development in the Brazilian Semi-arid
Tania Bacelar – UFPE, Brazil
José Eli da Veiga – UNICAMP, Brazil
Regional Development in Latin America: Some Reflections on the Semi-arid Regions
Ivan Silva Lira – ILPES/CEPAL, Chile
4:15 pm - 6:15 pm
Session 2.4.1 - Roundtable - Embrapa 1
Genetic Resources in Semi-Arid Regions
Chair and rap.: Natoniel F. Melo – Embrapa, Brazil
Rap.: Manoel Abílio Queiroz – Embrapa, Brazil
Ahmed Amri – ICARDA, Syria
Hari Upadhyaya – ICRISAT, India
18 AUGUST
8:30 am - 10:15 am
Session 3.1.1 - Roundtable - BNB
Strategies of Financing for the Development of Arid and Semi-Arid Regions
Chair: José Sydrião de Alencar Junior – BNB, Brazil
Strategies of Financing for the Development of Arid and Semi-Arid Regions
José Sydrião de Alencar Júnior – BNB, Brazil
Strategies of Financing for the Development of Arid and Semi-Arid Regions
Rommel Acevedo – ALIDE, Peru
Economic and Climate Vulnerabilities of Semi-arid Regions
Branca Bastos Americano – MMA, Brazil
Approaches for Semi-Arid Areas in Brazil and Lessons for Beyond
Mark Lundell – WB, USA
Action of the IADB in Brazil
Jaime Mano – IADB, USA
10:30 am - 12:15 pm
Session 3.2.1 - Roundtable - France Embassy
Food Security, Climate Change and Development in Semi-Arid Regions
Chair: Kaza Abdou – Minister of Water, Development and the Fight Against Desertification, Niger
Annex 2. Conference program
143
Rap.: Richard Escadafal – IRD, France
Ghani Chehbouni – IRD, France
Eduardo Delgado Assad – EMBRAPA, Brazil
Patrick Caron – CIRAD, France
Cheikh Oumar Ba – IPAR, Senegal
1:30 pm - 3:15 pm
Session 3.3.1 - Panel - INPE / ICID
Climate Change Scenarios for Semi-Arid Regions
Chair: Branca Americano – MMA, Brazil
Climate Change in Semi-Arid Regions
Carlos Nobre – INPE, Brazil
Climate, Climatic Variability and Data Needs in the Global Drylands
Sharon E. Nicholson – FSU, USA
The Uptake and Usefulness of Weather/Climate Information for Farm Management by
Smallholder Farmers – A Case Study for Southern Africa
Peter Johnston – U. Cape Town, South Africa
W. N. Githungoa – KMD, Kenya
3:30 pm - 5:15 pm
Session 3.4.1 - Panel - ICID
Climate Change and Adaptation in Drylands
Chair and rap.: José Antonio Marengo Orsini – INPE, Brazil
Mapping Urban Population & Exposure to Climate-Related Risks: The Brazilian Semi-arid Region
and Neighboring Coastal Zone
Sandra Batista – University of Columbia, USA
Vulnerability, Impacts and Adaptation to Climate Change in the Semi-arid Region of Northeast Brazil
Jose Antonio Marengo Orsini – INPE, Brazil
Challenges and Opportunities for Climate Change Adaptation Among Small-Holder Farmers in
Southeast Zimbabwe
Leonard Unganai – UNDP/GEF, Zimbabue
Climate Change Adaptation and Food Insecurity in Maradi District - Niger
Moussa Na Abou – CADU, Niger
Why Does Climate Awareness Differ? Lessons Learned from Coastal Bangladesh
Mustafa Saroar – AIT, Thailand
Degradation of the Environment in the “Bonaerense” Semi-arid Region, Argentina
Ramón Mauricio Sánchez – INTA/UNS, Argentina
19 AUGUST
8:30 pm - 10:15 pm
Session 4.1.1 - Panel - University of Colorado
Lessons learned about lessons learned
Chair and rap.: Michael Glantz – University of Colorado, USA
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Can Societies Acclimatize to the Consequences of a Changing, Varying and Extreme Climate?
Michael Glantz – U. Colorado, USA
Lessons Learned about Lessons Learned: Hunger and the Right to Food
Marcos Ezequiel Filardi – University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
The International Response to Global Change
Peter E. O. Usher – Consultant, Kenya
Traditional Climate Knowledge in Subsistence Agriculture: How the Mayan Farmers are Dealing
with Climate Change?
Fernando Briones Gamboa – CIESAS, Mexico
Lessons Learned about Lessons Learned: Early Warning Systems
S. H. M. Fakhrunddin – RIMES, Tailand
Why Is Cure Preferred to Prevention? The Politics of Promoting Disasters
Ilan Kelman – CECERO, Norway
Unlearned Lessons on Dryland Development in the Aral Sea Basin
Nikolai S. Orlovsky – Ben-Gurion University, Israel
Lessons Learned on Biofuels Development (With a Focus on Africa)
Tsegay Wolde-Georgis – University of Colorado, USA
10:30 am - 12:15 am
Session 4.2.1 - Panel - WB 3
Rainwater Harvesting: Lessons emerging from the Sear-Net Ethiopia Conference
Chair: Edward Bresnyan – WB, Brazil
Rap.: Girma H/Michael Gode – ERHA, Ethiopia
Rainwater Harvesting Technology and Policies in Semi-arid Regions – Paraíba and Texas Case Study
Rodolfo Nobrega/Aderbal Correa – ICASALS, USA
Mesfin Shenhut – SEARNET, USA
2:00 pm - 3:45 pm
Session 4.3.1 - Panel - WMO / University of Nebraska
Early Warning Systems for Droughts
Chair: Donald A. Wilhite – University of Nebraska, USA
Rap.: Robert Stephanski – WMO, Switzerland
Drought Impacts as Indicators for Early Warning and Assessment
Michael J. Hayes – University of Nebrasca, Lincoln, USA
Inter-Regional Workshop on Indices and Early Warning Systems for Drought
Donald A. Wilhite – University of Nebraska, Lincoln, USA
Overview of WMO Drought Activities
Robert Stephanski – World Meteorological Organization (WMO), Switzerland
Drought Monitoring in South America
Paulo Cesar Sentelhas – USP, Brasil
The Development of an International Drought Clearinghouse and Summary of Results of the
April 2010 Global Drought Assessment Workshop
Richard Heim – NOAA, USA
Annex 2. Conference program
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II. Auditório África
16 AUGUST
2:30 pm - 3:45 pm
Session 1.3.2 - Panel - UNCCD / ICID
The Challenge of Desertification and Sustainable Development in Semi-Arid Regions
Chair: Luc Gnacadja – UNCCD, UN
Rap.: Heitor Matallo – UNCCD, Mexico
Desertification and Drought in Arab Countries
Wadid Erian – ACSAD, Syria
Management of Scarce Water Resources for Rehabilitation of Degraded Rangelands in Arid and
Semi-Arid Marginal Ecological Zones of Southern Pakistan
Sahibzada I. Kahn – Pakistan
Hydro-Environmental Development Project (PRODHAM)
Ricardo Lima de Medeiros Marques – SRH/CE, Brazil
4:00 pm - 4:45 pm
Session 1.4.2 - Panel - ICID
Sustainable Energy for the Development of Drylands
Chair: Marcelo Poppe – CGEE, Brazil
Rap.: Meiry Sayuri Sakamoto – FUNCEME, Brazil
Potential values of the elder vertical axis wind turbine for rural populations in under-developed countries
Larry Simpson – Consultant, USA
Climate, Sustainability and Development in Semi-arid
Renato Walter Rolim Ribeiro – SEINFRA/CE, Brazil
Sustainable Energy for the Development of Drylands: Proposal for a Pilor Program on Combat to
Desertification and Adaptation to Climate Change
Emilio Rovere – COPPE/UFRJ, Brazil
17 AUGUST
8:30 am - 10:15 am
Session 2.1.2 – Panel - CGEE
Science and Tecnology for the Drylands
Chair: Lucia Carvalho Pinto de Melo – CGEE, Brazil
Rap.: Antonio Guedes – CGEE, Brazil
Science and Technology for Drylands Development
Mohamed Hassan – TWAS, Italy
Science and Technology for the Drylands: The Medfly Rearing Program in Brazil
Aldo Malavazzi – MOSCAMED, Brazil
Bioenergy in the Brazilian Semi-Arid Region: Problem or Solution?
Luis Augusto Horta Nogueira – UNIFEI, Brazil
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2:00 pm - 3:45 pm
Session 2.3.2 - Panel - MMA
Protected Areas for Sustainable Development in Semi-Arid Regions
Chair: Rodrigo Castro – Associação Caatinga, Brazil
Rap.: Maria Tereza B. F. Sales – CONPAM, Brazil
Definition of Priorities of Creation of UCS (Conservation Areas) in the Caatinga
Marcelo Gonçalves de Lima – MMA/ICMBio/TNC, Brazil)
Integrated Watershed Management for Adapting to Climate Change and Prevention of
Desertification in Asia and the Role of Protected Areas
Piara Singh – ICRISAT, India
Suggestions for Strengthening of Management in Protected Areas in Drylands in American Continent
Shirley N. Hauff – Consultant, Brazil
Parks for Water
Marli Santos – TNC, Brazil
Progress in the Implementation of the System of Protected Areas
Maria Tereza Bezerra Farias Sales – CONPAM, Brazil
4:45 pm - 6:15 pm
Session 2.4.2 - Panel - ICID
Vulnerability and Adaptation in Africa, Europe and Latin America
Chair and rap.: Mwangi D. Milano – KARI, Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, Kenya
Livestock Innovative Italian Forecasting Heat Warning System
Maria C. Beltrano – CRA/CMA, Italy
New Strategies for Strengthening Tradition
David Barkin – UAM, Mexico
The Role of the Market in Addressing Climate Change in the Arid and Semi-Arid Lands of Kenya
Mwangi David Milano – Kenya
Agronomic Management Strategies for Adaptation to the Current Climate Variability - The Case
of North-Eastern Tanzania
Frederick Kahimbaa – Tanzania
Resource Use Planning Under Climate Change: Experience from Turkana and Pokot Pastoralists
of Northwestern Kenya
Stephen Mureithi – U. Nairobi, Kenya
18 AUGUST
8:30 pm - 10:15 pm
Session 3.1.2 - WB 2
Lessons from Public Policies for Dry Regions of Mexico and the Nile Basin
Chair: Alessandra Campanaro – WB, Brazil
Rap.: Edward Bresnyan – WB, Brazil
The Special Climate Change Program in Mexico
Felipe Arreguin – CONAGUA, Mexico
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Lessons from Policy and Institutional Development in Dry Regions: the Experience of the Nile
Basin Initiative
Hon. E. Asfaw Dingamo – Minister of Water Resouces, Ethiopia
Public Policies and Climate Change Adaptation in the Water Sector in Mexico
Alessandra Campanaro – WB, USA
10:30 am - 12:15 am
Session 3.2.2 - Panel - University of Duke
Allocating Water Information & Water: Lessons from Ceará, Northeast Brazil
Chair and rap.: Alex Pfaff – University of Duke, USA
Queues “Personalize” Water Information, Improving Investments
Miguel Fonseca – U. Exeter, UK
Unequal Information Yields Unequal Bargaining Outcomes
Maria Alejandra Velez – U. de los Andes, Colombia
Addressing Information Gaps: Provision of Rainfall Forecasts in Rainfed Areas
Renzo Taddei – UFRJ, Brazil
Committees & Compensation in Ceará Post-2000: rationales & reflections
Valerie Mueller – IFPRI, USA
Committees & Compensation in Ceará's Future: rationales & reflections
Alexander Pfaff – U. Duke, USA
1:30 pm - 3:15 pm
Session 3.3.2 - Roundtable - IRD
Carbon Sequestration in Semi-arid Zones
Chair: Michel Brossard – IRD, France
Rap.: Tahar Gallali – University Tunis
Carbon Sequestration
Martial Bernoux – IRD, France
Tahar Gallali – University Tunis
Ndeye Yacine Badiane Ndour – SRA, Senegal
Edmond Hien, Univ. Ouagadougou – Burkina Faso
Sandra Maria Oliveira As – UEMA, Brazil
4:15 pm - 6:15 pm
Session 3.4.2 - Panel - NEGOS
Climate Evolution in West Africa: Traditional and Formal Governance
Chair: Peter Hochet – IRD, Burkina Faso
Rap.: Cheikh Oumar Ba – IPAR, Senegal
A Policy Unfinished but Persistent
Peter Hochet – IRD, Burkina Faso
A customary institution to cope with droughts and Resources Degradation
Luigi Arnaldi di Balme – IHEID, Switzerland
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Participatory management and delegated participation: The Lessons of the Experience of the
Yorosso Pastoral Scheme
Moussa Djiré – U. Bamako, Mali
Governance of Natural Resources proofed against State Interventionism
Cheick Oumar Ba – IPAR, Senegal
19 AUGUST
8:30 pm - 10:15 pm
Session 4.1.2 - Panel - DfID 1
Climate, Sustainability and Development in Africa
Chair: Kenneth Souza – DfID, UK
Climate Change, Genetics of Adaptation and Livestock Production in Low-Input Systems
Saidu Oseni – OAU, Nigeria
Land Tenure Reform and Challenges of Sustainable Land Management in a Semi-Arid Region in China
Yongjun Zhao – U. Groningen, The Netherlands
Reaching out to Local Communities and Assist them to Adapt to Climate Change: A Case Study
from Northern-Central of Namibia
Laudika Kandjinga – IECN, Namibia
Farmer Adaptation in Scenarios of Climate Change for Food Security in Ghana: A Case Study of
Maize Production in Semi-Arid Zone
Emmanuel Tachie-Obeng – EPA, Ghana
Assessment of Carbon Storage in Some Savanna Soils Under Different Land-Use Systems in Ghana
Gabriel N.N. Dowuona – U. Ghana, Ghana
Climate Change, Terrestrial Ecology Imprints and Adaptation Options in Semi-Dry Environments
– A Case of the Nigerian Savannah
Magowa Fasona – U. Lagos, Nigeria
Farmers’ Perception of Climate Change and Adaptation Strategies in Sub-Saharan West-Africa
Peter Johnston – U. Parakou, Benin
10:30 am - 12:15 am
Session 4.2.2 – Roundtable - CEPAL 2
Economics of Climate Change in Central America
Chair: Hugo Eduardo Beteta – ECLA, Mexico
Rap.: Julie Lennox – ECLA, Mexico
Economic Assessment of Land Degradation Alternative Scenarios to Climate Change: Project
VEDTCC (MM/CEPAL)
Cesar Morales – CEPAL, Chile
Dry Areas of Panama
Israel Torres – ANAM, Panama
Carlos J. Pérez – Central American Commission on Environment and Development (CCAD)
Roberto Mota – Ministry of Environment, Guatemala
Pedro Garcia – Ministry of Environment, Republica Dominicana
Mariano Espinoza – Ministry of Environment, Costa Rica
The Economics of Climate Change in Central America
Julie Lennox – ECLA, Mexico
Luis Rios – MARN, Guatemala
Annex 2. Conference program
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2:00 pm - 3:45 pm
Session 4.3.2 - Panel - FUNCEME/IRD
Climatic Impacts of the Tropical Oceans on the Semi-arid (The Pirata Project)
Chair: Jacques Servain – IRD/FUNCEME, France/Brazil
Rap.: Antonio Geraldo Ferreira – FUNCEME, Brazil
Project CATIN – Climate of the Tropical Atlantic and Impacts over the Nordeste (2005–2009)
Jacques Servain, IRD/FUNCEME – France/Brazil
Climatic Responses of the Tropical Oceans Variability on the Northeast Region of Brazil
Daisy Beserra Lucena – UFCG, Brazil
Semi-arid Areas of the Eastern Northeast of Brazil and of the Sahel of West Africa: Influence of the
Ocean - Atmosphere Mechanisms
Yves Kouassi Kouadio – U. Abdijan, Ivory Cost
Impacts of Tropical Ocean Climate Variability Over Rain Fed Agriculture and Hydrological Basin
in Northeast Brazil
José Maria Brabo Alves – FUNCEME, Brazil
Works to Mitigate Droughts in the Brazilian Northeast
Eric Cadier – IRD, France
4:15 pm - 6:00 pm
Session 4.4.2 - Panel - Auditorium 2 Africa
Agricultural and Climate Change
Chair: Moussa Dogo Ali – GVDsa, Niger
A minimum-data approach for agricultural system level assessment of climate change adaptation
strategies in resource-poor countries
Lieven Claessens – IPC, Kenya
Developing sustainable practices for community waste management, environmental protection
and product recovery in peri-urban Sub Saharan areas
Moussa Dogo Ali – GVDsa, Niger
Stocktaking of future climate and socio-economic scenarios to provide inputs for impact,
vulnerability and adaptation assessments
Isaac Habte – UNDP, Eritrea
20 AUGUST
8:30 pm - 10:00 pm
Session 5.1.2 - Roundtable
Signals of Climate Change
Signals of Climate Change in Tanzania
Osima, Sarah E. – Tanzania Meteorological Agency, Tanzania
Mahongo, S. – Tanzania Fisheries Research Institute, Tanzania
Evidences of Climate Change at Local Scale in Ethiopia and its Implications to the National Environment
Bayable, E. – Climate change impact at local scale, Regional climate change modeling, Ethiopia
Mengistu, G. – Atmospheric Physics and Rgional Climate modeling, Ethiopia
150
A drylands call for action
Declaration of Fortaleza
Review of Climate Change Impact Potentials on East Africa
Tegegne, E. B. – Climate change impacts and cliamte change adaptations, Ethiopia
Evolution or Illusion? The Okavango Delta Management Planning Process Versus the Conventional
Planning System in the Face of Climate Change and Variability in Botswana
Lapologang Magole – HOORC, Botswana
Paleoclimatic evidence in the semi-arid region of Paraíba: Strongholds and refuges in the Santa
Catarina Moutain
Sousa, P. V. P. – Federal University of Ceará - Centro de Ciências, Brazil
Oliveira, V. P. V. – Federal University of Ceará - Centro de Ciências, Brazil
Trends in Indices for Extremes in Daily Precipitation Over Utah State – USA
Carlos Antonio Costa dos Santos – Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia-INPA, Brazil
Christopher M. U. Neale – Utah State University, Canada
Lawrence E. Hipps – Utah State University, Canada
Dry Days Variability in Argentina From a Regional Approach
Penalba, O. – Departamento de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y los Océanos, FCEN-UBA, Argentina
Rivera, J. A. – Departamento de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y los Océanos (DCAO), FCEN-UBA / CONICET, Argentina
Intraseasonal Variability and Diurnal Cycle of Precipitation Over West Africa in the Model LMDZ
Diedhiou, A. – IRD/LTHE, France
Sane, Y. – IRD/LTHE, France
Bonazzola, M. – University of Paris VI, France
Diongue-Niang, A. – ANAMS, Sénégal
Hourdin, F. – University of Paris VI, France
Variability in the Extension of the Northeast Brazil semi-arid as a Result of Climate Change
Javier Tomasella - Centro de Previsão do Tempo e Estudos Climáticos – INPE, Brazil
Rennó, D. A. – Centro de Ciência do Sistema Terra – INPE, Brazil
Santos, W. – Centro de Previsão do Tempo e Estudos Climáticos – INPE, Brazil
Prado, C. – Centro de Ciência do Sistema Terra – INPE, Brazil
Siqueira Júnior, J. L. – Centro de Ciência do Sistema Terra – INPE, Brazil
10:15 pm - 12:15 pm
Session 5.2.2 - Panel
Effects of Climate Change in Dry Regions
An Ecosystem Perspective of the Process of Reinfestation by Triatoma Infestans in Rural
Communities of the Gran Chaco Ecoregion
Noireau, F. – IRD, France
Gürtler, R. E. – Universidad de Buenos Aires - CONICET, Argentina
Arias, A. R. – Centro para el Desarrollo de la Investigación Científica (CEDIC)-Laboratorio Díaz Gill, Paraguay
Preliminary Analysis of Possible Effects of Climate Change in Northeast Brazil
Alves, J. M. B. – FUNCEME, Brazil
Impacts of Climate Change on Food and Water Securities in the Semi-arid Zones of India
Nais, S. – Nansen Environmental Research Centre, India
Climate Change and Its Implications in the Mustang District of Nepal
Baral, J. C. – Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation, Nepal
The interface between climate change and biodiversity
Mont’Alverne, T. C. F. – Federal University of Ceará – UFC, Brazil
Matias, J. L. N. – Federal University of Ceará – UFC, Brazil
Annex 2. Conference program
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2:00 pm - 3:45 pm
Session 5.3.2 - Roundtable
Climate Change and Droughts Adaptation
Changement Climatique, Rétrécissement du Lac Tchad et Migration (Climate Change, Narrowing
of the Tchad Lake and Migration)
Arnold, O. K. P. – Université de Yaoundé II, Cameroun
Flood Disaster Risk Management in Namibia
Kaurivi, J. Z. U. – University of Namibia, Namibia
Siyambango, N. – University of Namibia, Namibia
The Role of Moisture Transport in the 2008-2009 Drought in Southern South America
Gulizia, C. N. – Centro de Investigaciones del Mar y la Atmósfera - CIMA/CONICET-UBA, Argentina
Rivera, J. A. – Departamento de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y los Océanos (DCAO), FCEN-UBA/CONICET, Argentina
Jatropha curcas Biofuels: how a miracle crop is reshaping socio-ecological relationships in India and Brazil
Baka, J. – Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, India
Bailis, R. – Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, India
Climate Change in the Context of Territorial Governance - The UNCDF experience
Alvergne, C. – United Nations Capital Development Fund - UNCDF (West African Office), USA
How Useful are Geosciences in Making Water and Other Resources Available in the Semi-arid Regions
Pinto, M. S. – GeoBioTec, University of Aveiro, Portugal
Government Agencies and International Institutions: Patterns of Interaction
Moreira, P. G. – State University of the Rio de Janeiro (UERJ) – Brazil
Valuation of Environmental Services of the Caatinga
Rabelo, M. S. – Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Brazil
Lima, P. V. P. S. – Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Brazil
4:00 pm - 5:00 pm
Session 5.4.2 - Roundtable
Water and Land Management
Water, Territory and Management: Complementary Looks
Bermúdez, O. B. – Profesor Asociado Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
Management of Caatinga Conservation Units: The Ecological Station Castanhão
Sena, L. M. M. – PRODEMA-UFC, Brazil
Build up Policy and Strengthen Decision Making Power for Communities aiming to Sustainability
of the Rural Water Supply
Gunapala, A. H. – National Water Supply & Drainage Board, Siri Lanka
Fernando, W. B. G. – National Water Supply & Drainage Board, Siri Lanka
International Sources of Financing for Northeast Public Policy Derived from Preoccupation with the Climate
Castro, I. S. B. – Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Brazil
Public Policy and Coping with the Semi-Arid
Piraux, M. – CIRAD /UFCG, France
Diniz, P. C. – UFRPE, Brazil
The Relationship between Public Administration and Reverse Logistics in a Context of Sustainable
Development
Andrade Filho, J. C. – Université de la Méditerranée (CRET-LOG), France
Colin, J. – Université de la Méditerranée (CRET-LOG), France
152
A drylands call for action
Declaration of Fortaleza
III. Auditório Europa
16 AUGUST
2:30 pm - 3:45 pm
Session 1.3.3 - Panel - University of Georgia
Adaptation with a Long-Term View: Promoting Resilience
Chair and rap.: Donald R. Nelson – University of Georgia, USA
Climate Change, Rural Poverty and the Political Dimension of Resilience in Kenya
M. Carla Roncoli – Emory University, USA
Building Resilience Through Water System Innovations in Dryland Smallholder Agriculture:
Example from Makanya Catchment, Tanzania
Line Gordon – SRC, Sweden
Adapting with a Long View: The Future of Maize in Mexico
Hallie Eakin – Arizona State U., USA
Adaptation with a Long View: Promoting Resilience in Response to Environmental and
Development Challenges
Donald R. Nelson – U. Georgia, USA
4:15 pm - 6:15 pm
Session 1.4.3 – Panel - ICARUS/SDEP 1
Adaptation and Governance in Semi-arid Regions
Climate Change Adaptation and Governance in the Water Sector
Chair: James McEvoy – University of Arizona, USA
Rap.: Renata Marson Teixeira de Andrade – PUC/Brasília, Brazil
Responding to Drought in Ceará: the role of development and risk management in disaster
response, agricultural planning and water management
Maria Carmen Lemos – U. Michigan, USA
Raising Risk: desalination as an adaptative or maladaptive strategy in water sector?
Jamie McEvoy – U. Arizona, USA
The Triple Challenge
Barbara Lynch – Georgia Institute of Technology, USA
Vulnerability, adaptation and competing economic and climatic exposures in the Bolivian highlands
Julia Z. McDowell – Emory U. , USA
Comments
Jesse Ribot – University of Illinois, USA
17 AUGUST
8:30 pm - 10:15 pm
Session 2.1.3 - Panel - INPE / ICID
Vulnerability, Impacts and Adaptation to Climate Change in Semi-Arid Regions
Chair: Jurgen Kropp – Postdam Institute PIK, Germany
Rap.: Tabea Lissner – Postdam Institute PIK, Germany
Annex 2. Conference program
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Transition to Sustainability: How to Derive Blueprints for a Climate-Friendly and Sustainable
Development
Jurgen Kropp – PIK, Germany
Global Climate Change and the Brazilian Northeast: Choices
Paulo Nobre – INPE, Brazil
Prediction of Droughts and Climate Changes: The Complementary Passage
Otamar de Carvalho – Consultant, Brazil
The role of rain water harvesting for climate change adaptation in Brazil
Johann Gnadlinger – ABCMAC, Brazil
Effect of Climate Change in Mustang (Nepal)
Jagadish Baral – MF, Nepal
2:00 pm - 3:45 pm
Session 2.3.3 - Panel - ICID
Vulnerability and Adaptation in the Health Sector
Chair: Ulisses Confalonieri – FIOCRUZ, Brazil
Rap.: Peter Banks – ECC, USA
Impact of Climate Variability on Malaria Incidence and Prevalence in the Forest Zone of Ghana:
A Case Study of Two Hospitals Located within the Kumasi Metropolitan Area of the Ashanti
Regional Ghana
S. K. Danuor – KNUST, Ghana
Evaluation of Community Action to Fight Against Malaria In Context of Climate Change: The
Case in Benin
Foe Bertrand – IDRC/CRDI, Benin
Impact of Weather Change: the Challenges for Public Health in Swaziland
Abul Salam – U. Suaziland, Suaziland
Examining the Impact of Climate Change on Elderly People Caring for Orphans and Vulnerable
Children in Zaka District in the Face of HIV and AIDS
Ignatius Gutsa – ASRT, Zimbabue
Climate, Vulnerability and Health
Ulisses E. C. Confalonieri – CPqRR/FIOCRUZ, Brazil
4:15 pm - 6:15 pm
Session 2.4.3 - IADB
Vulnerability and Adaptation in Latin America/Land Degradation and Climate Change in Latin America
Chair: Alfred Grunwaldt – IADB, USA
Rap.: Tadashi Shimizu – IADB, USA
Climate Change Adaptation in LAC
Ana Rios Galvez – IADB, USA Brazil
Vulnerability and Adaptation in Latin America: Climate Change and Land Degradation
Tadashi Shimizu – IADB, USA
Global, Regional and Local Climate Science Applications
Lawrence Buja – NCAR, USA
Land Use/Land Cover Change and Forest Degradation in Semi-Arid and Dry Forest Regions of
the LAC
Geraldo Fernandes e Arturo Sanchez – IDB, USA
154
A drylands call for action
Declaration of Fortaleza
18 AUGUST
8:30 am - 10:15 am
Session 3.1.3 -Panel - ANA 3
Interbasing Water Transfer in Semi-Arid Regions
Chair: Gabriel Azevedo – Odebrecht, Brazil
Rap.: Rubem Porto – USP, Brazil
Trans-basin Diversion of Water: Conclusions from experience in the United States
Larry Simpsom – NGEC, USA
Project of Integration of the San Francisco River with the Hydrographic Basins of the Setentrional
Northeast
Francisco Lopes Viana – ANA, Brazil
Inter-Linkage of Basins in Semi-arid Regions: The case of the North Axis of the San Francisco
José R. Simas – WRC, USA
Water Management and Inter-Basin Transfers in Semi-Arid Regions: Experiences in South Africa
Peter van Nierck – DWA, South Africa
Economic Valuation of Two Technologies to Transfer Water. A Case Study of Morocco
Bruno Belletini Cedino – UNDP, Equador
10:30 am - 12:15 am
Session 3.2.3 - Round Table - CEPAL 1
Vulnerability, Adaptation and Development in Latin America
Chair: Cesar Morlaes – ECLA, Chile
Rap.: Cesar Morlaes – ECLA, Chile
Fernando Santibañez – University of Chile, Chile
Alejandro León – University of Chile, Chile
3:00 pm - 3:15 pm
Session 3.4.3 - Panel - LEDUC / ESCADAFAL
Impact of Global Change on Semi-Arid Hydrology
Chair: Julien Burte, UFC - Brazil
Rap.: Christian Leduc, IRD, France
The Culmination of Severe Hydrological Stresses in the Murray-Darling Basin
Marc Leblanc – University of Cairns, Australia
The uncertainties in rainfall and water resources in the Maghreb countries
Mohamed Meddi – BLIDA, Algeria
La Région du Maghreb Face à la Rareté de l’Eau. L’Exemple du Défi Algérien: Mobilisation et
Gestion Durable des Ressources (The Maghreb Regions and Water Scarcity. Example of the
Algerian Challenge: Mobilization and Sustainable Management of Resources)
Azzedine Mebarki – U. Mentouri of Constantine, Alger
Historical Changes in Climate and Lake Chad Surface Area in the Chad Basin
Ibrahim Baba Goni – U. Maiduguri, Nigeria
Annex 2. Conference program
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Diversity of Social-Ecological Systems in Semi-arid Regions: a Few Experiences from North and
West Africa
Christian Leduc – IRD, France
La Reactivation Recente des Koris de la Región de Niamey et L’Ensablement du Fleuve Niger
(Recent Reactivation of the Koris of the Niamey Region and Silting of the Niger River)
Mamadou Ibrahim – CNRS, France
19 AUGUST
8:30 am - 10:15 am
Session 4.1.3 - Panel
Agroecology, Climate Change and Food Security
Chair: Lapololang Magole – Botswana
Rap.: Kavitha Anjanappa – India
Policy Change Implications for Climate Change Vulnerability and Adaptation in Botswana
Lapologang Magole – HOORC, Botswana
Role of Agro-Forestry on Community Livelihood and Climate Mitigation in Semi-Arid Region of
South India
Kavitha Anjanappa – ATREE, India
10:30 am - 12:15 am
Session 4.2.3 - Panel - ICID
Adaptation Strategies in Dryland Regions
Chair: Saidu Oseni – OAU, Nigéria
And if the Instruments to Combat Vulnerability of Populations were Themselves Vulnerable?
Example of Participatory Forest Management Plan in Senegal
Coumba Ndoffène Diouf – UCAD, Senegal
Vulnerability and Adaptation to Extreme Weather Events in Kwara State, Nigeria
Felix Olaunfemi – NISER, Nigeria
Sustainable Irrigation and Adaptation to Climate Change: Tales of Semi-Arid Regions of India
Shailendra Kumar Mandal – NITP, India
Inter-Linked Utilisation of Ecosystem Services by Communities in Arid Lands
Mogodisheng Sekhwela – U. Botswana, Botswana
Adaptation to the Impacts of Climate Change in a Mexican Semi-arid Region
José Luis Gonzales-Barrios – CLNID-RASPA, Mexico
2:00 pm - 3:45 pm
Session 4.3.3 - Panel - Africa Education 2
Social Learning and Human Capacity 2: Social Learning for Climate Change Adaptation at
Community Level - Policy and Practice Implications
Chair: Carolyn Palmer – National Research Foundation, South Africa
Rap.: Sheona Shackleton – Rhodes University, South Africa
Heila Sisitka – Rhodes University, South Africa
156
A drylands call for action
Declaration of Fortaleza
Climate Change, social learning and water management adaptation in vulnerable communities
Samuel Chimbuya – Khanya, South Africa
Designing Social Learning Systems for Sustainable and Resilient Community Driven Development
in a Climate Changing World
John Colvin – Open University, UK
Integrating Sustainability in School Curriculum and Practice: The Case of the Schools and Colleges
Permaculture Programme in Zimbabwe
Mutizwa Mukute – Rhodes University, South Africa
Exploring Farmer Learning and Agricultural Education (College) and Training: Do These Processes
Meet the Climate Challenge?
Victor Tichaona Pesanayi – SADC, South Africa
Discussants
Sheona Shackelton – Rhodes University, USA
Akpezi Ogbuigwe – UNEP, Kenya
20 AUGUST
8:30 am - 10:00 am
Session 5.1.3 - Roundtable
Local Adaptation Strategies
Chair: Arona Coumba Ndoffène Diouf – Sénégal
Livelihood Adaptation Capacities to Climate Variability in the Sahel
Arona Coumba Ndoffène Diouf – Université Cheukh Anda DIOP de Dakar, Sénégal
Cheikh Mbow – ISE, Sénégal
Adaptations to Climate Change (Anti-Flooding Solutions) in Kuttanadu Agro-Ecosystems (India)
Paimpillil J. S. – Center for Earth Resources and Environment Management, India
Local Adaptation Strategies to Climate Induced Water Stress and Hazards in Yunnan, Southwest
China
Yufang Su – Center for Mountain Ecosystem Studies/Yunnan Academy of Social Sciences, China
Qiaohong Li – World Agroforestry Center, China Program/Kunming Institute of Botany, China
Yao Fu – World Agroforestry Center, China Program/Kunming Institute of Botany, China
Andreas Wilkes – World Agroforestry Center, China Program/Kunming Institute of Botany, China
Jianchu Xu – World Agroforestry Center, China Program/Kunming Institute of Botany, China
What Drives Effective Adaptation to Climate Change Among Poor Farmers in Africa? The Case of
East and West Africa Trans-Boundary Sites
Ephraim Nikonya – International Food Policy Research Institute, USA
The West African Sahel: Challenges of Climate Change Adaptation Strategies
Lekan Oyebande – University of Lagos, Nigeria
Livelihood dynamics in semi-arid communities: adapting to climate change around Kanji Lake,
Nigeria
Raheem Usman Adebimpe – University of Ilorin, Nigeria
Safariland: Adapting to Social and Climate Changes
Angela Kabiru – National Museums of Kenya, Kenya
Inter-linked Utilisation of Ecosystem Services by Communities in Arid Lands of Botswana: Strategic
Adaptation to Climate Variability and Climate Change
Mogodisheng B. M. Sekhwela – University of Botswana, Botswana
Annex 2. Conference program
157
10:15 am - 12:15 am
Session 5.2.3 - Roundtable
Innovative Solutions
Chair: Mihir Joshi – India
Innovative Solutions of Shelter Against Climate Change Impact for Desert Regions of India
Mihir Joshi – SEEDS, India
Forest Decentralization and Local Adaptation to Climate Change: an Insight from Yunnan,
Southwest China
Jun He – ICRAF, China and University of East Anglia, Norwich, China
And if the Fighting Instruments of the vulnerability of people were, themselves, vulnerable? The
example of “participatory management plans in Senegal
Coumba Ndoffène Diouf – Université Cheuck Anta DIOP de Dakar, Sénégal
Climate Change and Ecosystem Vulnerability in the Semi-Arid Brazil
Izaura Cristina Nunes Pereira – Núcleo de Altos Estudos Amazônicos, Universidade Federal do Pará, Brazil
Impacts of Climate Variations on Water Availability in Reservoirs in Northeast Brazil: A Case Study
for the Basin of the Santa Cruz Reservoir in Apodi-RN
George Leite Mamede – Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Brazil
Débora Carla Barboza de Sousa – Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Brazil
Daniel Lima de Lyra – Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Brazil
Enhancing Climate Resilience for Sustainable Development in an Arid Region of Nigeria
Surveyor Efik – National Coordinator, Climage Change Network (CCN), Nigeria
2:00 pm - 3:45 pm
Session 5.3.3 - Roundtable
Impacts, Adaptation and Mitigation
Impact of the Glacier Melting to the Social-Economic Development and Climate Change
Adaptation Strategies in West China
Shiyin Liu – Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
Nanqing Jiang – UNEP China Office, China
Adapting and mitigating climate change through agriculture-Complementary or conflicting
priorities?
Patrick Doyle – DAI, USA
Chuck Chopak – DAI, USA
Andrew Watson – DAI, USA
Mitigation and Adaptation to Climate Change: China’s Forestry Policy Adjustment
Miao Guangping – The Department of Rural Forestry Reform and Development, China
Zhang Lei – The Department of Rural Forestry Reform and Development, China
Auroville - The City the Earth Needs
Lalit Kishor Bhati – Gaia University, India
Climate Change: Impacts, Vulnerabilities and Adaptation in Kilimanjaro Region
Abdallah Ramadhani – Envirocare
Loyce Lema – Envirocare
158
A drylands call for action
Declaration of Fortaleza
Vulnerability, Impacts and Adaptation to Climate Change in the Semi-arid Region of Northeast
Brazil
Jose Antonio Marengo Orsini – CCST/INPE, Brazil
Sin Chan Chou – CPTEC/INPE, Brazil
Lincoln M. Alves – CPTEC/INPE, Brazil
Francinete Francis Lacerda – Instituto de Tecnologia de Pernambuco, Brazil
Elder Almeida Beserra – CPTEC/INPE, Brazil
Integrated Assessment on Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change in Eastern Africa
Genene Mulugeta – Uppsala University, Sweden
The Dilemma of Climate Change in Tropical Countries : Vulnerability, Adaptation and Sustainable
Development in Nigeria
Ogundele Fatai Olakunle – Lagos State University, Ojo Lagos, Nigeria
Jesse C. Ribot – University of Illinois, USA
4:15 pm - 6:15 pm
Session 5.4.3 - Panel
Reducing Drought Vulnerability
Reducing Drought Vulnerability by Drought Characterizing Using Meteorological Data and
Spatial Soil Moisture Modelling
Budi Hadi Narendra – Forestry Research Institute of Maratam, Indonesia
Coping with Environmental Variability: Pastoral Livestock Mobility and Socio-Ecological Dynamics
in Eastern Africa
Bilal Butt – University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA
CLIMA-IVCSAB Software for Estimation of Climatic Vulnerability Index for the Brazilian Semi-arid
Maria Elisa Zanella – UFC, Brazil
Vládia Pinto Vidal de Oliveira – UFC, Brazil
Rosa Maria Ramos Maranhão – UFC, Brazil
Lívio Antonio Melo Freire – UFMG, Brazil
Annex 2. Conference program
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IV. Auditório Ásia
16 AUGUST
2:30 pm - 3:45 pm
Session 1.3.4 - Panel - ANA 1
Rational Use and Reuse of Water in the Semi-Arid Regions
Chair: Erwin de Nys – WB, USA
Rap.: Ivanildo Hespanhol – USP, Brazil
Water Producer Program
Devanir Garcia dos Santos – ANA, Brazil
The Mexican Experience with Household Waste Water Reuse in Irrigated Crops
Blanca Elena Jiménez Cisneros – UNAM, Mexico
Sustainable Sanitation and Re-use of Reclaimed Water in the Semi-Arid Brazil
Alice Miranda Martins – UPC, Spain
Management of Integrated Micro-Basins, Water an Sanitation Integrated Management Strategies
in Rural Communities in the Brazilian Semi-arid
Verlania de Medeiros Moraes – DCF/UFLA, Brazil
Carlos Magno de Medeiros Moraes – ASA, Brazil
Water Re-Use Concepts and Examples
Guido Soto – CAZALAC, Chile
4:30 pm - 6:15 pm
Session 1.4.4 - Panel
Education and Development in the Semi-Arid Lands
Chair: Antonio Gomes Pereira – Consultant, Brazil/USA
Rap.: Washington Bonfim – University of Piaui, Brazil
Macrotrends in Economic Development, Education and Environmental Protection
Ladislau Dowbor – PUC/SP, Brazil
The Ignored Half: Can Expanded Education Participation in Kenya’s Arid Lands Stimulate Growth
and Development?
Sara Jerop Ruto – UWEZO, Kenya
Living with the Semi-Arid: Doing Education with the Feet on the School Ground
Maria Luciana da Silva Nóbrega – RESAB, Brazil
17 AUGUST
8:30 am - 10:15 am
Session 2.1.4 - Panel - ICARUS/SDEP 2
The Importance of Community, Culture, Identity and Equity in Climate Change Adaptation
Strategies
Chair: Jamie McEvoy – U. Arizona, USA
Rap.: Lisa Shipper – SEI, Sweden
160
A drylands call for action
Declaration of Fortaleza
Redistribution, Recognition, Representation. Risk-proofed Justice in Latin-Americam Cities
Julien Rebotier – SET/CNRS, France
Community Based Adaptation and Culture
Jonathan Ensor – Practical Action, UK
Contestations and Effects of Climate Refugees Narratives
Carol Farbotko – U. Wollongong, Australia
Vulnerability to Climate Change in Brazil: Mapping Adaptation Strategies, Key Policies and Assessing
Gaps
Renata Marson Teixeira de Andrade – UCB, Brazil
2:00 pm - 3:45 pm
Session 2.3.4 - Panel
Sustainable Adaptation: Climate and Sustainable Development
Chair and rap.: Chuluun Togtokh – Mongolia Development Institute, Mongolia
Mongolia’s GHG Inventory. Technology Needs Assessment
Tsogoo Baltav – MDI, Mongolia
Millennium Development Goals-Based Comprehensive National Development Strategy of
Mongolia and New Policy for Combating Desertification
Tsendendamba Lkhanaajav – MDI, Mongolia
Vulnerability Assessment of Social-Ecological Systems in Mongolia
Altanbagana Myagmarsuren – DSI, Mongolia
Synergies Between Climate Change, Desertification and Human Development at Multiple Scales
Chuluun Togtokh – DSI, Mongolia
Building Development Under Climate Change in Arid Mongolia
Andrei Marin – U. Bergen, Norway
4:30 pm - 6:15 pm
Session 2.4.4 - Roundtable - University of Paris 13
Migrations, Climate Change and Development in Semi-Arid Regions
Chair: Pierre Salama – University of Paris 13, France
Rap.: Paulo Klias – Brazil
Migrations, Climate Change and Development in Semi-Arid Regions
Pierre Salama – Un. Paris, France
Climate Change and Migration (with a Case Study on the Brazilian Semi-Arid)
Alisson Flávio Barbieri – CEDEPLAR, Brazil
Migrations, Climate Change and Development in Semi-Arid Regions
Gabriela Munoz Meléndez – COLEF, Mexico
Ecosystem Change in Europe’s South Border and Migration
Eladio Fernandez-Galiano – Europa Council, France
Annex 2. Conference program
161
18 AUGUST
10:30 am - 12:15 am
Session 3.2.4 - Panel - UNCBD
Biodiversity, climate change and development in dry and sub-humid lands
Chair: Sergio Zelaya – UNCCD, Germany
Wetlands in drylands: threats from climate change and desertification and their role for adaptation
Maria Rivera – RAMSAR, Colombia
Loma Mama Doña
Maria Guacho Orozco – Guaman Poma Ayala, Ecuador
The role of Indigenous Knowledge and Biodiversity in Livestock Disease Management under
Climate Change
Harrison Chitambo – National Insititute for Scientific and Industrial Research, Zambia
Teaching and Learning the Value of Biodiversity-Based Livelihoods
Aderbal C. Correa – ICASALS, USA
1:30 pm - 3:15 pm
Session 3.3.4 - Panel - Univ. Georgia
Forms of adaptative management Under Climate Change
Chair: Donald Nelson – UG, USA
Rap.: Jorge Jatobá – UFPE, Brazil
Agricultural Droughts and Local Crises: A Spatial and Temporal Analisys of the Socioeconomic
Impacts of Hydrological Variability in Ceara
Francisco Assis Souza Filho – UFC, Brazil
The Historical Evolution of Adaptive Political Institutions in Ceará, Northeast Brazil
Timothy J. Finan – U. Arizona, USA
Explaining Problematic Predictions: Forecaster and "User" Perspectives from Ceará, Brazil
Karen Pennesi – U. Western Ontario, Canada
Bali on the Brink? Adaptive Co-Management for Subaks, Rice Terraces and Water Temples of Bali
Karyn Fox – U. Arizona, USA
Reducing Poverty, Protecting Livelihoods and Building Assets in a Changing Climate
Dorte Verner – WB, USA
3:30 pm - 5:15 pm
Session 3.4.4 - Panel - Africa Education 1
Social Learning and Human Capacity 1: Higher Education Capacity Development Processes for
Climate Change in Africa — Teaching and Research
Chair: John D. Colvin
Rap.: Sheona Shackleton – Rhodes U., South Africa
Discussants: Sheona Shackleton – Rhodes U., South Africa
Akpezi Ogbuigwe – UNEP, Kenya
162
A drylands call for action
Declaration of Fortaleza
A Conceptual Framework for Integrating Climate Change Adaptation into Higher Education (HE)
Learning and Research: Strengthening Capacity To Respond at Multiple Levels
Sheona Shackleton – Rhodes U., South Africa
The MESA Universities Partnership Project
Akpezi Ogbuigwe – UNEP, Kenya
Social Learning and Human Capacity Development Innovations for Climate Change Adaptation
Karen Pennesi – U. Western Ontario, Canada
Research: Social Learning in Policy & Practice for Sustainability
Carolyn Palmer – NRF, South Africa
Integration of ESD in National Education Systems: Issues to Consider when Including Climate Change
Mphemelang Ketlhoilwe – U. Botswana, Botswana
19 AUGUST
8:30 am - 10:15 am
Session 4.1.4 - Panel - ICARUS/SEI/SDEP 3
From Impacts to Vulnerability: Locating Climate Change Adaptation in the Development Agenda
Chair: Lisa Schipper – SEI, Thailand
Netra Chhetri – Arizona State University, USA
Rap.: Maria Carmen Lemos – University of Michigan, USA
Nailing Down Adaptation: Why Examples of Adaptation are so Elusive
Lisa Schipper – SEI, Thailand
Pastoralism and Climate Change: Clarifying Research and Policy Agendas
John Morton – U. Greenwich, UK
Clumsy Solutions to a Wicked Problem of Climate Change: Smallholder Agriculturists Approach
to Increase Systems Resiliency
Netra Chhetri – Arizona State U., USA
Climate Variability and Building Pastoral Socio-Ecological Adaptive Capacity in Ethiopia
Dawit Abebe – UN. Greenwich, UK
Community-Based Adaptation of Tribal Women to Climate Change in Semi-Arid India
Purabi Bose – Wageningen UN., Netherlands
10:30 am - 12:15 am
Session 4.2.4 - Roundtable - Monica Amorim / UFC
Poverty Alleviation and Environmental Conservation
Chair: Monica A. Amorim – UFC, Brazil
Rap.: Clarisse T. B. Dall Acqua – Consultant, Brazil
Poverty Alleviation and Environmental Conservation in the Context of Climate Change
José Antonio Puppim de Oliveira – United Nations University, Japan
Sweet Combination: Production of Organic Honey and Conservation of the Semi-arid in Simplício
Mendes/PI
Paulo Jordão de O. C. Fortes – UFPI, Brazil
Laundry Companies in Toritama in the Pernambuco Agreste
Clarisse T. B. Dall Acqua – Consultant, Brazil
Annex 2. Conference program
163
Global Production Networks: The Practice of Environmental and Economic Sustainability and Cacao
Janice Goldman – U. Massachusetts, USA
Poverty Reduction? Social Inclusion? Semi-arid? Underserved Populations? What Programs?
Francisco C. de Oliveira – UNIFOR, Brazil
Sustainability and the production of agroecological cottons in the semi-arid of Ceará, in northeast Brazil
Vilma Moreira Faria – UFC, Brazil
Poverty Reduction and Environmental Concerns
Monica A. Amorim – UFC, Brazil
2:00 pm - 3:45 pm
Session 4.3.4 - Roundtable - ICID
Social Sciences Research Agenda in Climate Change Response
Chair and rap.: Jesse Ribot, U. Illinois - USA
Climate Change: Impact on Poverty
Monica A. Amorim – UFC, Brazil
Social Sciences in Response to Climate Change in Mongolia and the MAIRS Region
Chuluun Togtokh – MDI, Mongolia
Adapting with a Long View: The Future of Maize in Mexico
Hallie Eakin – Arizona State U., USA
Social Sciences Research Agenda in Climate Change Response+AE61
Papa Faye – ISM, Senegal
Lessons learned about lessons learned
Michael Glantz – U. Colorado, USA
Uncertainty, Culture and Climate Change
Renzo Taddei – UFRJ, Brazil
What Has Been Changed by “Climate Change”? Challenges and Implications to Rural Development Studies
Zuo Ting – China Agricultural U. , Beijing
Participative Management and Delegated Management: Lessons from Experience of the Yorosso
Pastoral Scheme
Moussa Djiré – U. Bamako, Mali
Nailing Down Adaptation: Why Examples of Adaptation are so Elusive
Lisa Schipper – SEI, Thailand
20 AUGUST
8:30 am - 10:15 am
Session 5.1.4 - Roundtable
Water Management
Social Organization of Water in the Context of Climate Variability and Mining Contamination of Water
Víctor Hugo P. Miranda – Maestría en Gestión Integral de Recursos Hídricos/Universidad Mayor de San Simón, Bolivia
Water Management and Drought in the Jaguaribe Basin, Ceará
Viana, C. F. G. – UFC, Brazil
Marcel Bursztyn – UnB, Brazil
164
A drylands call for action
Declaration of Fortaleza
Water Market in the Batateira Fountain in Cariri and the New Water Policy in Ceará
Francisco Wilson Cordeiro de Brito – IFCE–Instituto Federal do Ceará, Brazil
Ticiana Marinho de Carvalho Studart – IFCE–Instituto Federal do Ceará, Brazil
Methodological Proposal for the Creation of a Systerm of Conflict Management among Water
Users in Microbasins of Espirito Santo
Walter Batista Júnior – Programa de Pós Graduação em Meteorologia Agrícola da UFV, Brazil
Gustavo Batista D’ Angiolella – Programa de Pós Graduação em Meteorologia Agrícola da UFV, Brazil
Ricardo Valory – Instituto Estadual de Meio Ambiente e Recursos Hídricos do Espírito Santo
Water Management Strategies to Combat Scarcity in Semi-arid and Mediterranean Regions:
Differences and Similarities
Maria Manuela Morais – University of Évora – Water Laboratory (ICAA), Portugal
Environmental Impacts of Climate Change on Groundwater Resources in Sri Lanka
Ranjana Udaya Kumara Piyadasa – Department of Geography, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka
Climate Change Impact Assessment on Rainfall-Runoff Process: A Case Study of Pishin Reservoir
Basin in Iran
Banafsheh Zahraie – Associate Professor, Iran
Roodabeh Mohammadnejad – Graduate student, Iran
10:15 pm - 12:15 pm
Session 5.2.4 - Roundtable
Rainwater Harvesting and Adaptation
The Recent Reactivation of Koris of the Niamey Region and the Siltation of the Niger River
Mamadou Ibrahim – Institut de Géographie, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne, France
Gautier Emmanuèle – Laboratoire de Géographie Physique (LGP)/CNRS UMR, France
Luc Descroix – Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), France
Bouzou Moussa Ibrahim – Département de Géographie, FLSH, Université Abdou Moumouni Niamey, Niger
Rainwater Harvesting Technology and Policies in Semi-arid Regions: Paraiba (Northeastern Brazil)
and Texas (Southwestern United States) Case Study
Rodolfo Luiz Bezerra Nóbrega – Universidade Federal de Campina Grande – UFCG, Brazil
Aderbal C. Correa – International Center for Arid and Semiarid Land Studies, USA
Carlos de Oliveira Galvao – Universidade Federal de Campina Grande – UFCG, Brazil
The Use of Roof Catchments and Cisterns for Domestic Supply in the Brazilian Semi-Arid Region
Luiz Rafael Palmier – Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
Rodolfo Luiz Bezerra Nóbrega – Universidade Federal de Campina Grande – UFCG, Brazil
Climate Change Adaptation for Sustainable Water Resources Management: A Case Study
Banafsheh Zahraie – Associate Professor, Iran
Abbas Roozbahany – Ph.D. Candidate, Iran
Amirreza Salamat – Graduate student, Iran
Role of agro-forestry on community livelihood and climate mitigation in Semi-arid region of
South India
Gladwin Joseph – ATREE, Bangalore, India
Kavitha Anjanappa – ATREE, Bangalore, India
Impacts of Climate change on livelihood of farmers in a Semi-Arid region of South India
Kavitha Anjanappa – ATREE, Bangalore, India
Badenahally Chikkarangappa Nagaraja – Bangalore University, Bangalore, India
Annex 2. Conference program
165
2:00 pm - 3:45 pm
Session 5.3.4 - Roundtable
Challenges and Perspectives in the Semi-arid Regions
Challenges and perspectives of actions of protection to agricuture production in the Brazilian Semi-arid
Marcos Antonio Alves de Lima – UnB, Brazil
Characterizing and modelling the diversity of cropping situations under climatic constraints in
West Africa
Seydou Traore – Agrhimet Regional Center, Niger
Effects of Rainfall Precipitation on Food Production in Ceará: Unfolding in Historical Periods
José de Jesus Sousa Lemos – Universidade Federal do Ceará – UFC, Brazil
Demartone Coelho Botelho – Universidade Federal do Ceará – UFC, Brazil
Trends in Indices for Extremes in Daily Temperature Over Utah State – USA
Carlos Antonio Costa dos Santos – Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia – INPA, Brazil
Lawrence E. Hipps – Utah State University, Canada
Christopher M. U. Neale – Utah State University, Canada
Impacts of climate changes in cultivation of upland cotton in rainfed systems in Northeast Brazil
Madson Tavares Silva – Universidade Federal de Campina Grande–UFCG
Vicente de Paulo Rodrigues da Silva – Universidade Federal de Campina Grande–UFCG
Promotion of Ecological and environmental micro-financings on activities that generate income
for local communities
Agbavito Koku Selom – Association des Volontaiers pour l'Environnement Sain, Togo
Agroforest Systems for the Brazilian Semi-arid
João V. F. Pimentel – Universidade Federal de Campina Grande–UFCG / Escola Agrícola de Quixeramobim–CE, Brazil
Hugo Orlando Carvallo Guerra – UFCG/DEAG/Campus I, Brazil
Francisco Jardel Rodrigeus da Paixão – Universidade Federal de Campina Grande–UFCG, Brazil
4:15 pm - 6:00 pm
Session 5.4.4 - Panel
The Challenges of Efficient Agriculture
The Challenges of Eco-Efficient Agriculture in Arid West Africa and Implications for Food Security
Samuel A. Igbatayo – Igbinedion University, Okada, Nigeria
Group Farming Produces Making Market Work for Poor Farmers
Ganesh Parida – CYSD, India
Vulnerability of Irrigated Agriculture in Face of Drought
Israel Velasco – Mexican Institute of Water Technology, Mexico
Agro-Ecological Vulnerability of Smallholder Farming Systems to Climate Change Dynamics and
Mitigation Options in Zimbabwe
Raphael Jingura – Chinhoyi University of Science and Technology, Zimbabwe
Kumbirai Musiyiwa – Chinhoyi University of Science and Technology, Zimbabwe
Trend in Precipitation Features as an Index of Climate Change in the Guinea Savanna Ecological
Zone of Nigeria: Its Implications on Crop Production
Mojisola Rhoda Olanrewaju – University of Illorin, Nigeria
166
A drylands call for action
Declaration of Fortaleza
V. Auditório Paraíba
16 AUGUST
2:30 pm - 3:45 pm
Session 1.3.5 - Panel - IRD
Northeast Brazil Climate Variability and Tropical Tele-connections
Chair: Stahis Panagides – Millennium Challenge, Cape Verde
Paleoclimatology and climatic vulnerability of the Brazilian northeast: a regional and global vision
Abdelfettah Sifeddine – IRD, France/Brazil
The Northeast Potential in Regard to the Register of Climatic Variability
Heitor Matallo – UNCCD, Mexico
Heitor Evangelista – UERJ, Brazil
Brazilian Nordeste Droughts, ENSO and the Atlantic Climate Variability: Some Insights from a
Documentary Study on Historical “Secas”
Luc Ortlieb – IRD, France
The Archeological Researches in the National Parks of the Capivara and the Confusões Mountains
and some Paleoclimatic Data
Gizele Felice – UFPI, Brazil
The Cave of Win Timdouine (High Atlas Mountains, Morocco): A contribution to the Inventory
of Geological Heritage and Speleothem Study
Lhoussaine Bouchaou – CM - AIH, Morocco
4:30 pm - 6:15 pm
Session 1.4.5 - Panel - ICID
Vulnerability and Impacts Indexes
Chair: Fernando Cosme Rizzo – CGEE, Brazil
Rap.: Antonio Glauter Teófilo Rocha – CGEE, Brazil
Reductions of vulnerability conditions in face of climate change in housing, urbanism and sanitation
Adrian Fernando Neyra Palomino – MVUS, Peru
Agricultural Vulnerability in the Brazilian Semi-Arid Region
Marília Magalhães and Eduardo Magalhães – IFPRI, USA
A Process-Based Assessment of Land Vulnerability: Italy as a Case-Study
Luigi Perini – CRA/CMA, Italy
Performance of Drought Quantitative Indexes
Alexandre Brian Heineman – Embrapa, Brazil
Construction of a Synthetic Index of Sustainable Development (IDS) for the Municipalities of the
Ceará State, Brazil
Manuel Osório de L. Viana – UFC, Brazil
Annex 2. Conference program
167
17 AUGUST
8:30 am - 10:15 am
Session 2.1.5 - Panel - ICID
Vulnerability Impacts and Adaptation: lessons and recommendations from the Australian Conference
Chair and rap.: Sergio Zelaya – UNCCD, Germany
The whole life cycle approach to capacity building in semi-arid lands: a case study of Sauri Cluster, Kenya
Shira Kronich, Shmuel Brenner – AIES, Israel
Impacts of government policies on pastoralist livelihoods in the semi-arid areas of Tanzania
Martin Shem – SUA, Tanzania
Asset managers for one thousand days: addressing vulnerability until the next elections
Samuel Mwangi – U. Nairobi, Kenya
2010 Climate Adaptation Futures Conference: Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia, 29 June–1 July
Jean Palutikof – NCCARF, Australia
2:00 pm - 3:45 pm
Session 2.3.5 - Panel - ANA 2
Water Governance in Drylands
Chair: Paulo Varella – ANA, Brazil
Rap.: Carlos Jauregui – WASA-GN, Spain
Water Governance in Arid and Semi-Arid Regions: Experience of Proagua Program
Ricardo Andrade – National Water Agency (ANA), Brazil
Rivers in Semi-Arid Lands
Jurgen Schmandt – University of Texas, USA
Sustainable Water Resources Management in the Lake Chad Basin: Problems and Challenges
Benjamin Ngounou Ngatcha – U. Ngaoundere, Cameroon
Water, Territory and Management: Complementary Looks
Oscar Buitrago Bermúdez – University del Valle, Colombia
Water Governance in the Brazilian Semi-arid
Otamar Carvalho – Consultant, Brazil
4:30 pm - 6:15 pm
Session 2.4.5 - Panel - LEDUC / ESCADAFAL
Remote Sensing and Water Management
Chair and rap.: Richard Escadafal – IRD CESBIO, France
Egypt is Hyperarid
Ismail Galil – DRC, Egypt
Integrated Modelling and Remote Sensing Approach for Sustainable Management of Water
Resources in Semi-arid Basin in Morocco: the SUDMED Program
D. El Hadani – RSC, Morroco
Abdelghani Chebouni – CESBIO, Egypt
Remote Sensing for Risk Assessment and Mapping in Dryland Areas-Lebanon
Talal Darwish – CNRS/CRS, Lebanon
168
A drylands call for action
Declaration of Fortaleza
Analyses of Vegetation Cover Monitoring through Multi-Scale Satellite Observation
Zohra Lili Chabaane – INAT, Tunisia
Earth Observation and Geoinformation for Water Resource Monitoring and Information Sharing
in Semi-Arid Regions: Application to Semi-Arid Northeast Brazil
Pascal Kousuth – UMR-Tetis/CEMAGREF, France
Satellite monitoring of environmental degradation and desertification in drylands: examples in
Northern Africa
Richard Escadafal – IRD, France
18 AUGUST
8:30 am - 10:15 am
Session 3.1.5 - Panel - MMA
Conservation and Sustainable Use of Native Species
Chair: Braulio Dias – Ministry of Environment, Brazil
Rap.: João Arthur Seyffarth – MMA, Brazil
Ignácio J. March Mifsut – TNC, Mexico
Species Conservation as a Monitoring Strategy of Climate Change and Desertification: The Case
of the Onça-Pintada (Jaguar) in the Brazil Semi-arid
Ronaldo Gonçalves Morato – CENAP, Brazil
Joaquim de Araujo Silva – Fundação Biotrópicos, Brazil
Advice and Management in Nature Studies, Human Development and Agroecology
Maurício Aroucha – AGENDHA, Brazil
Successfull Experiences of Sustainable Use in the Brazilian Semi-arid: The Caatinga Ecosystem
Francisco Campello – MMA, Brazil
Experiences of Traditional and/or Sustainable Agriculture in the Caatinga
Daniel Duarte – UFPB, Brazil
10:30 am - 12:15 pm
Session 3.2.5 - Panel - Rep. China
Vulnerability and Adaptation: Implications of Climate Change at Macro and Micro Levels in China
Chair: Xu Xiuli – Agricultural U. Beijing, China
Rap.: Yongjun Zhao – University of Groningen, the Netherlands
Discussant 1: Zuo Ting – China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
Discussant 2: Li Fengyang – Ningxia Center for Environment and Poverty Alleviation, China
Key Measures and Achievements of China’s Forestry for Combating Climate Changes
Qian Nengzhi – Copping Climate Change Office, SFA, China
Farmers’ Vulnerability to Climate Change and Adaptation Strategies in a Semi-arid Area in China
Zhang Yue – China Agricultural University
Local Perspectives of Climate Risks, Vulnerabilities and Adaptation
Xu Xiuli – China Agricultural U. Beijing, China
Coping, Adaptation and Vulnerability to Drought in Yunnan, China
Lu Caizhen – Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, China
Decentralization and local adaptation to climate change: insights from Yunnan, Southwest China
He Jun – University of East Anglia
Annex 2. Conference program
169
1:30 pm - 3:15 pm
Session 3.3.5 - Panel - ICID
Vulnerability and Coping in Rural Areas
Chair: Mark Lundell – WB, Brazil
Rap.: Edward Bresnyan – WB, Brazil
Sustainable Agricultures Development Indicators in the Semi-arid Regions of the Northeast of Brazil
Angela Küster – KAF, Brazil
Coping with environmental variability: pastoral livestock mobility and socio-ecological dynamics
in Eastern Africa
Bilal Butt – U. Wisconsin, USA
José Aderivaldo Silva da Nóbrega – UFCG, Brasil
Reducing vulnerability of pastoralist communities to climate change and variability in Northern Kenya
Joy Obando – Kenyatta University, Kenya
What drives effective adaptation to climate change among poor farmers in Africa? The case of
east and west Africa trans-boundary sites
Ephraim Nkonya – IFPRI, USA
4:30 pm - 6:15 pm
Session 3.4.5 - Panel - CDS/UnB
From Fighting Drought to Confronting Desertification in the Northeast Semi-Arid
Chair: Marcel Bursztyn – UnB, Brazil
Rap.: Cristine Viana – UFC, Brazil
Desertification, Adaptation and Climate Change in the Drylands: What Can We Learn from Amazonia?
Anthony L. Hall – London University, UK
Geo-History of the Northeast Semi-arid
Martine Droulers – CNRS, France
Rurbanisation: Alternative Path to Stop Environmental Degradation in the Brazilian Semi-arid
Claudio Egler – UFRJ, Brazil
Climate Vulnerability Reduction Measures in the Semi-Arid Lands: Experience from Eritrea
Woldetinsae Tewolde – Asmara University, Eritrea
Public Policies, Climate, Human and Social Changes
Marc Piraux – CIRAD/UFCG, Brazil
19 AUGUST
8:30 am - 10:15 am
Session 4.1.5 - Panel - Embrapa 2
Technologies for the Development of the Semi-Arid Regions: The Case of Embrapa
Chair: Natoniel F. de Melo – Embrapa, Brazil
Rap.: Marcos A. Drumond – Embrapa, Brazil
170
A drylands call for action
Declaration of Fortaleza
Desertification in the Brazilian Semi-arid
Iedo B. Sá – Embrapa, Brazil
Climate Changes and the Brazilian Semi-arid: some trends and Lags
Eduardo D. Assad – Embrapa, Brazil
Carbon in the Brazilian Semi-arid
Vanderlise Gingo Petrelli – Embrapa, Brazil
10:30 am - 12:15 pm
Session 4.2.5 - Panel - ICID
Vulnerability, Impacts and Adaptation in Drylands
Chair: Renato Ferreira – MMA, Brazil
Rap.: Henrique Veiga and Regina Gleice – MMA, Brazil
Challenges and opportunities to climate change adaptation among Tanzanian Rural Communities
Esther Dungumaro – University Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Building development under climate change in arid Mongolia
Andrei Marin – U. Bergen, Norway
Freshwater Program. Sustainable Use of Groundwater in the Brazilian Semi-arid: a Measure of
Adaptation to the Effects of Climate Changes - Program Água Doce
Renato Ferreira – SRHU/MMA, Brazil
Poverty and Sustainable Development in Cocoa Producing Communities, Cameroon
Tcharbuahbokengo Nfinn – Cameroon
The Impact of Precipitation in the Economy of Ceará
Nicolino Trompieri Neto – IPECE, Brazil
2:00 pm - 3:45 pm
Session 4.3.5 - Roundtable
International Governance of Environmental Institutions
Chair: Tarim Montalverne – COMPAM, Brazil
Rap.: Max Falque – ICREI, France
Aquaculture in the World
João Luis Nogueira Matias – UFC, Brazil
The Impact of the Mata Branca Project for the Sustainable Development of the Caatinga: The
Example of the State of Ceará
Maria Tereza Bezerra Farias Sales – COMPAM, Brazil
Comments:
Tarim Montalverne – COMPAM, Brazil
Annex 2. Conference program
171
VI. Auditório Pernambuco
16 AUGUST
2:30 pm - 3:45 pm
Session 1.3.6 - Roundtable - CDS Rede Luso
Climate, Desertification and Sustainable Development
Chair: Manoel Serrano Pinto – University of Aveiro, Portugal
Rap.: João Nildo de Souza Viana – University of Brasilia, UnB, Brazil
Water management strategies to combat scarcity in semi-arid and mediterranean regions:
differences and similarities
Maria Manuela Morais – U. Évora, Portugal
Vulnerability and sustainability of spring’s micro basins in face of climate change in a semi-arid region
Maria do Carmo Sobral – UFPE, Brazil
Bank Filtration: ecotechnology for drinking water treatment and its application to the semi-arid zone
Günter Gunkel – UFPE/U. T. Berlin, Germany
How useful are geosciences in making water and other geo-resources available in the semi-arid regions?
Manuel S. Pinto – U. Aveiro, Portugal
4:30 pm - 6:15 pm
Session 1.4.6 - Roundtable - FUNDAJ
Desertification and Climate Change
Chair: Edineida Cavalcanti – FUNDAJ, Brazil
Rap.: Guilhermo Gamarra-Rojas – UFRPE, Brazil
Contributions of Environmental History to the Study of Desertification and Climate Change
Elena Abraham – IADIZA, Argentina
Co-evolution Environment-Society in the Productive Systems of the Pernambuco Semi-arid
Guillermo Gamarra-Rojas – UFRPE, Brazil
Desertification and Climate Change
Valdemar Rodrigues – UFPI, Brazil
Pre-Columbian Cultures, Desertification and Climate Change in Peru
Juan Torres Guevara – UNALM, Peru
17 AUGUST
8:30 am - 10:15 am
Session 2.1.6 - Panel
Education and Development in the Brazilian Semi-Arid
Chair.: Antonio Gomes Pereira – Consultant, Brazil
Rap.: Silvio José Rossi – INSA, Brazil
Contextual Education: Five Inherent Tensions
Antonio Gomes Pereira – Consultant, Brazil
172
A drylands call for action
Declaration of Fortaleza
Contextual Education, Local Empowerment and Sustainable Development
Sílvio José Rossi – INSA, Brazil
Education in Face of the Knowledge Economy
Ladislau Dowbor – PUC/ SP, Brazil
Semi-arid of Piauí: Living Together in Development
Vera Lúcia Araújo Silva – MOC/PI, Brazil
Challenges of Education in the Brazilian Semi-arid
Washington Bonfim – UFPI, Brazil
Education and development: living together in the semi-arid, making education with the feet on
the school's ground
Maria Lucimar da Silva Nóbrega – RESAB, UNIVASF, Brazil
2:00 pm - 3:45 pm
Session 2.3.6 - Panel - IICA
IICA 1 - Poverty Index
Chair: Gertjan Beekman – IICA, Brazil
Rap.: Emanuel de Melo – IICA, Brazil
The Water Poverty Index: a tool for evaluation, monitoring and prioritization in water management
Caroline Sullivan – S.C. University, Australia
Water Poverty Index – Use of the Methodology in Lavelle Desert (Mendoza, Argentina)
Elena Maria Abraham – IADIZA, Argentina
Cisterns Program
Igor Arsky – MDS, Brazil
Index of Water Poverty
Renata Luna – UFC, Brazil
4:30 pm - 6:15 pm
Session 2.4.6 - Panel - ICID
Impacts and Adaptation in Agriculture
Chair and rap.: Peter A. O. Odjugo – University of Benin, Nigeria
Adaptation Measures Implemented by Agricultural Sector and Agricultural Policy Reactions to
Climate Change in Zambia
Justine Ngoma – ZBU, Zambia
Good Rural Living: Water and Agriculture
Cristina Rosero – Ecuador
Community (Group) Farming: An Eco-Friendly Sustainable Agriculture Practice
Ganesh Parida – CYSD, India
Climate Change and Agriculture
Magume Stephen – ACCC, Uganda
Effect of Rainfall Precipitation in the Evolution of Food Production in Ceará: Unfolding in Recent
Historical Periods
José de Jesus Sousa Lemos – UFC, Brazil
Adaptation to Climate Change in the Agricultural Sector in the Semi-Arid Region of Nigeria
Peter A. O. Odjugo – U. Benin, Nigeria
Annex 2. Conference program
173
18 AUGUST
8:30 am - 10:15 am
Session 3.1.6 - Panel - INMET / IRI
Climate and Society: Bridging the Gap between Science and Application II
Chair: Eduardo Martins – UFC, Brazil
Rap.: Alexandre Costa – UECE, Brazil
Value of climate Information
John Michael Hall – Newcastle University, UK
From Knowledge to Action for Climate Adaptation in Arid Cities
Jim Buizer – U. Arizona, USA
Climate and Society: Bridging the Gap between Science and Application
Walter E. Baethgen – IRI, USA
Science-based Climate Prediction and Applications: Recollections of a Successful International
Collaboration IRI & Ceara’s FUNCEME
Antonio Divino Moura – INMET, Brazil
10:30 am - 12:15 pm
Session 3.2.6 - PANEL - INMET / IRI
Climate and Society: Bridging the Gap between Science and Application III
Chair and rap.: Antonio Geraldo Ferreira – FUNCEME, Brazil
Opportunities for Adapting Water Resources Systems to a Changing Climate
Upmanu Lall – U. Columbia, USA
Seasonal Climate Prediction and Agriculture: the Chilean Experience
Francisco Meza – CCC, Chile
Climatic Risk Management for the Agricultural Sector in the Guerrero Region, in Mexico
René Lobato Sanchez – IMTA, Mexico
Malaria Biological Models and Dynamical Downscaling for Northwestern South America in the
Observatorio Andino Framework
Angel Muñoz – U. del Zulia, Venezuela
Operation of Reservoirs Using Climate Information
Francisco de Assis de Souza Filho – UFC, Brazil
Renewable Energy, Climate and Climate Forecast
Alexandre Araujo Costa – UECE, Brazil
1:30 pm - 3:15 pm
Session 3.3.6 - Panel - SFB
Sustainable Use of Forestry Resources in the Caatinga and the Development of Northeast Brazil
Chair: Antônio Carlos Hummel – IBAMA, Brazil
Rap.: Lucio Valerio Coutinho de Araújo – UFCG, Brazil
174
A drylands call for action
Declaration of Fortaleza
Caatinga: Description and Use
Everardo Sampaio – UFPE, Brazil
Forest Management as a Tool for Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation in the Caatinga
Enrique Riegelhaupt – PNE, Brazil
Non-wood Forest Production in the Caatinga
Caroline Almeida Souza – IPT, Brazil
The Energy Question and the Forest Management of the Caatinga
Newton Barcellos – SFB, Brazil
4:30 pm - 6:15 pm
Session 3.4.6 - Roundtable - INSA / GNDRI
Global Network of Dryland Research Institutes
Chair: Roberto Germano – INSA, Brazil
Rap.: José de Sousa – Consultant, Brazil
Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas (Argentinian Institute of Arid Zones Research)
Elena Abraham – IADIZA, Argentina
ICARDA Research Agenda and Opportunities for Partnership for Agricultural Development in
Non-Tropical Drylands
Ahmed Amri – ICARDA, Syria
Climate Change and Agriculture in Semi-Arid Tropics
Hari D. Upadhyaya – ICRISAT, India
The International Center for Arid and Semi-arid Land Studies (ICASALS) and International Partnerships
Aderbal Correa – ICASALS, USA
Networking of Institutions for Promoting Technical and Scientific Cooperation
Uriel Safriel – GNDRI, Israel
19 AUGUST
8:30 am - 10:15 am
Session 4.1.6 - Panel - LEDUC / SCADAFAL
Adaptation Strategies in Water Resources
Chair: Christian Leduc – IRD, France
Rap.: Julian Daniel Pierre Burte – UFC, BRAZIL
Hydrology and Water Resources in a Changing Semi-arid Environment: Insights for Policy Makers
Christian Leduc – IRD, France
Climatic and Anthropogenic Effects on Hydrology of Semi-Arid Regions in India
Mohan Kumar – IISC, India
Coupling Hydrology and Climate Models to Analyse Climate Change Implications at River
Catchment Scale
Jacques Ganoullis – University of Thessaloniki, Greece
How to Increase Aquifer Recharge in Semi-arid Regions: the Spanish Case
Antonio Pulido-Bosch – University of Almería, Spain
How to Increase Aquifer Recharge in Semi-arid Regions: a Case Study (SE Spain)
Wenceslao Martín-Rosales – University of Granada, Spain
Annex 2. Conference program
175
10:30 am - 12:15 pm
Session 4.2.6 - Panel - LEDUC
Adaptation Strategies for Water Resources Management
Chair: Christian Leduc – IRD, France
Rap.: Cristine Viana – UFC, Brazil
Climate Risk Management as Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Strategy
Francisco Assis de Souza Filho – UFC, Ceará
The LMI Tchad Lake: A New Momentum to Improve Water Resources Management in the Lake
Tchad Basin
Benjamin Ngounou Ngatcha – IRD, France
Adaptive Management of Groundwater in an Over-Exploited Aquifer in a Semi-arid Region
through a Decision Support Tool
Shakeel Ahmed – IFCGR/NGRI, India
Water Networks x Power Networks in the Ceará Central Backlands
Cristine Viana – UFC, Brazil
Recommendations to Improve Water Resources Management: Experience from the Semi-arid
Northeast Brazil
Eric Cadier – IRD, France
Tanya Keikkila – IRI, USA
2:00 pm - 3:45 pm
Session 4.3.6 - Roudntable - IICA
Lessons from the Aridas Initiative
Chair and rap.: Carlos Miranda – IICA, Brazil
Aridas Project
Antonio Rocha Magalhães – CGEE, Brazil
Regional Sustainable Development Plans
Leonel Leite – IICA, Brazil
The Vision of Sustainable Development in the Semi-arid Regions: the ICID Contributions
Maria Irles de Oliveira Mayorga – UFC, Brazil
Aridas Project and Water Resources
Ramon Rodrigues – SRH/CE, Brazil
Participation and the Projeto Aridas
Juergen Schmandt – Un. Texas, USA
176
A drylands call for action
Declaration of Fortaleza
Poster Sessions
August - 16th to 18th
Monday : am to Wednesday : am
Climate
Title
Authors
Climate Change Impacts in East Africa
Habiba I. Mtongori – Tanzania Meteorological Agency (TMA),
Tanzania
Dr.Pete M. Inness – University of Reading, United Kingdom
Potentiality of aridization in Espírito Santo in the light of global
climate change (in Portuguese)
Walter Batista Junior – Graduate Program in Agricultural
Meteorology, Federal University of Viçosa, Brazil
Gustavo Batista D' Angiolella – Graduate Program in
Agricultural Meteorology, Federal University of Viçosa, Brazil
An examination of the impact of climate change, HIV and
AIDS on the elderly’s livelihoods
Ignatius Gutsa – Applied Social Research Trust, Zimbabwe
The Impact of Human Activities in Africa, the North and
South Pole Regions, on Global Climate Change
Babagana Abubakar – Kanuri Development Association,
Nigeria
Laila Deribe Abubakar – Kanuri Development Association,
Nigeria
Municipal Index Alert – IMA (in Portuguese)
Rogério Barbosa Soares – IPECE/CE, Brazil
Klinger Aragão Magalhães – IPECE/CE, Brazil
Cleyber Nascimento de Medeiros – IPECE/CE, Brazil
Impact of sea surface temperature over East Mole and South
Atlantic Ocean on Rainfall Pattern over the Coastal Stations
of Nigeria
Ediang Okuku. A. – Nigerian Meteorological Agency, Nigeria
Ediang Aniekan .A. – Nigerian Meteorological Agency, Nigeria
Adelugba Taiwo – Nigerian Meteorological Agency, Nigeria
Dogby Jospeh K. – Nigerian Meteorological Agency, Nigeria
Tsakporhore Oviri I. – Nigerian Meteorological Agency, Nigeria
Climate Change and its impact on Rainfall in Zimbabwe Using
General Circulation Models (GCMs)
Patrick Mukunguta – Zimbabwe Meteorology, Zimbabwe
Indicative of changes in annual average temperatures of the
State of Ceara (in Portuguese)
Eunice Maia de Andrade – UFC, Brazil
Meilla Marielle Araujo Rodrigues – UFC, Brazil
Eveline Viana Salgado – UFC, Brazil
Fernando Bezerra Lopes – UFC, Brazil
Luiz Carlos Guerreiro Chaves – UFC, Brazil
Detection Monitoring Indices of Climate Change on River
Basin Capibaribe Pernambuco (in Portuguese)
Laryssa Galdino Tertuliano – UFCG, Brazil
José Ivaldo Barbosa de Brito – UFCG, Brazil
Francinete Francis Lacerda – ITEP/PE, Brazil
Study of Detection of Climate Change on the Brigida River
Basin in Pernambuco (in Portuguese)
Lais Alves Santos – UFCG, Brazil
José Ivaldo Barbosa de Brito – UFCG, Brazil
Francinete Francis Lacerda – ITEP/PE, Brazil
Conditions over the Pacific Ocean during the Quaternary and
Possible Implications for Climate in Northeast Brazil
Tyhago Aragão Dias – UECE, Brazil
Alexandre Araújo Costa – UECE, Brazil
Francisco Franklin Sousa Rios – UECE, Brazil
Felipe Viana Pimentel – UECE, Brazil
Annex 2. Conference program
177
Climate
Title
178
Authors
Influence of microphysical parameters of the solid phase in the
life cycle of convective clouds in different conditions of vertical stability
André de Sena Pinheiro – UECE, Brazil
Maria Jocilandia Mendes Vasconcelos – UECEE, Brazil
Alexandre Araújo Costa – UECE, Brazil
Climatic impacts of biomass burning over west Africa
Abdourahamane Konare – Universite de Cocody, Cote D'Ivoire
Climatic changes and population dynamics: a scenario for the
State of Bahia (in Portuguese)
Fabio Antonio Moura Costa de Souza – INGA/BA, Brazil
Heraclio Alves de Araujo – INGA/BA, Brazil
Climate change, sustainable development and Nepal : Global
and national concerns
Shambhu Dutta Joshi – Community Health and Environmental
Society Nepal, Nepal
Bindu Joshi – Tribhuwan University, Nepal
The participation of IBAMA in implementing the National Plan
on Climate Change: mapping related activities and analysis of
institutional solutions (in Portuguese)
Flávia Lemos Sampaio Xavier – IBAMA, Brazil
Francisca de Sousa Lima – Programa Prefuturo/IBAMA, Brazil
Iranildo de Sousa Ferreira – Programa Prefuturo/IBAMA, Brazil
Paleoclimate Time Series Analysis of Concentrations of
Greenhouse Gases in Ice Cores (in Portuguese)
Francisco Franklin Sousa Rios – UECEE, Brazil
Alexandre Araújo Costa – UECE, Brazil
Tyhago Aragão Dias – UECE, Brazil
Felipe Viana Pimentel – UECE, Brazil
Comparative Study of the interglacial periods (in Portuguese)
Francisco Franklin Sousa Rios – UECE, Brazil
Alexandre Araújo Costa – UECE, Brazil
Tyhago Aragão Dias – UECE, Brazil
Felipe Viana Pimentel – UECE, Brazil
Analysis of variation of sea surface temperature in the Atlantic
Ocean Late Quaternary and their possible impact on Climate
Change in Northeast Brazil (in Portuguese)
Felipe Viana Pimentel – UECE, Brazil
Alexandre Araújo Costa – UECE, Brazil
Tyhago Aragão Dias – UECE, Brazil
Francisco Franklin Sousa Rios – UECE, Brazil
Adjusting probability functions rainfall data of stations in the
region of the Sierra Norte de Puebla (in Spanish)
Tavarez Nieto Juana María – CONAGUA, Dir. local Puebla,
México
Ramírez Orozco Aldo Ivan – IAQ,uaq, México
Lobato Sánchez René – IMTA, México
Gutiérrez López Alfonso – CIAQ,uaq, México
Teleconnections and impacts between the sea surface
temperature of the Southern hemisphere and the daily
intensity of extreme rainfall over Southeast of South America
Federico Ariel Robledo – FCEN-UBA, Argentina
Olga C. Penalba – FCEN-UBA, Argentina
Maria Laura Bettolli – FCEN-UBA, Argentina
Climate change as a result of new human activities
Babagana Abubakar – Kanuri Development Association,
Nigeria
Dungus Mohammed – NNPC DEPORT,DAMBOA ROAD,
Nigeria
Business Strategies in response to climate change (in Portuguese)
Aline Mota Albuquerque – COELCE/UFC, Brazil
Monica Cavalcanti Sá de Abreu – UFC, Brazil
Prediction of changes in Stream flow of Karoon River in the
Next 50 Years
Hossein Ghorbanizadeh Kharazi – Iran
Bahram Saghafian – Iran
Scenarios A2 and B2 of temperatures for the years 2020, 2030,
2040, 2050, 2060 e 2070 – Brigida River basin – PE
José Alegnoberto Leite Fechine – UFG, Brazil
Josicleda Domiciano Galvíncio – UFPE, Brazil
The right to a balanced environment: analysis of the
performance of the Brazilian government to the new
landscape of climate change and sustainability (in Portuguese)
Ives Romero Tavares do Nascimento – UFC, Campus Cariri,
Brazil
Suely Salgueiro Chacon – UFC, Campus Cariri, Brazil
A drylands call for action
Declaration of Fortaleza
Climate
Title
Authors
Seasonal rainfall variability over part of Trans-KalaharI Transect:
influence beyond ENSO
Akintayo Adedoyin – University of Botswana, Botswana
Adelaide Kurusa – University of Botswana, Botswana
Spatial variability of the statistical parameters of the annual
maximum temperatures in Ceará State (in Portuguese)
Fernando Bezerra Lopes – UFC, Brazil
Luiz Carlos Guerreiro Chaves – UFC, Brazil
Eunice Maia de Andrade – UFC, Brazil
Eveline Viana Salgado – UFC, Brazil
Meilla Marielle Araujo Rodrigues – UFC, Brazil
Climate variability in the Semi-arid Regions: the case of the Cariri
Region in the Interior of Ceará, Northeast Brazil (in Portuguese)
Milanya Ribeiro da Silva – UFC/Cariri, Brazil
Water Resources & Hydrology
Title
Authors
Adapta Sertão: optimizing the use of water and improving access
to efficient irrigation technologies and modern agronomic
knowledge as a strategy to prevent desertification and adapt
small farmers of semi-arid Brazil to climate change impacts
Daniele Cesano – REDEH and Centro Clima, UFRJ, Brazil
Emilio Lèbre La Rovere – Centro Clima, UFRJ, Brazil
Debora Cynamon Kligerman – Fund. Osvaldo Cruz and Centro
Clima, UFRJ, Brazil
Maria Regina Maroun – Centro Clima, UFRJ, Brazil
Martin Obermaier – Centro Clima, UFRJ, Brazil
Thais Corral – UNIFACS, Brazil
Bringing innovation to the ground: the role of farmers
cooperative in the climate adaptation process
Nereide Colho Segala – Cooperative "Ser do Sertao", Brazil
The water availability for agricultural production in Cape
Verde, Africa (in Portuguese)
Nereide Colho Segala – Cooperative "Ser do Sertao", Brazil
Fresh Water Programme, Sustainable use of groundwater in
scattered rural localities in the Brazilian semi-arid (in Portuguese)
Henrique Pinheiro Veiga – MMA, Brazil
Renato Saraiva Ferreira – MMA, Brazil
Evaluation of the performance of groundwater dams
constructed in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil
Luiz Rafael Palmier – UFMG/ABCMAC, Brazil
Ana Paula Viana – UFMG, Brazil
Rodolfo Luiz Bezerra Nóbrega – UFMG/ABCMAC, Brazil
The problem of multiple small dams in the Semi-arid NorthEastern Brazil
José Carlos de Araújo – UFC, Brazil
Iran Eduardo Lima Neto – UFC, Brazil
Pedro Henrique Augusto Medeiros – UFC, Brazil
Vanda Tereza Costa Malveira – UFC, Brazil
Artisanal fishing in the pond of Pentecost-CE (in Portuguese)
Clarissa Maria Telles Vieira – UFC, Brazil
Marcelo José da A. Feitosa Vieira – DNOCS, Brazil
Gleydson Ribeiro dos Santos – UFC, Brazil
Methodological proposal for creating a system for managing
conflicts between water users in the watersheds of the state of
Espírito Santo (in Portuguese)
Walter Batista Junior – UFV, Brazil
Gustavo Batista D' Angiolella – UFV, Brazil
Ricardo Valory – IEMARH/ES, Brazil
Water Management in Rural Communities in the Hinterland of
Ceará (in Portuguese)
Delano Cardoso Lima – UFC, Brazil
Marta Celina Linhares Sales – UFC, Brazil
Management of watersheds, Strategies for Integrated
Management of Water and Sanitation in Rural Communities in
the Brazilian Semi-arid (in Portuguese)
Verlândia de Medeiros Morais – UFGC, Brazil
Gregório Mateus Santana – UFGC, Brazil
Rayssa de Medeiros Morais – UFGC, Brazil
Patricio Borges Maracajá – UFGC, Brazil
Carlos Magno de Medeiros Morais – UFGC, Brazil
Annex 2. Conference program
179
Water Resources & Hydrology
Title
Authors
Satellite monitoring of the eutrophication of large dams in the
Northeast (in Portuguese)
Jean-Michel Martinez – IRD, France
Anna Paola Bubel – ANA, Brazil
Dhalton Ventura – ANA, Brazil
Marcia Regina Coimbra – ANA, Brazil
Maurrem Ramom Vieira – ANA, Brazil
José Luiz Attayde – UFRN, Brazil
Eurides de Oliveira – ANA, Brazil
Ceara Water Watchers: Project under expansion (in
Portuguese)
Enio Giuliano Girão – EMBRAPA, Brazil
Francisco Nataniel dos Santos Silva – EMBRAPA, Brazil
Francisca Dalila Menezes de Sousa – EMBRAPA, Brazil
Evaluation of Water Policy of Ceara: The Case of Dam
Castanhão (in Portuguese)
Luiz Antônio Maciel de Paula – UFC, Brazil
Francisca Silvania de Sousa Monte – UFC, Brazil
Experiences and actions for the implementation of public
policies on water resources in the state of Ceara (in Portuguese)
Inah Maria De Abreu – UNIFOR, Brazil
João Bosco Andrade de Morais – UNIFOR, Brazil
Mary Lúcia Andrade Correia – UNIFOR, Brazil
Karen Abreu Hissa – UNIFOR, Brazil
Adaptation, Mitigation & Vulnerability
Title
180
Authors
Impact of a household biodigestor in the economics of
greenhouse gas emissions at a family farm in the Cariri
Paraibano (in Portuguese)
Luis Cláudio Mattos – PDHC, Brazil
Joel Krehbiel – Mennonite Central Committee, USA
Dissemination of efficient stoves in Northeast Brazil
(in Portuguese)
Jörgdieter Anhalt – IDER, Brazil
Thomson José de Souza – IDER, Brazil
Impact of the implementation of more efficient wood stoves
on the pressure to deforestation of native vegetation in the
region of Pajeú, Pernambuco, Brazil (in Portuguese)
Tainah Regueira – PDHC, Brazil
Luis Cláudio Mattos – PDHC, Brazil
Social Technologies: potential tools for minimization of global
warming? (in Portuguese)
Andréa Cardoso Ventura – UFBA, Brazil
José Célio Silveira Andrade – UFBA, Brazil
Liliane de Queiroz Antonio – SENAI CIMATEC, Brazil
Family Grant Program Meets Main Goal in Semi-arid Northeast:
Immediate Relief to Poverty and Hunger (in Portuguese)
Maria Claudene Bezerra Gomes – IFCE - Campus Iguatu, Brazil
Bráulio Gomes de Lima – IFCE - Campus Iguatu, Brazil
Maldives and its Atolls is unique because of its geological
and topographic aspects and their fragile and delicate
environmental system
Ali Rasheed – Auckland University of Technology, New
Zealand
Vulnerability to climatic and socioeconomic factors of municipalities of Ceará using multivariate analysis (in Portuguese)
Rogério Barbosa Soares – IPECE/CE, Brazil
Eunice Maia de Andrade – UFC, Brazil
Fernando Bezerra Lopes – UFC, Brazil
Francisco José Firmino Canafístola – UFC, Brazil
Mechanisms for Implementation of Environmental Rights
and Vulnerability Reduction: An Analysis of Civil Society
Organizations in the Cariri Cearense (in Portuguese)
Sarah Maria da Silva Gonçalves – UFC/Cariri, Brazil
A drylands call for action
Declaration of Fortaleza
Adaptation, Mitigation & Vulnerability
Title
Authors
Knowing how to provide in order to predict: DNOCS and the
policy of dams to "combat drought” in Ceará from 1909 to
1945 (in Portuguese)
Aline Silva Lima – UFC, Brazil
Renata Felipe Monteiro – UFC, Brazil
Others
Title
Authors
Localized rainfall production: a new source of clean water to
the semi-arid (in Portuguese)
Ricardo Imai – ModClima Research and Development Ltda,
Brazil
Majory Imai – ModClima Research and Development Ltda,
Brazil
Inácio Malmonge Martin – ITA, Brazil
Mauro Ângelo Alves – Instituto de Aeronáutica e Espaço, Brazil
Takeshi Imai – ModClima Research and Development Ltda,
Brazil
Tsunami on people’s livelihoods and the effectiveness of aid
Ali Rasheed – Auckland University of Technology New
Zealand, New Zealand
Extreme rainfall events in Ceará State and its relationship with
tropical oceans temperature
Carlos Antonio Costa dos Santos – INPA, Brazil
Prakki Satyamurty – UEA, BRazil
Antonio Ocimar Manzi – INPA, Brazil
Investigation of the maxima, minima and mean temperatures
at a semi-arid region in Northeast Brazil
Eunice Maia de Andrade – FC, Brazil
Meilla Marielle Araújo Rodrigues – FC, Brazil
Marcos Amauri Bezerra Mendonça – FC, Brazil
Luis Carlos Guerreiro Chaves – FC, Brazil
Rebeca Mendes Feitosa – FC, Brazil
Radiative impacts of desert aerosols over West Africa
Ibrah Seidou Sanda – Département de Physique, Université
Abdou Moumouni – Niamey, Niger
Arona Diedhiou – IRD/LTHE, France
A world fit for children and adolescents from the semi-arid
(in Portuguese)
Gilbert Scharnik – IIDAC/UEG, Brazil
Land management of the catchment area of Ribeira Seca (Cape
Verde) and its climatic and topographic constraints
(in Portuguese)
Regla Viviana Amorós Hernández – INIDA, Brazil
Sebastião Cavalcante de Sousa – UFC, Brazil
SITIMI Project. Inovachuva system: Innovative Technologies
(in Portuguese)
Eduardo Humberto Camara Monte – Project SITIMI, Brazil
Comparison between observed data by the BANDA-X Radar
and simulated data by the RAMS model during the EmfiN
Experience (in Portuguese)
Arthur Costa Tomaz de Souza – FUCEME/CE, Brazil
Alexandre Araujo Costa – FUCEME/CE, Brazil
Antonio Carlos Santana dos Santos – UECE/CE, Brazil
Annex 2. Conference program
181
18th to 20th August
Wednesday : pm to Friday : pm
Public Policies
Title
Authors
Environmental policy of displacement of peasant populations
in semi-arid environment of Piauí (Dialogues on emerging
preservation / conservation of the Caatinga) (in Portuguese)
Maria Sueli Rodrigues de Sousa – UESPI, Brazil
Participation of Youth and Adolescents in Public Policies in the
Semi-arid (in Portuguese)
Gilson Scharnik – IIDAC/UEG, Brazil
Green Seal Municipality Project and the Strengthening of
environmental protection in the municipalities of Ceará (in
Portuguese)
Maria do Socorro Ferreira de Azevedo – CONPAM/CE, Brazil
Maria Dias Cavalcante – CONPAM/CE, Brazil
Maria Tereza Bezerra Farias Sales – CONPAM/CE, Brazil
Maria Goretti Gurgel Mota de Castro – CONPAM/CE, Brazil
Rita de Cássia Lima Bezerra – CONPAM/CE, Brazil
Márcia Maria dos Santos Souza – CONPAM/CE, Brazil
Tarin Cristino Frota Mont’alverne – UFC, Brazil
The Council of Public Policies and Environmental
Management: Integrated and participatory management of
the State Government of Ceara to ensure the effectiveness of
Public Policies (in Portuguese)
Tarin Cristino Frota Mont'Alverne – UFC, Brazil
Marcia Maria dos Santos Souza – CONPAM/CE, Brazil
Dendroenergia and the Caatinga ecosystem of the Northeast
Brazil: the ineffectiveness of public policies on environmental
conservation of the semi-arid (in Portuguese)
Joaci Galindo – IFPE, Brazil
Alexandre Valença do Nascimento Silva – IFPE, Brazil
Disjunctions of public policies for the semi-arid (in Portuguese)
João Mendes da Rocha Neto – MIN, Brazil
Djalma Freire Borges – UFRN, Brazil
Public policies in the semi-arid Piaui: Nova Santa Rita-PI
(in Portuguese)
Maria de Jesus Rodrigues Alves – UFPI, Brazil
Maria do Socorro Lira Monteiro – UFFPI TROPPEN, Brazil
Public Policy in the Lower Jaguaribe / CE: socio-environmental
vulnerabilities and development (in Portuguese)
Camila Santiago Martins Bernardini – UFC, Brazil
Public policies for the semi-arid northeast: an analysis of
development indicators of the National Pact "A world fit for
children and adolescents of the Semi-arid" (in Portuguese)
Antonia Ivete Alves de Matos – UFC, Brazil
Suely Salgueiro Chacon – UFC/ Cariri, Brazil
Energy
Title
182
Authors
Renewable energies, social inclusion and biodiesel: analysis of
the socio-economic potential of Cariri, Ceará (in Portuguese)
Francisco Arrais Nascimento – UFC/ Cariri, Brazil
Estimation of wind resources in the Ceará coast using the
theory of linear regression (in Portuguese)
Marcos Antonio Tavares Lira – IFPI/PI, Brazil
Emerson Mariano da Silva – UECE, Brazil
Energy production at semi-arid: a challenge or an opportunity
to sustainable development?
Manuel Rangel Borges Neto – IFSertão/PE, Brazil
Paulo Cesar Marques de Carvalho – UFC, Brazil
A drylands call for action
Declaration of Fortaleza
Environment & Sustainable Development
Title
Authors
Rules of the all or nothing type as abuse and/or abusive claims
of law and violations of fundamental rights (in Portuguese)
Maria Sueli Rodrigues de Sousa – UESPI, Brazil
Phytotheraphy as a Factor for Sustainability and Development
in Semi-arid Regions
Gloria Marinho – Federal Institute of Science, Technology and
Education of Ceará, Brazil
Marco Antonio Botelho – Federal Institute of Science,
Technology and Education of Ceará, Brazil
Rinaldo Araújo – Federal Institute of Science, Technology and
Education of Ceará, Brazil
Evandro Martins – Federal Institute of Science, Technology
and Education of Ceará, Brazil
Basilio Rommel Almeida Fechine – Federal Institute of Science,
Technology and Education of Ceará, Brazil
Francisco Cristiano da Silva Sousa – Federal Institute of
Science, Technology and Education of Ceará/Caninde
Antonio Ulisses de Sousa Jr – Federal Institute of Science,
Technology and Education
Quixadá: adventure tourism in the middle of the semi-arid
region of Ceará (in Portuguese)
Amauricia Lopes Rocha Brandão – UECE, Brazil
Are ecological sanitation systems accepted to our society and
culture?
A.H.Gunapala – National Water Supply & Drainage Board , Siri
Lanka
Rohan Wijesooriya – National Water Supply & Drainage Board,
Siri Lanka
Environmental zoning of an area of backland depression with
a focus on the preservation of environmental protection area
(APA) in the Stream of Sobral – CE (in Portuguese)
Maria Isabelle Oliveira da Costa – IFCE, Brazil
Francisco Renato Rodrigues Aragão – IFCE, Brazil
Vicente de Paulo Miranda Leitão – IFCE, Brazil
The importance of a global organization for the environment
to ensure the synergy among multilateral environmental
agreements (in Portuguese)
Tarin Cristino Frota Mont'Alverne – UFC, Brazil
João Luis Nogueira Matias – JFCE, Brazil
Algorithm for mapping burnt areas in the Brazilian caatinga,
northeastern Brazil (in Portuguese)
Helio Leandro Lopes – UNIVASF, Brazil
Luciano José de Oliveira Accioly – EMBRAPA, Brazil
Maria do Carmo Martins Sobral – UFPE, Brazil
Ana Lucia Bezerra Candeias – UFPE, Brazil
Maracanaú Protocol (in Portuguese)
Marcos Alberto de Oliveira Vieira – SEMA/Maracanaú/CE,
Brazil
Environmental management of the impacts of climate change
in small towns of the semi-arid (in Portuguese)
Maria do Socorro Silva Mesquita – UFC, Brazil
Monica Cavalcanti Sá de Abreu – UFC, Brazil
Jamille Moura – UFC, Brazil
Impacts of environmental management in sem-iarid regions: The
case of the communities of the Araripe – CE (in Portuguese)
Paulo Sérgio Silvino do Nascimento – IFCE, Brazil
Manuel Baldomero Rolando Berríos Godoy – UNESP Rio Claro,
Brazil
Rodolfo José Sabiá – URCA, Brazil
Annex 2. Conference program
183
Environment & Sustainable Development
Title
Authors
Sustainable Sanitation and Water Reuse in Brazilian Semi-Arid
(in Portuguese)
Jordi Morató Farreras – Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Spain
Alex Pires – Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Spain
Alice Miranda Martins – Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya,
Spain
Angel Gallegos – Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Spain
Angeles Ortiz – Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Spain
Carlos Augusto González – Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya,
Spain
Heraldo Peixoto – UFBA, Brazil
Vegetation mapping and land use of the Caatinga (savanna)
biome (in Portuguese)
Iêdo Bezerra Sá – EMBRAPA, Brazil
Marcos Antônio Drumond – EMBRAPA, Brazil
Tatiana Aiako Taura – EMBRAPA, Brazil
Environmental Education - Practical experiences with students
from the EEEP (School) Governor Valdemar Alcantara, in the
town of Ubajara-CE (in Portuguese)
Ana Lúcia Feitoza Freire – UFC, Brazil
Pre-Operational Vegetation Product Derived from MSG SEVIRI
for Drought Monitoring (in Portuguese)
Humberto Alves Barbosa – UFAL/LAPIS, Brazil
Leopold Christian vande Berg – UFAL/LAPIS, Brazil
Ahmet Yıldırım – UFAL/LAPIS, Brazil
Thomas Heineman – UFAL/LAPIS, Brazil
Olivier Samain – UFAL/LAPIS, Brazil
Simon Elliott – UFAL/LAPIS, Brazil
Aydın Gürol Ertürk – UFAL/LAPIS, Brazil
The Peoples Zabelê and the National Park of Serra da Capivara
(PI): environmental conflict between traditional populations
and management of UC (Conservation Unit) (in Portuguese)
Maria Sueli Rodrigues de Sousa – UESPI, Brazil
Environmental strategies of the Carbon Disclosure Project and its
impact on the environmental governance of climate (in Portuguese)
Luana das Graças Queiróz de Farias – UFBA, Brazil
Kristian Brito Pasini – UFBA, Brazil
José Célio Silveira Andrade – UFBA, Brazil
Payments for Environmental Services in the Watersheds of the
Piauí and Canindé rivers (in Portuguese).
Ayri Saraiva Rano – PRODEMA/TROPEN/UFPI, Brazil
Jaíra Maria Alcobaça Gomes – PRODEMA/TROPEN/UFPI,
Brazil
Environmental services of the Caatinga (in Portuguese)
Laudemira Silva Rabelo – UFCE, Brazil
Maria Alice Cruz Alencastro – FFB, Brazil
Melca Silva Rabelo – UFC, Brazil
Desertification
Title
The White Forest Project as a tool for protecting biodiversity
in the Caatinga biome: a vision of the Government of Ceará (in
Portuguese)
184
Authors
Maria Tereza Bezerra Farias Sales – CONPAM/CE, Brazil
Maria Goretti Gurgel Mota de Castro – CONPAM/CE, Brazil
Rita de Cássia Lima Bezerra – CONPAM/CE, Brazil
Gabriela Alves – CONPAM/CE, Brazil
Tarin Cristino Frota Mont’Alverne – UFC, Brazil
Diana Odete Moura Nogueira – CONPAM/CE, Brazil
Jovelina Brito – CONPAM/CE, Brazil
Monica Carvalho Freitas – CONPAM/CE, Brazil
A drylands call for action
Declaration of Fortaleza
Desertification
Title
Authors
Analysis of the pedological contribution to the process of
degradation/desertification in parts of Semi-arid region of
Ceará (in Portuguese)
Paulo Roberto Abreu de Oliveira – UECE, Brazil
Simulated climate impacts of desertification on a large scale in
semi-arid Northeast (in Portuguese)
Bruno Jacques Durand – UFC, Brazil
Horst Frischkorn – UFC, Brazil
Francisco de Assis de Souza Filho – UFC, Brazil
Alexandre Araujo Costa – UFC, Brazil
Evaluation of Works on Desertification in Gilbués – PI (in
Portuguese)
Adeodato Ari Cavalcante Salviano – UFPI, Brazil
Lima, M. G. – SEMAR-PI, Brazil
Nunes, L. A. P. L. – SEMAR-PI, Brazil
Melo, L. F. S. – SEMAR-PI, Brazil
Environmental degradation and desertification in semi-arid of
Minas Gerais: A survey of the municipality of Espinosa – MG
(in Portuguese)
Anete Marilia Pereira – UNIMONTES/MG, BrazilMaria Ivete
Soares de Almeida – UNIMONTES/MG, Brazil
Extraction plant, desertification and soil fertility in the
municipality of Conception – PB (in Portuguese)
Ibrahim Soares Travassos – UFPB, Brazil
Bartolomeu Israel de Souza – UFPB, Brazil
Green fertilization to prevent desertification and recuperation
of soils in semi-arid regions
Jaime Ferré Martí – Konrad Adenauer Foundation Fortaleza,
Brazil
NanoClay - Turning sandy soil to farmland
Kristian P. Olesen – desertcontrol , Norway
Ole M. Olesen – desertcontrol , Norway
Recovery of Riparian Vegetation for Multiple Use in the Semiarid of Paraíba, São Benedito Farm, Galante District, Campina
Grande, PB (in Portuguese)
Daniel Duarte Pereira – UFPB/CAMPUS II, Brazil
Ovídio Paulo Rodrigues da Silva – UFPB/CAMPUS II, Brazil
Elder Cunha de Lira – UFPB/CAMPUS II, Brazil
João Carlos Camilo da Silva – UFPB/CAMPUS II, Brazil
Ananias Carvalho Coimbra Maia – UFPB/CAMPUS II, Brazil
Augusta Giselle de Albuquerque – UFPB/CAMPUS II, Brazil
Edson Moreira de Abrantes – UFPB/CAMPUS II, Brazil
Marcolino Brígido da Silva Neto – UFPB/CAMPUS II, Brazil
Flávia Janaína de Araújo Silva – UFPB/CAMPUS II, Brazil
Sweet Combination: Organic Honey Production and the
Conservation of the Semi-Arid in Simplicio Mendes, Piaui
Jose Antônio Puppim de Oliveira – United Nations University,
Japan
Paulo Fortes – UFPI, Brazil
The impacts of climate change and desertification on the
biodiversity and indigenous communities of Africa: a case
study of the Sahel and the Horn
Babagana Abubakar – Kanuri Development Association,
Nigeria
Laila Deribe Abubakar – Kanuri Development Association,
Nigeria
Contextual education, educational communication and
sustainable tourism from the perspective of coping with
desertification and adaptation to climate change effects (in
Portuguese)
Solange Coutinho – Joaquim Nabuco Foundation, Brazil
Edneida Cavalcanti – Joaquim Nabuco Foundation, Brazil
Edilene Pinto – Joaquim Nabuco Foundation, Brazil
The role of the public sector in the context of desertification
in the state of Ceara: the example of Project PREVENT (in
Portuguese)
Ana Cecy Braga Pontes – CONPAM/CE, Brazil
Maria Dias Cavalcante – CONPAM/CE, Brazil
Maria Tereza Bezerra Farias Sales – CONPAM/CE, Brazil
Maria Goretti Gurgel Mota de Castro – CONPAM/CE, Brazil
Rita de Cássia Lima Bezerra – CONPAM/CE, Brazil
Márcia Maria dos Santos Souza – CONPAM/CE, Brazil
Tarin Cristino Frota Mont’alverne – UFC, Brazil
Annex 2. Conference program
185
Desertification
Title
Authors
Desertification risks in agricultural projects in Northern State
in Sudan
Mona Dawelbait – Ministry of Environment, Sudan
Francesco Morari – Ministry of Environment, Sudan
Desertification Vulnerability Index (in Portuguese)
Eveline Barbosa Silva Carvalho – IPECE, Brazil
Rogério Barbosa Soares – IPECE, Brazil
Klinger Aragão Magalhães – IPECE, Brazil
Cleyber Nascimento de Medeiros – IPECE, Brazil
Climate & Agriculture/Livestock
Title
186
Authors
Agroscenari – Adaptation scenarios to climatic changes in
agriculture
Luigi Perini – CRA-CMA, Italy
Sofia Bajocco – CRA-CMA, Italy
Tomaso Ceccarelli – CRA-CMA, Italy
Marco Zitti – CRA-CMA, Italy
Luca Salvati – CRA-CMA, Italy
Wild South American Camelids use as Adaptation Strategy to
Climate Change in Andean Countries
Gabriela Lichtenstein – (UICN/SSC/GECS), CONICET,
Argentina
Diagnosis of fruit production potential areas of small family
farming in the Western Region of Rio Grande do Norte (in
Portuguese)
Verlândia de Medeiros Morais – Brazil
Josefa Edjane de Araújo – Diaconia, Brazil
Gregorio Mateus Santana – Brazil
Rayssa de Medeiros Morais – UFCG, Brazil
Optimization of natural resource for sustainable crop production
Dharm Pal Malik – CCS Haryana Agricultural University, India
Backyard production of women: from invisibility to recognition
(in Portuguese)
Dayse Reis Rodrigues – PDHC, Brazil
Maria Cristina Lima – Brazil
Caatinga and feeding: dietary aspects of the rural municipality
of Cajazeiras – PB (in Portuguese)
José Deomar de Souza Barros – Brazil
Wescley Santana Silva – Brazil
Maria de Fátima Pereira da Silva – Brazil
Evaluation of irrigation projects in the perspective of
sustainable family farming in the semi-arid region of
Pernambuco (in Portuguese)
Maria do Carmo Martins Sobral – UFPE, Brazil
Renata Maria Caminha Mendes de Oliveira Carvalho – IFPE/
PE, Brazil
Institutional/Organizational Diagnosis for the Management of
Aquifers of the Chapada Apodi – Ceará (in Portuguese)
Maria Mires Marinho Bouty – COGERH/CE, Brazil
Clara de Assis Jerônimo Sales – COGERH/CE, Brazil
Ubirajara Patrício Álvares da Silva – COGERH/CE, Brazil
Marcos André Lima da Cunha Silva – COGERH/CE, Brazil
Tereza Maria Ximenes Moreira – COGERH/CE, Brazil
Lucivânia Figueiredo de Sousa – COGERH/CE, Brazil
Public politics articulated to the implementation of the
irrigated perimeters for food production in the Brazilian
northeast semi-arid region
Sylvia Meimaridou Rola – UFGC, Brazil
Ednaldo de Paiva Pereira – UFRJ, Brazil
Neilton Fidelis da Silva – UFRJ, Brazil
Marcos Aurélio Vasconcelos de Freitas – UFRJ, Brazil
Agroforestry systems for the Brazilian semi-arid region
(in Portuguese)
João Vianey Fernandes Pimentel – UFCG, Brazil
Hugo Orlando Carvallo Guerra – UFCG/CAMPUS I, Brazil
Francisco Jardel Rodrigues da Paixão – UFCG, Brazil
Agroforestry systems and sustainable development of family
farming in the Backlands of Caninde – Ceará (in Portuguese)
Cely Martins Santos de Alencar – UFC, Brazil
Sebastião Cavalcante de Sousa – UFC, Brazil
A drylands call for action
Declaration of Fortaleza
Climate & Agriculture/Livestock
Title
Authors
The importance of agricultural-based polycultures
Agroecology and Permaculture in the direct prevention
of hunger, as multiple alternatives to generate income and
prevent the impact of the intense process of climate change
(in Portuguese)
Mauro Kassow Schorr – Anima Institut, Brazil
Maristela Ogliari – Anima Institut, Brazil
The agroecological transition as an instrument to combat rural
poverty in the northeastern semi-arid (in Portuguese)
Francyálisson Lima de Oliveira – UFC, Brazil
Enio Giiuliano Girão – EMBRAPA, Brazil
Angela Küster – Konrad Adenauer Fundation Stiftung,
Germany
Acceptance of agroforestry systems in the savanna
environment for agrarian reform settlers (in Portuguese)
Daniel Duarte Pereira - UFPB/CAMPUS II, Brazil
Hugo Orlando Carvallo Guerra – UFPB/CAMPUS I, Brazil
Melchior Naelson Batista da Silva – EMBRAPA, Brazil
Conventional agriculture x agroecological transition:
A systemic analysis of sustainability in the semi-arid (in
Portuguese)
Carlos Magno de Medeiros Morais – UFCG, Brazil
Sonia Correia Assis da Nóbrega – UFCG, Brazil
Francisco Roserlândio Botão Nogueira – UFCG, Brazil
Sérgio Alves Oliveira – UFCG, Brazil
Index Insurance & Residual Risks
D. Osgood – IRI, USA
Agroecological Coefficients in Agroforestry Systems in the
Caatinga (in Portuguese)
Daniel Duarte Pereira – UFPB/CAMPUS II, Brazil
Hugo Orlando Carvallo Guerra – UFPB/CAMPUS I, Brazil
Melchior Naelson Batista da Silva – EMBRAPA, Brazil
The impact of agro-ecological practices among generations of
farming families (in Portuguese)
Andréa Alexandre Vidal – Brazil
Julia Sursis Nobre Ferro Bucher-Maluschke – Brazil
Socio-economic and environmental evaluation of the agropastoral-forestry system in the semi-arid caririense (in
Portuguese)
Antônia Edneide Santos Lima – UFC-CARIRI, Brazil
Fernando Gil Mesquita de Freitas Gonçalves – UFC-CARIRI,
Brazil
Josefa Maria Francieli da Silva – UFC-CARIRI, Brazil
Cicero Secifram da Silva – UFC-CARIRI, Brazil
Antonio Glaydson de Sousa Freitas – UFC-CARIRI, Brazil
Sebastião Cavalcante de Sousa – UFC, Brazil
Environmental labeling: a study on the decision factors to
purchase organic products (in Portuguese)
José Deomar de Souza Barros – Brazil
Maria de Fátima Pereira da Silva – Brazil
The organic horticulture and dissemination of technology
applied to increase the resilience of family farming in Xixa –
Pentecoste-CE (in Portuguese)
Artur Felipe Arruda da Fonseca – UFC, Brazil
Ricardo Espíndola Romero – UFC, Brazil
Sebastião Cavalcante de Sousa – UFC, Brazil
Vulnerability of agricultural production systems to climate
change and studies of adaptive technology in Senegal and
Burkina Faso
Ndour Badiane – Institut Senegalais de Recherches Agricoles:
ISRA, Senegal
Ndeye Yacine – Institut Senegalais de Recherches Agricoles:
ISRA, Senegal
Masse Dominique – Institut Senegalais de Recherches
Agricoles: ISRA, Senegal
Annex 2. Conference program
187
Dialogue Tables
Day /
Afternoon
Session 1 - Press Conference Room, Table ABC - Brazil’s Cooperation Agency
Prospects and Challenges for Brazil-Maghreb Technical Cooperation in the Field of Combating
Desertification and Climate Change Adaptation
Coordination: Pedro Veloso, Diplomat, ABC/MRE - Brazil
Moderation: Heitor Matalo, UNCCD - ONU
Session 2 - Room B5, Table Parliament I
Parliamentary Action on Sustainable Development: Dialogue with Civil Society
Coordination: Deputy Maria Helena – Parliamentary from Mercosul - Uruguay
Rapporteur: Francisco Eugênio Arcanjo (Senate, Brazil)
Speaker: Sílvio Rocha Santana, Esquel Foundation
Day /
Morning
Session 4 - Press Conference Room, Table IRD - Institute of Research for Development, France
Technical Cooperation - Tripartite Science for Sustainable Development of Arid Regions and
Semi-Arid, in Francophone Countries in Africa
Coordination: Paulo Kliass, Casa Civil - Brazil and
Ghani Chehbouni, IRD - Marrocos
Rapporteur: Betina Ferraz Barbosa, ICID - Brazil and Jean Loup Guyot, IRD - France
Session 5 - Room B6, Table ANA - Brazil’s Water Agency
Global Water Governance
Coordination: Benedito Braga, President of the International Committee of the th Fórum and VicePresident of the World Water Council
Session 6 - Room B4, Table INSA – Institute of the Semi-arid, and MMA – Ministry of Environment
Observatories of the Semi-Arid
Coordination: José Machado, MMA - Brazil
Rapporteur: Roberto Germano, INSA – Brasil
188
A drylands call for action
Declaration of Fortaleza
Afternoon
Session 7 - Room B5 (14:30 às 16:30), Table Parliament II
Parliamentary Action on Sustainable Development: Dialogue with Bodies of the United Nations
System
Coordination: Senator Inácio Arruda, Brazil
Rapporteur: Francisco Eugênio Arcanjo (Senate, Brazil)
Session 8 - Room B6 (16:30 às 18:30), Table Parliament III
Parliamentary Action on Sustainable Development: Dialogue with Scientists
Coordinação: Deputy Edson Duarte, Parliament - Brasil
Rapporteur: Francisco Eugênio Arcanjo (Senate, Brazil)
Session 9 - Room B6, Table Luso-Brazilian Network
Climate For Sustainable Development
Coordination: Laura Duarte, University of Brasilia/CDS - Brazil
Rapporteur: J. Nascimento (University of Cape Verde)
Session 10 - Room B4, Table ECLA – Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean
National Reports - PRAIS
Coordination: Guillermo Dascal, CEPAL - Chile
Rapporteur: Marcos Santana, MMA
Day /
Morning
Session 11 - Room B4, Table SRH – Secretariat of Water Resources, CE
Participatory Management of Water Resources: the Importance of Watershed Committees
Coordination: Maria Zita Timbo Araújo, SRH - Brazil
Rapporteur: Mires Bouty, Coregh - Brazil
Afternoon
Session 12 - Room B5, Table NGOs
Platform Social Technologies : to Conserve Biodiversity and Address Desertification in the
Context of Climate Change
Coordination: João Otávio Malheiros, AMAVIDA - Brazil
Rapporteur: Murilo Sérgio Drummond, UFMA - Brazil
Annex 2. Conference program
189
Session 13 - Room B6, Table of Countries CPLP – Community of Portuguese Speaking Countries
Measurement Of Vulnerability - Information System For Countries Of The CPLP
Coordination: Aidil Borges, Focal Point/UNCCD - Cape Verde
Heitor Matalo, UNCCD - UN
Rapporteurs: Clara Justino, CPLP - Portugal
Marcos Santana, MMA - Brazil
Session 14 - Room B4, Table ECLA and Global Mechanism
Sustainability and Development in the Dry Areas: Desertification and Adaptation to Climate
Change
Coordination: Otávio Perez Pardo, Ministry of Environment - Argentina
Rapporteurs: Francisco Brzovic (Global Mechanismm) and Alexandrina Sobreira, FUNDAJ - Brazil
Day /
Morning
Session 15 - Room B5, Table Northeast Brazil
Public Policy and Governance for the Semi-Arid Region
Coordination: Guilherme Rebouças, SUDENE - Brazil
Rapporteur: Edneida Cavalcanti, FUNDAJ - Brazil
Session 16 - Room B6, Table CREA
Contribution System Confea/CREA to the Sustainable Development Plan of the Semi-Arid
Coordination: Roberto Germano, INSA - Brazil
Rapporteur: Jose Geraldo Baracuy, UFCG - Brazil
190
2011
A drylands call for action
A drylands call for action
Declaration of Fortaleza
Declaration of Fortaleza
Centro de Gestão e Estudos Estratégicos
Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação
Center for Strategic Studies and Management
Science, Technology & Innovation