Energy Management: 2014/2015
Energy in Buildings
Prof. Tânia Sousa
[email protected]
Gestão de Energia
Energy Consumption in Buildings
• Buildings account for 31% of global final energy
consumption (20 to 40%)
66.96GJ
34.70GJ
16.45GJ
• Energy Services?
1MWh=3.6GJ
Slide 2 of 53
Gestão de Energia
Energy Consumption in Buildings
• Buildings account for 31% of global final energy
consumption (20 to 40%)
66.96GJ
34.70GJ
16.45GJ
• Energy use in buildings: thermal confort,
refrigeration, hygiene, nutrition, illumination, etc
1MWh=3.6GJ
Slide 3 of 53
Gestão de Energia
Energy Consumption in Buildings
• Final Energy use in buildings by fuel in 2007 in EJ
Residential
Commercial &
Public
– Differences?
Slide 4 of 53
Gestão de Energia
Energy Consumption in Buildings
• Final Energy use in buildings by fuel in 2007 in EJ
Residential
Commercial &
Public
– Combustible and renewables is the most important fuel
in residential buildings while electricity dominates
comercial buildings
Slide 5 of 53
Gestão de Energia
Energy Consumption in Buildings
• What about Portugal?
– In 2007 the final consumption of services + domestic sector
represented 29% of the final energy consumption
– In 2007 the final consumption per capita was 21.34 GJ which
is 61.5% of the EU-27
– Electricity is 49% of the final energy used by buildings (68% in
comercial and 36% in residential)
Slide 6 of 53
Gestão de Energia
Energy Consumption in Buildings
• What about Portugal?
– In 2007 the final consumption of services + domestic sector
represented 29% of the final energy consumption
– In 2007 the final consumption per capita was 21.34 GJ which
is 61.5% of the EU-27
– Electricity is 49% of the final energy used by buildings (68% in
comercial and 36% in residential)
– Do you think that the fraction of primary energy would be
higher or lower?
• Electricity is 22% of total final energy
Slide 7 of 53
Gestão de Energia
Energy Consumption in Buildings
• Most effective strategy to reduce energy use in
buildings (Harvey, 2010):
– Reduce heating and cooling loads through a highperformance envelope
Slide 8 of 53
Gestão de Energia
Energy Consumption in Buildings
• Most effective strategy to reduce energy use in
buildings (Harvey, 2010):
– Reduce heating and cooling loads through a highperformance envelope
– Meet the reduced load as much as possible using passive
solar heating, ventilation and cooling techniques while
optimizing the use of daylight
Slide 9 of 53
Gestão de Energia
Energy Consumption in Buildings
• Most effective strategy to reduce energy use in
buildings (Harvey, 2010):
– Reduce heating and cooling loads through a highperformance envelope
– Meet the reduced load as much as possible using passive
solar heating, ventilation and cooling techniques while
optimizing the use of daylight
– Use the most efficient mechanical equipment to meet
the remaining loads
Slide 10 of 53
Gestão de Energia
Energy Consumption in Buildings
• Most effective strategy to reduce energy use in
buildings (Harvey, 2010):
– Reduce heating and cooling loads through a highperformance envelope
– Meet the reduced load as much as possible using passive
solar heating, ventilation and cooling techniques while
optimizing the use of daylight
– Use the most efficient mechanical equipment to meet
the remaining loads
– Ensure that individual energy-using devices
are as efficient as possible and properly sized
• Efficiency label
• Annual power consumption (kWh/year)
Slide 11 of 53
Gestão de Energia
Energy Consumption in Buildings
• How much energy reduction can we achieve?
– Passive house standard:
heating  15kWh/m2 per year
cooling  15 kWh/m2 per year
TPE  120 kWh/m2 per year
n50 ≤ 0.6 / hour
Slide 12 of 53
Gestão de Energia
Energy Consumption in Buildings
• How much energy reduction can we achieve?
Triple-glazed windows with
internal venetian blinds &
mechanical ventilation with 82%
heat recovery
Slide 13 of 53
Gestão de Energia
Energy Consumption in Buildings
• How much energy reduction can we achieve?
Heating needs decreased from 220
kWh/m2/year to 30 kWh/m2/year
Triple-glazed windows with
internal venetian blinds &
mechanical ventilation with 82%
heat recovery
Slide 14 of 53
Gestão de Energia
Energy Consumption in Buildings
• How much energy reduction can we achieve?
Slide 15 of 53
Gestão de Energia
Energy Consumption in Buildings
• How much does it cost?
1991 Prototype: experimental house,
4 dwellings in Kranichstein using
handicraft batch production
300
PH in Groß-Umstadt:
Reduced costs by
simplification
250
200
Row houses in Darmstadt,
80 €/m2
150
Settlement in Wiesbaden:
Serially produced windows
& structural elements
100
Settlements in Wuppertal,
Stuttgart, Hanover
50
Profitability with
contemporary
interest rates & energy prices
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
0
1990
Additional Investment (€/m2) of Passive Row Houses
350
Slide 16 of 53
Gestão de Energia
Buildings – High Performance Envelope
• The effectiveness of the thermal envelope depends on
insulation levels in the walls, ceiling and basement
– Insulation levels control the heat flow by conduction &
convection through the exterior and the interior
Slide 17 of 53
Gestão de Energia
Buildings – High Performance Envelope
• The effectiveness of the thermal envelope depends on
insulation levels in the walls, ceiling and basement
– Insulation levels control the heat flow by conduction &
convection through the exterior and the interior
Q  U   T  A rea
Slide 18 of 53
Gestão de Energia
Buildings – High Performance Envelope
• The effectiveness of the thermal envelope depends on
insulation levels in the walls, ceiling and basement
– Insulation levels control the heat flow by conduction &
convection through the exterior and the interior
Q  U   T  A rea
– U value (W/m2/K), the heat transfer coefficient, is equal to the
heat flow per unit area and per degree of inside to outside
temperature difference
– The U value of a layer of insulation depends on its thickness l
and type of material (conductivity – C)
U C l
Slide 19 of 53
Gestão de Energia
Buildings – High Performance Envelope
• The effectiveness of the thermal envelope depends on
insulation levels in the walls, ceiling and basement
Q  U   T  A rea
U C l
The most highly insulated houses
have a heat transfer coefficient of
U=0.1-0.2 W/m2/K
Blown-in cellulose
insulation (fills the gaps)
Foam insulation
Vaccum insulation panels
Cork 0.06-0.07 W/m/K
Slide 20 of 53
Gestão de Energia
• Evolution for the heat transfer coefficients in new
buildings in Portugal
The most highly insulated houses
have a heat transfer coefficient of
U=0.1-0.2 W/m2/K
Slide 21 of 53
Gestão de Energia
Buildings – High Performance Envelope
• The effectiveness of the thermal envelope depends on the
insulation levels of windows
– Windows offer substantially less resistance to the loss of heat
than insulated walls
– Single glazed windows have a typical U-value of 5W/m2/K
which can be reduced to to 2.5 and 1.65W/m2/K with double
and triple glazing because of the additional layers of air
– The U-value of 2.5W/m2/K of double glazed windows can be
reduced to 2.4W/m2/K and 2.3W/m2/K with Argon and krypton
– Double and triple glazing vaccum windows can reduce the U
value to 1.2 and 0.2W/m2/K
Q  U   T  A rea
U C l
Slide 22 of 53
Gestão de Energia
Buildings – High Performance Envelope
• The effectiveness of the thermal envelope depends on the
gain/loss energy by radiation
– Windows permit solar energy to
enter and loss of infrared radiation
– The solar heat gain coefficient, SHGC, is the fraction of solar
radiation inicident on a window that passes through the window
– Low emissivity coatings reduce the absorption of long-wave
radiation, i.e., they can reduce loss of heat by infrared radiation
in winter
Slide 23 of 53
Gestão de Energia
Buildings – High Performance Envelope
• The effectiveness of the thermal envelope depends on the air
leakage
– The net heat flow due to an air exchange at rate r is:
Slide 24 of 53
Gestão de Energia
Buildings – High Performance Envelope
• The effectiveness of the thermal envelope depends on the air
leakage
– The internal energy change due to an air exchange at rate r is:
 U   air V air c p,air  T
– The stack effect promotes air leakage
• Warm air is lighter
• Stack effect can account for up to
40% of heating requirements on
cold climates
– The wind effect
Slide 25 of 53
Gestão de Energia
Buildings – High Performance Envelope
• The effectiveness of the thermal envelope depends on the air
leakage
– Careful application of a continuous air barrier can reduces rates
of air leakage by a factor of 5 to 10 compared to standard
practice (enforcement of careful workmanship during
construction)
– Buildings with very low air
leakage require mechanical
ventilation (95% of the available
heat in the warm exhaust air
can be transfered to the
incoming cold air) to keep indoor air quality
Slide 26 of 53
Energy Balance in Open Systems
• Heat Exchangers:
– Transfer energy between fluids at different
temperatures
dE
dt
 Q W 

i
2


vi
m in ,i  hi 
 gz i  
2



j
2


vj
m out , j  h j 
 gz j 


2


Counter-flow Heat
exchanger
Gestão de Energia
Buildings – The role of shape, form, orientation and glazed %
• Building shape & form
– Have significant impacts on heating and cooling loads and
daylight because of the relation between surface area and volume
– Which one minimizes heat transfer by conduction and convection?
Slide 28 of 53
Gestão de Energia
Buildings – The role of shape, form, orientation and glazed %
• Building orientation
– For rectangular buildings the optimal
orientation is with the long axis facing
south
– Why?
Slide 29 of 53
Gestão de Energia
Buildings – The role of shape, form, orientation and glazed %
• Glazing fractions
– High glazing fractions increase energy requirements for heating
and cooling
– There is little additional daylighting benefit once the glazed
fraction increases beyond 30-50% of the total façade area
Energy Intensity (kWh/m2/yr)
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
30% Base
Heating
Equipment
60% Base
60%
Upgraded
Cooling
Pumps & fans
100% Base
100%
Upgraded
Lighting
Server rooms
Slide 30 of 53
Gestão de Energia
Buildings – The role of house size
• House size
– The living area per family member increased by a factor of 3
between 1950 and 2000 in the US
Slide 31 of 53
Gestão de Energia
Buildings –Passive (almost) solar heating, ventilation & cooling
• Evaporative Cooling:
Slide 32 of 53
Gestão de Energia
Buildings –Passive (almost) solar heating, ventilation & cooling
• Evaporative Cooling:
Slide 33 of 53
Gestão de Energia
Buildings – Passive (almost) solar heating, ventilation & cooling
• Thermal & wind induced ventilation & cooling:
Earth Pipe cooling
Slide 34 of 53
Gestão de Energia
Buildings – Passive (almost) solar heating, ventilation & cooling
• Thermal & wind induced ventilation & cooling:
Large Atria
Slide 35 of 53
Gestão de Energia
Buildings – Passive (almost) solar heating, ventilation & cooling
• Thermal & wind induced ventilation & cooling:
Slide 36 of 53
Gestão de Energia
Buildings – Passive (almost) solar heating, ventilation & cooling
• Thermal & wind induced ventilation & cooling:
Wind catcher
Slide 37 of 53
Gestão de Energia
Buildings – Passive (almost) solar heating, ventilation & cooling
• Passive Solar Heating & Lighting
Shading
Light
tubes
Slide 38 of 53
Gestão de Energia
Buildings – Passive (almost) solar heating, ventilation & cooling
• Passive Solar Heating & Lighting
Trombe
Wall
Slide 39 of 53
Gestão de Energia
Slide 40 of 53
Gestão de Energia
Buildings: Mechanical Equipment
• In evaluating the energy efficiency of Mechanical
Equipment the overall efficiency from primary to
useful energy should be taken into account
• This is particularly important in the case of using
Mechanical Equipments that use electricity
(produced from fossil fuels)
E
 
fin a l
E p rim a ry
 
E u s e fu l
E
fin a l
Slide 41 of 53
Gestão de Energia
Buildings: Mechanical Equipment for heating
• Furnaces
– heat air and distribute the heated
air through the house using ducts;
– are electric, gas-fired (including
propane or natural gas), or
oil-fired.
– Efficiencies range from 60 to 92%
(highest for condensing furnaces)
• Boilers
– heat water, and provide either hot
water or steam for heating;
– heat is produced from the combustion
of such fuels as natural gas, fuel oil,
coal or pellets.
– Efficiencies range from 75% to 95%
(highest for condensing boilers)
Slide 42 of 53
Gestão de Energia
Buildings: Mechanical Equipment for heating & cooling
• Electrical-resistance heating
– Overall efficiency can be quite
low (primary -> useful)
• Heat-Pumps
–
–
–
–
Overall efficiency can be quite good
It decreases with T
Air-source and ground-source
For cooling & heating
• District Heating/Colling
– For heating & cooling
– Users don’t need
mechanical equipment
Slide 43 of 53
Gestão de Energia
Buildings: Mechanical Equipment for cooling
• Chillers
– Produce cold water which is circulated through the
building
– Electric Chillers: use electricity, COP = 4.0-7.5 (larger
units have a higher COP)
– Absorption chillers: use heat (can be waste heat from
cogeneration) , COP = 0.6-1.2
Slide 44 of 53
Gestão de Energia
Buildings: HVAC Systems
• Ventilate and heat or cool big buildings
• All air systems: air at a sufficient low (high) T and in
sufficient volumes is circulated through the building to
remove (add) heat loads
– CAV: constant air volumes
– VAV: variable air volumes
– Air that is circulated in the supply ducts may be taken entirely
from the outside and exhausted to the outside by the return
ducts or a portion of the return air may be mixed with fresh air
– Incoming air needs to be cooled and dehumidified in summer
and heated and (sometimes) humidified in winter
• Restrict air flow to ventilation needs and use additional
systems for additional heating/cooling
• Heat exchangers that transfer heat between outgoing and
incoming air flows
Slide 45 of 53
Gestão de Energia
Buildings: Mechanical Equipment for water heating
• Electrical and natural gas heaters
–
–
–
–
Efficiency of natural gas heaters is 76-85%
Efficiency of oil heaters is 75-83%
There is heat loss from storage tanks
Point-of-use tankless heaters have losses associated
with the pilot light
• There are systems that recover heat
from the warm wastewater with
45-65 % efficiencies
Slide 46 of 53
Gestão de Energia
European Directives
• European Directives on the Energy Performance of
Buildings
– Directive 2002/91/EC of the European Parliament and Council
(on the energy performance of buildings):
– http://ec.europa.eu/avservices/video/videoplayer.cfm?ref
=I048425&videolang=en&sitelang=en
– This was implemented by the Portuguese Legislation RCCTE and
RCESE
– Directive 2010/31/EU of the European Parliament and Council
(on the energy performance of buildings)
– This is implemented by the Portuguese Legislation DL 118/2013
Slide 47 of 53
Gestão de Energia
Directive 2010/31/EU: Aims
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Reduction of energy consumption
Use of energy from renewable sources
Reduce greenhouse gas emissions
Reduce energy dependence
Promote security of energy supplies
Promote technological developments
Create opportunities for employment & regional
development
Slide 48 of 53
Gestão de Energia
Directive 2010/31/EU: Aims
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Reduction of energy consumption
Use of energy from renewable sources
Reduce greenhouse gas emissions
Reduce energy dependence
Promote security of energy supplies
Promote technological developments
Create opportunities for employment & regional
development
• Links with aims of SGCIE?
Slide 49 of 53
Gestão de Energia
Directive 2010/31/EU: Principles
• The establishment of a common methodology to
compute Energy Performace
– including thermal characteristics, heating and air
conditioning instalations, renewable energies, passive
heating and cooling, shading, natural light and design
Slide 50 of 53
Gestão de Energia
Directive 2010/31/EU: Principles
• Set Minimum Energy Performance Requirements
– Requirements should take into account climatic and local
conditions and cost-effectiveness
Slide 51 of 53
Gestão de Energia
Directive 2010/31/EU: Principles
• Energy Performance Requirements should be
applied to new buildings & buildings going
through major renovations
Slide 52 of 53
Gestão de Energia
Directive 2010/31/EU: Principles
• Set System Requirements for: energy
performance, appropriate dimensioning, control
and adjustment for Technical Building Systems in
existing and new buildings
Slide 53 of 53
Gestão de Energia
Directive 2010/31/EU: Principles
• Increase the number of nearly zero energy
buildings
Slide 54 of 53
Gestão de Energia
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pQFJr5E7_R0
Slide 55 of 53
Gestão de Energia
Directive 2010/31/EU: Principles
• Establish a system of Energy performace certificates.
– Energy Performance certificates must be issued for
constructed, sold or rented to new tenants
– Buildings occupied by public authorities should set na
example (ECO.AP in 300 public buildings in Portugal)
Slide 56 of 53
Gestão de Energia
Directive 2010/31/EU: Principles
• Regular maintenance of air conditioning and heating
systems
• Independent experts
Slide 57 of 53
Gestão de Energia
Implementation of the directives
• Directive 2002/91/EC was implemented with:
1.
DL 78/2006, the National Energy Certification and Indoor Air Quality in Buildings (SCE).
2.
DL 79/2006, Regulation of HVAC Systems of Buildings (RSECE).
3.
DL 80/2006, Regulation of the Characteristics of Thermal Performance of Buildings (RCCTE).
• Directive 2010/31/EU was implemented with:
– DL 118/2013 (SCE, REH e RECS)
Slide 58 of 53
Legislative Framework
Decreto-Lei n.º 118/2013
SCE – Buildings Energy Certificate System
REH – Residential Buildings Energy Performance Regulation
RECS – Commerce and Services Buildings Energy Performance Regulation
Lei n.º 58/2013
Defines rules for SCE technicians
Legislative framework is complemented by:
5 portarias
10 despachos
Portarias
349-A/2013
349-B/2013
349-C/2013
349-D/2013
353-A/2013
1/17/2014
Role of SCE managing entity
Methodology and requirements to classify
residential buildings’ energy performance (REH)
Permitting procedures and usage authorization of
urban buildings
Methodology and requirements to classify
commerce and service buildings’ energy
performance (RECS)
Despachos
15793-C/2013
Pre-certificates and Certificates templates
15793-D/2013
Conversion factors
15793-E/2013
Computation simplification rules
15793-F/2013
Climatic data
15793-G/2013
Testing and maintenance plan
15793-H/2013
Renewable energies
15793-I/2013
Energy demand calculation
15793-J/2013
Energy classification rules
15793-K/2013
Thermal parameters
15793-L/2013
Economic analysis methodology of energy
efficiency measures
Indoor air quality
DOCTORAL PROGRAM AND EXECUTIVE MASTER IN SUSTAINABLE
ENERGY SYSTEMS ENERGY MANAGEMENT – 4TH GROUP WORK
59
Gestão de Energia
– Domain of application
SCE – RCCTE
Domain
of Application
• Buildings that SCE applies to:
– Edifícios ou fracções novos ou sujeitos a grande
intervenção
– Edifícios área útil > 1000m2 ou > 500m2
– Edifícios ou fracções a partir do momento da sua venda
Slide 60 of 53
Gestão de Energia
SCE – Fiscalização e Gestão
• Fiscalização e Gestão
• Obrigações
Proprietários
Slide 61 of 53
Gestão de Energia
SCE – Edifícios ZEB
Slide 62 of 53
Gestão de Energia
REH
• Objectivos:
– Requisitos mínimos para edifícios de habitação novos ou
sujeitos a grandes alterações
– Metodologia de caracterização do desempenho
energético em condições nominais
– Metodologia de desempenho dos sistemas técnicos
Slide 63 of 53
Gestão de Energia
RCCTE REH
- Outdoor
andconditions
RECS
Reference Indoor conditions
• 18ºC in heating season
• 25ºC in the cooling season
• Consumption of 40 liters of water at T+35ºC/occupant . day
Reference Outdoor conditions:
• Portugal is divided in winter and summer climatic zones
•
I3 (higher heating needs) and V3 (higher colling needs)
Slide 64 of 53
Gestão de Energia
RCCTE - Outdoor conditions
REH and RECS
Reference Winter Outdoor conditions:
Slide 65 of 53
Gestão de Energia
Heating Degree
Days
Climate
• Heating Degree-days are:
Heating days
GD annual 
 GD
i 1
i
where
GD i 
24
Tb  T j
j  1 ; se T b  T j
24

• Where:
• Tb is the desired indoor temperature (18ºC)
• Tj is the temperature outside the hours j
• The Degree-days are calculated for an entire year
• For example, to Lisbon, for Tb = 18 º C, heating
degree days are 1071 º C. day. Knowing the
heating season is 5.3 months (160 days), the
average daily GD (GDI) will be 6.7 º C.
Slide 66 of 53
Gestão de Energia
Heating Degree Days – a comparison
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
i
H
el
si
nk
a
nn
Vi
e
er
B
ou
Va
nc
lin
r
ve
to
ro
n
To
ni
pe
g
in
W
m
on
t
on
0
Ed
Heating Degree Days (K-days)
6000
Slide 67 of 53
Gestão de Energia
RCCTE - Outdoor conditions
REH and RECS
Reference Summer Outdoor conditions:
Slide 68 of 53
Gestão de Energia
RCCTE – Indices
e parameters
REH – Minimum
requirements
• Heat transfer coefficient:
more demanding for harsher winters
U
Umax
Heat transfer coefficients of walls
The corresponding maximum permissible
• Factores solares
more demanding for harsher summers
Fs
Fsmax
Solar factor of fenestration (for windows not facing NE-NW with area > 5%)
The corresponding maximum permissible
Slide 69 of 53
Gestão de Energia
– IndicesBehaviour
e parameters
REHRCCTE
– Thermal
• Annual useful energy needs for cooling and
heating in new buildings:
Nic
Nominal Annual Needs of Useful Energy for Heating
Ni
The corresponding maximum permissible
Nvc
Nv
Nominal Annual Needs of Useful Energy for Cooling
The corresponding maximum permissible
Nic ≤ Ni
Nvc ≤ Nv
• Annual total primary energy in new buildings:
Slide 70 of 53
Gestão de Energia
Heating
REH - Heating
Heating: Maximum Useful Nominal Needs (Ni) [kWh / (m2.year)]
Nic < Ni
Heating: Useful Nominal Needs (Nic) [kWh / (m2.year)]
Slide 71 of 53
Gestão de Energia
Heating
REH - Heating
Heating: Maximum Useful Nominal Needs (Ni) [kWh / (m2.year)]
Nic < Ni
Heating: Useful Nominal Needs (Nic) [kWh / (m2.year)]
Nic = (Qtr,i + Qve,i – Qgu,i) / Ap
Qt = 0.024 x GD x  (A x U)
Qv = 0,024 (0,34 x R x Ap x Pd) x GD
Qt: heat loss by conduction & convection through the surrounding
Qv: heat losses resulting from air exchange
Corrected if there is heat recovery
Qgu: solar gain and internal load
Slide 72 of 53
Gestão de Energia
Current average residential heating energy use (Harvey, 2010)
• 60-100 kWh/m2/yr for new residential buildings
in Switzerland and Germany
• 220 kWh/m2/yr average of existing buildings in
Germany
• 250-400 kWh/m2/yr for existing buildings in
central and eastern Europe
• Passive house standard: 15 kWh/m2/yr
Slide 73 of 53
Gestão de Energia
REH: Cooling
Cooling
Cooling: Maximum Useful Nominal Needs (Nv) [kWh/(m2.year)]
Nvc < Nv
Cooling: Useful Nominal Needs (Nvc) [kWh / (m2.year)]
Nvc = Qg * (1 - ) / Ap (kWh/m2year)
Qg : Total gross load (internal + walls + solar + air renewal)
:
Load Factor
Slide 74 of 53
Gestão de Energia
REH: Total Primary Energy
Cooling
TPE: Maximum Nominal Needs (Nt) [kgep/(m2.year)]
Ntc < Nt
TPE: Nominal Needs (Nvc) (Ntc) [kgep/(m2.year)]
Slide 75 of 53
Gestão de Energia
REH: Conversion to Primary Energy
Comparação com SGCIE - 1MWh needs 0.217 toe?
Slide 76 of 53
Gestão de Energia
REH – Equipment Energy Efficieny
• Os equipamentos de aquecimento e
arrefecimento ambiente e de aquecimento de
águas devem cumprir requisitos de eficiência
• A instalação de equipamento solar térmico para
AQS (ou de outras renováveis) é obrigatória
desde que a exposição solar seja adequada
Slide 77 of 53
Gestão de Energia
– IndicesBehaviour
e parameters
REHRCCTE
– Thermal
• Valor mínimo de renovação de ar de 0.4 por hora
Slide 78 of 53
Gestão de Energia
Energy label
Energy Performance Certificate
• Energy Labelling:
R = Ntc / Nt
R
A
1
B-
A+
New buildings
B
C
2
D
E
3
F
G
Slide 79 of 53
Gestão de Energia
• https://meocloud.pt/link/34d44317-19bb-467b915e-78588c145383/Novo_CE_720p.mp4/
Slide 80 of 53