Tourism at world heritage cultural sites: the site manager's hand book - ICOMOS
International Scientific Committee
on Cultural Tourism
Tourism at world heritage
cultural sites:
the site manager's hand book
(1993)
(132 pages)
(Out of Stock / Epuisé / Agotado)
Contents
Foreword
Preface
Message
ICOMOS International Committee on Cultural Tourism
Introduction: Finding a Balance
Section I: Preparing the Foundation
1. The World Heritage Convention: An Overview
2. Establishing a Management Philosophy
3.The Site Management Planning Process
Section II: Building a Structure
1. Staffing and Budgeting
2. Policies on Visitor-Related Income
3. Image and Marketing
http://www.international.icomos.org/publications/93touris.htm (1 of 2) [04-09-2003 17:12:18]
Tourism at world heritage cultural sites: the site manager's hand book - ICOMOS
4. Recording and Analyzing Visitors
5. Visitors and the Local Population
Section III: Welcoming Visitors
1. Moving Travelers To and From Sites
2. Welcoming Visitors: Amenities and Services
3. Interpretation of the Site and Visitor Education
Section IV: Appendices
Appendix A: Text of the World Heritage Convention
Appendix B: World Heritage Definitions and Criteria
Appendix C: Cultural Sites on the World Heritage List
Appendix D: The ICOMOS Charter on Cultural Tourism
Appendix E: A Selected International Bibliography
Appendix F: International Tourism Periodicals
Appendix G: Selected International and Regional Organizations Related to
Cultural Tourism
Appendix H: A Chronology of Major International Events Related to Cultural
Tourism
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Internation~l Scientific Commit tee
10th qeneral Assembly
TOURISM
AT WORLQ HERITAGE CULTURAL
THE SITE M~NAGER'S HAND BOOK
The ICOMOS
Committee
~oteroatiooal
,bo Cultural
.ICOMOS
,
Specialized
Tourism
.
n~
..-0
SOWO:>I
:
Conseil International des Monuments et des Sites
International Council on Monuments and Sites
SITES:
This is one of a new series of ICOMOS
Scientific
Publications
released on the occai ion
of its 10th General Assembly
in Colombo,
30 July -4 August 1993, sponsored by the
Sri Lanka National Committee of ICOMO .
The other volumes
:(,1:Historic
in the series are:
Gardens and Sites
:(,1:Architectural
Photogrammetry
:(,1:Stone
:(,1:Vernacular Architecture
:(,1:Wood
:(,1:Rock Art :(,1:Historic Towns
:(,1:Stained Glass :(,1:Training
:(,1:Archaeological
Heritage
Management
:(,1:Earthen Architecture
:(,1:Conservation
Economics
:(,1:Underwater
Cultural
First published
in 1993 by the Sri Lanka
National
Heritage
Commit tee of ICOMOS
International
Council
Sites, with the fmancial
the Central
Government
Cultural
-for
on Monuments
the
and
assistance of
Fund of the
of Sri Lanka and UNESCO.
Sri Lanka ICOMOS
P. L. Prematilleke:
Publications
Committ
:
Chairman
Sita Pieris: Co-Chairman
Senake Bandaranayake
Nimal De Silva
H. D. S. Hettipathirana
Roland Silva
I
,
Editors-in-Chief: Sita Pieris and P. L. prettilleke
Design Consultant: Albert Dharmasiri
Project Coordinator : Faris Deen
French Translations: Marie Pierre Roussea~ Fernando
Typesetting : Olivier Millous
I
Printed in Sri Lanka by the State Printing
Panaluwa.
orporation
@ 1993 ICOMOS and the author
AIl Rights Reserved. No part of this publi
be ret>roduced or transmitted in any form o
means el~tronic or mechanical, including
photocopying(recording or any information
retrieval systèm. without permission in writ
the publisher .
tion may
by any
storage and
g from
ISBN 955-613-032-2
Central Cultural Fund Publication No. 125
Central Cultural Fund
212/1, Bauddhaloka Mawatha, Colombo 7.
Telefax-94-1-500731
Cover: The Sun Temple at Konarak, India.
r
ri Lanka
l
Foreword
Preface
,'
Message
ICOMOS
International
Introduction:
Commit tee on Cul ural Tourism
Finding a Balance
1
Section I: Preparing the Foundatiqn
1. The ~or~d Heritage conventi~ n: An Overview
2. Estab1Ishmga Management Ph losophy
3. The Site Management Plannin Process
Section Il: Building
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
a Structure
15
25
29
Staffing and Budget
Policies on Visitor-Related Inc me
Image and Marketing
Recording and Analyzing Visit rs
Visitors and the Local Publicat on
Section III: Welcoming Visitors
5
55
t
I. Welcoming
Moving Travelers
To Amenities
and Fro and
2.
Visitors:
sitesServices
3. Interpretatipn of the Site and
29
35
39
45
49
isitor Education
Section IV: Appendices
Appendix A: Text of the World H~ritage
Convention
Appendix B: World Heritage Defi itions and Criteria
Appendix C: Cultural Sites on the orId Heritage List
Appendix D: The ICOMOS Chart on Cultural Tourism
Appendix E: A Selected Internatio al Bibliography
Appendix F: International Tourism Periodicals
Appendix o: Selected International and Regional
Organizations Relate to Cultural Tourism
Appendix H: A Chronology of Ma or International
Events Related to Cu tural Tourism
55
59
69
79
ii 79
1194
98
108
111
122
Le Sri Lanka a l'heureusefortune de jouir d'une continuité historique dont on a des preuves
depuis le ye siècle avant J.C. Nous avons eu une succession de monarques depuis le roi
Vijaya jusqu'en 1815 et, par la s\lÏte, les souverains britanniques durant la période
coloniale'. En 1948, le Sri Lanka a accédé à l'indépendanceet est devenu une république en
1972.
De nombreux monuments en brique et en pierre ont été construits entre le Ve siècle
avant J.C. et l'époque actuelle et c'est ainsi que le Sri Lanka a largement contribué à
l'érection de monuments culturels de renommée nationale et internationale. Six de ces
monuments sont aujourd'hui classésmonuments appartenant au Patrimoine mondial.
J'ai le plaisir d'être Président du projet UNESCO-Sri Lanka du Triangle Culturel qui fait
partie des trente deux campagnes parrainées par l'UNESCO et ayant pour but la
sauvegarde des monuments et sites de l'humanité. Ce projet est maintenant classé priorité
numéro un en Asie, à la suite d'une résolution passéepar l'UNESCO lors de son Assemblée
Générale. En conséquence, le projet du Triangle Culturel s'est avéré être l'une des
campagnesde pointe, à l'échelle mondiale, dans le domaine du patrimoine culturel.
Je suis fier du fait que le Conseil International sur les Monuments et les Sites
(ICOMOS), qui corpprend cinq mille des plus grands spécialistes de la conservation des
monuments et sites ait décidé de tenir sa dixième AssembléeGénérale pour la première fois
en Asie et au Sri Lanka. En tant que Président du Fond Culturel Central qui dirige le projet
UNESCO-Sri Lanka du Triangle Culturel, j'ai l'honneur d'inviter les membres de cette
assembléed'éminents spécialistes à visiter les cités historiques de notre pays. J'espère que
vous pourrez, ne serait-ce que pour une brève période, partager l'histoire infiniment
précieuse de ce pays et l'amitié d'un peuple cultivé dont la civilisation remonte au Ve siècle
avant J.C. Je suis certain que vous repartirez en emportant d'agréables souvenirs. Je suis
absolument ravi d'accueillir ce groupe de spécialistes et même, de manière beaucoup plus
modeste, de vous montrer les réalisations de notre peuple qui, dans certains domaines ont
atteint un niveau de réussite international.
La publication de cette série de quatorze ouvrages recouvrant quatorze disciplines
internationales de la conservation des monuments et sites témoigne de la manière dont nous
essayonsd'exprimer la reconnaissancedu peuple sri lankais et plus particulièrement celle
du Fond Culturel Central envers la communauté internationale pour l'aide qu'elle apporte
aux Sri Lankais, sous diverses formes, afin que soit sauvegardéun patrimoine commun fait
des monuments du Sri Lanka et qui appartiennent à l'humanité entière.
Les donnéesscientifiques contenuesdans les quatorze ouvrages contenant les recherches
effectuées par les quatorze comités scientifiques internationaux de l'ICOMOS représenteqt
ce qui se fait de mieux dans la recherche de pointe en matière de conservation des
monuments et sites. Je suis sûr que ces ouvrages de recherchepermettront aux nations du
monde entier d'améliorer leurs connaissancesen matière de conservation des monuments et
sites et d'atteindre dans ce domaine le plus haut niveau.
Le Fond Culturel Central est extrêmement reconnaissantdu fait qu'il nous ait été donné
la possibilité de participer à la diffusion de ces donnéesscientifiques à l'échelle mondiale.
Je souhaite que les débats auxquels participeront les membres de l'ICOMOS pendant
leur dixième Assemblée Générale au ~ri Lanka, en juillet-août 1993, soient un grand
succès.
I
Cabinet
du Premier Ministre
Temple
Trees
Colombo
Le 30 avril
~~'çl.:::-D.B.
3
1993
Wijetunga
Premier
Ministre
du Sri Lanka
Foreword
Sri Lanka bas been fortunate to bave bad an unbroken recorded history from the 5th
century B.C. We bave bad a line ofkings frorn King Vijaya until1815 AD. and thereafter
British sovereigns in the colonial phase. In 1948 S;ri Lanka won ber independence and later
became a Republic in 1972.
As a result of the brick and stone edifices constructed frorn the 5th century B.C. until
the present day, Sri Lanka bas contributed generously towards the establishment of
cultural monuments worthy of national and international status. Six of these monuments
are today listed as Monuments ofWorld Heritage.
I am personally pleased to be the Chairman of the UNESCO-Sri Lanka Project of the
Cultural Triangle wbicb is one of the 32 International Campaigns sponsored by UNESCO
to save the Monuments and Sites of mankind. At present, this project bas been raised to the
level of, priority number one, in the Asian region by a UNESCO resolution at the General
Assembly. Consequently, the Cultural Triangle project bas' proved to be one of the most
forward looking cultural beritage campaigns in the world.
I am proud that the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) which
constitutes 5,000 of the most senior professionals in the conservation of monuments and
sites have found it appropriate to bold the lOth General Assembly ofICOMOS for the first
time ever in Asia and in Sri Lanka. As the Cbainnan: of the Central Cultural Fund that
pilots the UNESCO-Sri Lanka Project of the Cultural Triangle, I invite tlie delegates of
this assembly of learned professionals to visit the historic cities of this island. I hope you
will be able to sbare even for a few moments, the treasured history of this country and the
friendship of the people cultured through many civilizations dating back to the 5th century
B.C. I am confident that 'you wilI carry back with you pleasant memories. My greatest
pleasure is to welcome this professional group and even in a modest way, to show you the
acbievements of our people, whicb have in some spheres touched international levels of
achievement.
The publication of a series of 14 volumes covering 14 International disciplines in the
conservation of monuments and sites is only an effort on our part to show the appreciation
of the Sri Lankan people and particularly the Central Cultural Fund, for the multifaceted
ways that the international community bas assistedthe Sri Lankans to safeguard a common
beritage of monuments and sites of Sri Lanka that belong to the wbole Qf mankind.
The scientific data in the 14 volumes of the accurnulated researcb of the 14 Scientific
International Committees of ICOMOS constitute the frontline researcb covering the
conservation of monuments and sites at its highest levels. I believe, that tbese researcb
volumes wilI assist the nations of the world to advancetheir knowledge on the conservation
of monuments and sites to optimum standardsof internationalism.
The Central Cultural Fund is grateful tbat we bave been given the opportunity to
associate ourselves in disseminating such international and scientific data to aIl mankind.
I wisb, the deliberations of the members of ICOMOS during their 1Oth General
Assembly in Sri Lanka in July/August 1993, every success.
Prime Minister's Office
Temple Trees
~~4.::!:-
Colombo 3
D.B.
Wijetunga
30 April1993
Prime
Minister
of Sri Lanka
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L'ICOMOS naquit en Europe e~ 1961. On ne saurait manquer d'évoquer les Pères
Fondateurs de cette organisation, Pierre Gazzola, son premier Président et son premier
Secrétaire Général, Raymond Lemaire. Ces pionniers et leurs collègues trouvèrent un
climat favorable dans l'Europe renaissante de l'après-guerre qui, dans son entreprise de
conservation du patrimoine architectural de l'humanité, était à la recherche de valeurs
culturelles. Bien entendu, des démarches similaires furent aussi entreprises, séparément,
dans des pays n'appartenant pas au monde méditerranéen. Les Pères fondateurs avaient
pour desseind'établir un lien entre ces différentes activités parcellaires, ce qui permettait de
centraliser les connaissances et de lancer des actions communes. Leur objectif était de
réunir en une seule organisation internationale mondiale ces différents organismes
nationaux de conservation des monuments et sites.
Un tel regroupement des organismes de conservation du monde entier visait à répondre
aux défis que posent les change~nts, toujours plus rapides, à provoquer une prise de
conscienceà l'échelle mondiale et à favoriser les progrès de la science et de la conservation.
A l'origine, le concept de base du partage de l'expérience professionnelle d'une région ou
d'un pays avec un autre semblait satisfaisant. Mais les sciencesde la conservation s'étaient
rapidement transformées en un vaste ensemble très complexe de disciplines et de champs
d'action interdépendants. C'est la prise de consciencede ce caractère pluridisciplinaire qui
avait poussé l'ICOMOS à former plusieurs comités de recherche de pointe sur les aspects
principaux de la conservation. Par conséquent quatorze Comités Scientifiques Internationaux spécialisés avaient été constitués:
Tourisme culturel (1969)
Jardins et sites historiques (1970)
Photogrammétrie architecturale (1970
Pierre (1970)
Architecture vernaculaire (1976)
Bois (1978)
Art rupestre (1980)
Villes historiques (1982)
Formation (1984)
Vitraux (1984)
Gestion du patrimoine archéologique (1985)
Architecture de terre (1987)
Aspects économiques de la conservation (1987)
Patrimoine culturel sous-marin (1991)
La dixième Assemblée Générale de l'ICOMOS, qui se réunit pour la première fois en
Asie, est l'occasion, pour ces quatQrze comités, de présenter, sous forme de Publications
Scientifiques Internationales, des résumés d'expériencesqui pourront servir de référence.
L'ICOMOS Sri Lanka est ravi de participer à la publication de ces ouvrages érudits.
Professeur Senake Bandaranayake
Président de
l'ICOMOS Sri Lanka
Professeur Po Lo Prematilleke
Mme Sita Pieris
Co-président
Co-présidente
Comité Publications
1'ICOMOS
Colombo 27 May 1993
du
Sri Lanka
de
du
Comité Publications de
l'ICOMOS
Sri Lanka
Docteur Roland Silva
Président de
I'ICOMOS
ICOMOS had its birth in Europe in 1965. It is necessaryto remember the founding fathers
of this organization, Pierre Gazzola, its first President, and the first Secretary-General,
Raymond Lemaire. These pioneers and their associates found a clirnate in resurgent
postwar Europe, where there was a groping for cultural values to preserve the architectural
heritage of mankind. Of course, such endeavours were also being carried out separately in
countries beyond the Mediterranean frontiers. The aim of the founding fathers ofICpMOS
was to link these independent chains of activity into a common bond of knowledge and
action. The aim was to bring together, these groups of national conservators of monUments
and sites, into a world body.
The purpose of such an association of the world's conservators was to meet the
challenges posed by the accelerating pace of change, the need to create an awareness on a
global scale and to forge the advancements in the science of conservation. lnitially. the
basic concept of sharing the professional experience of one country or of one region, with
another, seemedadequate. But. the sciences of conservation had soon evolved into a vast
and complex field of many inter-related disciplines and areas of action. It was the
realization of this multi-disciplinary nature that induced ICOMOS to formulate several
frontline research committees relating to the major aspects of conservation. Accordingly,
fourteen specialized International Scientific Committees bad been formed:
Cultural Tourism (1969)
I
Historic Gardens and Sites (1970) J
Architectural Photogrammetry (197q)
Stone (1970)
'
Vemacular
Wood
Architecture
(1976)
I
(1978)
Rock Art (1980)
Prof Senake Bandaranayake,
President,
ICOMOS Sri Lanka.
Colombo 27 May 1993
Historic Towns (1982)
Training (1984)
Stained Glass (1984)
Archaeological Heritage Management ( 1985)
Earthen Architecture (1987)
Conservation Economics (1987)
UndeIWater Cultural Heritage (1991)
Prof: P. L. Prematilleke,
Ms. Sita Pieris,
Co-Chairperson,
Publications Conunittee,
ICOMOS Sri Lanka.
Co-Chairperson,
Publications Committee,
ICOMOS Sri Lanka.
Dr.
Roland
President,
IÇOMOS.
Silva.
~
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III
!11
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Ce message me donne la possibilité de m'associer à cette manifestation, ce dont je suis
absolument ravi.
Je souhaite la bienvenue aux participants à cette Conférence, espère que leurs débats
seront fructueux et qu'ils feront un agréable séjour dans notre pays.
A cet effet, mon Ministère fournira toute l'aide nécessaire aux organisateurs. Les
congressistesprofiteront sans doute de cette occasion pour visiter nos sites archéologiques
anciens et seront certainement conquis par la variété des paysages.
Notre civilisation antique fut contemporaine des civilisations grecque, phénicienne et
romaine. Mais nous continuons à parler les mêmes langues, le Cinghalais et le Tamoul,
nous adorons toujours nos dieux dans les mêmes sanctuaires bouddhiques et brahmaniques
et utilisons les mêmes réservoirs pour irriguer nos rizières. C'est cette capacité à préserver
des tradi~ions appartenant à une civilisation plusieurs fois millénaire qui nous a pennis de
conserver de si nombreux sites présentant un grand intérêt historique et archéologique, en
dépit des vicissitudes de l'histoire.
D'après nos Chroniques historiques anciennes -la Mahavamsa, la Culavamsa et la
Rajavaliya, pour n'en citer que quelques unes -nos souverains pensaient qu'il était de leur
devoir de conserver nos sanctuaires et ouvrages d'irrigation et d'en construire de nouveaux.
C'est ainsi que le prestige dont jouissait un roi était proportionnel à l'intérêt qu'il
manifestait à l'égard de telles entreprises.
Notre pays est situé en zone équatoriale~en raison du climat tropical chaud et humide, la
végétation est luxuriante et i'on trouve de nombreusesvariétés d'insectes et d'animaux. Ce
sont là des facteurs qui ne favorisent guère la conservation de monuments érigés par les
hommes.
Dans le passé, il était nécessairede préserver notre patrimoine puisque les sanctuaires
religieux et les ouvrages d'irrigation jouaient un rôle direct dans la vie quotidienne des
gens. A l'époque moderne, l'effort de cC?nservation
a pris une nouvelle dimension car nous
nous sommes rendu compte de l'importance de préserver nos monuments historiques,
émanation de la spiritualité d'une humanité en quête de vérité et de beauté.
Nous sommes reconnaissants à l'UNESCO et à l'ICOMOS de nous aider à perpétuer
cette tradition de la conservation.
'",.
-
\
Ministère
des Affaires
Bauddhaloka
Mawatha
Culturelles
...
et de l'Infonnation
w .J.M.
Lokubandara
des Affaires
Colombo
7
Ministre
Le 9 juin
1993
et de l'Information
Culturelles
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It gives me great pleasure to contribute a messageon this occasion.
I cordially welcome the delegates to this Conference and trust they will have fruitful
deliberations and a pleasant stay in our country .My ministry will give every assistance to
the organizers towards this end. No doubt, the delegates will take the opportunity to visit
our ancient bistorical sites and to enjoy our varied scenery.
Our ancient civilization was contemporary to that of the Greeks, and the Romans.
However, we still speak the same languages, Sinhalese and Tamil, worsbip at the sarne
Buddhist and Hindu shriDesand use the same tanks for irrigating our paddy fields. It is this
continuity in civilization with an unbroken tradition from the distant past that has enablêd
us to preserve so rnany sites of bistorical and archaeological interest, despite the
vicissitudes of bistory .
According to our ancient bistorical Chronicles, -the Mal1avarnsa, the Culavarnsa and
the Rajavaliya to mention a few -our kings considered it an important duty to conserve and
add to our shrines and irrigation works. Indeed, the greatness of a king was judged by bis
interest, in such works.
The tropical setting of our country, with its hot and wet clirnate promotes luxuriant
vegetation and a rich variety of insect and animal life. These very factors militate against
the preservation of man-rnade structures.
In the past, the need to preserve our heritage was prompted by the fact that, the religious
shrines and irrigation tanks bad a direct bearing on the day to day life of the people. In
modem times our efforts have acquired an added dimension, for we are conscious of the
importance of preserving ourbistorical monuments as manifestations of the spirit of man,
in bis quest for truth and beauty.
We are grateful to UNESCO and ICOMOS for assisting us to continue the tradition of
conservation.
'-
,
-~
Ministry ofCultural
Airain and Infonnation,
Bauddhaloka Mawatha,
Colombo 7.
9 June 1993
, ..
w .J.M.
Lokubandara
Minister
o/Cultural
Information
AjJairs
and
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Comité
International
de l'ICOMOS
pour
le Tourisme
'il
Culturel
Le Comité International de l'ICOMOS pour le Tourisme Culturel fut créé en 1969. Arthur Haulot,
résidant à Bruxelles (Belgique) et membre du Comité National belge de l'IÇOMOS en fut son premier
Président. En 1976, le Comité prépara et adopta une Charte qui fut, parla suite, adopt~e par l'ICOMOS
lors de son Assemblée Générale de 1984. Le texte de cette Charte est reproduit dans son intégralité à
l'annexe D et l'on y trouvera également la liste complète des institutions internationales qui participèrent
à son élaboration et reuvrèrent en vue de son adoption.
Durant de nombreuses années, M. Haulot assuma la direction des programmes en matière de
tourisme à l'ICOMOS et représentacette organisation à de nombreux congrès internationaux réunissant
des responsables du tourisme et des professionnels de la conservation. En 1986, le Comité National
américain de l'ICOMOS accepta d'assurer le secrétariat du Comité. Un comité nouvellement constitué
se réunit pour la première fois en 1987 lors de la VIlle Assemblée Générale de l'ICOMOS à
Washington D.C. M. Haulot fut nommé Membre Honoraire du Comité.
Lors de cette réunion de 1987, le Comité de l'ICOMOS pour le Tourisme Culturel décida de
réexaminer la Charte afin de décider s'il convenait d'effectuer une révision et une mise à jour de celle-ci.
Le Comité prit aussi la décision de réunir une bibliographie plus exhaustive sur le sujet et de publier un
bulletin; il s'engagea également à agir de façon à ce que les responsables de la conservation
comprennent mieux les problèmes du tourisme. Il fut aussi convenu de se mettre en relation avec les
responsableset les associations travaillant dans le secteur du tourisme commercial de manière à assurer
une collaboration plus étroite, et ceci au profit de tous.
Lors de la IXe Assemblée Générale de l'ICOMOS qui se tint à Lausanne (Suisse) en 1990 un rapport
rédigé par un sous-comité fut remis au Comité recommendantde ne pas réviser la Charte du Tourisme
Culturel. Ce rapport affinnait que, même si de nombreux changementss'étaient produits, celà demeurait
un document de qualité et de valeur. C'est à ce moment-là qu'il fut décidé de publier cet ouvrage ainsi
que deux autres en vue de cette Assemblée Générale. Les deux autres ouvrages furent préparés par le
Comité International de l'ICOMOS pour les aspects économiques de la Conservation et celui pour la
gestion du Patrimoine Archéologique. Ces trois livres contiennent les thèmes scientifiques qui seront
discutés lors de l' Assemblée Générale.
L'ouvrage intitulé Eléments de gestion des sites faisant partie du Patrimoine Culturel Mondial,
publié en 1990 par Sir Bernard Feilden et préparé sous l'égide du Centre International d'Etudes pour la
Conservation et la Restauration du Patrimoine Culturel (ICCROM) et de l'UNESCO, traite des
opérations de conservation des sites et des questions s'y rattachant. Ce livre sur le tourisme vient en
complément du premier. Il s'agit d'un développementdu chapître VI de l'ouvrage de Sir Bernard Feilden
qui avait pour titre "Visiteurs des sites culturels appartenant au Patrimoine Mondial". C'est à dessein
que nous avons choisi comme auteurs des membres du Comité et décidé de faire appel à des gens
n'appartenant pas à l'ICOMOS afin d'impliquer des dirigeants de l'industrie du tourisme dans la
préparation de ce manuel et de solliciter leur aide pour apporter les corrections nécessaires.
Ce livre est destiné tout d'abord aux responsablesde la gestion des sites culturels figurant sur la liste
du Patrimoine Mondial. Le Comité de l'ICOMOS pour le Tourisme Culturel est extrêmement flatté de
remettre cet ouvrage aux membres de l'ICOMOS ainsi qu'à leurs collègues du monde entier qui
s'intéressentà la protection et l'interprétation des sites appartenant au Patrimoine Mondial.
Russel V. Keune, Vice-Président des Programmes de l'ICOMOS/USA et Secrétaire du Comité, a
assuré la coordination des opérations de compilation, rédaction et publication. Nous avons mis sa
patience à rude épreuve, fait appel à ses vastes connaissanceset c'est sous sa conduite éclairée que cet
ouvrage a pu-voir le jour. Nous lui sommestous reconnaissantsdu soutien ai11icalqu'il nous a fourni.
Ce manuel a pu aussi être publié grâce au travail bénévole, aux contributions écrites, aux importants
dons en nature de matériel et donations financières:
~.
l
,
~
I
y~
"~
The ICOMOS International Specialized Committee on Cultural Tourism was organized in 1969. Arthur
Haulot of Brussels, Belgium, a member of the Belgian National Committee of ICOMOS, was its
founding chairman. ln 1976 the committee prepared and adopted a charter which was later adopted at
the 7th ICOMOS General Assembly meeting in 1984. The full text of this charter is reprinted in
Appendix D, together with the full list of distinguished international institutions that helped in its
preparation and in supporting its adoption.
For many years, Mr. Haulot led the ICOMOS tourism programs and representedthe organization at
numerous international meetings oftourism officiais and conservation professionals. ln 1986 the United
States National Committee of ICOMOS agreed to accept the responsibility to serve as the Committee's
secretariat. A reconstituted committee first met in 1987 during the 8th ICOMOS General Assembly in
Washington, D.C. Mr. Haulot was appointed as an Honoraly Member of the Committee.
At this 1987 meeting the ICOMOS Cultural Tourism Committee decided to review the terms of the
Charter on Cultural Tourism to determine if it should be revised and up-dated. The committee also
agreed that an improved bibliography of the field be assembled.A newsletter would be issued, and the
committee sought to develop improved understanding of tourism issues by conservation leaders. It also
agreed to reach out to commercial tourism leaders and associations to build closer ties to mutual
advantage.
At the 9th ICOMOS General Assembly in Lausanne, Switzerland, in 1990, the committee received a
sub-committee report that the charter should not be rewritten. The belief was that although much had
changed, it was still a valid and valuable document. It was at this time that this handbook was
envisioned, along with two others that were also prepared for this General Assembly. The other two
handbooks were prepared by the ICOMOS International Specialized Committees on Conservation
Economics and Archaeological Heritage Management. These three publications provide the basis of the
General Assembly's scientific themes and discussions.
The 1990 publication, Guidelines for the Management of World Cultural Heritage Sites, edited by
Sir Bernard Feilden and prepared under the sponsor~hip of International Centre for the Study of the
Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property (ICCROM) and UNESCO, deals with the practice of
site conservation and its related issues. This handbook on tourism is meant to be a companion volume.
It is an expansion of Sir Bemard's Chapter 6, "The Visitors to World Cultural Sites." Quite deliberately
we have chosen to use committee members as authors and also to go outside of ICOMOS to involve
travel industry leaders in the preparation and review of this handbook.
The primary audiences for this handbook are the individuals responsible for the admiilistration of the
cultural sites on the World Heritage List. The ICOMOS Committee on Cultural Tourism is proud to
present this volume to ICOMOS members and to colleagues across the world interested in the protection
and interpretation ofWorld Heritage Sites.
Russell V. Keune, Vice President for Programs of US/ICOMOS and Secretary to the Committee, has
coordinated the compilation, editing and production of this volume. We have tested his patience,
dependedon his knowledge, and this volume is a product of his leadership. We are aIl grateful for his
efforts and his friendship.
This handbook was also made possible by the volunteer work, written submissions and extensive
financial and in-kind donationSof material by:
-Management and corresponding members of the ICOMOS Cultural Tourism Committee; specifically,
Graham Brooks (Australia), Lester Borley (UK), Peter Donovan (Australia), Jane Fawcett (UK), Peter
James (Australia), Russell V. Keune (USA), and Zeynep Aygen (Turkey).
-Individual members of US/ICOMOS who have generously contributed to the project based on their
international experience with organizations such as the Organization of American States, UNESCO and
-des membres de la direction du Comité de l'ICOMOS pour le Tourisme Culturel et correspondants, en
particulier Graham Brooks {Australie), Lester Borley {Royaume-Uni), Peter Donovan {Australie), Jane
Fawcett {Royaume-Uni), Peter James {Australie), Russell V. Keune {Etats-Unis) et Zeynep Aygen
{Turquie).
-des membres de l'ICOMOS/USA qui, individuellement, ont contribué avec tant de générosité à ce
projet et nous ont fait profiter de leurs contacts au niveau international avec des organismes tels que
l'Organisation des Etats Américains, l'UNESCO et la Banque Mondiale. Nous souhaitons remercier tout
particulièrement Gustavo Araoz Ir., Hiroshi Daifuku et Edward Echeverria.
Il a été possible d'assurer le financement, la rédaction, la publication et la correction des épreuves
grâce au dévouement du Secrétariat du Comité qui se trouve dans les locaux de l'ICOMOS/USA à
Washington D.C. Nous tenons à remercier tout spécialemen,tTerry B. Morton, son Président, Ellen M
Delage, la Responsabledes Programmes et Paul W. Hallam, son Assistant.
Le projet a été financé en partie grâce à un prêt accordé à l'ICOMOS/USA pour le soutien des
actions relatives à la Convention sur le Patrimoine Mondial par le Département d'Etat des Etats-Unis,
Washington D.C., Bureau des Organisations Internationales, Section Convention Internationale et
donations aux organisations scientifiques.
Robertson E. Collins
Président
{I!
; j~
I,
i,
"i:
'i~!
the World Bank. We specifically wish to recognize the substantial contributions of Gustavo Araoz. ]r..
Hiroshi Daifuku and Edward Echeverria.
Its funding, editing, production and review distribution were made possible through the dedicated
efforts of the Committee's~ecretariat housed at US/ICOMOS in Washington, D.C. Particular thanks
are due to Terry B. Morton. President; Ellen M. Delage, Program Officer; and Paul W. Hallam,
Program Assistant.
The project was funded in part through a grant to US/ICOMOS for support of World Heritage
Convention-related programs from the International Convention and Scientific Organizations
Contributions, Office of International Organizations, U.S. Department of State, Washington, D.C.,
U.S.A.
Robertson E. Collins
Chairperson
INTRODUCTION
FINDING
:
A BALANCE
World Heritage Sites are the planet's outstanding attractions, the gr~atest
monuments from the past. They are contemporary tourism magnets and na~ional
icons that continue to influence present values. They are treasures in the :f!ullest
and deepest sense. They must be managed in such a way that they are preserv d for
future generations and at the same time presently made accessible to the pub ic for
its education and enjoyment.
Finding the proper balance between thes two
demands is the difficult and important task of World Heritage Site managers.
The World Heritage List results from a global treaty that seeks to id tify,
recognize and protect places that are of "outstanding universal value." The
are
two main
categories:
man-made
and natural
sites.they
Theareman-made
often
refèrred
to as cultural
sites,sites
or historic
sites, and
the subjectsitot this
are
book. They include archaeological sites, ruins, or intact structures still in use day
or adapted for a new use. In contrast to natural heritage sites which were form~d by
natural forces, cultural heritage sites contain the physical evidence of outstading
examples of human creativity or of important historic events. They prov de a
unique record of momentous achievements that puts the witness in direct c tact
with an otherwise invisible time.
Only in a few cases around the world is there sufficient national rn ney
allocated for educating and hiring staff for the professional care, maintenance and
presentation of these great places. Yet glamorous pictures of World Heritage Sites
are used in national tourism marketing efforts, and visitors flock to them. To ism
earns hard currency and is the darling of national finance ministers. Conserv tion,
however, is usually the last line-item to be included in national budgets and the first
line-item to be cut.
ln the context of modern developments in world tourism, this imbalan e of
concerns requires immediate redress. ln the year 1991, there were 450 mi lion
international tourist arrivais worldwide. ln the year 2000, the figure is expect d to
rise to 650 million. The pressure on World Heritage Sites can only be expect d to
increase. When they were built, most of these sites were not meant for 1 rge
numbers of people, and certainly they were not meant to accommodate I rge
numbers of tourists.
The management of World Heritage Sites is a crucial issue. This b k is
devoted to helping the managers of World Heritage Sites accomplish a ual
purpose: to conserve the site given to their care, and to provide meaningful and
considerate access to as many visitors as the site can allow. In order to do this site
managers must work in partnership with professionals in the fields of pla .ng,
community development and tourism.
These professionals comprise a large network that penetrates into virt ally
every sector of society. .It is important to be aware of the extent of this ne ork,
jCOMOS
Tourisrr
andbook
for World
Heritage
Site Managers
becau se it provides the connection between the World Heritage Sites and the
visitors who go to them. In general, this network of professionals iwork in
planning, research, development, marketing and education. We need t f!ir skills
and their friendship.
There are investors, developers, architects, insurance compa ies and
economic analysts who do rouch of their work behind the scenes. There ar writers,
consultants and academics whose careers revolve around the world of trav I. There
are suppliers who provide for every need --froro uniforros and air condi oners to
toothpicks and telephones. Trainers prepare chefs, airline pilots, mana ers and
computer operators to do their jobs. Public officiaIs serve agencies t at issue
licenses, collect taxes and regulate standards. Others drive buses, do lau dry, mix
drinks and park cars. This whole universe of working people that guides t engine
of the tourism industry is what makes it possible for people to visit World Heritage
at alI.
Conservation
Precedes
Tourism
This book makes a critical and fundamep+al assumption: that con ervation
precedes tourism. Conservation is a separate alld prior activity that pre ares the
way for tourism development.
If conservation planning is successf 1, then
acceptable, dignified and profitable tourism will follow. By setting the ri ht tone,
conservation can contribute to the financial and social progress of a co ntry in
partnership with tourism.
Once conservators have defined the limit tions of
visitor access to a site, tourism professionals can help to at tract visitors, fmanage
their stay and generate income for the continued conservation, pr tection,
interpretation and maintenance of the site.
It is not easy to create such a balance, especially because conserva .on and
tourism are in many respects opposite kinds of endeavors. Generally s I eaking,
conserva tors preserve and tourists consume. There is a way to create
bridge
between the two. This is by developing the concept and practice of compr hensive
planning in relation to World Heritage Sites.
Cultural
Tourism
The meaning of cultural tourism has changed over the last two c nturies.
From 1750-1850,cultural tourism referred to the practice of traveling aroun i Europe
to study the fine arts. The sons of aristocrats would do a grand tour in the mpany
of tutors, and they would return home a "cultured" person. In the su ~equent
century, cultural tourism was adopted by merchants who traveled in rder to
develop "class." And finally, in the present era of jet plane mass-travel, , cultural
tourism " has become a popular phrase that has been abused.
At its worst, cultural tourism has taken on a sanctimonious
ieaning,
standing
for
alI
that
is
good
and
constructive
in
tourism,
involving
music,
arts
and ethnic exchange. It distinguishes itself from bad and destructive touris ~he
I which
sells the allure of beaches and the satisfaction of the cravings of the body. tYet this
definition .ïs too .moralistic to be useful. The sa~e person may one da I visit a
World Hentage SIte and the next day be found relax mg on a beach.
I
2
ICOMOS
Tourism
Handbook
for World
Heritage
SitelManagers
Rather, cultural tourism, also known as "niche" tourism, can today be
defined more functionally --that is, by what it does and how. Firstly, c~tural
tourism is small, well-managed, educational and frequently up-market tourism. It
offers a special kind of visit for a person with a special kind of interest. Itl is not
wide-ranging, mass-tourism but tourism dedicated to presenting or explaining some
cultural idea. In the case of World Heritage Sites, the cultural ideas are expressed in
the monuments and surrounding locations.
"Cultural tourists" or niche travelers themselves are a particular k~d of
people. They tend to be environmentally conscious, politically open-minded
and
appreciative of differences. They probably travel frequently, are highly educated and
bring a sharp intellectual and friendly energy to their encounters with foreign
cultures. They do not buy souvenirs but prefer handicrafts and learning about or
seeing how they are made. They don't mind modest means of transportation ff it is
taking them to some remarkable place, and they don't mind a small, local h~tel as
long as it is dean. They also don't mind spending money as long as they get Ivalue
in return. They are refined customers with a love of excellence, a taste f t r the
authentic,
and they do not tolerate mediocrity
.
Some destinations have a direct link with the history that lends them
international fame --for example, the great churches in the Philippines are s~ll in
daily use. Other places have a more tenuous link --the Acropolis has ! little
relationship to the contemporary religious or social structure of modern Gteece.
Still, Athens, along with Rome, Venice and Istanbul, has been a classic destination
for niche travelers. Egypt has been attracting niche travelers to its archaeol()gical
wonders. The terra cotta soldiers of Xian have been attracting this same breed of
voyager to China. Everywhere the opportunities for developing cultural todrism
are expanding, and World Heritage Sites offer particularly fertile ground.
Niche travelers corne in small numbers, they spend a healthy sum of money,
and they leave. They are, as a group, therefore highly desirable as visitors to the
often fragile contexts of World Heritage Sites. To satisfy niche travelers, how~ver,
will require not only the patient work of the conservationist but also the exper.ence
of the tourism expert to provide the quality service that niche travelers require. i
World Heritage Site managers must anticipate the world's continued r~pid
population growth and the continued growth of the travel industry.
They
ust
recognize that the sites entrusted to their care will remain the same size.
.s
means that the number of visitors has to be controlled. But how?
Hearst Castle, situated in a relatively remote part of California provides one
instructive example. From the very day of its opening, the site was managed w th a
reservation admission system. Tickets were issueâ for a particular time a~d a
particular day, and they were expensive. Hearst Castle is a public state park, but its
managers had no hesitancy in limiting the number of visitors and raising pric~s to
cover expenses.
In too many countries the priorities are reversed: tourism is being promcj)ted
before conservation. Many World Heritage Sites are in countries that simply dol not
have either the money or the expertise to meet international
conservation
standards. Even when there is a national awareness, financial support for +en
ICOMOS
Tourism
Handbook
for World
Heritage
Site Managers
3
minimal conservation is 15 or 20 years away. There are tao many otheri needs on
the national agenda. These countries need an interim plan that will ini~ate basic
conservation
steps.
They need to match this plan with a tourism
lan that
promotes their World Heritage Sites as magnets for only limited tourism.
Such a plan of action would help conserve the sites for future ge erations,
allow access and appreciation among the present generations.
Such a pla of action
would help generate income for the national economy without
endan ering the
national patrimony.
In the future, World Heritage Sites may become
he highpriced, hard-to-get-into
attractions in the tourism world. *
By definition,
World
Heritage
Sites are the world's
greatest
cultural
attractions
and undisputedly
of unique significance.
These sites repr sent the
precious remains of the highest achievements of humankind
through the ges. **
The World Heritage Convention
requires that nations not onl
protect,
conserve and rehabilitate World Heritage Sites; it also requires that thes sites be
given a function in the life of the community .The
point is not to pl ce these
treasures under lock and key but to make them safely part of the fabric of li e. There
is a dilemma here that re-emphasizes the need for balance: old sites, resid nts, new
numbers of visitors. This handbook is meant to help World Heritage Site
anagers
take a step in that direction.
(For
a discussion
volume
**
prepared
of the economics
for this General
see the
ct
panion
See Appendix A for the criteria for election onto the World Herita ~ e List
established
in the 1972 Convention
Cultural
and Natural Heritage.
4
of conservation,
Assembly.)
Concerning
the Protection
as
of t e World
i
ICOMOS Tourism Handbook for World Heritage Site Managers
Section I: Preparing the Foundation
CHAPTER
THE
WORLD
1
HERITAGE
AN
CONVENTION:
OVERVIEW
The World Heritage Convention, whose full title is "The Conve*,tion
Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage," was
adopted by UNESCO in 1972. The Convention today has 131 countries that are party
to it. Through this instrument nations of the world have agreed to inverltory,
recognize and protect unique and irreplaceable properties of univers al value. For
the first time, the Convention provides a permanent framework
-administrative
and financial
--for
international
cooperation
in safegua f ding
gaI,
mankind's
cultural and natural heritage, and introduces the specific notion of a
"world
heritage"
whose importance
transcends
alI political
and geogr phic
boundaries.
The Convention is the bedrock document of World Heritage Sites, and sq this
first chapter is devoted to an examination of it and how it works.
The site administrator
mayor
may not have a role in the proce~s of
nominating a site to the World Heritage List. Nevertheless, it is important that the
site manager have a basic knowledge of the legal relationship
of national, state
(provincial) and local governments to the World Heritage Convention.
These legal
relationships
to a large extent govern how a particular level of governmen~ can
influence or control tourism at World Heritage sites.
i i
The full text of the Convention can be found in Appendix A.
I I
The
World
Heritage
Lists
On signing the Convention, each country pledges to conserve the cultural
and natural sites within its borders that are recognized by the Convention as being
of exceptional and univers al value. In return, the international community helps
to protect the se treasures. To define these significant sites the Convention has
established the World Heritage List. The cultural and natural properties propos J d to
the
list
must
meet
specific
criteria
defined
by
the
World
Heritage
Commit
tee,
The
first eight sites were inscribed on the list in 1978, Currently there are 358 sites l'sted
în 82 countries: 260 cultural sites, 84 natural sites and 14 mixed cultural and natural
sites.
The inWorld
Heritage
Commit tee
also prepares
publishesthreatened
a List of ;1 rld
Heritage
Danger.
It includes
World
Heritage and
properties
ith
destruction, major alteration or abandonment. These threats may be caused by any
one or combination of dangers including: accelerated deterioration, large-~cale
ICOMOS
T ourism
Handbook
for World
Heritage
Site Managers
5
public or private projects, rapid urban and tourist development, changes iq use or
ownership, armed conflict, fires, earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions) floods,
tidal waves and changes in water levels. Bach time the commit tee makes a new
entry on the List of World Heritage in Danger, it is required to publicize the fact
immediately.
Under the Convention, a Fund has been established for the Protection of
World Cultural and Natural Heritage of Outstanding Universal Value.
It is
financed by contributions from member nations and from private organizati~ns and
individuals.
The fund is used to respond to requests by member countJ'ies for
international cooperation in supporting their efforts to protect their World Heritage
Sites, as weIl as to meet urgent conservation needs of properties on the danger list.
Member nations can request international assistance from the fund for studies,
provision of experts, technicians, skilled labor, training of staff and specialists, and
the supply of equipment for protection,
conservation, rehabilitation
and
interpretation of World Heritage Properties. Member nations can also apply for
long-term loans and, in special cases,for outright grants.
The level of the fund -$US2.3 million in 1991 --is still far below what is
required, but it has already financed important projects in Africa, Latin Ametica, the
Caribbean and Europe.
N ational
and
International
Protection
Member countries recognize that it is primarily their own responsibility to
safeguard World Heritage properties in their countries. They agree to do alI they can
with their own resources and with international
assistance. This includes
agreement to:
-adopt a general palicy giving cultural and natural heritage a functian in the
life of the cammunity and ta integrate the protection of that heritage inta
camprehensive planning programs.
-set up services for the protection, conservation and interpretation
heritage.
-develop
research studies and operating
that threaten that heritage.
methods
-take appropria te legal, scientificT technical,
measures to preserve and present that heritage.
-foster national or regional centers for training
conservation and interpretation.
6
ICOMOS
Tourism
of counteracting
administrative
of that
dangers
and ftnancial
and research in the ~ields of
Handbook
for World
Heritage
Site Managers
I
!!.I
«"!1
It is the dut y of the international community as a whole to cooperate in
protecting world heritage; therefore member countries agree to help when other
countries ask for assistance in identifying, protecting and conserving their sites of
outstanding universal value. Also each country agrees not to take deliberate
measures that might directly or indirectly damage World Heritage properties in
another country.
The
World
Heritage
Committee
The Convention is administered by a World Heritage Commit tee consisting
of 21 nations elected from those nations that are party to the Convention. Elections
are held every two years. The cor:'mittee's main tasks are to :
-identify those nominated properties of outstanding univers al value that are
ta be protected under the Convention and included on the Worl<1 Heritage
List.
-place threatened properties on the List of World Heritage in Danger.
-delete from the World Heritage List those properties that have lost their
World Heritage values through damage or deterioration.
administer the World Heritage Fund.
-inform
the public about alI of the above.
The executive body of the World Heritage Committee is the World Heritage
Bureau. A chairman, five vice-chairmen and a rapporteur are elected by the
committee at its annual meeting and hold office for one year.
The
World
Heritage
Centre
UNESCO established the World Heritage Centre in 1992 reporting directly to
the Director-General. The Centre's main role is to carry out, rapidly and efficiently,
activities related to the implementation of the World Heritage Convention and
more specifically to:
-encourage
states which are not yet party to the Convention
to join.
-encourage member countries to nominate sites of outstanding
value to the World Heritage List.
-support
universal
the implementation of the Convention in states parties.
-assist states in setting up institutions and training competent staff for the
management, protection and restoration of cultural and natural heritage.
ICOMOS Tourism Handbook for World Heritage Site Managers
7
-fa~ilitate
projec.t preparati~n
for
servIces for theIr Implementahon.
-mobilize
extra-budgetary
-monitor
the state of conservation
conservation
operations
anq provide
I
funds for this purpose.
of sites already inscribed
on the l~st.
-respond promptly to emergency situations at endangered
armed conflict and natural and man-made dis asters.
sites i* cases of
I
-ensure the broadest possible promotion of UNESCO's work in t~e field of
cultural and natural heritage to the public and specialized audiences.!
The
World
Heritage
Logo
The logo, symbolizes the interdependence of cultural and natural proptrties: the
central square is a form created by man and the circle represents nature, the t~o being
intimately linked. The emblem is round like the world, but at the same time it isla symbol
of protection.
Government's
Legislative
Responsibilities
AlI government levels may have a role to play in relation to toutism and
cultural World Heritage Sites. The role each plays will vary from country t<l>country
and from site to site and will depend on a range of factors including the r~spective
government's philosophy and involvement in tourism and conservation. i
However, so far as the protection and management of a cultur 1 World
Heritage Site is concerned, it is the national government that is under obli ation to
comply with the requirements of the World Heritage Convention.
nly the
national government has an international responsibility under the Co vention.
The Convention is only open to countries which are members of UNE CO and
other such countries as are invited by UNESCO to accede to it. Where a co try has
a federal or non-unitary form of government, there is a specific provision o ensure
that the national government is the state party. National governments ar known
under the convention as "states parties." Article 34 defines that the c ntral or
national government of a country that is a signa tory to the Conventio
has the
same obligations as any other States Party even though it may not have t e direct
power under that country's constitution to deal with the World Heritage Si e. They
may delegate powers, depending upon the particular country's form of gov rnment,
but they cannot delegate their ultimate responsibility
to the inte national
community.
.
The obligations the World Heritage Convention impose on
ational
governments relate to authenticity, management, education and protectio .While
the duties that must be performed to fulfill the obligations can be delegate by the
national government to state and local levels of government, the ob igations
remain, at an international level, obligations of the national government.
8
ICOMOS
Tourism
Handbook
for World
Heritage
Sit~ Managers
State and local governments may have responsibilities for World
sites or parts thereof. These responsibilities are only placed upon them bec
the country's contribution or because of acts by the national government. If t
or local government does not carry out its obligations, only the laws of it
country can be invoked against that level of government.
The
Need
for
National
e~ itage
k se of
le i state
i iown
Legislation
I
To
assist
in
the
proper
management
of
World
Heritage
Sites,
it
is
recommended that alI countries signatory to the Convention considl
the
introduction of domestic legislation to regulate and control the managem
of
World Heritage Sites within their jurisdiction.
This should be done unde
eir
respective constitutions or pursuant to their obligations under the ConvE on.
This is an important issue, not just in relation to tourism but in relation
aIl
activities within the country that may affect World Heritage sites.
I
Despite the fact that more than 129 countries are signatories 1o the
Convention, there is orùy one country that has enacted specific domestic legi: 1 tion
which sets out the powers and responsibilities of the national governm
t in
relation to the Convention and World Heritage Sites within the country.
This
country is Australia, and the legislation is the 1983 World Heritage ProI rties
Conservation Act, as amended by the Conservation Legislation Act in 1988. I
There are provisions in the United States of America which clarify (rt ,(the
tain
points: who shall coordinate United States participation in the Conventio
Secretary of the Interior); the way in which nominations shall proceed; ~nd,
perhaps most important of alI, the stipulation that no property may be nom ~ated
unless it has previously been determined to be of national significance.
I
There is brief mention of the Convention in the legislation of some ~etQther
ting
countries but by way of notification orùy, and there are no specific provisions ~
out how the relevant national government shall comply with its obligations
~der
the Convention.
Every country that is a signatory
introduction
of such legislation to:
to the Convention
should
consid I
~rl
the
(1) give further weight in recognizing the Convention;
(2) specifically
and clearly empower a particular
enforce the protection of World Heritage Sites;
level
of governm~
~~t
ta
I
(3) improve the overall protection and conservation of such sites.
This is particularly important in those countries (such as Australia), wh 're by
virtue of its constitution, the central government has no direct power to enabl1~ it ta
deal with, protect or otherwise comply with the terms of the Convention.
The
World
Heritage
Convention
and
Tourism
Much of the attraction to tourists of property that is on the World Hel -itage
List is the fact that it is on the list. Thus it is in the interests of all to insur~~ that
ICOMOS
Tourism
Handbook
for World
Heritage
Site Managers
9
nothing is done to prejudice the listing. Everything possible should bEf done to
enhance the property in accordance with the standards adopted by tl!te World
Heritage Commit tee at the time of its inscription.
While tourism can frequently, as a $ubstantial income earner, assist with the
conservation of World Heritage Sites, it can also pose a threat to the authenticity ,
preservation and proper management of the se sites. Such threats must be taken
seriously and dealt with to insure that they can be resolved lest the country in
question finds itself in breach of its obligations under the Convention.
For there to be successful tourism programs at World Heritage cultural sites,
it is important for national governments to consider, at the outset of the
nomination process for World Heritage listing, the requirements of the tourism
infrastructure and whether or not these will compromise the listing of the sites.
Similarly, the later introduction of tourism to sites already on the World Heritage
list must only be undertaken with a clear understanding of the country's obligations
under the World Heritage Convention for authenticity and the proper management
of the site or sites in question.
There are two major documents that govern the operation of the World
Heritage List. The site administration of a World Heritage cultural site should have
current copies of both documents.
The first of these is the World Heritage
Convention (see Appendix A) which was adopted in 1972. The second is the
Op~rational Guidelines, last revised in February 1992 (see Appendix B.) Together
thêy describe the process whereby a site gains election to the World Heritage List.
This process is important to keep in mind as change is brought about or
contemplated as a result of tourism.
When a site is nominated for possible listing and brought before the World
Heritage Commit tee, the nomination must describe the degree of authenticity of the
monument and the degree of management of the site. Those elements form part of
the officiaI site nomination and part of the basis upon which a site is elect~d to the
World Heritage List. Currently, there is no requirement for a listed site to obtain the
approval of the World Heritage Commit tee to make changes that may effect the
site's authenticity or its management.
However, any changes that have a
detrimental effect may result in the consideration of the site's de-listing.
Further, if such changes are perceived to result in a breach of the World
Heritage Convention, they may result in international action against the national
government. Actions breaching the Convention, depending upon the intemal laws
of the country, allow for action to be taken by one or more of the country's citizens
against the national government in order to require the offensive action to be
rectified. Even though other authorities govern the day-to-day management of the
property, there remains the overlying requirement to comply with the authenticity
and management standards in place and accepted by the World Heritage Committee
at the time the place was inscribed on the World Heritage List.
Under the Convention the responsibilities of a state party are t<jJprotect
cultural and natural properties of "outstanding univers al value." The °wrational
Guidelines amplify this point:
10
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Tourism
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"The convention provides for the protection of these cultural and
natural properties deemed to be of outstanding univers al value. It is
not intended to provide for the protection of alI properties of great
interest, importance or value, but only for a select list of the most
outstanding
of these from an international
viewpoint.
The
outstanding universal value of cultural and natural properties is
defined by Articles 1 and 2 of the convention. These definitions are
interpreted by the committee by using two sets of criteria: one set for
cultural property and another set for natural property." (Paragraph 6 (i»
"The fundamental principle stipulated in the convention is that
properties nominated therefore should be carefully selected. The
criteria and conditions of authenticity of integrity against which the
committee will evaluate properties are set out in paragraphs 24 and 36.
Within a given geo-cultural region, it may be desirable for States
Parties to make comparative assessments for the harmonization of
tentative lists and nominated cultural properties.
Support for the
organization of meetings for this purpose may be requested under the
World Heritage Fund." (Paragraph 9)
Once outstanding properties have been identified and nominated, $tates
parties must take appropriate protective measures as outlined in their nomin~tion
papers. Paragraph 22 of the Guidelines clarifies this expectation:
!
"Where the intrinsic qualities of a property nominated are threatened
by action of man and yet meet the criteria and the conditions of
authenticity or integrity set out in paragraphs 24 and 36, an action plan
outlining the corrective measures required should be submitted with
the nomination file. Should the corrective measures submitted by the
nominating State not be taken within the time proposed by the State,
the property will be considered by the Commit tee for de-Iisting in
accordance with the procedure adopted by the Committee. State Parties
are encouraged to prepare plans for the management of each natural
site nominated and for the safeguarding of each cultural property
nominated. AlI information concerning these plans should be made
available when technical cooperation is requested."
Under the Convention each state party undertakes to protect, conserv~,1and
present the cultural heritage within its terri tory and to participa te in interna~onal
agreements. Its cooperation to achieve these ends are enumerated in Articles Siand
6 of the Convention. (see Appendix A for text).
I
Authenticity
and
Management
Theinresponsibilities
Convention,
when aand
siteauthenticity.
is SUbmitteT~ ese
inclusion
the List, are to under
insure the
its proper
management
for
responsibilities are especially important in relation to the effects of tourism o
place. The Operational Guidelines requires that sites :
ICOMOS
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Site Managers
the
11
"...meet the test of authenticity in design, materials, workmanship or
setting (the Committee stressed that reconstruction is only acceptable if
it is carried out on the basis of complete and detailed documentation
on the original and to no extent on conjecture)." (Paragraph 24(b) (i)~
"...and have adequate legal protection and management mech~nism.s to
insure the conservation of the nominated cultural property. The existence of
protective legislation at the national, provincial or municipal IeveI is
therefore essential and must be stated clearly on the nomina~on form.
Assurance of the effective implementations of these laws are also expected.
Furthermore, in order to preserve the integrity of cultural sites, p~rticularly
those open to large numbers of visitors, the State Party concerned should be
able to provide evidence of suitable administrative arrangements toi cover the
management of the property, its conservation and its accessibilJty to the
public." (Paragraph 24(b) (ii»
While not precise, these guidelines do establish a framework within which it
is possible to judge whether a proper standard is being maintained. In sOme cases,
for example, in relation to historic towns, the Guidelines themselves ack1nowledge
the management problem and state that preference should be given to "small or
medium-sized urban areas which are in a position to manage any potential growth."
Further:
" In view of the effects which the entry of a town in World Heritage List could
have on its future, such entries should be exceptional. Inclusion in the List
implies that legislative and administrative measures have already been taken
to insure the protection of the group of buildings and its envitonment."
(Paragraph 33)
It may be that additional areas must be controlled to insure that Ithe place
itself receives adequate protection, as the Guidelines recommend:
"Whenever necessary for the proper conservation of a cultural or natural
property nominated, an adequate 'buffer zone' around a property $hould be
provided and should be afforded the necessary protection. A buffer zone can
be defined as an area surrounding the property which has restrictions placed
on its use to give an added layer of protection; the area constitutÎng the buffer
zone should be determined in each case through technical studies. Details on
the size, characteristics and authorized uses of a buffer zone, as weIl as a map
indicating its precise boundaries, should be provided in the nomination file
relating to the property in question," (Paragraph 17)
The national government may need to delegate the responsibility ta praperly
manage a buffer zone to a state or local government. In doing so, of cOurse, the
national government should insure that the management plan for the buffer zone
is compatible with that for the World Heritage site.
12
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Tourism
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Slte Managers
Juridical
Provisions
Another aspect of the nomination documents is the provision of juridical
data to the World Heritage Commit tee. This data supplies the text of the laws that
protect the nominated property and describes how these laws actually work. The
Guidelines stipulate:
"Under the 'Juridical data' section of the nomination form States Parties
should provide, in addition to the legal texts protecting the property being
nominated, an explanation of the way in which these laws actually operate.
Such an analysis is preferable to a mere enumeration or compilation of the
legal text themselves." (Paragraph II)
Guideline
Admini~,tration,
54(b ), in reference
to a paragraph
asks for the following juridical information.
entitled
Responsible
Owner
Legal status
-category of ownership (public or private)
-details of legal and administrative provisions for the protection
of the property. The nature of the legal text as weIl as their
conditions of implementation should be clearly specified.
-state of occupancy and accessibility to the general public.
Responsible administration
-details should be given of the mechanism or body already set
up or intended to be established in or der to insure the proper
management of the property .
Paragraph 54 (f) also requires the following information:
Legal information
-laws or decrees that govern the protection of monuments
and site
(date and text)
-decrees or orders that protect the nominated property (date and text)
-master
plan for historic
preservation,
land-use
plan, urban
development plan, regional development plan or other infrastructure
projects.
-town planning
regulations
and orders issued in application
of these
plans
Further, indications should be given as to whether various juridical
provisions prevent:
-uncontrolled exploitation of the ground below the property
-the demolition and reconstruction of buildings situated within the
protected zones
-the raising of the height of buildings
-the transformation of the urban fabric
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13
What are the penalties foreseen in case of a contravention of these juridicaI
provisions?
I
What, if any, juridical
or other measure exist that encourage the
revitalization of the property concerned in full respect of its historic authenticity
and its social diversity?
There is also a responsibility to comply with the laws or regulatio~s within
the particuIar country to protect the World Heritage Site(s). These Iaws ~ay have
been passed pursuant to a power that the national government has acquired as a
result of becoming a signatory to the World Heritage Convention or just b~cause the
site control is part of the country's nationallaws.
There are countries such as Australia, Canada and the United States of
America with a federal system of government where, by virtue of the Iaws or
written constitution of the country, the national government does not have controI
of these matters necessary to carry out the protective measures required under the
Convention.
Regardless of the way in which the internaI government of the
particular country is organized, the national government will have to, in spme way,
because of its obligations under the World Heritage Convention, assume those
powers to insure the site's protection or in some other way insure that c(()nvention
requirements are met.
What this means in simple terms is that the country's national go:vernment
has a two-fold responsibility:
(1) that of insuring that the World Heritage Convention is complied with
(this obligation cannot be delegated to another level of government) !and
(2) that of insu ring that the actions necessary to comply with the C~nvention
are fulfilled.
This responsibility can be delegated although th~ national
government will remain ultimately responsible to the Convention.\
These requirements must be met before a site can be considered for listing by
the World Heritage Commit tee. They are as important as compliance w1th one or
more of the criteria for listing. The failure of any one of those two that would result
in the loss of outstanding univers al value as required by the conventio r will, in
theory, allow the World
Heritage
Commit tee to
appropriate, remove a property from the List.
14
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Tourism
consider
Handbook
and,
if
thought
i
for World
Heritage
Site Managers
Section
1: Preparing
the Foundation
~HAPTER
EST ABLISHING
2
A :l\1ANAGEMENT
PHILOSOPHY
The first step in the care o World Heritage Sites is the developmet'\t and
establishment of a management
hilosophy.
The effort to think through and
formulate the principles upon
hi ch the site wil1 be administered lays the
foundation for ali that happens sub equently. In general, two areas of concer~ must
be addressed. The first area is co servation. What are the values of the si~ that
require protection, and how will ,protection be guaranteed? The second ~rea is
accessibility .How can the site be iade safely accessible to an appropriate nun1lber of
visitors, and how can the site' significance be clearly and unequiVocally
communicated?
To establish a management philosophy requires study, ex change, le~rning
and reflection. It is a planning pro 55, and openness to ideas and possibilities is the
key. This chapter reviews the es ntial elements of the process of establishing a
management philosophy in relatio to tourism.
Type
of Site
and
Its Use
It is crucial to decide the type of uses that are to be alIowed at the site. This is
the core of any management pl n. The administrative team must be~n by
considering the type of site it is ma aging and must acquire a deep understandJing of
its physical nature and cultural sig ificance. The team must be sensitive to th~ way
the site has been shaped and as embled to achieve specific forms and spatial
relationships, and understand that t e historic fabric must be preserved unaltered in
perpetuity. Given this understan ing, planning for the needs of visitors fdllows
smoothly.
l,
If a policy decision is made
provide visitor accommodations on the $ite, it
is imperative that aIl planning and financial decisions and agreements suppo,t the
integrity of the site. Final authorit with regard to the location and functionJng of
such facilities must be retained by t e site administration.
The site administration shou d be active in alI public planning and land use
processes that bear not only directl upon the site but also on areas surroundi~g the
site. It is important to be mindful
f alI land use categorizations, and alI use~ that
are in the major traffic corridors le ing to the site and on alI lands that are visible
from the site. A site can be easily .pacted negatively by uncontrolled, insensitive
speculative and commercial develo ment around it. Private developers of ~isitor
accommodations will usually seek t e advantage of close proximity to a site abd, if
possible, maximize the view of the ite from their location.
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Conservation
Policy
A good way to begin d veloping a conservation policy is to consult the major
international documents that have been drawn up over the last three decades to
provide guidelines for this pu pose. The ICOMOS Venice Charter still provides one
of the best guidelines for eval ation, planning and decision-making in conservation
work. It was adopted in 1964 t the Second International Congress of Architects and
Technicians of Historic Monu ents. It has been adapted by some countries such as
Australia in their Guidelines
the Burra Charter: Conservation Policy, and in the
USA as The Secretary of the I terior's Standards for Historic Preservation Projects.
Yet the need was felt f r guidelines that applied more specifically to other
than monumental sites, so int national specialists worked for 12 years to study and
develop another document.
his was the ICOMOS Charter on the Conservation of
Historic Towns and Urban Ar as which was adopted at the 1987 ICOMOS General
Assembly in Washington D.C.
AlI conservation activitïes must be carefully balanced to achieve
conservation policy, and the fqllowing factors must be addressed:
a sound
A) Protection of the ~ esources from erosion, destruction, damage and
alteration due to human actio by controlling and limiting the access of visitors to
the site.
B) Conservation of the ~istoric fabric through
maintenance activities.
!
C) Conservation of the historic
inappropriate activities withi9the site.
character
appropriate
housekeeping
by excluding
and
or limi ting
One of the principal t eats to the conservation of sites is the failure to plan
for mass tourism, which ca through erosion, vandalism or inadvertent effects,
create conditions that accelera e deterioration or even destroy a site. Damage tends
to be greater in enclosed i terior spaces, but, in reality, no area of a sité is
invulnerable. The sources o damage are varied and surprisingly uncomplicated:
the erosive effect of shoes o historic flooring, pavements and steps; damage to
surfaces from grease deposit d by hands repeatedly touching or heads repeatedly
leaning against the fabric or p per on a wall.
Archaeological sites p ticularly fall prey to destructive souvenir collectors,
who remove bits and pieces f historic fabric as first-hand mementos of their visit.
Without planning, certain arc eological sites can suffer great damage from repeated
trampling.
Delicate areas, r areas yet to be fully excavated, should have tour
patterns clearly demarcated a d roped off.
Materials and finishes lo,cated in enclosed interior spaces are particularly
vulnerable to drastic humidit and temperature fluctuations caused by the sudden
entrance and exit of masses f people who exude enormous amounts of heat and
water vapor. AlI hygroscopic materials --wood, textiles, some stones, plaster, etc., -are vulnerable to constant s ifts in air quality. The damage from this source has
caused the closing to the p blic of important pre-historic cave sites as weIl as
decorated underground buria vaults. Sometimes, it is possible to open windows to
6
ICOMOS
Tourism
Hsndbook
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Heritsge
Site Managers
Cat
~
promote a more stable environ ent through natural ventilation, but this adds
problems such as an increase in d t deposits, ultra-violet ray damage and potential
insect invasions.
Furniture and large objec , which may constitute the integral interior
contents of a World Heritage cul ural site, need protection from the damage of
visiting masses. Like architectural materials, moveable objects can deteriorate from
continuous environmental
fluct ations.
Unless extremely sturdy, historic
furniture must not be placed in a eas where it will be subjected to use by larg~
numbers of people. Chairs and ot er seats should be roped, and alI other furniture
removed from the reach of the ha ds of visitors. Discreet signs requesting "do not
touch exhibits" should be displayed
As with any other cultural roperty , collections of small objects and artifacts
are subject to environmental de erioration, especially those made of organic
materials and of certain metals. S alI objects are susceptible to petty theft and must
be protected. When installing the t detection systems, management should avoid
those systems that require damage to the object through adherence or insertion of
detection strips or other elements.
Mechanical ventilation syste s, especially those using forced air, are designed
to maintain an ideal interior c imate.
Forced air heating/air
conditi:oning
ventilation systems for historic b ildings and museums are often designed with
sophisticated devices that will co trol humidity and temperature fluctuations in
response to varying conditions nside and outside the building.
Whefl the
maximum design population of th building is exceeded, the system control ceases
to operate properly. If the situati n is repeated periodically over long peridds of
time, both the system and the histor c fabric may begin to deteriorate rapidly. Iril fact,
sometimes interior condensation n historic surfaces can be accelerated through
such conditions.
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17
For this reason, it is im ortant that heritage site administrators amd the site
engineering staff consult desig ers and manufacturers of the ventilation system so
that all may clearly understan the limitations imposed on visitation and building
popula tion.
Cultural heritage sites a e inextricably linked to their surrounding traditional
environment. In fact, the envi onment is often an integral part of the c\1ltural site
and contains historic garden and landscapes. Sites with an unusually large
population or with a fragile b tanical collection should declare all planted areas off
limits, and simply make the visually accessible. The use of fences and other
physical barriers, even if largel transparent, must be approached with gr~at caution
and restraint, especially if no historical precedent exists for their exist(:?nce. Too
many limitations to physica access aggressively presented can disfigure the
character of the site and cre te a false impression that is unrelated to the true
significance of the site. If econ mically feasible, a few discreet signs and the presence
of site guardians are always p eferable to the insertion of highly visible ~xtraneous
devices to control unwanted v sitor wanderings.
I
Relationship
with
Living
I Communities
When dealing with site$ that are living communities, the areas d~dicated ta
visitors must be carefully pl nned. Permanent residents must be giv~n respect.
Visitors must not be allowed o interfere with the daily lives of residents nor with
their interaction with the site. This is usually accompli shed by making qreas of the
site off-limits to visitars, eith r during certain haurs or alI of the time. This will
avoid permanent animositie , unflattering comparisons and unnece~sary and
submissive deformation of t aditional behavior, crafts and culture. IJn historic
villages, especially, it is co mon for the resident community ta have limited
economic resources. The p tential clash of values and behaviar between the
residents and tourists must be anticipated.
Types
of Visitors
World Heritage cultur 1 sites are of significance to all humanity.
Still, sites
at tract specific groups of peo e for religious, patriotic, professional or other reasons.
It is the task of the site man gement team to provide site access and design tours,
exhibits, interpretation
pro
ams, and printed information
that wi11 fulfill
the
interests of each type of visi or. In order to do so, the first step is to establish a
visitor profile.
Who is th typical visitor? Basic socio-economic
data --age,
nationality, income, marital st tus, profession, etc. --can provide a clear grasp of the
typical visitor.
(See Section Two, Chapter 4, of this handbook --"Reqording
and
Analyzing Visitors.")
Sometimes it is diffi ult to transmit to some sectors of the I public the
significance of certain sites.
rcheological and battlefield sites in partic~lar usually
have less visu al material and artifacts to permit an easy grasp of their hi$tory. Thus
a more intense interaction be ween visitors and guides is required, as ~ell as more
extensive exhibits and expl nations to make the site tangible.
Only through
knowledge of the site and vis tor targeting can a variety of site interpretaltion
18
ICOMOS
Tourism
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Heritag~
Site Managers
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experiences be instituted to provid1 each visitor a clear view of the significa*ce of
the site at multiple levels.
,
The provenance of visitors i also important, especially if large groups are
foreigners.
They will require site. terpretation services in different languagss. If
visitors
are alternative
largely from
the local i ty,
site-relatedprograms.
cultural For
community
provide an
to involved
terpretation
the local pro
yo ~ '~ams
tlg, it
is recommended that the site mana ement team work closely with local edu ~tors
to institute site-awareness progra
s. After all, the children should grow o be
stewards of the site.
I
It is also useful to know the e onomic bracket of visitors in order to asse,s the
feasibilityandofother
instituting
feesMost
for sis tes
e admission,
events
services.
also have interpretation
small souvenir programs,
and infor ~ àtion
eCiC1\l
shops whose merchandise must be geared to the consumption patterns of t pic~l
visitor groups.
I
!i
ICOMOS
Tourism
Handbook
for World
jeritag~
Site
Managers
1j9
Carrying
Capacity
and
.ccess
I
Determining the carryi 9 capacity and level of accessfor a site is a complicated
and sensitive undertaking.
he first step is to analyze the site to determine the
optimum number of visitor at any one time. This includes a plan: to schedule
group visits in an orderl
fashion.
Secondly, the management! team must
determine site access --whi
areas of the site are of interest to the v~sitor profile
groups. These areas must t en be compared to those that the management team
considers to be of primary si nificance. Then the team must decide what areas are
essential for visitors to see.
The team must then plan for different levels of visitor interest.
Some
tourists may be satisfied
ith a cursory visit. Others may desir~ a detailed
interpretation and a comp ehensive tour. Some sites may have a consistent
attraction for scholars, For each case, the management team must d~termine the
optimal number of visitors a lowed in each area at any one time.
The amount of acces ible floor area clearly provides the most direct limit
upon the number of people ho can visit a building site at any one time. There is
no specific formula for visito per square meter of floor space that will yield an exact
answer. Spatial considerati ns, the conservation of materials, safety precautions,
visibility and accommodatio of children are but a few of the possibl~ conditions
that can influence the allowa le number of people in one space at one t~me.
Visits to interior spac s present more difficulties than visits to el*terior areas.
Consideration must be giv n to noise level, climate control and s~çurity when
moving large numbers of vi~itors through interior spaces. If the areas, both indoor
and outdoor, are ample, th~n the need for a rigid tour pattern is n(])t as urgent.
Another concern is the flo of visitors through a site: should the flow be constant
or in bunches?
I
If the site can acco modate more than the current load of I visitors, the
management team must ma e a plan to increase the number of visitorts and also to
determine how they will be anaged on the site.
:
Depending on their nature, some sites lend themselves to I unrestricted
visiting with little structu e and no time limitations.
Other sites ~equire more
stringent rules that may c nsist of specific tour routes, group visjts in limited
numbers, or even the use of a guide to lead, explain and supervise the ~isit.
AlI cultural heritage sites must provide tours, either with a gqide or be selfguided with the aid of sign ge, audio cassettes or printed materials. It>epending on
the site, tours can be option 1or obligatory, free or available for a fee. q~re should be
given in designing guided tours to make sure visitors can alI hear and have the
opportunity to ask question '. If visitors tend to come in large groups ~t a particular
time of the day, design gui ed tours of a specific duration. A 30-45 minute wait is
about the maximum tolerab e. If longer waits are necessary, tickets cart be issued for
a certain hour, and visitors an then be allowed unstructured explorat~on.
Tour operators ma need ta make special arrangements ~ith the site
management to prevent a isitor glut. Management must determinelPolicy on the
accessto restricted areas gr. ted to outside guides.
iI
lOS
Security
and
Insurance
Con~iderations
Visitors must be protected rom unsafe conditions that may exist at t~e site
that could result in their injury.
he park management must periodically ipspect
all areas open to the public to ass re that safe conditions prevail. Unsafe ateas or
areas not open to the public m st be clearly marked through internationally
accepted signage. Areas presentin danger or housing valuable collections should be
protected by intrusion alarm syste s. In designing tour routes, the safety of t}\e path
must be studied: the path must have adequate width and overhead clearance,
railings must be provided along ignificant level changes, steps must be Çlearly
marked, etc. In addition, the effe t that visitors will have along the route must be
analyzed. Will large numbers o visitors create unsafe conditions that do not
presently exist --such as structural overloads, insufficient fresh air, fire hazards, etc.?
Smoking inside historic str ctures must be strictly forbidden. It is a fire
hazard. Also; the tar in tobacco s oke can cause serious damage to historic su~faces,
finishes and collections. In open- ir archeologic.1l sites and in historic gardeJtls and
landscapes, smoking should be dis ouraged to avoid littering. If smoking is a]jowed,
provide discreet, yet abundant rec ptacles. Hand-held automatic fire exting~ishers
should be discreetly located thr ghout historic structures, and staff sho~ld be
instructed on their use.
In many countries the ad ission of visitors to the site makes t~e ~ite
administration
legally responsi le for the welfare of the visitors.
Tfue site
administration thus becomes liable for any harm that may come to the visitor,
Usually in such societies, the c ltural site management has secured ins~rance
policies to cover themselves in t e event of such liabilities. These policies often
delineate numerous conditions th t the site must meet and enforce in or der ~or the
policy to be in effect. It is imperati e for site managers to study existing polici~s, and
to discuss at length with insuranc carriers the extent and type of protection ~ffered
by a policy and under which condi ions a policy can become invalidated.
Visitor
Services
The cultural heritage site m st be able to accommodate not only the yisitors
that come to it, but also the ma y infrastructure services that are neces$pry to
maintain this floating populatio .The
construction and location of all the
elements of visitor services m st combine convenience to the visitors with
minimal impact to the visual ima e and the historic character and fabric of the site.
Often, the location of these service is a compromise of the two requirements,
Depending on the proximi y of a site to services, the administratiort must
make more or less provisions fo visitors services. Remote sites need to make
arrangements
for visitors
to purchase meals, and even for ov~rnight
accommodations. Providing such services invoIves the complications of delivery of
provisions, laundry services, etc. Similarly, remote site administrators must make
sure that aIl expected services are available to keep the site safe and clean, $ucI-. as
first aid medical treatment, fire-fi hting and police service, trash removal/ d~$posal,
clean running water, sewer, electr city and telecommunications.
Among the most visually
isruptive services that must be provideÇ,i on a
cultural site is that of vehicular p rking. Another is the provision of toilet~~ Both
OMC
1andbook
for World
Heri~age
Site
Managers
services are crucial to visitor comfort, The first step in managing both parking
services and toilets is determi 'ng the need, then deciding on discreet placement,
Tour buses, because f their size, need special shielding of vegetation,
landscaped walls, fences or o her appropriate elements. If no adequate space for
parking can be found conveni nt to the site, remote locations with courtesy shuttle
transportation may be provide .
Large, extensive sites should provide toilet facilities in more than one
location, and always in associ tion with restaurant or snack areas. Toil~t facilities
should have running water nd be connected to an appropria te se\"{er system.
Nevertheless, under extraor inary circumstances, self-contained cheI:Xlical toilet
booths, such as those located in construction sites, are preferable to none. Unless
designed as individu al units, roup toilets with banks of fixtures are segregated by
sex. Additional facilities sho Id be provided for families with small children and
for the disabled. There sho Id be individual units with WC and lavatory, plus
sufficient space for wheelcha r maneuvers plus an assistant/traveling companion,
possibly of a sex different to tha of the disabled person, For family-oriented sites, an area
open to bath parents with coun er space for changing baby diapers is a necessity.
Special
Considerations:
~istoric
Towns
and
Urban
Areas
The management of u an historic sites is perhaps the most complex of alI
sites. They are living orga isms, often densely populated, with deteriorating
infrastructures and enormou developmental pressures. The management of the se
sites is often fragmented am ng various local and national government agencies
that control the many aspec s that allow these cities to function: public services,
zoning, public improvement 1 utilities, demolition and construction permits, land
use, etc. The only adequate ethodology for managing tourism and preservation in
historic towns and urban ar as is through the planning process; this will assure
cooperation and coordinatio among alI involved agencies.
Usually the promotio
of tourism is shared by many groups for different
reasons. The site managem nt team must be at the vanguard of establishing the
cultural values of the site t avoid demeaning commercialization, damage to the
historic fabric and other ina propriate developments. The site management team
must meet periodically with epresentatives from other organizations to discuss the
changing needs of visitors an locals. The team must also establish clear limitations
on the activities that each age cy can undertake inside the town or urban area.
The complexities of rn naging and preserving historic towns and urban areas
are too extensive to be d aIt with here comprehensively.
There are a few
considerations, however, tha demand mention. One of the most important has to
do with traffic and parking. Vehicular congestion has a large impact on: the quality
of life of residents and the q ality of a tourist's visit.
It is probably best fo visiting tourists to be separated from their vehicles
before entering the historic z ne. It may be necessary to provide adequate surface, or
muli:i-story garage, facilities outside the historic zone. The site management team
must negotiate with transit uthorities to identify special areas for visitor parking
and to establish routes and pecific hours that are available for use by tour buses.
Clearly defined pedestrian otites and possible shuttle vehicle servic!E!!should be
ICOMOS
Touri
Indbook
ger
provided to move the visitor fr
the parking locations to within the zone and
back again. If any visitor parkin is provided within the historic zone, it should be
limited and available at a consid rable fee to the tourist. In historic zones where
new construction or reconstruc ion take place, provision should be made, if
structurally possible, in such pro ects for underground parking. Generally, such
added parking facilities should b available on a priority basis for residents and
businesses within the historic zon .
In those situations where a easonable amount of street parking is available, a
system should be adopted that a lows property owners and renters to park on a
priority basis and to be identifie
to the authorities through special identifying
stickers. Tourist vehicle parking s ould be limited to specific posted time periods.
It may be desirable to temp rarily close streets most frequented by visitors to
auto, truck and bus traffic. Any uch temporary closure must allow for the quick
access of emergency vehicles. C osure can be made with attractively de$igned
moveable gates or metal stanchion .
Generally, large tour and ai port service buses should be discouraged from
traveling through urban historic zo es to pick-up or discharge passengers. They can
have a major impact on the phys cal fabric of the area (especially when turning
corners at street intersections), co tribute to visual and environmental problems
and require large amounts of spac .Generally, they should be restricted to defined
areas on the periphery of the histo ic zone. Smaller shuttle vehicles should be used
to move hotel guests and tour pa ticipants to centralized collection points on the
periphery of the zone. If tour buse are to be allowed within the historic zone, they
should be restricted in number and confined to specific streets and travel routes. If
they are to temporarily park withi such a zone, they need to be kept away from
historic monuments that can be im acted by the pollution created by their exhaust
emissions.
Another area that deman s consideration within a historic zone is
commercialization.
It will be lik ly that a historic urban zone that is a World
Heritage Site will become a magne destination for international visitors and local
area residents. The concentration f large numbers of people will in turn at tract
other business operators seeking to ea'Chthis market with their services and wares.
Musicians, painters, mimes nd puppeteers will be among those seeking to
entertain visitors and to solicit a d nation. To control their numbers and locations
for performances, they should be icensed and areas should be defined for their
performances.
Individuals and
oups of musicians performing for extended
periods of time and at a loud volum can quickly generate strong opposition to their
presence from local residents, bu inesses and visitors. Some historic urban zones
have legally defined sound decibell vels that cannot be exceeded by any performers.
Historic zones can come u der intense pressure to convert commercial
business properties into restaurant bars which feature entertainment. ln climates
where such facilities are often op n to the outdoors, the existence of musical
entertainment
can easily create conflicts with neighboring residentialand
commercial properties. Local regu ations may be necessary to control the sound
decibellevel of entertainment which can be readily heard on adjoining public streets
and private property. There must be a plan; if there is a problem the plan has failed.
IMO
andt
)k for World
HeritagE
Managers
23
24
Preparing the
Section
;oundation
CHAPTER
THE
SITE
MANAGEMENT
3
PLANNING
PROCESS
The prime and overriding purpose of a World Heritage Site is to conserve the
values for which it has been recognized and placed on the World Heritage List. T~e
World Heritage Convention therefore requires that nations submit a management
plan for sites being nominated. Such plans should include consideration of th~
proper level of visitor access and tourism at the site. Conservation plans are bel~t
prepared by impartial experts with a broad knowledge of the management issuf~
vital to protecting the site's value. As part of this effort, it is important th~t
governments properly identify World Heritage Sites within the national plannirlt
process, on land-use plans, and single them out for their importance to alI mankind.
At the local level, the site manager must monitor the development decisions ancjl
the application of the plan at the site and the area surrounding the site.
!i
The degree and the successof planning will vary from country to country b\!1t
it has become the basic tool for managing land and resources. This chapter provid~$
an overview of basic conservation planning issues that a manager should keep i:~
rnind when involved in drafting, discussing and monitoring the site plan.
Ii
Il
Obligations
under
the Convention
Under the World Heritage Convention and its operational guidelines, it doe~
not mat ter what general planning or lack of planning there may be in the countrM
concerned. The national government takes on the obligation to maintain the sit~
according to the plan, or, in the absence of a plan, to support the process of preparin~
and submitting a plan acceptable to the World He.ritage Commit tee.
I
I:
The plan for the World Heritage Site does not have to fit within, or fve~
have any regard for, the national or state or local planning system. It is for thi~1
reason that the Convention
is su ch a powerful
conservation instrument.
Whil~1
local authorities should be involved in the plants preparation, they can only preparf'
plans to the degree that they have been delegated by the national governrnent that
nominated the site. World Heritage Sites are the one type of site where contrcl i~:
usually intenticnally
moved to the national level sc that local authorities
canno~i
operate independently.
It is the oPl?osite philoso~hy in.most other cases. .I.
l,
ln summary, the World Hentage ConventIon stipulates the followmg pomt$!
in regard tc planning:
I
I!
) The national government must prepare an acceptable plan for the World
Ieritage Cultural Site ta pratect the values far which it is nominated.
:
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T ourism
andbook
fj
World
Heritage
Site Managers
25
B) World Heritage Cultural Site nominations will no longer be lac~
entries
on the W
s
proce
the
support
should
government
national
relevant
the
List,
and submit such plans.
prepare
does not exist for earlier
by
the
;
!
such a plan
pted
by
subrr}itt
rldl~eritage
Where
plan,
1
c
Commit
tee unless
an acceptable
accompanies
the nomination.
t4
the World
Heritage
national
government,
i
D) Where such a plan does not exist, the site administrator shoul~ b~ lactively
encouraging the national government to commit resources to its pref~ration.
The
Planning
Process
ln general the planning
process can be seen as a three step process
(1) taking an inventory
of existing resources,
(2) categorizing and evaluating those resources and,
(3) from that evaluated inventory,
determining
priorities
for Ile~~slation,
finances, personnel, equipment, interpretation,
marketing, etc.
I II
Help in planning for a World Heritage Site is available from m~ny: ectors.
Various appropriate government agency planning staffs can and will p~rtit pate in
the preparation of a site management and development plan. Further, tvith n most
countries, land-use planning has become one of the mandated require en of the
World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. As a result, o
unit y
planning and development skills have developed in health, envir
rn nt and
economic offices.
There are also useful tourism management skills within most co nt es that
are not being drawn into problem-solving at World Heritage Sites. For i st ce, the
planning, design and management of many large resorts draw Qn the sa
skills
needed for site planning and management. Obviously there are differen es etween
the planning goals for a World Heritage Site and for a resort. However,
e .sues of
efficiency, security and visitor satisfaction are the same. There are oth rs ho can
help, too. National airline and hotel executives know the economic val e
World
Heritage Sites. They have in-house professionals, and their skills, lea ers ip and
financial and political influence can be drawn into the management a d anning
process.
l
should
26
plan
also be indicated
to assure a managed set ting for the place.
ICOMOS
Tourism
Handbook
for World
Heritagel
the
zone
of
î
F ,r
r
appropriate
and
logical
a
possible
of the boun
an
This includ,s
~
regulatory
Survey and Descri ption -The description
Where
should
site
listed
Boundary
sites, need a cornprehensive
clear.
Cultural
Requirements
uf
Planning
be
Basic
I nning
Sitel Manaqers
issues, the buffer should be treated as if it were part of the listed land even tho~gh
the intensity of application of cor,trols may be less in the buffer area.
Il
Land Use Plan -The
comprehensive
land-use plan for the site sho ' id
include any nearby settlements and a full corridor to the nearest urban center.
r
example, the qua lit y of the road trip from Yogjakarta to Borobodur in Indonesia r
from Chichen-Itza to Merida and Cancun in Mexico is crucial to the visitors' over Il
experience.
At an urban site, the boun:lary lines and the buffer zones should be drawn
include the protection of total hi:;toric streetscapes. In a rural setting, strong vis4c;t1
elements such as hills, lines of tn~es, old roads and walls should be included witlÛh
the boundaries. Both sides of arly road, river or stream that is used as border li n e
should
also
be
included
if they
are
within
the
same
country.
The site's land-use plan can and should be completed even if regional and/~r
national plans cannot be prepared at this time. What is important is the detail~~
cre~t~~n of the vision to mana~;e World Heritage Sites as part of other relat
achvlhes.
tf
Conservation/Site Plan -At a World Heritage Site the conservation plan lib
everything.
While the officiaI submission of a site management plan is t}jl~
responsibility of national governments, the site administration should activeiy
participate in its preparation. TtLe conservation plan delineates all of the pertinep~
conservation issues, analyzes them and determines the scientific limitations of tl1l~
site. The plan also describes the administrator's concept of tourism at the site --t~f
tone, vision and opportunities of the visitor experience. Based on this plap~
tourism professionals can then be asked to help, and other planning elements can 1),
coordinated.
Il
A Utilities and Services Pl.a.n-Utilities and services such as electricity , sewer~
water, telephones and fire and police protection are useful to both conservatiq~
efforts and tourism management. These conveniences are important but nev~~
important enough to jeopardize the integrity of the site. Requirements and limit~
on them must be established so 1:hat the delivery of current and projected utiliti1
and services
can be accomplished
without
site damage.
i
I
~.
A Community Development Plan -The quality of life for the residents With
or adjacent to the site has a great impact on the quality of the visitors' experienc j
Whether it is an urban neighborhood or a rural village, what is good for t I
residents must be good for the visitors.
i
Community
development
is nowa
recognized
field with skille
professionals.
Many government departments are involved in communit
development to deliver medical services, provide for sanitation, build adequat
housing and establish useful schools. Agricultural support, development of cottag
industries and family planning are among the many activities that are part
community development efforts.
Many countries
have job training
programs
to help the residents
t fi
beneficially participate in the tourism sector. Site managers and tourism planner
can be important partners in community development.
i
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Manage
A Tourism Plan -'[ourism officiaIs should be consulted as the ~on~ervation
plantheis planmng
being.prepared
but The
the tounsm
tour~sm plan
be one recogm
of the ~as.t
on
process.
plan itself
must, should
as a partner,
e t~ eer-Iays
goals,
physicallimits
and the visitor
the plan. It must address:
a) Transportation
opportunities
inherent
in alI of the other ele
I
ents in
I
ta and from the site, and at the site.
b) The range of gue';t services
~) Site tou~s, the training
mterpretahon.
--accommodations,
and licensing
food,
of guides,
toilet
travel
facititie~~
etc.
info~mat~on
IiI
and
d) Museum installations, visitor paths, information
signs, admi~sidIfL kiosks
and sales outlets for film, notions, cards, stamps and souvenirs.
I
1-1Coordinating
Con!;ervation
and Tourism
Plans -All
too often l~nd-use
plans allow for th~ building o~ unsig~tly eight-story b.uildings, ~ispla~ed parking
lots, or the relocahon of 14~ng-hme resldents. Such major and mmor tr~ge~ies and
catastrophes can be avoided by coordinating
conservation and tourisrh pl nning.
When a country nominate:~ a site to the World Heritage List, then the fJll r' sources
of the country must be mobilized to conserve, protect and presentl it. : If site
administrators,
conserva:tors,
community
l.eaders and ~ourism
offict 15 see
themselves as part of a l(~rger, over-all plannmg process, nsks and w~st~ can be
avoided.
'
1
-y.
Il'wouldhel
l
C
furidin~ahd
expand,
28
,
p Cassute
g;
asouj1df1hanciaLbaseJordevelb
-C",
p theht;OhCeCO,
,","""","
~.se'atiori
COtrithtinity
;
l
ICOMOS
Tourism
Handbook
for World
Heritage
f3ite ~anagers
Section
II: Building
a Structure
CHAPTER
RECORDING
AND
ANAL
4
YZING
VISITORS
Statistics are a planning tool that help to forecast the future. AlI the
forms that travelers fill out along the route to their destinations provide a
wealth of factual information. From visa applications, airport landing cards,
customs declarations, hotel registrations,
visitor surveys and other
documents, tourism authorities compile statistical profiles of proven and
reliable accuracy. The British Travel Authority may know something about
you just from these numbers. Are you one of the .out-bound people who left
Heathrow Airport in an economy class seat? Did you purchase your ticket
from a travel agent? Is it your third trip to Asia and are you between 50-60
years old?
If you are, the 5ingapore Tourist Promotion Board knows what you
will do after you, an in-bound statistic from the United Kingdom, land at
Changi Airport. You will stay three nights in a five-star hotel, spend 5$148.00
on souvenirs, 5$249.00 on food and purchase 5$55 worth of duty-free items at
the airport. You will take two half-day city tours, go to the zoo and the bird
park and visit two museums!
By collecting data from visitors, site administrators can similarly come
to know who to expect, what they will do and what they will most want. This
chapter looks at the different kinds of data that can be collected, how to do SQ,
and how to use it in the management of World Heritage 5ites.
On
Site
Data
Collection
Statistical information about visitor activity at the site over different
spans of time is useful for planning purposes. A site administrator can collect
and maintain data for the following time units:
Hourly -How many visitors enter and leave the site each hour? The
entrance and exit figures will provide an indication of what is the minimum,
maximum and average time a visitor spends at the site. The figures will also
indicate the busiest and most quiet times. It may not be necessary to collect
hourly data on a full-time basis. A periodic sample --for example, collecting
data on Tuesday morning and Saturday afternoon --may suffice to provide
the necessary data.
Daily
-How
many visitors enter the site each day during the tota[
nuimber of hours it is open to the public? The hourly data can contribute to
an~wering this question. This daily data will serve as the basis for weekly I
ICOMO$
Irourism
Handbook
for Wor
ieritaçle
Site Managers
monthly and yearly statistics. The data will indicate the days of n{inirnurn,
maximum and average nurnbers of visitors.
Weekly -How rnany visitors enter the site each week during the total
number of days it is open to the public? The daily data will translate into the
weekly data. The weekly data will serve as the basis for establishing visitor
patterns over the course of the year. It is useful to know what are the weekly
periods of lowest, highe.st and average visitation.
Monthly -How many visitors enter the site each month du;ring the
total number of days and weeks it is open to the public? The daily and weekly
data will translate into the monthly data. The monthly data will serve as the
basis for establishing visitor patterns during tourism seasons. What are the
months of lowest, highest and average visitation?
Yearly -How many visitors enter the site each year du ring the total
number of months it is open to the public? The weekly and monthly data
will translate into the yearly data. The yearly data will serve as the basis for
establishing visitor patterns over the course of a year. This yearly data is
commonly used in public annual reports and serves as the most common
public statistic for site visitation. Make some footnote on how long the tour
operators allow for their stop at this site and relate fluctuations tq bus or
airline arrivaI and departure schedules.
Collection
Techniques
There are several means and techniques to collect visitor
varying levels of accurac:{.Among the most common means are:
data of
Admission Tickets -The numerical data provided by daily ticket sales
serves as the most comrnon form of d.ata compilation where an entry fee is
charged. Admission tickets should be numbered by type, i.e., adult, child,
student, senior citizen, etc. The beginning and concluding stub numbers can
easily provide an accurate record of daily data.
Automated
Vehicular
Traffic
Counters
-For
sites where visitors
arrive commonly in vehicles, electronic traffic counters --commonly
a se~sor
cable placed across the entrance roadway --can count the number of vehicles
entering the site. This method can provide good data if the statistical average
of the number of occupants per vehicle is determined at regular intervals.
Automated
Visitor
Counters -An electric-eye counting device can
record the number of people passing through an entrance gate. Accurate data
depends upon making statistical adjustments for double-counting.
Turnstiles -An entrance gate using a machine turnstile can maintain a
count of the number of entries made.
This method can provide highly
accurate data as movement goes in only One direction.
ICOMOS
Tourism
Handbook
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$ite
Manaaers
Hand-held
Counters -Guards or attendants stationed at entrance
points can count the number of visitors through the use of hand-held
mechanical counters. The data is reasonably accurate.
Visitor!Guest
Registers -Usually maintained at the entrance or exit,
registers are signed by many visitors who like to leave a record of their
presence. This technique for recording visitors is most useful at small sites
where visitors can be invited by a guide or hostess to sign a register. Guests
are not under an obligation to sign, so this method can be unreliable. Still,
the comments and names and ad dresses can provide interesting and useful
reading, more revealing than mere numerical counting.
Parking Lot Surveys -For sites having restricted parking lots, a regular
periodic count of the automobiles and buses in the lot at given times, can
provide reasonably açcurate data. The vehicular count has to be adjusted by
ac~ounting for an average number of people per car.
FormaI Visitor Surveys -For sites where it is not possible, to collel1:t
and record visitor data as above, formaI visitor surveys can be conductejj
according to a predetermined schedule. Such surveys might be done once or
twice a month or each quarter of the calendar year .
Off-Site
Collections
Statistics collected off the site by other authorities can also be useful. A
site manager can compare data collected at his or her cultural site with
broader statistical data from the area compiled by other authorities. Chambers
of commerce, highway
departments, airports, railways, city tourist
information centers and service businesses (hotels, restaurants and local
commercial tour authorities) often compile their own statistics.
Use of CQllected
Data
The data collected
include:
can be useful
for a variety
of purposes.
These
Staffing-needs
projection -The number of staff needed is directly
reLated to the number of visitors that go to a site. A manager can plan how
many staff people are needed, when they are needed, and for how long.
Fiscal income projection
-By charting the flow of visitors to a site, a
manager can also track an anticipated flow of income. When will income be
heaviest? Lightest? Average?
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TourÎsm
Handbook
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Site Managers
47
Private funding proposaIs -PotentiaI doncrs, investors and contract
service concessionaires will want tc know the recent, current and projected
levels of visitcrs to the site.
Public furiding -Departmental and ministerial fiscal officers will want
to know the recent, current and projected levels of visitors to the site. Site
administrators need to have documented figures to maintain funding levels
and/ or justify increases.
Public relations -Statistics are useful for press releases, promotions
and announcements made throughout the year .
Special site promotions -Visitor statistics can tell administra tors when
the fewest number of people will visit.
During the se times, special
promotions can at tract more visitors.
Conversely, statistics can indicate
when, during peak periods of arrivaIs, no public advertising or special
promotions may be necessary.
Assessing Services and Infrastructure -Knowledge of the fluctuation
in the numbers of visitors also enables the site manager to assess the
appropriateness of the site's existing services and infrastructure, and to
program for their maintenance and expansion.
Visitor
Analysis
ln addition to surveys of a strictly numerical nature, it is also
important to collect qualitative data. Are visitors' expectations being met? Is
their knowledge of the site's significance deepened? This information will
enable the site's management team to evaluate the success of the didactic
mission and will yield new ideas for interpretation, exhibitions and other
opportunities that may be absent from the site.
A simple, though sporadic method for collecting data can be in the
form of "comments" and .'suggestions" cards made available to the visitor at
the end of the site visit. Pencils and a depository box must be readily available
to encourage the use of the cards.
More sophisticated methods to collect qualitative
data involve
profiling visitors and interviewing them randomly. Professional assistance is
usually necessary to develop the adequate profiles and questions to conduct
meaningful polIs.
418
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Tourism
Handbook
for World
Heritage
Site Managers
r
Section
II: Building
a Structure
CHAPTER
VISITORS
AND
THE
5
LOCAL
POPULATION
The extension of tourism away from the World Heritage Site itself and
into the local community must also be carefully managed. Visitor education
about the residents is as important as resident education about tourists.
AlI World Heritage Sites have neighbors. Historic urban towns and
areas include residents and businesses. In other locations, settlements have
grown up in, on or tightly around the historic site as, for example, at
Borobodur in Indonesia. In still other situations, the local people, although
outside the World Heritage Site boundary, are themselves part of the living
history, i.e. the aborigines at Kakadu and at A yers Rock in Australia. Local
residents also may comprise part of the work force and be the suppliers of
services; they may be worshippers, donors and political allies.
Often, the local population are themselves part of the destination
product. Their open market, handicrafts, houses, cuisine, businesses, civic
and religious centers and songs and dances may be part of the continuity of
the site and appealing to the visitors. A visit to the community can give the
visitor a special understanding of the monument.
Thus a visit to a World Heritage Cultural Site has two dimensions:
first, to gain an understanding of a past culture and to perceive a link between
the past, present and future; and second, to experience the local culture
existing presently around the site.
The process of outside visitors gathering information on another
culture was restricted for centuries in many parts of the world. Travel to
make the se studies was a privilege limited to a relative few. The knowledge
they sought was sometimes about culture --more often about politics --and
they most commonly sought to meet royalty or leaders of religions. In the
past, institutional owners did not want intrusions from visitors on their
grounds. Large-scale visitor access to many of these sites was restricted until
the 19th century.
Today, more and more local communities are beginning to develop
hostile or, at least defensive, attitudes against visitors who are flooding their
communities.
A World Heritage listing may give a site international
attention but unless there is continuous and careful involvement of the local
people, they may consider their IIfame" as a nuisance to their previously quiet
way of life.
This chapter looks at issues that may arise between visitors and the
local population.
While many of these issues will occur beyond the
boundaries of a World Heritage Site, they will concern the site management
team because of its role in attracting visitors. Site staff will need to prepare
themselves to address public and private forums concerned with these issues.
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The
Visitor
Interface
Numbers of Visitors -Visitors use a great many facilities and services
that have mainly been built by and for the residents. Too many visitors can
place a strain on the se facilities and services --be it electricity, water, roads,
parking places, toilets, etc. The quality of life for permanent residents may
decline.
Vehicular
Transportation
-The circulation, unloading, parking,
loading and servicing of the visitors, vehicles --be they priva~e automobiles,
buses, taxis and/ or boats --intrude upon and deny the local residents the
freedom of movement, parking and services that they need and expect. The
resultant noise and air pollution encourage residents to move out of the area.
Business Conversions -The basic, everyday businesses use<;iby the
residents --food stores, cleaners, hardware stores, cobblers, etc., --are forced
out of their traditional locations by the increased rents charged for strictly
visitor-related services such as souvenir shops, fast-food outlets, up-scale gift
and clothing shops, etc..
Excessive
Commercialization
-Private
business owners and
commercial company promoters seek to maximize their exposure through a
combination of public advertising, signage and perhaps sound effects. Large
and poorly designed signs can be irritating. The concentration of visitors also
attracts many types of people seeking opportunity -unlicensed street vendors,
entertainers or beggars.
Public Behavior -Together with the accumulation of restaurants, bars,
discos and other entertainment attractions cornes disturbing public behavior
--loud
music, drunkenness, vandalism, littering,
crime, indecency,
solicitation, etc. Local residents must bear the burden of increased public
safety expe~ditures and bear the insult to their way of life. Sometimes the
contrast between local residents and visitors may be confusing and
dislocating, especially among the young who attempt, without any possibility
of success, to emulate the visitor's holiday patterns.
Locals may also corne to resent the treatment they receive from
visitors. Locals work out of necessity as waiters, chambermaids, porters and
launderers. The sensitive site manager must be on a constant lookout for
indications that social conflicts may be brewing. At the first sign of trouble,
the site staff must take decisive steps to protect the traditional cultures with
the same vigor and zeal that are spent in protecting alI other cultural assets.
They must stand ready to respond with whatever steps are necessary,
including instituting
educational programs that will imbue the local
community with a profound sense of pride in its traditions, and all<i>wthem
to make evolutionary choices without the pressures that mass tourism
sometimes unleashes.
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Improving
Economic
Relations
Wherever possible and appropriate,
local citizens need to be
encouraged to be participants and beneficiaries from the development of
increased tourism. This can occur in a number of ways:
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Employment -The restoration and management of a World Heritage
Site is work intensive. Frequently, scholars from afar have to be brought to
the site to plan and supervise the necessary conservation work. It is expected
that local labor will be trained to do the field work and that some will
eventually rise to take over the curator$hip, management and planning. At
Angkor in Cambodia, it is estimated that eventually 800-1,000 local people
will be employed at the various monuments.
And so it is with tourism. Hotels and restaurants are work intensive
and provide many jobs that allow for great upward-mobility.
The owners
conduct on-the-job training programs to improve the delivery of services and
to keep up with their competition. Long-term career training and part-time
or seasonal employment are common. Day labor is most apt to be drawn in
during construction periods. If there is an up-side for the residents of the
nearby community, there may also be a down-side for the site administrator:
tourism may push up the wage-scale for locallabor at conservation projects.
Construction
-Most community social problems related to tourism
development tend to occur during the period of construction of new hotels,
roads or other transportation facilities. This work is usually done by large
national or international contractors who tend to bring in their own work
crews. Only seldom will the local community have enough workers with
enough skills to work on a modern construction project. The presence of this
imported, transient labor force can be disruptive to community values.
Employment and construction problems can be managed if they are
anticipated. Unfortunately, many local officiaIs do not prepare themselves
sufficiently for these construction-related problems. The site administrator
may play an important role by participating in this advance preventive
planning. It is important that as many of the locallabor force as possible get
jobs on these construction sites. Stipulations can be written into contracts.
The contract can also require that a certain amount of on-the-job-training be
conducted to help improve the community skills-bank. These skills may
transfer easily into permanent maintenance jobs on the grqunds, buildings
and equipment. Some of these skills may also transfer to maintenance and
conservation of the site's fabric.
The local community can also craft objects for guest rooms and public
spaces of local design and materials. Carvers, trained on the site, may be able
to get commissions from the developers for decorative elements in the hotel.
Pottery, woven goods, paintings and metal-work can contribute to interior
design and the inventory' of retail shops. Again the site administratqr shoùld
be prepared to participate in efforts to get the best quality of work from the
residents and also to get the best price for the products of their labor .
Food Supplies -Frequently, the presence of a tourism facility will also
lead to the development of local community supply-lines. A hotel has to
have a reliable daily supply of fruits, vegetable, fish and meats. The
community will probably have to re-organize its own traditions to do the job.
As was learned by the community near a new resort in Malaysia, men can't
just go fishing when they feellike it; someone has to go fishing every day to
justify the Catch of the Day on the local hotel menu.
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Handicrafts -If tJlle site allows the opportunity for an officiaI shop or
concession, the administrator will have an important opportunity to provide
an outlet for traditional prodticts and to help revive lost craft skills. Adapting
a suitable building within the site as an atelier for local artisans working in
the traditional arts may have the advantage of bringing them together in a
central location for easy interaction with the visitors. In some instances rent
may not be charged but rather the sponsor receives a percentage of each item
sold. The site's presti~~e value may be enough to justify some national
distribution or international export of high-quality, identifiable handicraft
items. Training programs, improved access to goods at wholesale prices and
loans to improve the marketing of local products are other possibïlities to
explore.
l1legal
Site
Exploitation
The inscription of a cultural site on the World Heritage List will bring
with it international
publicity
and attention.
For sites with a ri ch
archeological heritage, this process may raise the site's profile with callectors
and dealers. Objects already in the market place having an association with
the site may increase in value, and additional objects may be sought for sale to
visitors. Sophisticated international smuggling networks find easy entree
where local incomes are marginal or inadequate. Illegal excavation and
pillaging can quickly move objects out of the site and into the international
market place. ln such instances the site administrator must establish and
maintain a close workin1~ relationship with police and customs authorities to
haIt any such activities. National governments can be pressured ta both ratify
and use international co]rlventions designed to eliminate such activity.
Creating
Support
for Tourism
Nurturing traditional and acceptable handicrafts for a site shop or
concession is a good place to begin to increase awareness and develop an
economic program in 'the community.
Residents can be helped to see
themselves as represenjtatives of the community --local hosts --not just
guides and taxi-drivers. The quality of their interaction with visitors can set
the tone for the site vi~;it. Residents can also establish the right sense of
security for visitor satisfaction.
Frequently, the fo]~mation of a local site advisory council can give focus
to problems and a wide range of solutions. Your role will be pivotaI in the
success of such an advisory council. You must be prepared to listen to the
council's problems and ~;uggestions and to patiently explain the conservation
requirements and the government's rules and/ or the administration's
decisions. Many of thl~se advisory councils frequently participate in site
operations. They may volunteer to keep fresh flowers on an altar or a tomb,
or to serve as guides d"uring holidays and festivals and to raise money for
some special, beyond-the-budget project.
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Contribution
to jthe Public
Purse
The site administrator must keep in mind the drain on the local public purse
that too many visitors may create. The problem can be anticipated by
budgeting either a cash payment in lieu of taxes or some compensating
adjustment to the community for its support and services. The site must fit
into the daily life of the community; it must be seen as a supportive good
neighbor .
Involving
Other
jo\gencies
Today, many international agencies may have programs and staff in or
around World Heritage Sites. These agencies include The World Bank,
United Nations Development Prograrn (UNDP), World Food Organization
(WFO), World Health Organization
(WHO) or the World Tourism
Organization (WTO). These agencies are also trying to promote community
development using the same participation concepts. They can be made
partners in common efforts. A successful example cornes to mind from the
Cultural Triangle project in Sri Lanka. A WFO food distribution allowance
was used as payment in lieu of wages for workers on some conservation sites.
This kind of partners;hip' can extend, or give an appealing new perspective, to
foreign aid or relief programs.
There is no set formula. It is just a mat ter of meeting colleagues,
learning, listening and being ready to respond to opportunities.
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Section III: Welcoming
Visitors
CHAPTER
1
From the point of view of the travel industry, two 20th-century
developments have irrevocably changed the world: the invention of the jet
engine and explosive population growth. These events have ushered in an
era of mass travel, an era in which more people than ever before can afford to
travel to distant destinations.
For the stewards of World Heritage Si'es, these two recent world events
have made the sites better known and morel easily accessible. Yet while this
increase in popularity bas by one accou~ting been welcome, the large
numbers of visitors also create new problem~. Frequently, the standing walls,
the doorways, the halls, the pathways andj the grounds of World Heritage
Sites were not designed for huge number$ of people. They have hardly
changed in centuries. There are temples that were designed for a few walking
scholar/pilgrims, cities that were designed fqr mule-trains.
This chapter considers the issues t~at a site administrator should
consider in relation to the movement of visitors to and from World Heritage
Sites.
The
Influence
and
Opportunity
of Air
Travel
Air transport provides, the major mode of travel for long-haul arrivaIs
and, increasingly, for domestic travelers as weIl. In most countries one
airport has been developed as the national h~ b. From it, planes fly out to the
rest of the country. Even once remote areas re in this way made accessible to
travelers by smaller planes, charter flights an helicopters.
At destinations, the rhythm of life is determined by the arrivaI and
departure of airplanes; taxi drivers, restauranteurs, shopkeepers, guides and
hoteliers plan their work schedules accordingly. In some areas it is still the
train or the ship that sets the tempo but mainly we live in an air age.
Increasingly airline:s are including short films to describe to passengers
the country or city in which they will be landing. These films often include
information about the airport procedures, c,stoms regulations and available
services. In addition, the! films include scenes of cultural destinations. Site
managers seeking more visitors can work with national tourist offices or the
airline to be included in such films.
Airports have become focal points for visitor services, information,
shopping and money exchange. Only a few airport managers make an active
effort to present the best pre-selected handicrafts and to have pictures and
brochures about the cultural attractions in t~e cou~try. Site managers would
be wise ta cultivate thei:r interest. Freque~tly a painted mural or a large
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photo-mural is a vvelcome addition at an air port and can do much to
publicize a site. The inclusion of brochures at the travel information
counters, usually run by the NTO, is essential to attract visitors.
Frequently air-charter flights in small planes or helicopters are a
popular way to see sites. Though they can have detrimental effects, they
cannot be ignored. There will likely be civil safety regulations governing
their operations, and site managers would be wise to take part in discussing
them to protect their sites.
Ground
Transportation
In many regioJ:\S,the railroad is an important mode of travel, especially
for the domestic tra'{elers. Like airports, train stations include information
counters and offer advantageous installations for paintings or photo-murals.
Site locations should be clearly indicated on any appropriate maps distributed
or displayed.
ln many cities, street-car, bus and subway systems are connected to
airports and train stations. Bach of these systems usually has a contract agency
that handles the advertising placards. They usually are glad to include some
free institutional ad spaces. Again, this is where the marketing officiaIs at the
NTO or their advertising agency can best help you work with the contract
firm to get the right d.esign and the right message across.
Taxi drivers are important. They are usually the first real live person
with whom the visitor gets to have a conversation. Taxi drivers are worth
cultivating as friends. Like the tour bus drivers, they are important people.
Many publjc transportation systems have prepared brochures of packaged
tour plans along their routes. These are aimed at travelers and are successful
at helping develop accessto otherwise hard-to-get-to sites.
Special
Site
Tran1;portation
Systems
Special kinds of transportation --such as horse-drawn carts, funiculars,
boats, electric golf-carts and small trams --reduçe exhaust fumes and noise
and relieve wear and tear on the site. They can help to control crowds, and
visitors also like the ml for their picturesque quality.
To operate efficiently, such special transportation arrangements should
have defined waiting and boarding areas. Local governments must maintain
a licensing system, control the number of operators, and monitor the quality
of service. Bach mode of transport poses its own set of challenges. For
example, in the case of horse-drawn vehicles, it is necessary to provide for
sanitary clean-up and disposal, and to assure the humane treatment of
animals .
Where horses or donkeys are used to move visitors in and out of the
site, the effect of the i~nimal hoofs on historic trail and road surfaces need to
be given planning consideration. Such animal movements in hot climates
can also raise a lot of ,dust, affecting both tourists and monuments.
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Tour
Operator
Buses
Tour bus operators want their paying customers to be satisfied. They
frequently give a mini-lecture or show video films on the bus on the way to
the site. Be sure that their guides are informed about the history of your site
and about your rules and regulations. Know ahead of time how long bus
groups will spend at the site. Specify locations for loading, un-loading and
parking, and institute an efficient ticketing procedure for group visits.
Placement of the gift shop along the route leading back to the buses can help
in moving large numbers, of people through sites with minimal damage or
discomfort.
Taxi
Stand
If there is a taxi stand, the site shouId be weII-pIanned. The stand
shouId be un-obtrusive but cIearIy marked, provide for aII-weather pick-up
and drop-off. Where pos~;ibIe, a map of the city and officiai fares shouId be
posted.
Independertt
Transportation
Provision must be made for the control of private automobiles,
motorcycles and bicycles. Visitors who arrive independently will not have
had the benefit of a guide to prepare them for the visit. Directional signs to
ticket kiosks, entry gates, t:>ilets, shops and restaurants will be helpful for this
type of visitor .
Some general principles for handling priva te vehicles are
-Beginning
at same distance fram the site, install dignified and
graphically clear directianal signs ta direct vehicles where they must
ga;
-Design directional signs, street and road patterns and even pavement
textures and colors SI::>
that they help guide vehicles.
-Locate
a convenient passenger drop-off and pick-up site within a
reasonable distance of the entrance.
Provide for the needs of the
elderly and handicapped.
-Encourage visitors to leave their vehicles. Do not make it possible for
visitors to experience the entire site from behind the steering wheel of
a vehicle;
-Do not allow large concentrations of parked vehicles to physically
and aesthetically intrude on the historic site. ln the case of an urban
historic zone, it may be necessary to provide for a parking garage well
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outside the protected zone. At a large metropolitan site, a sl.tuttle bus
service can carry visitors to and from remote parking areas. In a
desolate ruraJ. environment, it may be advisable to screen the parking
lot so as not to have it intrude on the historic scene.
-Charge a separate fee for parking if necessary.
-Where largle parking facilities are part of the site operation, provide
for security patrols to prevent thefts of vehicles and/ or their contents.
At sites with a high and low-visitor season, create a permanent
parking area and an overflow area.
-Provide for :separatestaff parking close to the site.
Boats
If boats prov}de the primary mode of transport, the site manager has an
oppGrtunity to make the trip informative and to provide a psychological
break between the point of departure and arrivaI. Informed guides on board
can tell the story o,f the site, provide printed information and explain the
conservation efforts. They can review the rules of the site and be available to
answer questions. Private boats should not be allowed to dock without
paying a fee, and their crews should include guides licensed by the site
manager .
Handicapped
Access
Access for the handicapped has now become a world-wide expectation.
Every effort should be made to provide the maximum possible access for
every visitor. This does not, however, mean that your site's authenticity has
to be physically diimaged to solve this problem.
It may weIl be that
handicapped access will be impossible at some historic sites -entire sites or
major parts thereof. There may be ancient steps, basements, caves or unpaved paths. This can be accepted but it must alsa be explained upon arrivaI.
In some cases, alternatives su ch as books, videos or slide-shows may be
provided.
Some countrie's are still preparing handicapped access legislation. It is
important that your government ministry participate in these deliberations
sa that new laws do not bring damage to historic sites through insensitive
requirements.
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Section Ill:
Welcoming
Visitors
CHAPTER
2
I
Visitor satisfaction is the consequence of thoughtful
planning;
problems must be anticipated and solved ahead of time. There are two steps
tb this process: (1) Ameruties --the careful, subtle, gracious additional details
that give the visitor a heightened sense of friendship, pleasure and joy. (2)
Services --the anticipatioJ[1 of the obvious, meeting the minimal expectations
af any visitor. This chapter looks at services and amenities for the visitor,
beginning with the forme;r.
AMENITIES
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SERVICES
Accommodations
Visitors to cultural sites require the provision of a range of
accommodations, from luxury rated hotels to campgrounds. The type of
cultural site being administered --a historic city, a single urban monument, a
palace complex or an archeological site --requires
that a variety of
considerations be given to the policies and practices to be followed in
accommodating visitl:>rs on overnight stays.
Unless a site is, remote and difficult to travel to and from, it is generally
advisable for you to encourage that all hotel, guest house, hostel and camping
facilities be pr.ovided by the private sector or related government agencies.
These should be at locations off and away from the site. Planning for,
financing, developing, operating and maintaining such facilities within the
site can be a cor:nplex, expensive, distracting
and time-consurning
administrative responsibility.
Ratels
Still, the decision might be made to provide hotel accommodations on
site. The size of an~r such hotel facility will have to be determined by the
number of visitors liJ:<elyto seek its accommodations and the capacity of the
site to support such a facility .
The location and design of any hotel facility within a site needs careful
attention in the site'~; master plan. This is especially important not only in
aesthetic terms but also in terms of access: aIl the many kinds of vehicles that
must go to and from the building. It is likely that any such hotel facility will
be subject to thorou~5h review and approval by government bodies legally
responsible for the protection of the site.
Given aIl of the protective concerns for appropriateness, it is then
important that withiIll those limits, the best possible hotel be built. It must be
a hotel that will not just house guests but wiIl contribute to the value of their
visit.
In the ideal" un-obtrusive hotel, there should be views of the
monument from the lobby, bars, restaurants, terra ces and guest rooms.
It may be appropriate to consider the adaptive use of a historic building
as a hotel facility. The design of such a facility should be undertaken within
the framework of a carefully drawn set of architectural standards and
guidelines in ordeJr to protect, preserve and respect the significant
architectural elements of the building(s).
Both the architects and building
contractors selected for such work should be carefully screened and their prior
experience given carE~fulconsideration and investigation.
If a new buiLding is required, it should have a cautiously drawn
program not only for its functional use but also for its broad relationship to
the historic environment in which it is to be placed. It should be designed in
a manner so as not ta intrude upon or distract from the visitor's experience of
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the site. Particularly important are the siting, height, massing, exterior
materials and surrounding landscape treatment used in the design.
It is imperative that the site administrator utilize properly drawn
contracts and leases for any privately developed and operated facilities. Such
legal documents should cover alI aspects of accommodation services --i.e.,
schedules of operation, selection and approval of alI furnishings and decor,
operational staffing standards, maintenance standards, advertising and
promotion provisions, public health and safety standards, insurance and
liability provisions, room rates, profit percentages between concessionaire and
site administration, termination provisions, etc.
An on-site hotel must be worthy of the site but it should also be more
than just a functional facility .Beside being appropriate, it should incorporate
the best advice from experienced planners, hotel architects and landscape
designers to assure maxi:mum visitor satisfaction. In numerous game lodges
in wildlife parks, the lod~~ebuildings have also become viewing platforms for
observation and photogr,aphy. The hotel itself has become part of the park
experience.
In urban historic zones, increases in international
and domestic
visitors can often create a situation where residential and commercial
properties are acquired for conversion into hotels and/ or guest-houses. If
proper zoning controls are not in place, such unrestricted conversions can
have a dramatic and lasting positive or negative effect on the character of the
historic area. Traditional businesses and long-time residents relocate to make
room for tourist commerce. A limit should be established on the total
number of hotel accommodations that will be permitted within the historic
zone. In some situations, authentic historic buildings have been demolished
to be replaced by new hotlel buildings designed in a historic style. This is not a
development process to be encouraged within or near a World Heritage Site.
Guest
Bouses
and
Bctstels
Smaller and less heavily visited sites may accommodate visitors in
small-scale guest houses or hostels. The same overall comments made in
relation to hotels apply to the consideration of guest houses and hostels. The
same precautions must be observed and the same opportunities for creative,
rnemorable facilities exists.
A good example of a successfullocal hotel is the Panak Tingal situated
just outside the park boundary at Borobodur. Built using both local design
and materials, it feature:s local foods immaculately prepared in a glassenclosed kitchen. It makes no pretense to international glamour but this is in
the heart of Indonesia. It is clean, has clean bathrooms and, most of alI, it
offers the visitor a chance to walk, not far, to experience Borobodur at dawn.
Camping
ln many countries, a high percentage of visitors will utilize camping as
their means of individual, family or group accommodation. A remote site
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may require the provision of such facilities.
A maximum number of
campsites should be determined and then rigidly adhered to by use of an
advance reservation system if required.
Camping facilities that can properly accommodate automobiles, trailers
and large mobile tollring vans require more sophisticated services: gasoline,
oil and other fuel facilities, sewage disposaI hook-ups for vehicle systems and
public toilet, sho""er and laundry facilities.
To be operated in an
environmentally SafE!manner, these require proper water supply and sewage
disposaI systems. S;uch campsites might also require small-scale provision
stores, adequate security protection and patrols.
Public
Services
A cultural site' having visitors will require a variety of public services
in order to function jn an enjoyable, safe and sanitary manner. The following
services need to be considered:
Potable
Drinking
Water
Public drinkin!~ fountains, dispensing a potable water supply, should be
readily available to visitors in the vicinity of the site entrance(s), at food
service facilities and in the vicinity of the public toilet facilities. Such water
supplies should be d1ecked on a regular basis by the public health authorities
to make sure it is saJe. Fountains should be clearly identified by standard
international graphic symbols.
Toilets
An adequate number of men and women's toilet facilities should be
available for visitors.
In many instances the number of su ch required
facilities will be governed by the applicable local building regulations. They
should generally be located in the vicinity of the entrance(s), food service
facilities and, at large sites, located at convenient places throughout the site. It
is acceptable to locate' such facilities within a historic structure that lends itself
to such an adaptive lllse. Public toilets should be clearly identified by using
standard international graphic symbols.
In many counb~iesit is an accepted practice to charge a small fee for the
use of these facilitiles. These fees help pay for their maintenance and
cleanliness.
The location cIE sewers and septic tanks and fields as well as their
construction require careful consideration. Sewers should always be covered
and built of a highly durable, long-lasting material. They should be designed
for ease of accessin order to be serviced and maintained.
Where connectjlons to a public sewage treatment facility is not possible,
the necessary septic tanks and drainage fields should be located in an area not
subject to any visitor use, either regular or temporary. Their. potential impact
on the existing water table needs to be considered. It is especially important
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not to allow any activity that might result in breakage or blockage of the
drainage field system. For example, do not use a septic drainage field as a
temporary automobile parking lot for a special event. Septic tanks need to be
located to allow for easy periodic access of necessary service trucks for
pumping and cleaning.
Food Service
It may be necessary to provide on-site food services for visitors. Such
services might be provided either by staff hired by the site or by a contracted
commercial food company. A portion of the food-service operation might be
appropriately developed as part of the historical experience and interpretation
of the site.
The services migh1: range from beverage and snack facilities to a fullservice restaurant. Any such services will have to meet local health and
sanitation requirements and will be subject to regular inspection and
approval by governing public authorities.
The location of such facilities should be both convenient for the visitor
and for ease of access by both the staff and the required service vehicles. ln
sites with a surplus of individual historic buildings or unused spaces within
historic buildings, it may be appropriate and viable to adapt these buildings
and/ or spaces for food ~;ervice uses. The architectural design and interior
motifs should be respectful of the overall architectural character of the
immediate building and site. Where adaptive uses are made, particular
attention must be paid ta the installation and maintenance of fire detection
and suppression systems in the kitchen areas.
If commercial contract services are used to provide these services, a
carefully drawn legal contract is required between the site administrator and
the contractor. The contract should cover alI aspects of the food-service
operation, i.e., hours of operation and services, menu seiection an.d approval,
selection and approval of ail public serving utensils, furnishings and decor,
owner-access to the facilities, adherence to governing health and sanitary
~odes, pricing,. pr<;>fits to .tl,1e contractor and owner, iiability coverage,
msurance, termmahon provIsIons, etc.
Public
Telephones
Visitors should have access to public pay telephones. Generally they
should be located at the entrance(s) and near food service and toilet facilities.
Instructions for their use should be in the major languages of the visitors,
and local telephone directories should be made available. Frequently called
numbers --for example for a taxi service --can be posted near the telephones.
ln many countries it is frequently possible to promote widely the
existence of cultural heritage sites through their use as cover illustrations on
telephone directories.
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Emergency
Medi4:al
Service
Basic emergerlcy medical service kits should be available at the site's
admini~trative
headquarters.
For larger sites, these kits might be
approptiately maintained at severallocations throughout the site. Designated
staff ~ embers should have appropriate training in emergency first-aid
proced res. Such tralining is often available through local chapters of the Red
Cross r local public emergency services. AlI of the telephone numbers for
local tire, police, re~;cue and medical services should be maintained at the
administrative headg.uarters and entrance gates.
Postal
If a site is sufficiently busy, it may be desirable to have a small postal
station to sell stamp~; and accept the posting of mail. This facility should be
conveniently located near the main entrance or in proximity to the gift and
sales facility. A postal facility will require easy access for servicing by postal
vehicles. The desigrL and installation of the facility, while meeting the basic
standard requirements of the government's postal service, should also be
designed in a manner that is sensitive and respective of the site's
architectural and historic character.
Trash
Receptacles
Well-designed and durable receptacles should be conveniently placed
throughout the site. They should be labeled with the accepted international
symbol for trash receptacles and, if necessary, in the most commonly used
languages by visitors.
They should not be used as public advertising
locations; often commercial companies might offer to pay for the cost of these
receptacles if thev have the exclusive right to advertise their product on them.
Such a9vertisin~ J.sinappropriate to the visitor experience. Trash receptacles
should i be built of durable materials that are complementary
ta the
surrouridings and should be designed to discaurage animaIs and rodents
from gciining easy access to them. They should be located in a manner to
allow easy accessby 1;mall service vehicles.
Where site visitation is exceedingly high, such as at Egypt's pyramids, a
staffed site-cleaning crew may be needed to regularly clean up trash. By their
presence, they becorne part of an anti-Iitter campaign; with training they can
also support the guide and security efforts.
ln Pakistan one famous site is considering new arrangements with its
foad-stall concessionaires that will make grounds-clean-up a part of the
concess~oncontract.
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Garbage
RemovaI
and
DisposaI
One or more central garbage collection points will be required at sites.
These points should bl2 located away from visitors, and screened by
appropriate fences or landscape treatments. They should also be at a location
where it is easy for large trucks to gain access to the site to remove the
accumulated garbage without disruption to the visitors. Such services may be
either public services or those provided by contract commercial companies.
For sites generating large quantities of garbage, it is best to use covered
metal containers that are designed specifically for this purpose. Since such
sites tend to at tract rodents, regular rodent extermination efforts will be
required.
Business
Retailing
Most visitors expect to be able to view, select and purchase something
during a visit to a cultural site. The decisions relating to selling commercial
items at a cultural site --what is sold, who sells it and what happens to the
profits are all important considerations.
Concentrations of visitors serve as a magnet to at tract individual
vendors. A policy needs to be established and used which allows or restricts
vendors from the site. If vend ors are not allowed on the site, it is advisable
that the site administrator work with the local surrounding governmental
jurisdiction(s) to insure some degree of control over their working locations
and facilities outside of the site's boundaries. A lack of controls can result in
an unattractive and unappealing environment surrounding the major and
busiest entrances to the site.
If vend ors are allowed on the site, experience shows that the site
administrator must license them to insure control over their numbers,
merchandise sold, time of operation, term of licensure, access fee, and profit
sharing. The total number of individual vendors should be limited. Where
competition is high, a lottery may be necessary to select eligible vendors.
They should be clearly re~;tricted to operate only within carefully designated
zones. All merchandise items sold should be reviewed by the site
administrator as to their appropriateness for sale within the site and their
price. If vehicles are to be allowed --moveable vans or wagons and/or
temporary stalls --the design of any vehicle should be approved before it is
a]lowed onto the site by the administration. Vendor hours of operation
need to be set. Any venc:lor operating within site boundaries should be
expected to share some predetermined percentage of the profits with the site
administration. This can be done in varying ways: as a percentage of sales
reported and taken on a (:laily, weekly or monthly basis; as a licensure fee
required on a daily, weekly, monthly or annual basis; and/ or as a competitive
bid fee for the right to sell 'within the site for a specified time period.
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Ticketing
At those sites where a fee is charged to gain entrante, proper and
adequate facilities wi11be required to collect the admission fee and provide the
entrance ticket. The ticketing operation will often consist of two operations -one at the main entrance gate(s) to the site and the other in an office that is
established and equipped to deal with advance-group ticket sales.
The price of alI tickets should be clearly posted both at the point of sale
and at a prominent location where just-arriving visitors can study the pricing
structure and make individual decisions on what they wish to purchase. This
is especially importarlt where there might be a series of optional tours with
varying admission prices. The local language and local currency :should be
used. Globally, English is the language of international tourism but do what
seems fit ting and appropriate and efficient for your site.
Most ticketing sites will be located at the entrance(s) to the site. Their
location should be clearl y visible and weIl marked for alI arriving visitors.
They may be readily accommodated within a historic building that lends itself
to adaptive use such as a visitor-receiving facility. The sale of admission
tickets, books and souvenirs should ideally be separated so as to reduce
confusing circulation patterns.
The architectural design of ticketing facilities should be respectful of
the site's character. The facility should be designed with adequate means of
security to protect the individuals selling the tickets, the supply of tickets and
the cash receipts. Ideally, the purchaser should be protected from the weather.
At large sites, or sites not having a complete array of visitor facilities,
the ticketing operation should allow visitors to exit the site and re-enter
during the same day, i.e., to leave to have lunch, etc. This can be
accornrnodated by having tickets with a multiple stub system or stamping the
backs of visitors' hands.
It may be necessary at some sites to divide the site into several
distinguishable units for visitors to experience. Such a system can require
visitors to purchase tickets for different elements of the site that they wish to
visit. This is a way of disbursing visitors to different site elements rather than
having them concentrate at just the prime locations.
Group tour visitors should not be expected to stand in long lines to
purchase site tickets. Their tickets should be provided to them in advance of
their arrivaI.
High
and
Low
Season
Visitation
Most sites will experience significant variations in the number of
visitors during the course of the year. This will be influenced by factors such
as prevailing weather conditions, school holiday periods, religious festival
dates, etc. A careful estimate of this variation in numbers should be made in
advance planning for a site. This procedure will have a major influence in
the design of various facilities required to accommodate visitors --bus, auto
drop-off spaces and parking, toilet facilities, etc. After an initial period of
operation, this statistical variation in visitation patterns should be studied for
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any possible influences it may have in site planning, programming,
and budgeting.
staffing
It is advisable to have written policies governing the use of
photographic equipment at a site and to distinguish between the policies
applicable to the general public and those that apply to commercial
photographers.
The policies relating to the general public should be posted in a highly
visible location at the entrance. If there are areas where photography is
prohibited, post the notices prominently and explain the reasons clearly. The
policies that apply to commercial photographers should be available in
written form.
ln general, be positive about visitor photography. If managed right,
snapshots and home movies can be great boosts for the country and the site.
The admission price should include the use of cameras.
Use of hand-held personal film and video cameras can usually be
allowed on alI publicly accessible exterior portions of the site. Depending on
the characteristics of a site' and local customs, there is no reason to restrict the
use of cameras within the' interiors of historic buildings. It is important not
to allow the use of flash units and video camera lights within a historic
building. The repeated exposure of materials to high-intensity lights can be
damaging.
There was a time when it was thought that amateur photography
"competed" with the sale of postcards and souvenir books; retailers no longer
believe this to be true. The sale of film and dispos able cameras can be an
important source of revenue.
The use of tripods and light stands by individual private visitors
should not be permitted irlside historic structures. The use of this equipment
can easily damage both :finishes and furnishings.
It also interferes with
visitor circulation.
Commercial
Photographers
You should alway5i retain the commercial reproduction rights for
commercial use of photographs taken from publicly restricted portions of the
site. A schedule of permit fees should be established and maintained in order
to charge commercial photographers for the right to photograph the site from
restricted areas. Contractu,al arrangements might also include the right of the
administering organization to use the commercial photographs without the
payment of a fee.
The use of speciali;~ed equipment should be restricted to officially
licensed, or sanctioned, commercial photographers. When in use it should be
closely supervised at alI times by a member of the administrative staff. The
permit or contract allowing su ch commercial use should always have a
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provision or clause which makes the photographer responsible for the
payment of repairing damaged finishes or objects.
World Heritage' Sites may often be proposed for use as filming sites by
major national and international movie production companies. You should
have a formaI written policy concerning the use of the site by large
commercial underta1<:ings. The policy and contracts should be carefully
drawn to ensure that :you remain in control of alI aspects of the use of the site
for productions.
Contracts should include important elements such as
the right of prior revie~' of the movie script before gran ting access,to define areas of
accessand times for acoess,to place controls on the placement and use of alI production equipment, the protection against damage of alI site features and contents, to
make provision for payment for alI damage,to collect feesto be paid for the use of the
site and require public credit and acknowledgment in the final product.
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Section Ill:
Welcoming
Visjtors
INTERP':RET
CHAPTER
3
A TION
OF THE
SITE
AND
VI~.ITOR
EDUCA
TION
Successful interpretation and presentation of your site for the visitor
begins with a vision and a plan. The plan must begin with a consideration of
the visitors. Who are they? What are they looking for? What do you want
them to see and learn and enjoy? Then the plan must specifically describe alI
the elements that will be part of the interpretation -written materials, visual
and graphic displays, exhibits, sensory and physical opportunities. The plan
must also aim to communicate particular themes and ide as that in the
opinion of site administrators and staff conveys the essence of the site's
meaning.
What can you do ta be sure the visitors don't just see your site but they
understand it; that they don't just visit but that they feel the pulse of the
history and the tempo of the place? This chapter's purpose is to help answer
these questions.
The
Many
Kinds
of Vlsitors
Every site attracts particular kinds of visitors. They have different
interests, may speak different languages, and have different motivations for
visiting the site. Some are on a patriotic journey, others are on pilgrimage.
Some corne out of curiosity, others to make another check-mark on a
personal list of conquests. Some corne out of a lifelong wish, others corne to
be off the beaten track. People from every walk of life and every disposition
will visit the site. For the purpose of interpretation and education, it is useful
to think of the visitors according to the following categories. It is best to
provide for their various expectations.
The Scholar Visitor -Sorne visitors will corne weIl prepared and
farniliar with the history oj: the site. They know prior to arriving rnany of the
site's features and attractions they especially want to experience first-hand.
For this visitor-audience t:he prirnary responsibility is to make their visit as
pleasant, easy and informative as possible. They will not usually want to be
rushed, they may want to visit the site at their own pace rather than with an
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organized group, they may spend extended periods visiting, studying and
photographing a few significant elements. They will be interested in looking
at and purchasing specilal publications concerning the site that are not readily
available in other outlets. They will be knowledgeable, and possibly critical,
of what is being presented for public interpretation. If they utilize a guide,
they may expect a high level of expert presentation.
The General Vi1,itor -Sorne visitors will corne to the site because they
have heard about it, or have read a little about it in a tour book, but generally
they have scant knowledge of it. They will be seeking a more cornprehensive
presentation of the site which provides thern with a general understanding of
its place in international, national and local historic contexts. This type of
visitor represents a major target audience of the interpretation prograrn.
They should leave believing that they have had an informative visit and will
encourage their friends and acquaintances to visit the site.
Students -The site is likely to be visited by many school students.
Depending on their educationallevel, a separate interpretative program will
be required for them. The program must focus on a few essential lessons,
provide comprehensible written materials, and be kept to a length that will
not tire them or tax their capacity to concentrate. So as not to disturb other
visitors, school groups can be scheduled for visits separately and provided
with separate introduct.ory centers.
The Reluctant Visitor -A small segment of your visitors will be
people who have been brought to the site as part of a package tour or group
outing. They corne w:ith little if any advance understanding of the site and
are often there just because this is where the bus brought them. They are
often more interested in the amenities --where can l get something to drink,
where are the toilets, where can l sit down and where is the gift shop? They
should be made to fee1 welcome and encouraged to experience the site. Be
patient, don't be overly concerned; more may rub off on them than you or
they realize .
Reception
and
Visjitor
Orientation
Center
As a basic eleJ:nent, the site should have a visitor reception and
orientation center. Here the visitor first stops to purchase an admission
ticket, secure a guide book and/or brochure and view an introductory site
exhibit. For larger, heavily visited sites, an audio-visual program shown on a
regular schedule miglll also be made available. At the point that the visitor
leaves this first stop, he or she should have a basic understanding of the site's
significance, its size and what it offers to visitors in terms of experiencing the
site. For large sites, such as an urban historic district or a large battlefield,
there may be a need for more than one visitor reception/information area.
Exhibits intended to explain specific elements within a site usually are
most effectively located away from the main entry point and in close
proximity to the element they depict. For large sites with widely dispersed
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Ii>ointsof specific interest, trailside exhibit panels may be an effective means of
i~terpreting these remote points.
Often such exhibits are small and are
Ii>resentedon outdoor paJl1els. When used, ~hese panels. must be specifically
designed to be weather arld vandal resistent. !
Printed
Information
Advertisements -Not alI World Heritage Sites need to advertise their
existence. For those that do, advertisements !in travel magazines, newspapers,
trade journals and on rad:io and television aire often the way in which many
visitors first learn of the site and becpme interested in visiting
it.
Advertisements are ofteJ["lthe first elemeqt in the visitor's interpreta!tive
experience. Advertisements need to be both graphically appealing and
historicany informative in an abbreviated f~shion. Don't hesitate to can in
the advertising experts.
For sites that can ajfford such a program, a planned annual advertising
campaign is an important element in reaching the potential audience. While
professional advice and s,ervice are important, it is also necessary to retain
close control over what the advertising presents to the public. It is important
to be involved with the advertising agenqy at key times throughout the
development and product:ion of the program i-- not just at the beginning. The
message reaching the pot~~ntial visitor through print, sound or visual images
needs to be of high quality", clear, consistent and reinforcing.
In some instances, public and privat,ly owned sites may be able ta
secure either donated or l:liscounted service l from leading
advertising
firms
as
part
of
their
public
serv'ice
program.
Mag
zine
and
newspaper
editors
win
also at times be wining to use readily available, pre-prepared advertisements
to fill unsold advertisiJ["lg space in their publications.
Collaborative
advertising campaigns can also be develqped in conjunction with local
chambers of commerce, national, regional ot city tourist offices, major local
hotels and/ or national airlines.
Brochures -A brochure, preferably illttstrated, is a basic necessity for
any site. For sites charging an admission fee~the cost of the brochure should
be built into the price of the ticket. For !sites with no admission fee, it
cilln either be distributed free or sold for; a nominal fee to the visitor.
Its content should include basic historical an~ introductory information,. the
sl!:hedule of the site's ope ration, and the an\enities available. It should be
illustrated with a good map and a few ~epresentative photographs or
drawings. It should be available in the locali language, in English and in the
languages of the other most frequent visitors.' It should be designed to ea$ily
fold into a shape that fits irl a pocket, purse or carrying case and be easy to use.
Guidebook -In adclitian ta the basic brochure, a more comprehensive,
illustrated guidebook to the site shauld be av~ilable for purchase. It should be
s<r>ld
at a location that will be passed by all vi~itors entering the site. Again, it
s11louldbe available in the locallanguage, English and the language(s) of the
most frequent visitors. The preparation, pub~lcation and sale of such a guide
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may be developed as a joint venture between the site and a commercial
publisher. The site is in a position to provide the necessary historic data,
photographs, illustrations, etc. The publisher is in a position to provide the
writing, editing, design, production, and marketing skills.
Books -Visitors who have had an enjoyable and informative visit to
your site may want to purchase one or more books before leaving. They want
to learn more about it, they want to take sometlùng home to remind them of
their visit and/ or they want to give something to a friend or relative. A
range of books of different types (historical, pictorial, interpretive), prices
(inexpensive to expensive) and reading level (clùld to adult; general public to
scholar) should be available. A well-designed display of these books in a gift
shop, easily available to both the arriving and departing visitor, is an
important interpretation element. Two things to remember: most children's
books are purchased by adults. Also, don't try to stock everytlùng -specialize
in books that empha~;izethe significance of your site.
Maps -Just as it is important to have your site located and identified
on standard national, state and regional highway maps, good location maps
are important for the visitor at the site. People like to know where they are
and where they are going in relation to the total site. A large, easily readable,
well-illustrated map posted at the entrance is a must. Smaller maps and/ or
building floor plans, placed at key locations around the site are also
important. For an urban historic district, large maps should be placed at key
public gathering places. Bach map, in addition to depicting the entire district,
should highlight the most significant buildings and sites within the
immediate area. The site administrator should work with alI local public
transportation authorities --railways, metros, streetcar, bus, etc. --to insure
that the maps in both the transport vehicles and at the station clearly mark
the stops at your site.
Signage
Well-designed and well-placed signs are a key part of any site's overall
interpretation program. If at alI possible, a readily comprehensible graphic
logo unique to the site should be developed for use in conjunction with the
World Heritage logo. It should be used on alI signs, maps and. printed
materials related to the site. Signage should be part of the comprehensive
plan. Size, design, graphics, colors, materials, etc., should aIl be coordinated.
While it might appear economically attractive, aesthetically it is not advisable
to allow commercial companies to place their advertising signs on service
elements within the site, i.e., waste baskets for which they may be willing to
both purchase and pay an advertising fee. The following types of signs need
to be considered. It is best to use the internationally recognized symbols and
colors wherever possible.
Highway Oirectional
-Working
with local transportation
authorities,
a signage program should be developed to provide general directions to the
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site. In some instances, state or national highway authorities have graphic
standards for such signs and they can exercise rigid control over the design
and placement of signs. For visitors leaving a site, it is often just as important
to have simple directional signs to route them efficiently back from where
they came. Where commercial highway advertising is allowed, a distinctive
sign, often with the distance to the site noted, is an important visitor
sitimulus and service. It is important to insure that such commercial signs are
weIl maintained over time.
Signs Around and On Site -As visitors approach the site, it is
important that signs direct them to where you want them to go. Usually this
will be to the main entrance and to the automobile and bus parking facilities.
Directional signs at the entrance should be simple and direct so as to be easily
comprehended from a moving vehicle. ln those instances where public
security may be an issue, signs may be required in the parking lots to warn
visitors that the site administration is not responsible for valuable articles left
unattended in parked vehicles. Directional signs should also indicate special
areas where trucks, vans and buses should go, ln urban areas, signs may also
be required to limit the parking time so as not to have the parking area used
by local residents and employees. Within the site, direction al signs should be
designed and placed to provide the visitor with clear directions on how to
utilize the visitor circulation patn(s), to ~ocate public services and amenities
a~d to locate the exit. At major interpretative points, signs can provide the
visitor with basic information.
AlI of these need to be sensitively designed
and placed so that they do not intrude ori photographs of the historic scene,
vlstas or the building character. Signs need to be fabricated and mounted in
such a way as to be both weatherproof and vandal resistant. Felt pens and
spray-paint have become univers al threats to monuments. The damage that
they create can be frighteningly permanent. Removing them is often itself
destructive to patina and materials. Short of conducting body-searches, there
is no foolproof protection, but visible o~-site security can reduce the problem.
Emergency Signs -For buildings, local regulatory codes may require
the placement of lighted ~;igns to direct visitors to emergency exits. Signs
should clearly identify the location of emergency fire-fighting equipment.
Exhibits
Exhibits, incorporating a combination of text, graphics, objects, models,
dioramas and audio-visual
elements, can add greatly to the visitor's
experience in understanding the site. The planning, design, fabrication and
installation of exhibits is best left to professional exhibit designers. Should
the se services not be available within your organization, care should be taken
in selecting outside contractors. What will be produced will likely have a
lomg life, be seen by thousands of national and international visitors and be
an expensive undertaking. It is, therefore, important to carefully interview
contractors, review examples of prior work and check their references.
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It is important that site administrators and staff carefully delineate
through the exhibit program the essential lessons and themes of the site.
Everything that is known cannot be shared with visitors. The task is to define
and limit the interpretativ~ effort to the most significant and interesting
themes and points. A master exhibit plan for the whole site, even if it cannot
be implemented alI i:lt the same time, is an important planning step.
N arrated
Slide
F'resentation
An automated slide projection system, with an accompanying
narrative tape, provides one of the least expensive and most flexible audiovisual alternatives.
The program can be easily altered or updated.
Introductory shows should be shown near the main entrance area in a
properly designed space. The space should be reasonably darkened, properly
ventilated and with some simple seating. The length of the show should not
exceed five minutes.
Video
Tape
PresE~ntation
Video presentations are becoming more widespread and replacing slide
presentations in maJ:ly places. Video production requires the services of a
company that can prloduce both the desired script and visual images and then
edit them into an interesting presentation. While being more durable than a
slide presentation, video is more expensive and is less flexible for updating or
revising. Because of the widespread use of video tapes, and their growing
popularity as a site souvenir, tapes can be sold to visitors to help recoup the
cost of producing the original version. Presentations can be highly flexible in
length of time but most are 25-30 minutes. Their length may require a small
theater or a separate ~;pacefor viewing.
Film
Good for large and heavily visited sites, motion picture films are
expensive to write, film, narrate, edit and produce. They require sophisticated
equipment and personnel to be shown on a regular basis. For maximum
visitor effect, films require proper screening rooms with good sight lines and
acoustics. Film copies can be used in a highly productive way by national
tourist offices around the world. For multi-purpose use, i.e., at the site and
for promotional use away from the site (especially television), motion picture
films should not exceed 25 minutes.
Rental
Tape-recorded
Tours
Popular with many museum exhibits, rental audio tapes are becoming
more popular at cultural heritage sites. The visitor rents a cassette player,
headphones and a tape in the appropriate language and takes a self-guided
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tour of the site. The narration provides the visitor with directions and
descriptions of selected site elements. For sites associated with historic or
associative figures whose voices survive on electronic tapes, it is often
effective to incorpora te these voices in the narration. The use of a prominent
individual's voice to narrate the tour can also add interest and meaning to
the experience. Such presentations are usually lengthy and can last from 30 to
60 minutes.
Pre-Recorded
Station
Stops
Often used in conjunction with a permanently mounted visual exhibit,
pre-recorded voice narrations are activated by visitors pushing a but ton.
Special attention has to be~paid to the audio-level of such narration 50 that it
does not become intrusive to other visitors. These presentations are usually
brief, lasting no more than one or two minutes.
Car
Radio
For large sites, where visitors may drive significant distances by
automobile to experience the site, the use of low-frequency radio directions
and narratives may be appropriate. Additionally, radio can be used ta guide
arriving traffic to unloading points and parking lots.
Sound
and
Light
Sho"vs
(Son et Lumiere)
At many World Heritage Sites, son et lumiere is used as a motivational
and educational technique. This system also serves as an important source of
additional visitor-generated income. It can also be the source of many
problems.
Commercial producers of shows, or of lighting equipment, tend to
over-sell the potential revenues and under-sell the problems.
The first
question is who will attend the show, day-in, day-out, year-round, year after
year. The shows are expensive to install and to operpte and can seldom
survive on local traffic or as mere weekend attractions. Most of them are
used at the height of the tourist season. Tour operators should be consulted
as to whether they will include the show in their packages; it is useless and
expensive to proceed with a sound and light show if tour operators are not
interested.
A feasibility study is the most important step. Beware of figures
presented by suppliers or producers. The investment costs can be determined
easily, but be sure there is careful financial analysis of anticipated revenues.
Be sure the national tourism office is involved in estimating your projected
revenues.
Seek private advice from tour operators.
Write to your
preservation counter-palts in other countries who have experience with
similar installations to get the benefit of their experience and knowledge.
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If you decide ta proceed, be sure tG>reserve contractual rights to approve
the final script. The approved script mu~t accurately portray the history of the
site in a dignified fashion. Avoid the ov~rly theatrical script.
The system 's overall installation and design must be sensitive to the
historic fabric of the site. fi should be designed to impose only the most
minimal intervention
in the physical historic fabric.
Any physical
interventions should be done so that tJley are reversible. The color of all
materials used in the installation
should be compatible
with the
historic/natural color:5 at the site.
Son et lumiere requires the installation of a highly sophisticated system
of electronics. AlI installation plans must be submitted to, and approved in
advance, by the site administrator. The installation contract must provide for
direct day-to-day sup,erv]sion of the contractor's workers as they proceed with
the actual installationl.
The placement and concealment of wiring systems and the enclosure
of lighting and sound systems require thorough consideration. It must be
remembered that such systems will require sustained, ongoing maintenance
and should be accessiiblefor servicing. Every installation deci si on should be
based on how it will affect the day-time visitor's opportunity to photograph
the site and to enjoy an uncluttered experience.
Many son et lumiere installations, especially at large sites, require the
movement of masses of people through the site in a darkened environment.
Adequate safety lighting is essential. Permanent low-level lighting, directed
at primary walkways may have to be supplemented by hand-held directional
lighting used by site g;uards during the performances.
Many such public presentations are a combination of sequential mass
movements through the site, followed by a final presentation that is made to
a seated audience at a fixed location. The placement and design of this fixed
seating arrangement I:an have a major impact on the physical characteristics
of the cultural site. Se'atsmay be portable chairs, benches or fixed bleachers. It
is especially important when using fixep bleachers to be sure that they are
sensitively positionedl within the histor~c context of the site so as not to be
visually disruptive. .Any fixed seating $hould be designed so that it can be
easily removed once the son et lumiere pr<!>gramis discontinued.~
Guides
The skill and ~lua1ity of guides can make or break a site's reputation.
They need to be calrefully selected, trained, monitored, evaluated and
motivated. Several site policy issues relate to guides. Will all site guides be
limited to those on the salaried staff? Will volunteers by recruited and
trained? Will outside guides be allowed on the site?
Site Employed Guides -Limiting i our guides to those on your salaried
staff will usually provide the best uality control in the selection of
candidates, consisteJt1cy of training,valuation
of presentation and, if
necessary, in termination.
It is oftitn desirable to have staff guides
distinguished by unif,orms --appropriatEt period-clothing, a distinctive jacket,
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hat or emblem.
It is 'vitally important to develop and maintain an
ongoing training program for alI of your guides, paid or volunteer. New
recruits need to be properly trained in what they are expected to impart to the
visitors. Existing guides need to be periodically retrained to bring them up-todate on information and visitor expectations. Where the site is large, guides
should be rotated among stations or routes to avoid their becoming stale and
boring in their presentations. Because of their close contact with visitors,
your guides are in an excellent position to provide regular feedback to the site
administration
on current visitor thinking and reactions to the site
experience. Where a membership program exists for the site, i.e., a national
trust or "A Friends of..." group, guides can be given incentives to attract new
members. If guides are salaried, a policy needs to be determined and enforced
with regard to the solicitatjlon and acceptance of tips from visitors. Many sites
make use of volunteer guides or docents whose training is handled in the
same fashion as that of p.aid guides. Docents may have the advantage of
bl1inging great enthusiasm and a desire to spread the appreciation of the site.
The monitoring of site guides is especially important. At random intervals a
qualified consultant or professional colleague, unknown to the guides,
should be retained to take ,atour among regular visitors and prepare a written
evaluation report on the quality of the guides' work. These reports should be
used in conducting the arnlual performance evaluation of each guide.
Outside Guides -j\.ccess by any outside, non-staff guide to the site
should be governed by a licensing procedure. You need to be in a position to
exercise quality control over what these guides are presenting to visitors.
Depending on the country, these procedures may be the administrative
responsibility of the nàtional tourism office or the ministry of culture.
Regulations need to be developed and applied concerning use of portable
loudspeakers, group tour signs and the sale of any items within the site.
Accommodation
of Sp4~cial Visitors
Certain World Heri.tage Sites may have to be closed to the general
public on days of particular religious or national significance. These closings
should be well publicized in advance.
On these special days, special
visitors with a religious or patriotic affiliation merit special attention. Their
appreciation of the site and their ties to it are strong and constant. They also
are people who could provide support to the site in many ways. Special
interpretive materials pro,duced for their visits might emphasize recent
research findings of interest to them, or specific site conservation needs
which they might be motivated to support.
Special
Exhibits
for
th4~ Blind
Some sites have instituted special programmed tours for the visually
impaired, who need more detailed narrations to grasp the significance of the
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site. Small site models that through touching convey the size, scale and
organization of the si~teare popular and instructive tools.
Languages
ln addition to the national language, it is important to provide the
basic interpretation se~rvicesin at least the language of the highest number of
international visitors. Multi-lingual resources should be considered for the
site brochure, directional signs, site maps, exhibit labels and audio cassette
tours.
Visitor
Satisfaction
Surveys
To know how you and your staff are succeeding in presenting your site
to the visiting public, you should periodically conduct visitor surveys. The
survey can be done by interviewing a cross-section of visitors or by giving
them a pre-printed survey questionnaire card. Surveys need to be kept
simple and direct with only the most important questions being asked. The
information sought shlDuld be standardized to the degree possible to provide a
long-term data base. Don't change all the questions each time a visitor survey
is taken! The visitor should, to the maximum degree possible, be able to
provide answers to written questions by checking boxes. Professional advice
should be sought from individuals or firms experienced in conducting and
evaluating the results of public opinion surveys.
Another technique which could be considered is that of "focus groups."
In this situation, a limited number of visitors who have experienced the site
are invited to meet to~~etherwith a professional interviewer, to jointly discuss
their views and responses to a set of issues and questions. For their services
in such a group exercise, you may wish to present them with a small gift or
complimentary meal.
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Section IV: Appendices
APPEND
CONVENrTION
PROTECTION
CULTURAL
AND
IX A
concerning
the
OF THE WORLD
NATURAL
HERITAGE
Adopted by the General Conference of UNESCO at
its seventeenth ~;ession,Paris, 16 November 1972.
The General Conference of the Lrnited Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization meeting in Paris from 17 October to 21 November 1972, at its
seventeenth session,
Noting
that the cultural .heritage and the natural heritage are increasingly
threatened with destruction not only by the traditional causes of decay, but also by
changing social and economic conditions which aggravate the situation with even
more formidable phenomena of damage or destruction,
Considering
that deterioration or disappearance of any item of the cultural or
natural heritage constitutes a halrmful impoverishment of the heritage of alI the
nations of the world,
Considering
that protection of this heritage at the national level often remains
incomplete because of the scale of the resources which it requires and of the
insufficient economic, scientific and technical resources of the country w here the
property to be protected is situated,
Recalling that the Constitution of the Organization provides that it will maintain,
increase and diffuse knowledge, by assuring the conservation and protection of the
world's heritage, and recon'lmending to the nations concerned the necessary
international conventions,
Considering
that the existing international conventions, recommendations and
resolutions concerning cultural and natural property demonstrate the importance,
for all the peoples of the world, of safeguarding this unique and irreplaceable
property , to whatever people it may belong,
Considering
that parts of the cultural or natural heritage are of outstanding interest
and therefore need to be pres,erved as part of the world heritage of mankind as a
whole,
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Considering
that, in 'view of the magnitude and gravit y of the new danger.s
threatening them, it is incumbent on the international community as a whole to
participate in the protel:tiorl of the cultural and natural heritage of outstanding
universal value, by the ~~ranting of collective assistance which, although not taking
the place of action by the State concerned, will serve as an effective complement
thereto,
Considering that it is essential for this purpose to adopt new provisions in the form
of a convention establi1;hing an effective system of collective protection of the
cultural and natural heritage of outstanding univers al value, organized on a
permanent basis and in alccordance with modern scientific methods,
Having decided, at its sixteenth session, that this question should be made the
subject of an international convention,
Adopts
this sixteenth
day of November
I. Definitions
Article
1972 this Convention.
of the Cultural and the Natural Heritage
1
For the purposes of this CoIlvention, the following shall be considered as "cultural
heritage":
monuments: architectural works, works of monumental sculpture and
painting, elements of structures of an archeological nature, inscriptions, cave
dwellings and combinations of features, which are of outstanding univers al value
from the point of view of history, art or science;
groups of buildings: groups of separate or connected buildings which, because
of their architecture, th,eir homogeneity or their place in the landscape, are of
outstanding universal va]lue from the point of view of history, art or science;
sites: works of man or the combined works of nature and of man, and areas
including archeological sites which are of outstanding univers al value from the
historical, aesthetic, ethnological or anthropological points of view.
Article
2
For purposes of this Convention, the following
heritage":
shall be considered as 'natural
natural featur-es ~onsisti~g of physical and biological formations or groups of
such formations, which are of outstanding universal value from the aesthetic or
scientific point of view;
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geological and physiographical formations and precisely delineated areas
which constitute the habitat of threatened species of animaIs and plants of
outstanding univers al value from the point of view of science or conservation;
natural sites or precisely delineated natural areas of outstanding
value from the point of view of science, conservation or natural beauty.
Article
universal
3
It is for each State Party to this Convention to identify and delineate the different
properties situated on its territory mentioned in Articles 1 and 2 above.
II. National Protection and International Protection
Of the Cultural and Natural Heritage
Article
4
Each State Party to this Convention recognizes that the dut y of ensuring the
identification, protection, conservation, presentation and transmission to future
generations of the cultural and natural heritage referred to in Articles 1 and 2 and
situated on its territory, belongs primarily to that State. It will do all it can to this
end, to the utmost of its own resources and, where appropriate, with any
international assistance and co-operation, in particular, financial, artistic, scientific
and technical, which it may b~~able to obtain.
Article
5
To ensure that effective and active measures are taken for the protection,
conservation and presentation of the cultural and natural heritage situated on its
territory, each State Party to this Convention shall endeavor, in 50 far as possible,
and as appropriate for each ccluntIy:
(a) to adopt a general policy which aims to give the cultural and natural heritage a
function in the life of the community and to integrate the protection of that heritage
into comprehensive planning programs;
(b) to set up within its territories, where such services do not exist, one or more
services for the protection, conservation and presentation of the cultural and
natural heritage with an appropriate staff and possessing the means to discharge
their functions;
(c) to develop scientific and techrùcal studies and research and to work out such
operating methods as will make the State capable of counteracting the dangers that
threaten its cultural and natural heritage sites.
(d) to take the appropriate legal, scientific, technical, administrative and financial
measures necessary for the identification, protection, conservation, presentation and
rehabilitation of this heritage; and
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(e) to foster the establishment or development of national or regional centers for
training in the protection, conservation and presentation of the cultural and natural
heritage and to encourage scientific research in this field.
Article
6
1.
Whilst fully respecting the sovereignty of the States on whose territory the
cultural and natural heritagE' mentioned in Articles 1 and 2 is situated; and without
prejudice to property rights provided by nationallegislation, the States Parties to this
Convention recognize that such heritage constitutes a world heritage for whose
protection it is the dut y lof the international community as a whole to co-operate.
2.
The States Parties undertake, in accordance with the provisions of the
Convention, to give their help in the identification, protection, conservation and
preservation of the cultural and natural heritage referred to in paragraphs 2 and 4 of
Article II if the States on whose territory it is situated so request.
3.
Bach State Party to this Convention undertakes not to take any deliberate
measures which might damage directly or indirectly the cultural and natural
heritage referred to in Articles 1 and 2 situated on the territory of other States Parties
to this Convention.
Article
7
For the purpose of this Convention, international protection of the world cultural
and natural heritage shall be understood to mean the establishment of a system of
international co-operation and assistance designed to support States Parties to the
Convention in their efforts to conserve and identify that heritage.
IlI.Intergovernmental
Commit tee for the Protection
Of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage
Article
8
1.
An Intergovernml~ntal Commit tee for the Protection of the Cultural and
Natural Heritage of Outstanding Universal Value, called "The World Heritage
Commit tee", is hereby established within the United Nations Educational, scientific
and Cultural Organization.
It shall be composed of 15 States Parties to the
Convention, elected by States Parties to the Convention meeting in general
assembly during the ordinary session of the General Conference of the United
Nations Educational, scientific and Cultural Organization. The number of States
members of the Commit tee shall be increased to 21 as from the date of the ordinary
session of the General Conf.erence following the entry into force of this Convention
for at least 40 States.
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2.
Election of members of the Commit tee shall ensure
representatio.n of the differerlt relsions and cultures of the world.
an
equitable
3.
A representative of the International Centre for the Study of the Preservation
and Restoration of Cultural Property (Rome Centre), a representative of the
International Council of Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) and a representative of
the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN),
to whom may be added, at the request of States Parties to the Convention meeting in
general assembly during the ordinary sessions of the General Conference of the
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, representatives of
other intergovernmental
or non-governmental
organizations,
with similar
objectives, may attend the meetings of the Commit tee in an advisory capacity.
Article
9
1.
The term of office of States members of the World Heritage Commit tee shall
extend from the end of the ordinary session of the General Conference during
which they are elected until the end of its third subsequent ordinary session.
2.
The term of office of one-third of the members designated at the time of the
first election shall, however, cease at the end of the first ordinary session of the
General Conference following tha't at which they were elected; and the term of office
of a further third of the members designated at the same time shall cease at the end
of the second ordinary session of the General Conference following that at which
they were elected. The names of these members shall be chosen by lot by the
President of the General Conference of the United Nations Educational, Scientific
and Cultural Organization after the first election.
3.
States members of the Commit tee shall choose as their representatives
persons qualified in the field of the cultural or natural heritage.
Article
10
The World Heritage Commit tee shall adopt its Rules of Procedure
2. The Commit tee may at any time invite public or private organizations or
individuals to participate in its meetings for consultation on particular problems.
Article
II
1.
Every State Party to this Convention shall, in so far as possible, submit to the
World Heritage Commit tee an inventory of property forming part of the cultural
and natural heritage, situated. in its territory and suitable for inclusion in the list
provided for in paragraph 2 of this Article. This inventory, which shall not be
considered exhaustive, shall include documentation about the location of the
property in question and its significance.
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2.
On the basis of the inventories submitted by States in accordance with
paragraph 1, the Commit tee shall establish, keep up to date and publish, under the
title of World Heritage List, a list of properties forming part of the cultural and
natural heritage, as defined jn Articles 1 and 2 of this Convention, which it
considers as having out~;tanding univers al value in terms of such criteria as it shall
have established. An updated list shall be distributed at least every two years.
3.
The inclusion of a property in the World Heritage List requires the consent of
the State concerned. The inclusion of a property situated in a territory, sovereignty
or jurisdiction over which is claimed by more than one State shall in no way
prejudice the rights of the parties to the dispute.
4.
The Commit tee ~;hall establish, keep up to date and publish, whenever
circumstances shall so re'quire, under the title of List of World Heritage in Danger, a
list of the property appeari:ng in the World Heritage List for the conservation of
which major operations are necessary and for which assistance has been requested
under this Convention.
This list shall conta in an estima te of the cost of such
operations. The list may include only such property forming part of the cultural
and natural heritage as is threatened by serious and specific dangers, such as the
threat of disappearance caused by accelerated deterioration, large-scale public or
priva te projects or rapid urb,an or tourist development projects; destruction caused
by changes in the use O]: ownership of the land; major alterations due to unknown
causes; abandonment for any reason whatsoever; the outbreak or the threat of an
armed conflict; calamities and cataclysms; serious fires, earthquakes, landslides;
volcanic eruptions; chanj~es in water level, floods, and tidal waves. The !Commit tee
may at any time, in case of urgent need, make a new entry in the Li~t of World
Heritage in Danger and publicize such entry immediately.
5.
The Commit tee s]hall define the criteria on the basis of which a property
belonging to the cultural or natural heritage may be included in either of the lists
mentioned in paragraphs 2 and 4 of this article.
6.
Before refusing a reqllest for inclusion in one of the two lists mentioned in
paragraphs 2 and 4 of this i3.rticle, the Commit tee shall consult the State Party in
whose territory the cultural or natural property in question is situated.
7.
The Commit tee shall, ltVith the agreement of the States concerned, co-ordinate
and encourage the studies ;and research needed for the drawing up of the lists
referred to in paragraphs 2 and 4 of this article.
Article
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Article
13
1.
The World Heritage Commit tee shall receive and study requests for
international assistance formulatE'd by States Parties to this Convention with respect
to property forming part of the cultural or natural heritage, situated in their
territories, and included or potentially suitable for inclusion in the lists referred ta
in paragraphs 2 and 4 of Article 11. The purpose of such requests may be to secure
the protection, conservation, presentation or rehabilitation of such property.
2.
Requests for international assistance under paragraph lof this article may
also be concerned with identification of cultural or natural property defined in
Articles 1 and 2, when preliminary investigations have shown that further inquiries
would be justified.
3.
The Committee shall dl~cide on the action to be taken with regard to these
requests, determine where approF'riate, the nature and extent of its assistance, and
authorize the conclusion, on its b4~half,of the necessary arrangements with the
government concerned.
4.
The Commit tee shall d4~terminean order of priorities for its operations. It
shall in so doing bear in mind the respective importance for the world cultural and
natural heritage of the property requiring protection, the need to give international
assistance to the property most representative of a natural environment or of the
genius and the history of the peoples of the world, the urgency of the work to be
done, the resources;available to the States on whose territory the threatened
property is situated and in particular the extent to which they are able to safeguard
such property by their own means,.
5.
The Committee shan draw up, keep up to date and publicize a list of pioperty
for which international assistance has been granted.
6.
The Commit tee shall decide on the use of the resources of the Fund
established under Article 15 of this Convention. It shall seek ways of increasing
these resources and shall take all llseful steps to this end.
7.
The Commit tee shall co-operate with international
and national
governmental and non-governmental organizations having objectives similar to
those of this Convention. For the implementation of its programs and projects, the
Commit tee may calI on such organizations, particularly the International Centre for
the study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property (the Rome
Centre), the International Counc:il of Monuments and Sites (ICOMOs) and the
International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (ICUN), as
weIl as on public and private bodies and individuals.
8.
Decisions of the Commit teE' shall be taken by a majority of two-thirds
of its
members present and voting.
A majority of the members of the Commit tee shall
constitute a quorum.
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Article
14
1.
The WOr rd Heritage Commit tee shall be assisted by a Secretariat appointed by
the Director-G neral ojf the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organiza lion.
2.
The Director-General of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and
Cultural. Orga~ization, utiljlzing to the fullest extent .possible the services .of the
InternatIonal <tentre for the Study of the Preservatlon and the Restoratlon of
Cultural prope ty (the ]~ome Centre), the International Council of Monuments and
Sites (ICOMO ) and the ]nternational Union for Conservation of Nature and
Natural Resou ces (ICLrN) in their respective areas of competence and capability,
shall prepare t e ComI1mttee's documentation and the agenda of its meetings and
shall have the ~esponsibility for the implementation of its decisions.
t
IV. Fund for the F'rotection
Article
of the World
Cultural
and Natural
Heritage
15
1.
A Fund Ifor the JProtection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage of
Outstanding ltTniversa]l Value, called "The World Heritage Fund", is hereby
established.
2.
The Fund shall constitute a trust fund, in conformity with the provisions of
the Financial Regulationls of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization. I
3.
The resources of the F:und shall consist of:
(a) compulsory and volun1:ary contributions made by the States PaI1ties to this
Convention,
;
(b) contributions, gifts or bequests which may be made by:
(i) other
(ii)
the
nited
ates; l'Jatil::>nsEducational, Scientific and Cultural
E
O ganization, other organizations of the United Nations
sy~tem, pclrticularly the United Nations Development
Program O]~other intergovernmental organizations;
(iii) public or priv'ate bodies or individuals;
(c) any interest due on the rE'sourcesof the Fund;
(d) funds raise4 by collections and receipts from events organized for the benefit of
the Fund; and I
(e) alI other re~ources authorized by the Fund's regulations, as drawn up by the
World HeritagEt Commit tee.
4.
~ontribu~ions to the Fund and other forms of assistance.made availa~le to the
Commlttee may be used only for such purposes as the COmmlttee shall deflne. The
Commit tee mar accept corltributions to be used only for a certain program or
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project, provided that the Commit tee shall have decided on the implementatioli. of
such program or project. No political conditions may be attached to contributions
made to the Fund.
Article
16
1.
Without prejudice to any supplementary voluntary contribution, the States
Parties to this Convention undertake to pay regularly, every two years, ta the World
Heritage Fund, contributions, t.he amount of which, in the form of a uniform
percentage applicable to alI States, shall be determined by the General Assembly of
States Parties ta the Convention, meeting during the sessions of the General
Conference of the United Nations Educational, scientific and Cultural Organization.
This decision of the General Assembly requires the majority of the States Parties
present and voting, which have flOt made the declaration referred to in paragraph 2
of this Article. In no case shall the compulsory contribution of States Parties to the
Convention exceed 1% of the contribution to the Regular Budget of the United
Nations Educational, scientific and Cultural Organization.
2.
However, each State referred to in Article 31 or in Article 32 of this
Convention may declare, at the time of the deposit of its instruments of ratification,
acceptance or accession, that it shall not be bound by the provisions of paragraph lof
this Article.
3.
A State Party to the Convention which has made the declaration referred to
in paragraph 2 of this Article may at any time withdraw the said declaration by
notifying the Director-General of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and
Cultural Organization. However, the withdrawal of the declaration shall not take
effect in regard to the compulsory contribution due by the State until the date of the
subsequent General Assembly of :StatesParties to the Convention.
4.
ln or der that the ComInittE~emay be able to plan its operations effectively, the
contributions of States Parties to this Convention which have made the declaration
referred to in paragraph 2 of thi~; Article, shall be paid on a regular basis, at least
every two years, and should not be less than the contributions which they should
have paid if they had been bound by the provisions of paragraph lof this Article.
5.
Any State Party to the Convention which is in arrears with the payment of its
compulsory or voluntary contribution for the current year and the calendar year
immediately preceding it shall not be eligible as a Member of the World Heritage
Commit tee, although this provision shall not apply to the first election.
The terms of office of any such State which is already a member of trle Commit tee
shall termina te at the time of the elections provided for in Article 8, paragraph lof
this Convention.
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Article
17
The States Parties to this Convention shall consider or encourage the establishment
of national, public and private foundations or associations whose purpose is to
invite donations for the protection of the cultural and natural heritage as defined in
Articles 1 and 2 of this Convention.
Article
18
The States Parties to this Convention shall give their assistance to international
fund-raising campaigns or~sanized for the World Heritage Fund under the auspices
of the United Nations Edu.cational, scientific and Cultural Organization. They shall
facilitate collections made by the bodies mentioned in paragraph 3 of Article 15 for
this purpose.
v.
Article
Conditions
and
Arrangements
for
International
Assistance
19
Any State Party to this Convention may request international assistance for property
forming part of the ciLlltural or natural heritage of outstanding universal value
situated within its territory". It shall submit with its request such information and
documentation provided for in Article 21 as it has in its possession and as will
enable the Committee ta co:meto a decision.
Article
20
Subject to the provisions of paragraph 2 of Article 13, sub-paragraph (c) of Article 22
and Article 23, international assistaf\ce provided for by this Convention may be
granted only to property forming part of the cultural and natural heritage which the
World Heritage Commit tee has decided, or may decide, to enter in one of the lists
mentioned in paragraphs 2 cmd 4 of Article Il.
Article
21
1.
The World Heritage Commit tee shall define the procedures by which requests
to it for international assistance shall be considered and shall specify the content of
the request, which should define the operation contemplated, the work that is
necessary, the expected cost thereof, the degree of urgency and the reasons why the
resources of the State reque~;ting assistance do not allow it to meet all the expenses.
Such requests must be sllpported by experts' reports whenever possible.
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2.
Requests based upon disasters or naturaI calamities should, be reasons of the
urgent work which they may involve, be given immediate, priority consideration by
the Commit tee, which should have a reserve. fund at its disposaI against such
contingencies.
3.
Before coming to a decision, the Commit tee shall carry out such studies and
consultations as it deems necessary.
Article
22
Assistance granted by the World Heritage Commit tee may take the following forms:
(a) studies concerning the artistic, scientific and technical problems raised by the
protection, conservation, presentiltion and rehabilitation of the cultural and natural
heritage, as defined in paragraph~; 2 and 4 of Article II of this Convention;
(b) provision of experts, teclmicians and skilled labor to ensure that the approved
work is correctly carried out;
(c) training of staff and specialists at all levels in the field of identification,
protection, conservation, presentation and rehabilitation of the cultural and natural
heritage;
(d) supply of equipment which the State concerned does not possess or is not in a
position to acquire;
(e) low-interest or interest-fre4~loa.ns which might be repayable on a long-term basis;
(f) the granting, in exceptional cases and for special reasons, of non-repayable
subsidies.
Article
23
The World Heritage Commlitte4~ may also provide international assistance to
national or regional centers for the training of staff and specialists at alllevels in the
field of identification, protection, conservation, presentation and rehabilitation of
the cultural and natural heritage.
Article
24
International assistance on a large scale shall be preceded by a detailed scientific,
economic and technical studies. ~rhesestudies shall draw upon the most advanced
techniques for the protection, co]1servation, presentation and rehabilitation of the
natural and cultural heritagE! and shall be consistent with the objectives of this
Convention.
The studies shall also seek means of making rational use of the
resources available in the State collcerned.
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Article
25
Article 26
VI. Educational Programs
Article
Article
27
28
VII. Reports
Article
90
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adopted and other action which they have taken for the application
Convention, together with details of the experience acquired in this field.
2.
These reports shall be brought
Commit tee.
to the attention
of the World
of this
Heritage
3.
The Commit tee shall submit a report on its activities at each of the ordinary
sessions of the General Conference of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and
Cultural Organization.
VIII. Final Clauses
Article 30
This Convention is drawn up in Arabic, English, French, Russian and Spanish, the
five texts being equally authoritative.
Article
31
1.
This Convention shall be subject to ratification or acceptance by States
members of the United Nations f:ducational, Scientific and Cultural Organization in
accordance with their respective constitutional procedures.
f
"
'I
2.
The instruments of ratification or acceptance shall be deposited with the
Director-General of the Unitecl Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization.
Article 32
1.
This Convention shall "be open to accession by all States not members of the
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization which are invited
by the General Conference of 1:heOrganization to accede to it.
2.
Accession shall be effected by the deposit of an instrument of accession with
the Director-General of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organiza tion.
Article
33
This Convention shall enter into force three months after the date of the deposit of
the twentieth instrument of ratification, acceptance or accession, but only with
respect to those States which l-lave deposited their respective instruments of
ratification, acceptance or accession on or before that date. It shall enter into force
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with respect to any other State three months after the deposit of its instrument
ratification, acceptance or accession.
Article
of
34
The following provisions shall apply to those States Parties to this Convention
which have a federal or non-unitary constitutional system:
(a) with regard to the pro"isions of this Convention, the irnplernentation of which
cornes under the legal jurisdiction of the federal or central legislative power, the
obligations of the federal or central governrnent shall be the sarne as for those States
Parties which are not federal States;
(b) with regard to the pro"isions of this Convention, the irnplernentation of which
cornes under the legal jurisdiction of individual constituent States, countries,
provinces or cantons that are not obliged by the constitutional system of the
federation to take legislative rneasures, the federal governrnent shall inforrn the
cornpetent authorities of such States, countries, provinces or cantons of the said
provisions, with its recornn1endation for their adoption.
Article
1
35
Bach State Party to this Convention may denounce the Convention
2.
The denunciatioJ:1 shall be notified by an instrument in writing, deposited
with the Oirector-General of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization.
3.
The denunciation sl1.all take effect twelve months after the receipt of the
instrument of denunciation.
It shall not affect the financial obligations of the
denouncing State until t.he clate on which the withdrawal takes effect.
Article
36
The Director-General of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization shall inform l:he States members of the Organization, the States not
members of the Organization which are referred to in Article 32, as well as the
United Nations, of the deposit of all the instruments of ratification, acceptance, or
accession provided for j.n Articles 31 and 32, and of the denunciations provided for
in Article 35.
Article
37
1.
This Convention ma)' be revised by the General Conference of the United
Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Any such revision shall,
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however, bind
convention.
only
the States which
shall become Parties to the revising
2.
If the General Conf4~rence should adopt a new conventton revising this
Convention in whole or in part, then, unless the new convention otherwise
provides, this Convention shan cease to be open to ratificati~n, acceptance or
accession, as from the date on which the new revising convention enters into force.
Article
38
ln conformity with Article 102 of the Charter of the United Nations, this
Convention shall be registered with the Secretariat of the United Nations at the
request of the Director-General of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and
Cultural Organization.
.
Oone is Paris, this twenty-third day of November 1972, in two authentic copies
bearing the signature of the President of the seventeenth session of the General
Conference and of the Oirector-General of the United Nations Educational,
Scientific and Cultural Organization, and certified true copies of which shall be
delivered to alI the States referred to in Articles 31 and 32 as weIl as to the United
Nations.
The foregoing is the authentic text of the Recommendation duly adopted by the
General Conference of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization during its seventeenth session, which was held in Paris and declared
closed on the twenry-first day' of November 1972.
IN FAITH WHEREOF we have appended our signatures this twenty-third
November 1972.
day of
The President of the General Conference
The Director-Gener al
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Section
IV: Appendices
APPENDIX
WORLD
DEFINITIONS
B
HERIT
AND
AGE
CRITERIA
Since the ratificati,Dn of the World Heritage Convention, the World Heritage
Commit tee has developed oF>erational guidelines which it maintains and revises as
necessary. These operational guidelines constitute what amounts to a substantial
technical operating manulal. I:;or more information or a copy of the manual, write to
the World Heritage Center,. 7 Place de Fontenoy, 75700 Paris, France. Below are
excerpted sections from the operational guidelines most useful for reference in the
context of this volume. This chapter begins with three definitions taken from the
World Heritage Convent-ion.
World Heritage Definitions
The following
definitions
are set out in Article
lof
the World
Heritage
Conventior
Monuments:
architectural works, works of monumental sculpture and
painting, elements or structures of an archeological nature, inscrip;tions, cave
dwellings and combinations of features, which are of outstanding universal
value from the point of view of history, art or science;
groups of buildings:
groups of separate or connected buildings which,
beccluse of their architecture, their homogeneity or their place in the
landscape, are of outstanding universal value from the point of view of
history, art or scieI1lce;
sites: works of man or the combined works of nature and of man, and areas
including archeolo,gical sites which are of outstanding univers al value from
the historical, aesthetic, ethnological or anthropological points of view.
Critleria
Outstanding
from
the
Operational
Guidelines
Universal 'value
(24) A monument, gro,up of buildings or sites -as defined above -which is
nominated for inclusion in the World Heritage List will be considered to be of
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outstanding universal value for the purposes of the Convention when the
Commit tee finds that it meets one or more of the following criteria and the text of
authenticity. Each property nominated should therefore:
(a)
(i) represent
genius; or
a unique
artistic
achievement,
as masterpiece
of the creative
(ii) have exerted great influence, over a span of time or within a cultural area
of the world, on developments in architecture, monumental arts or townplanning and landscaping; or
(iii) bear a unique or at least exceptional
disappeared; or
testimony
to a civilization
(iv)
be an outstanding
example of a type of buildings
ensemble which illustra tes a significant state in history; or
which has
or architectural
(v) be an outstanding example of a traditional human settlement which is
representative of a culture and which has become vulnerable under the
impact of irreversible change; or
(vi) be directly or tangibly associated with
outstanding univers al significance (the
criterion
should justify
inclusion
in
circumstances or in conjunction with other
events or with ide as or beliefs of
Commit tee considers that this
the List only in exceptional
criteria);
and also meet the test of management and authenticity
24(b)."
set down in paragraph
Criteria for Urban Buildings
(27) Groups of urban buildings eligible for inclusion in the World Heritage List
fall into three main categories, namely:
Ci) towns which are no longer inhabited but which provide unchanged
archeological evidence of the past; these generally satisfy the criterion of
authenticity and their state of conservation can be relatively easily controlled;
(ii) historic towns which are still inhabited and which, by their very nature,
have developed and will continue to develop under the influence of socioeconomic and cultural change, a situation that renders the assessment of their
authenticity more difficuùt and any conservation policy more problematical;
(iii) new towns of the twentieth century which paradoxically have something
in common with both Ithe aforementioned categories: while their original
urban organization
is clearly recognizable and their authenticity
in
undeniable, their future is unclear because their development is largely
uncontrollable .
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(28) The evaluation oJ: to\vns that are no longer inhaited does not raise any
specialdifficulties other than those related to archeaological sites in general: the criteria
which calI for uniquenes:s or exemplary character have led to the choice ot groups of
buildings noteworthy fo]~their purity of style, for the concentrations of monuments
they contain and some'times for their important historical associations.
It is
important for urban arcJheological sites to be listed as integral units. A cluster of
monuments or a small ~~roup of buildings is not adequate to suggest the multiple
and complex functions of a city which has disappeared; remains of such a city
should be preserved in their entirety together with their natural surroundings
whenever possible.
(29) In the case of inhabited historic towns the difficulties are numerous, largely
owing to the fragility of their urban fabric (which has in many cases been seriously
disrupted since the advent of the industrial era) and the runaway speed with which
their surroundings have beE!n urbanized. To qualify for inclusion, towns should
compel recognition because of their architectural interest and should not be
considered only on the i]l1tellectual grounds of the role they may have played in the
past, of their value as historical symbols under criterion (vi) for the inclusion of
cultural properties in the World Heritage List (see paragraph 24 above). To be
eligible for inclusion in the List, the spatial organization, structure, materials, forms
and, where possible, functions of a group of buildings should essentially reflect the
civilization or succession of civilizations which have prompted the nomination of
the property. Four categories can be distinguished:
Ci) Towns which are typical of a specific period of culture, which have been
almost wholly preserved and which have remained largely unaffected by
subsequent developments. Here the property to be listed is the entire town
together with its s"urtoundings, which must also be protected;
(ii) Towns that have evolved along characteristic lines and have preserved,
sometimes in the midst of exceptional natural surroundings,
spatial
arrangements and structures that are typical of the successive stages in their
history. Here th.~ cleàrly defined historic past takes precedence over the
contem porary en~/ironmen t;
(iii) Historic centres that cover exactly the same area as ancient towns and are
now enclosed wijth modern cities. Here it is necessary to determine the
precise limits of the property in its widest historical dimensions and to make
appropriate provi~;ions for its immediate surroundings;
(iv) Sectors, areas or isolated units which, even in the residual state in which
they have survived, provide coherent evidence of the character of a historic
town which has disappeared. In such cases surviving areas and buildings
should bear sufficient testimony to the former whole.
(30)
Historic centres and historic areas should be listed only where they
contain a large number of ancient buildings of monumental importance which
provide a direct indication of the characteristic features of a town of exceptional
interest. Nominations of several isolated and unrelated buildings which allegedly
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represent, in themselves, a town whose urban iabric has ceased to be discernible,
should not be encouraged.
(31) However, nominations could be made regarding properties that occupy a
limited space but have had a major influence on the history of town planning. In
such cases, the nomination should make it clear that it is the monumental group
that is to be listed and that the town is mentioned only incidentally as the place
where the property is located.
Similarly, if a building of clearly univers al
significance is located in severely degraded or insufficiently representative urban
surroundings, it should, of course, be listed without an special reference to the town.
(32) It is difficult to assess the quality of new towns of the twentieth century.
History alone will tell which of them will best serve as examples of contemporary
town planning. The examination of the files on these town should be deferred, save
under exceptional circumstances.
(33) Under present conditions, prefereIi.ce should be given to the inclusion in the
World Heritage list of small or medium-sized urban areas which are in a position to
manage any potential growth rather than the great metropolises, on which
sufficiently complete information and documentation cannot be provided that
would serve as a satisfactory basis for their inclusion in their entirety. In view of the
effects which the entry of a town in the World Heritage List could have on its
future, such entries should be exceptional.
Inclusion in the List implies that
legislative and administrative measures have already been taken to ensure the
protection of the group of buildings and its environment. Informed awareness on
the part of the population I:oncerned, without whose active participatiofi
any
conservation scheme would be impractical, is also essential.
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~
Section
IV: Appendices
APPENDIX
ON
C
CUL TURAL
SITES
THE WORLD
HERIT AGE
LIST
The World Heritage Commit tee has approved the following
cultural
properties for inscription on the World Heritage List, under the Convention
concerning the Protectio]["l of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (1972). The
properties are arranged by continent, in alphabetical order by country and in order of
inscription.
C
-Cultural
Site
N/C
-Natural
and Cultural
Site
ASIA
Bangladesh
C
Hi!;toric Mosque City of Bagerhat
C
Ruins of the Buddhist Vihara at Paharpur
China, People's Republic of
N/C Mount Taishan
C
Th4~Great Wall
C
Im]perial Palace of the Ming and Qing Dynasties
C
Mogao Caves
C
Th4~Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor
C
Pelcing Man Site at Zhoukoudian
N/C Mount Huangshan
India
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
98
Ajanta Caves
Ellora Caves
Agra Fort
Taj Mahal
SU]1 Temple, Konarak
Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram
Churches and Convents of Goa
Group of Monuments at Khajuraho
Group of Monuments at Hampi
Fatehpur Sikri
Group of Monuments lat Pattadakal
Elephanta Caves
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C
Brihadisvara
Temple, Thanjavur
C
Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi
lndonesia
C
Borobudur Temple Compound
C
Pramb,anan Temple Compound
Iran, Islamic Republic of
C
Tchogha Zanbil
C
Persepl~lis
C
Meidan Emam, Esfahan
Iraq
C
Hatra
Jordan
C
Old City of Jerusalem
C
Petra
C
Quseir Amra
and Its Walls
Lebanon
C
Anjar
C
Baalbek
C
Byblos
C
Tyr
N epal
C
Ka thmand u Valley
Oman
C
Bahia F'ort
C
Archaeoiogicai
Sites of Bat, Ai-Khutm
and Ai-Ayn
Pakistan
C
Archaeological Ruins at Moenjodaro
C
Taxila
C
Buddhist Ruins of Takht-i-Bahi
and Neighboring
City RE~mains at Sahr-i- B,ahlol
C
Historical Monuments of Thatta
C
Fort and Shalimar Gardens in Lahore
Sri Lanka
c
Sacred City of Anuradhapura
C
Ancient City of Polonnaruwa
C
Ancient City Sigiriya
C
Sacred City of Kandy
C
Old Tov\Tn of Galle and Its fortifications
C
Golden Temple of Dambulla
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Syrian
C
C
C
C
Arab Republic
Ancient City of Damascus
Ancient City of Basra
Site of Palmyra
Ancient City of Aleppo
Thailand
C
Historic Town olf Sukhothai and Associated Historic Towns
C
Historic City of Ayutthaya and Ass<;>ciatedHistoric Towns
Uzbekistan
C
Itchan Kala
(Note: This site was entered on the list when Uzbekistan was part of the
Soviet Union. U:zbekistan has not yet become a state party to the convention.)
Yemen Republic
C
Old City of Sana'a
C
Old City of Shibam and its Walls
AUSTRALIA
Australia
N/C
Kakadu National Park
N/C
Willandra Lakes, Region
N/C
Tasmania Wilderness National
N/C
Uluru National Park
Parks
AFRICA
Algeria
C
Al Qal'a of Beni Hammad
N/C
Tassili n'Ajjer
C
M'Zab Valley
C
Djemila
C
Tipasa
C
Timgad
Benin
c
Royal Palaces of Abomey
Egypt
C
C
C
C
C
Memphis and Its Necropolis and The Pyramid Fields from Giza to Dahshur
Ancient Thebes with Its Necropolis
Nubian Monuments from Abu Simbel to Philae
Islamic Cairo
Abu Mena
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Ethiopia
C
Rock-hewn Churches of Lalibela
C
Fasil Ghebbi, Gondar Region
C
Lower Valley of the Awash
C
Tiya
C
Aks um
C
Lower Valley of the Omo
G hana
C
Forts and Castles in Volta, Greater Accra, Central and Western Regions
C
Ashante Traditional
Buildings
Libyan
C
C
C
C
C
Arab Jamahiriya
Archaeological Site of Leptis Magna
Archaeological Site of sabratha
Archaeological Site of Cyrene
Rock-art Sites of Tadrart Acacus
Old Town of Ghadames
Mali
C
C
C/N
Old Towns of Djenne
Timbuktu
Cliff of Bandiagara (Land of the Dogons )
Morocco
C
Medina of Fez
C
Medina of Marrakesh
C
Ksar of Ait-Ben-Haddou
Mozambique
C
Island
of
Mozambique
Senegal
C
Island
of
Goree
Tanzania, United Republic of
C
Ruins af Kilwa Kisiwani and Ruins af Sanga Mnara
Tunisia
C
Medina of tunis
C
Archaeological Site of Carthage
C
Amphitheater
of El Djem
C
Punic Town of Kerkuane and Its Necropolis
C
Medina of Sousse
C
Kairouan
Zimbabwe
C
Great Zimbabwe National Monument
C
Khami Ruins National Monument
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EUROPE
Bulgaria
C
Boyana Church
C
Madara Rider
C
Thracian Tomb of Kazanlak
C
Rock-hewn Churches of Ivano
C
Ancient City of r-.Jessebar
C
Rila Monastery
C
Thracian Tomb of Sveshtari
Croatia
C
Old City of Dubrovnik
C
Historical Complex of Split with the Palace of Diocletian
Cyprus
C
Paphos
C
Painted
Churches
in the Troodos
Region
Finland
C
Old Rauma
C
Fortress of Suomenlinna
France
C
Mont-Saint-Michel
and Its Bay
C
Chartres Cathedral
C
Palace and Park of Versailles
C
Basilica and Hill of Vezelay
C
Decorated Grottoes of the Vezere Valley
C
Palace and Park of Fontainebleau
C
Chateau and Estate of Chambord
C
Amiens Cathedral
C
Roman Theater and Its Surroundings and Triumphal Arch of Orange
C
Roman and Romanesque Monuments of Arles
C
Cistercian Abbey of Fontenay
C
Royal Saltworks I~f Arc-et-Senans
C
Place Stanislas, Place de la Carriere and Place d'Alliance in Nancy
C
Church of Saint-Savin-sur-Gartempe
C
Pont du Gard (Roman Aqueduct)
C
Grande Isle, Strasbourg
C
Banks of the Seine, Paris
C
Cathedral of Notre-Dame, Former Abbev of Saint-Remi and Palace of Tau,
Reims
Germany
C
Aachen Cathedral
C
Speyer Cathedral
C
Wurzburg Residence with Court Gardens and Residence Square
C
Pilgrimage Church of Wies
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c
c
c
c
c
c
Castles of Augustusburg and Falkenlust at Bruhl
St. Mary's Cathedral and St. Michael's Church at Hildesheim
Monuments of Trier
Hanseatic City of Lubeck
Palaces and Parks of Potsdam and Berlin
Abbey and Altenmunster of Lorsch
Greece
C
Temple of Apollo Epicurius at Bassae
C
Archaeological Site of Delphi
C
The Acropolis, Athens
C
Mount Athos
C
Meteora
C
Paleochristian and Byzantine Monuments of Thessalonika
C
Archaeological Site of Epidaurus
C
Medieval City of Rhodes
C
Archaeological Site of Olympia
C
Mystras
C
Delos
C
Monasteries of Daphni, Hossios Lucas and Nea Moni of Chios
Holy See
C
Vatican City
Hungary
C
Banks of the Danube
C
Holloko
with
District
Italy
C
C
C
Rock Drawings in Valcamonica
Historic Center of Rome
c
c
c
c
Historic Center of Florence
Venice and Its Lagoon
Piazza del Duomo, Pisa
Historic Center of San Gimignano
of Buda Castle, Budapest
Church and Dominican
Convent of Santa Maria
"The Last supper" by Leonardo da Vinci
delle Grazie
with
Italy and Holy See
C
Historic Center of Rome, Properties of the Holy See in That City
Enjoying Extraterritorial Rights and San Paolo Fuori le Mura
Mal ta
C
C
C
Hal Saflieni Hypogeum
City of Valletta
Ggantija Temples
Norway
C
Urnes Stave Church
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c
c
c
Bryggen in Bergen
Roros
Rock Drawings of jUta
Poland
C
Historic Center of Cracow
C
Wieliczka Salt Mine
C
Auschwitz Concenjtration Camp
C
Historic Center of Warsaw
Portugal
C
Central Zone of the~Town of Angra do Heroismo in the Azores
C
Monastery of the ~[ieronymites and Tower of Belem in Lisbon
C
Monastery of Batalha
C
Convent of Christ in Tomar
C
Historic Center of I~vora
C
Monastery of Alcobaca
Russian Federation
C
Historic Center of ~;aint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments
C
Kizhi Pogost
C
Kremlin and Red Square, Moscow
Spain
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
Mosque of Cordoba
The Alhambra and the Generalife, Granada
Burgos Cathedral
Monastery and Site of the Escorial, Madrid
Parque Guell, Palacio Guell and Casa Mila, Barcelona
Altamira Cave
Old Town of Segov.iaand Its Aqueduct
Churches of the Kingdom of the Asturias
Old Town of Santiago de Compostela
Old Town of Avila with Its Extra Muros Churches
Mudejar Architectllre of Teruel
Historic City of Toledo
Old Town of Caceres
Cathedral, Alcazar and Archivo de Indias in Seville
Old City of Salamanca
Poblet Monastery
Sweden
C
Royal
Domain
of "Drottningholm
Switzerland
C
Convent of 5t. Gall
C
Benedictine Convent of 5t. John at Mustair
C
Old City of Berne
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Turkey
C
N/C
C
C
C
C
C
Historic Areas of Istanbul
Goreme National Park and the Rock Sites of Cappadocia
Great Mosque and Hospital of Divrigi
Hattusha
Nemrut Dag
Xanthos -Letoon
Hierapolis -Pamukkale
Ukraine
C
Saint-Sophia Cathedral and Related Monastic
Kievo- Petchersk in Kiev
United
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
Buildings
and Laure of
Kingdom
Durham Castle and Cathedral
Ironbridge Gorge
Studley Royal Park including Ruins of Fountains Abbey
Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites
Castles and Town WaJ.ls of King Edward in Gwynedd
Blenheim Palace
City of Bath
Hadrian's Wall
Palace of Westminster, Westminster Abbey and Saint Margaret's Church
Tower of London
Canterbury Cathedral, St. Augustine's Abbey and St. Martin's Church
Yugoslavia
C
Stari Ras and Sopocani
N/C
Ohrid Region and Its Ijake
C
Kotor and Its Gulf
C
Studenica Monastery
NORTH
AMERICA
Canada
C
L'Anse aux Meadows National Historic Park
C
Anthony Island
C
Head-Smashed-In Bison Jump Complex
C
Historic Area of Quebec
United
C
C
C
C
C
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Mesa Verde National Park
Independence Hall
Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site
La Fortaleza and San Juan National Historic
Statue of Liberty
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05
c
c
Chaco Culture National Historical Park
.
Monticello and University of Virginia '5 Academical Village in
Charlotte5ville
CENTRAL
AND
:SOUTH
AMERICA
Argentina & Brazil
C
Jesuit Missions of the Guaranis: San Ignacio Mini, Santa Ana, Nuestra Senora
de Loreto and Samta Maria la Mayor (Argentina), Ruins of Sao Miguel das
Missoes (Brazil)
Bolivia
C
City of Potosi
C
Jesuit Missions of the Chiquitos
C
Historic City of Sucre
Br azil
c
c
c
c
c
Historic Town of 'Ouro Preto
Historic Center of the Town of Olinda
Historic Center of Salvador de Bahia
Sanctuary of Born Jesus do Congonhas
Brasilia
Colom bia
C
Port, Fortresses and Group of Monuments
in Cartagena
Cuba
c
Old Havana and ]:ts Fortifications
C
Trinidad and the VaIley de los Ingenios
Dominican
Republic
C
Colonial City of Santo Domingo
Ecuador
C
Historic
Center
of Qui to
Guatemala
N/C
Tikal National Park
C
Antigua Guatemaùa
C
Archaeological Park and Ruins of Quirigua
Haiti
C
Citadel, Sans Souci, Ramiers National Historic Park
Honduras
C
Maya Site of CopaIn
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Mexico
C
Pre-Hispanic City and National Park of Palenque
C
Historic Center of Mexico City and Xochimilco
C
Pre-Hispanic City of Teotihuacan
C
Historic Center of Oaxaca and Archaeological Site of Monte Alban
C
Historic Center of Puebla
C
Historic Town of Guanajuato and Adjacent Mines
C
Pre-Hispanic City of Chichen-Itza
C
Historic Centre of Morelia
Panama
C
Fortifications
Peru
C
N/C
C
C
C
ICOMOS
of Portobelo
and San Lorenzo
Historic City of Cuzco
Historic sanctuary of Machu Picchu
Archaeological Site of Chavin
Chan Chan Archaeological Zone
Historic Center of Lima
Tourism
Handbook
for World
Heritage
Site Managers
107
Section IV: Appendices
APPENDIX
D
Introduction
1. ICOMOS aims to encourage the safeguard and to ensure the conservation and
promotion of monuments and sites --that privileged part of the human heritage. In
this capacitr I it feels directly concerned by the effects --both posit~ve an? ~~ga!îve -on said hentage due to tlle extremely strong development of tounst activlbes rn the
world.
2. ICOMOS is conscious that today --even less than heretofore --the isolated effort of
anybody, however powerful be it in its own sphere, can validly influence the course
of events. This is why ii: has attempted to participate in joint reflection with the
large world and regional org,lnizations which in one capacity or another share in its
preoccupations and whi.ch are likely to contribute to the implementation of a
universal, coherent and efficacious effort.
3. The representatives
of these bodies, met in Brussels, Belgium, on 8 and 9
November
1976 at the International
Seminar on Contemporary
Tourism
have
agreed to the following:
THE CHARTER
:. Basic
OF CUI.. TLfRAL TOURISM
Position
1. Tourism is an irreversible social, human, economic and cultural fact. lis influence
in the sphere of monuments and sites is particularly important and can but increase
because of the known conditions of that activity's development.
2. Looked at in the pers:pective of the next twenty-five years, in the context of the
phenomena of expansiolll which may have heavy consequences and which confront
the human race, tourism appears to be one of the phenomena likely to exert a most
significant influence on man's environment in general and on monuments and
sites in particular. ln order to remain bearable this influence must be carefully
studied, and at alllevel~; be the object of a concerted and effective policy. Without
claiming to meet this need in all its aspects, the present approach which is limited to
cultural tourism constitutes, it is believed, a positive element in the global solution
which is required.
08
ICOMOS
Tourism
Handbook
for World
Heritage
Site Managers
3. Cultural tourism is that form of tourism whose object is, among other aims, the
discovery of monuments and sites. It exerts on these last a very positive effect
insofar as it contributes --to satisfy its own ends --to their maintenance and
protection. This form of tourism justifies in fact the efforts which said maintenance
and protection demand of the human community because of the socio-cultural and
economic benefits which they bestow on alI the populations concerned.
4. Whatever, however, may bE~its motivations and the ensuing benefits, cultural
tourism cannot be considerE~d separately from the negative, despoiling or
destructive effects which the massive and uncontrolled use of monuments and site
entails. The respect of the latter, just like the elementary wish to maintain them in
state fit to allow them to play their role as elements of touristic attraction and of
cultural education, implies the definition and implementation
of acceptable
standards.
In any case, with the future in mind, it is the respect of the world, cultural and
natural heritage which must take precedence over any other considerations
however justified these may be from a social, political or economic point of view.
Such respect cannot be ensured solely by policies regarding the siting of equipment
and of guidance of the tourist movements based on the limitations of use and of
density which may not b e disregarded with impunity.
Additionally
one must condemn any siting of tourist equipment or services in
contradiction with the prime preoccupation due to the respect we owe to the
existing cultural heritage.
II. Basis for Action
Resting on the foregoing,
-the bodies representing
tourism, on the one hand, and the protection
of the
natural
and monumental
heritage, on the other, deeply convinced
that the
protection and promotion of the natural and cultural heritage for the benefit of the
many cannot be ensured unless it be in an orderly fashion, i.e. by integrating
cultural assets into the social and economic objectives which are part of planning of
the resources of the states, regions and local communities,
-acknowledge with the greatest interest the measures which each of them states he
is prepared to take in his own sphere of influence as expressed in the appendices to
the present Declaration,
-appeal to the will of the states to ensure the fast and energetic implementation of
the International Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural
Heritage adopted on 16 November 1972 and of the Nairobi Recommendation,
-trust that the World Tourist Organization, fulfilling its aims, and UNESCO in the
framework
of the Convention mentioned above, shall exert alI efforts in
cooperation with the signatory bodies and alI others who in future may rally to
ICOMOS
Tourism
Handbook
for World
Heritage
Site Managers
109
ensure that implementation of the policy which the signatory bodies have defined
as the only one able to protect Mankind against the effects of tourism's anarchical
growth which would result in the denial of its own objectives.
They express the wish that the states by the means of their administrative structures,
of tourist operators' organizations,
and users' associations, shall adopt alI
appropriate measures to facilitate the information and training of persons travelling
for tourist purposes inside and out of their country of origin.
Conscious of the acute need which obtains now to change the attitude of the public
at large towards the phenomena resulting fram the massive development of
touristic needs, they express the wish that from school age onwards children and
adolescents be educated to understand and respect the monuments, the sites and the
cultural heritage and that alI written, spoken or visu al information media should
express ta the public the laments of the problems thereby efficaciously contributing
to effective univers al understanding.
Unanimous in their' concem for the protection of the cultural patrimony which is
the very basis of international tourism, they undertake to help in the fight initiated
on alI fronts against the destruction of said heritage by alI known sources of
pollution; and they appeal to the architects and scientific experts of the whole world
so that the most advanced resources of modern technology be used for the
protection of monuments.
They recommend that the specialists who shall be called upon to conceive and
implement the touristic use of the cultural and the natural heritage should receive
training adapted to the multi-faceted nature of the problem, and should be
associated from the outset in the programming
and performance
of the
development and tourist equipment plans.
They solemnly declare that their action is to respect and protect the authenticity and
diversity to the cultural values in developing regions and countries as in
industrialized nations since the fate 'of Mankind's cultural heritage is of the very
same nature everywhere in the face of tourism's likely expansion.
Signatories
The International Union for the Conservation of Nature and its Resources
The World Federation of Travel Ag.encies' Association
The International Association of Scientific Experts in Tourism
The International Historic Gardens Commit tee, ICOMOS
The International Academy of Tourism
The International Bureau for Social :rourism
Europa Nostra
The European Travel Commission
International Federation of Youth Hostels
The International Automobile Federation
International Travel Journalists and Writers Federation
Fondation Van CIe / Van Cle-Stichting
The International Historic Castles Institute
The World Tourism Organization
The International Union of Architects
The International Hotel Association
The International Tourism Alliance
ICOMOS
Tourism
Handbook
for World
Heritage
Site Managers
APPENDIX
A
SELECTED
E
INTERNATIONAL
BIBLIOGRAPHY
This bibliography
was compiled from submissions by members of the
ICOMOS Cultural Tourism Commit tee and is not meant to be comprehensive. For
complete references, readers are referred to one of the major resource centers on
tourism in the world: Centre des Hautes Etudes Touristiques, Foundation Vasarely,
1 Avenue Marcel Pagnel, 130090, Aix-en-Provence, France. Telephone: 42-20-09-73.
Facsimile: 42-20-50-98. The center maintains a collection of more than 45,500 books
and 7,000 reviewed articles related to tourism. The collection is referenced on a
computerized system using a thesaurus of 1,300 words and a geographical index.
Bibliographic references follow the list of abbreviations and addresses below
ABBREVIA
TIONS
and
AD DRESSES
ATR. Annals of Tourism Research, Pergamon Press, U.K
BTA. British Tourist Authority; Thames Tower; Black's Road;
Hammersmith;
London W6 9EL; U.K.
Butterworth Scientific; p .O. Box 63; Westbury House; Bury Street; Guildford;
GU2 SBH, U .K.
Cambridge University Press; The Edinburgh
CAMBS CB2 2RU, U .K.
Contours,
CCE
.td.; 13- 14 New
Bond Street; London
CUP.
Cambridge
University
Press;
Cambridge; Cambs CB2 2RU I U .K.
Edinburgh
English Tourist Board, 4 Grovenor Gardens,
Gower Publishing Co., Ltc
U.K.
Building;
.ondon,
Shaftesbury Road; Cambridge
W1Y 9PF; U.K.
Building
SWl
W
Shaftesbury
ODU,
T ourism
Handbook
for World
Heritage
Site
Road;
K
3HR,
Press, Ltd.; Kensington
ICCROM. International Centre for the study of the Preservation
Cultural Property; 13 Via di San Michele; 00153 Rome, Italy.
ICOMOS
U.
Gower House; Croft Road; Aldershot; Hants Gt:
GM. Geographical Magazine. Geographical
Gore; London SW7 2 AR; U .K.
Surrey
Managers
and Restoration
of
111
ICOMOS. International Council on Monuments and Sites; 75, rue de Temple; 75003
Paris, France.
Instytut Turystiki, ul. Merliniego 9a, 02-511 Warsaw, Poland
Ls. Leisure studies; E. & F.N. Storm, Ltd.; II New Fetter Lane,
.ondon EC4P 4AA;
U.K.
LS. Taylor and Francis, Ltd; 4 St. John Street; London WClN
Methuen & Co. Place; International
Street; London W1A 4YG, U.K.
Pergamon Press; Headington
Thompson
2 ET;1 U .K,
PIc., The Quadrangle;
180 Wardour
Hall; Oxford OX3 OBW, U .K.
Routeledge & Kegan Paul, Ltd
New Fetter Lane; London EC4, U .K
STB. Scottish Tourist Board; 23 Rabbleston Terrace; Edinburgh EH4 3EF, U.K.
TCA. Colloque Teoros, A CFAS
TM. Tourism Management, Butterworth Scientific (see above}
TR. The Tourist Review; Zeitschrift
3001 Berne, Switzerland.
TRR. Tourism
BDE; U.K.
Recreation
TWPG. Trent Working
U.K.
fur Fremdenverkehr; Case Postale 2728, CH-
Research; CAB International;
Oxon
Wallingford;
Papers in Geography; Trent Polytechnique;
OXlO
Nottingham,
UNESCO. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization; 7, Place
de Fontenoy; 75700 Paris, France.
UK/ICOMOS. United Kingdom National Commit tee of ICOMOS. 10 Barley Mow
Passage, Chiswick, London W4 4PH, United Kingdom.
US/ICOMOS. United States National Commit tee of ICOMOS. Decatur House; 1600 H
Street, N.W.; Washington, D.C. 20006, USA.
WTO. World Tourist Organization, Captain Haya, 42, Madrid 28020, Spain,
112
ICOMOS
Tourism
Handbook
for World
Heritage
Site Managers
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Allison, M. T. 1988. "Breaking Boundaries and Barriers: future directions in crosscultural research." LS, vol. 10, pp. 247-259.
Archambaud, 1988. Dossier sur les pratiques culturelles, Universite Paris I, Paris.
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Bitter, M. 1989. "Singapore: The Street of Happy
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Pigram, J.J. 1980. "Environmental Implications of Tourism Development."
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Polacek, M. and Aroch, R. 1984. "Analysis of Cultural
Tourism." TR, vol. 4, pp. 17-18.
Przeclawski,
pp. 2-6.
K. 1985. "The Role of Tourism
Annals
Sights Attractiveness
in Contemporary
Culture,"
TR, no.1,
Raffestin, Claude, 1988. "Le role de la ville d'art dans l'avenement d'une economie
de la contemplation," dans Cahiers de geogra~hie du Ouebec. vol. 32, no.85,
pp.61-66.
Rifkind, C. 1981. "Cultural Tourism: A New Opportunity fbr the Industrial
Environmental Comment. Urban Land Institute, Washington, D.C., pp. 4-7.
City?"
Romeril, M. 1985. "Tourism and Conservation in the Channel Islands,
TM. Vol. 6, no.1, pp. 43-49.
Sagi, M. 1986. "Motivational
Background
LS. Vol. 5, no.1, pp. 103-108.
of Cultural
Activities
in Leisure.
Saldanha, M. 1987. "Carnival: the Epitome of Tourism in Brazil."
no.3, pp. 5-7. CCE, Ltd. U.K.
ICOMOS
Tourism
Handbook
for World
Heritage
Site Managers
Contours. vol. 3,
Second International Congress on Architectural Conservation and Town Planning
1985. Conservation and Iourjsm. Basel, switzerland. ApriI1-4, pp. 1-6.
Shepstone, T.
Butterworth.
1987.
"Future Tourism Projects."
IM..
Vol. 8, no.2,
pp. 131-133.
Sindiyo, D.M. and Pertet, F.N. 1984. "Tourism and Its Impact on Wildlife in Kenya,
UNDP: Industr~ and Environment. Vol. 7, no. I. United Nations, New York.
Smith, Stephen L.J. and Smale, Bryan J.A. The Changing Demand for Culture:
Estimation of Cultural Elasticities. University of Waterloo and University of
Western Ontario, pp. 187-206.
Smith, V. L
1, pp. 1-3.
1989. "Tourism in the Socio-Cultural Environment." TRR, vol. 14, no.
Srisang, K. 1987. "Paradise Threatened."
U.K.
Contours.
vol; 3, no.4, pp. 3- 6. CCE, Ltd.,
Stirling, A. 1990. "Too Many Visitors?" ICOMOS Information, no.3, pp. 26-33. Paris
Stringer, P. 1984. "Studies in the Socio-Environmental
ATR. Vol. II, no.1., pp. 41-58.
Psychology of Tourism."
Theuns, H.L. 1987. "Appropriate Tourism for the Third World: A Bibliography
the Socio-cultural Dimension--1963-1984." TRR. Vol. 12, no.2, pp. 55-64.
Thorburn, A. 1986. "Marketing Cultural Heritage: Does it Work within
Travel & Tourism Anal~st. Dec., pp. 39-48., London, U.K.
in
Europe?"
Thurot, J.M. and Thurot, G. 1983. "The Ideology of Class and Tourism: Confronting
the Discourse of Advertising." ATR. VoJ. 10, no.1, pp. 173-189.Pergamon Press.
Tighe, Anthony. 1985. 'Cultural Tourism in the USA." TM. Vol. 6, no.4
Tighe, Anthony. 1985. "The Art Tourism Partnership," pp. 1-23
"Tourism and the Architectural Heritage -Cultural, Legal, Economic and Marketing
Aspects," Association Internationale d'Experts Scientifiques du Tourisme, St. Gall,
Switzerland, vol. 25, 1984.
Tourism.
Passt!ort
to Develo1:2ment?,
World
Bank,
Washington,
D.C.,
1979
UNESCO. 1976. "Preservation of Sites, Monuments, and Traditional Architecture
Monuments and Traditional
Architecture." ATR. Vol. 4, no.2, pp. 96-101.
Uzzell, D.L. 1984, 'A Structuralist Alternative to Tourism Marketing," ATR. Vol 16
no.3, pp. 79-99.
20
ICOMOS
Tourism
Handbook
for World
Heritage
Site Managers
Uzzell, D.L. 1988. "The Interpretive Experience," D. Canter, M. Krampen and D. Stea
(Editors), Ethnoscopes. Volume II. Environmental
Polic~ .Assessmen
Communication. Gower Publishing Co.
Uzzell, D.L. 1989. Heritage Inter12retation:
Environment. Belhaven Press.
Uzzell, D.L. 1989. Heritage
Belhaven Press.
Volume I. The
Inter12retation:
Volume
Natural
II The Visitor
and Built
Ex12erience.
Var, T., Shluter, R., Ankomak, P. & Lee, T. H. 1989. "Tourism and World Peace:
Case in Argentina." ATR. Vol. 16, no.3, pp. 431- 433.
Vukonic, B. and Tkalac D. 1984. "Tourism and Urban Revitalization: A Case Study
of Porce, Yugoslavia." ATR. Vol. 11, no.4, pp. 591- 605.
Wall, G. 1989. "An International Perspective on Historic Sites, Recreation
Tourism." Recreation Research Review. vol. 14, no.4, Waterloo, p. 10-14.
Weightman, B. A. 1987. I'Third World Tour LaI)dscapes
227-239.
ATR. Vol. 14, no.2, pp
Welch, G., Tauke, M., and Glover, G. 1988. "Multicultural
Human Resource
Management." Hos12italitx, Education and Research Journal. vol. 12, no.2, pp. 337345.
WLRA! 1988. "Historic Sites and Museums
Age," vol. 29, no.1, pp. 31-34.
in Alberta:
Attractiveness
Wood, R. E. 1984. "Ethnic Tourism, the State and Cultural
Asia." ATR. Vol. 11, no.3, pp. 353-374.
WTO. 1985. R
Iture a
ac or In
urIsm
eve
men
I
Coming
of
Change, in South-East
a rI .
MISCELLANEOUS
BTA Market
Leisure
Guides.
Recreation
annual.
and
Tourism
British
Abstract.
Visits to Tourist
Attractions!
formerly
English Tourist Board, London, U .K.
ICOMOS
Tourism
Handbook
for World
Tourism
Heritage
Agency;
monthly.
London,
CAB
U.K.
International
"Heritage and Leisure Attendances," annual.
Site Managers
121
Section IV: Appendices
APPENDIX
INTERN
The following
administrator .
Annals
of
A Tl C~N AL
periodicals
Tourism
F
TOURISM
PERIODICALS
may be of particular
interest
and use to a site
Research
A social sciences quarterly jour~al (summaries in French) begun in
1974. Editor's address: University of Wiscon~in-Stout, Department of Habitational
Resources, Menomonie, Wisconsin 54751, USA. Available from Pergamon Press,
Inc., Journals Division, Maxwell House, Fairview Park, Elmsford, New York, N. Y.
10523, USA.
TournaI
of
TraveI
Research
Quarterly journal begun in 19621 (formerly Travel Research
, Bulletin).
Produced by and available from Travel and T urism Research Association, Business
Research Division, University
of Colorado, Graduate School of Business
Administration, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA.
Revue
de
l'Academie
Internationale
Quarterly
Tourisme,
Tourism
4 rue
des Iris,
Du
published
Monte
Tourisme
since 195!1
Carlo,
by
Academie
Internationale
du
Monaco
Management
Quarterly journal begun in 1980.1Published by Butterworth Scientific
Ltd., P.O. Box 63, Westbury House, Bury St., Guilford, Surrey GU2 5BH, England.
Subscription address: Westbury Subscription S~rvices, P.O. Box 101, Sevenoaks, Kent
TN 15 8PL, England.
Tourisrn
Recreation
Res~arch
Semi-annùàl publication plus sp~cial issues begun in 1976. Published
by Centre for Tourism Research, A-965/6 Indir~ Nagar, Lucknow 226016, India.
122
ICOMOS
Tourism
Handbook
for World
Heritage
Site Managers
Tourist
Review
Quarterly published by the International Association of Scientific
Experts in Tourism begun in 1946. Available from Staempfli und Cie Ag, Postfach
2728, 3001 Berne, Switzerland.
World
Tourism
Organization:
Tourist
Bibliograph~
Published three times per year, including annual Legislation
supplement, by World Tourism Organization, Capitan Raya 42,208020 Madrid,
Spain. Text in English, French and Spanish.
ICOMOS
Tourism
Handbook
for World
Heri1age Site Managers
123
Section IV: Appendices
APPENDIX
G
SELECTED
INTERN...t\TIONAL
RELA
African
and
ORGANIZA
TI~D
TO
CUL
REGIONAL
TIONS
TURAL
TOURISM
Travel Association (A T A)
163 West 23rd Street, Suite 4R
New York, N.Y. 10011, USA
Tel. 212-242-2388
Formed in 1975, an educational, nonprofit, nonpolitical organization whose
primary objective is to promote the tourist attractions of the continent of
Africa.
Association
of National
c/o Bermuda
P.O. Box 61
Hamilton
Trusts of the World
National
Trust
for Places of Historic
Interest
or Natural
Beauty
5, Bermuda
An international association of private national trusts.
Conducts a worldwide meeting every three years.
Caribbean Tourism Organization
(CTO)
20 East 46th Street
New York, N.Y. 10017 USA
Tel. 212-682-0435
Founded in 1951 with current membership in 24 countries and territories.
Created to develop tourism and integrate it with the development planning
of the involved states; and to strengthen the relationship between tourism
and development. Publishes the monthly, "Caribbean Reporter ."
Council
124
of Europe (CE)
F-67006 Strasbourg Cedex
France
Tel. (88) 61 49 61
ICOMOS
Tourism
Handbook
for World
Heritage
Site Managers
Founded in 1949, currently has 21 member governments. Among its eight
main activities is one titled "Environment, Regional and Town Planning,
Architectural and Archeological Heritage." Adopted European Charter of the
Architectural Heritage in 1975. PublishEj!sthe quarterly "Future for Our Past."
Adopted in 1985 the "Convention fO, the Protection
of the
Architectural
Heritage
Europa
of
Europe."
Nostra
86 Vincent Square
London SWlP 2PG, United
Tel. 8345886
Kingdom
Also known as the International
,Federation of Non-governmental
Associations for the Protection of Europe's Cultural and National Heritage.
Founded in 1963, it currently has m~mbers in 22 countries.
Created to
awaken the pride of European peop.es in their common inheritance of
architecture and natural beauty .Organized the Historic Towns Forum.
European Travel Commission
Confederation
House
Kildare Street
Dublin 2, Ireland
Tel. 71 44 87
(ETC)
Founded in 1948, currently has members in 23 countties. Created to promote
visitor traffic, foster international touri~m cooperation in Europe, facilitate
exchange of information and undertake travel research. Publishes market
research studies and survey reports.
Inter-American
Travel Congresses
clo Organization of American States
International
Trade and Tourism Divisi
1889 F Street, N. W ., Third Floor
Washington, D.C. 20006, USA
Tel. 202-789-3735
n
Established to deal with special techni~al matters on tourism and develop
specific aspects of inter-American
coope~ation concerning tourism.
I
International Academy of Tourism (ACIT)
4 rue des Iris
98000 Monte Carlo, Monaco
Tel. (93) 30 97 68
ICOMOS
Tourism
Handbook
for World
Heritage
Site Managers
125
Founded in 1951 to develop the cultural and human aspects of international
tourism. It has a special interest in the linguistics of tourism. Publishes the
quarterly "Revue de l'ACIT." 60 members in 25 countries.
International
Association
Varnbulstrasse 19
of Scientific
Experts in Tourism
(AIEST)
CH-9000, St. GalIen, Switzerland
Tel. (071) 235511
Founded in 1951 with current membership in 47 countries. Created ta
promote scientific activity, exchange views and ideas and support the activity
of scientific institutes of tourism. Publishes "The Tourist Review ."
International
Automobile
Federation
8 place de la Concorde
F-75008 Paris, France
Tel. 265 00 33
(FIA)
Founded in 1904, eurrently has affiliated members in 96 eountries. Created ta
develop and organize motor touring in alI countries. Organized in a series of
Commissions: International Touring, International Traffic, International
Technical and International Historie. Publishes "FIA Bulletin."
International
Council on Monuments
75, rue du Temple
75003 Paris, France
Tel. (1) 42.77.35.76
Founded
in 1964 with
International
"ICOMOS
Commit
Information."
tee
and Sites (ICOMOS)
current
on
membership
Cultural
Tourism.
in 64 countries,
Publishes
has an
quarterly,
International
Motel Association
(IRA)
89 rue du Faubourg St Honore
F-75008 Paris, France
Tel. 2669235
Founded in 1946 with current rnernbership in 140 countries. Created to
federate national hotel associations in alI countries, study problerns affecting
international hotel industry and international tourist traffic. Publishes "IHA
Newsletter."
International
Touring Alliance (AIT)
2 Quai Gustave Ador
CH-1207 Geneve, Switzerland
Tel. (022) 35 27
126
ICOMOS
Tourism
Handbook
for World
Heritage
Site Managers
Founded in 1888, currently has members in 85 countries. Created to maintain
a world-wide organization upholding the interests of its member associations
in all matters concerning international tourism and motoring. Publishes
"AIT Bulletin."
International
Federation
Zavelstraat 62
B-3071 Kortenberg,
Tel. (02) 717 70
of Travel
lournalists
(FIlET)
1
Belgium
1
Founded in 1954 currently has national associations in 27 countries. Created
to obtain adequate solutions to tourist problems, study conditions necessary
for development of tourism, and ensure collection and diffusion
of
information.
International
Union of Architects
51 rue Raynouard
F-75016 Paris, France
Tel. 288 47 82
(UIA)
Founded in 1948 with current membership in 73 countries. Created to unite
the architects of the world. Special work group on "Leisure and Tourism" and
"Architectural Heritage."
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
2 rue Andre Pascal
F-75775Paris Cedex 16, France
Tel. 524 82 00
Founded in 1961 with current membership of 24 governments. Created to
help countries promote economic growth, promote sound and harmonious
development of the world's economy and improve the lot of developing
countries. Created a specialized commit tee on tourism. Publishes the
monthly "News from OECD."
Pacific
Asia Travel Association (PA T A)
1 Montgomery Street, Telesis Tower, Suite 1750
San Francisco, California 94104, USA
Tel.415-986-4646
Formed in 19.51 to promote travel to cQuntries and islands of the Greater
Pacific region. Created a Tourism and Heritage Conservation Commit tee in
1977.
ICOMOS
Tourism
Handbook
for World
Heritage
Site Managers
127
United
Nations Educational, Scientific
World Heritage Centre
7, Place de Fontenoy
75700 Paris, France
Oversees the administration
World
Tourism Organization
Calle Capitan Raya, 42
208020 Madrid, Spain
Tel. 279 28 04
and Cultural
Organization
(UNESCO)
of the W<1>rldHeritage Convention and List.
(WTO)
Founded 1975 with current membeJ;ship of 106 countries. Promotes and
develops tourism with a view to contributing
to economic expansion,
international understanding, peace a~d prosperity. Publishes "World Travel"
(6 times a year).
I
28
ICOMOS
Tq)urism Handbook
for World
Heritage
Site Managers
Section IV: Appendices
APPENDIX
H
(Note: Limited to events related to international cultural tourism.)
1947
International Union of Tourism Organizations (IUTO), predecessor of
the World Tourism Organization (WTO), adopts resolutions on the dissemination
of knowledge by tourism; and on the development of cultural and popular travel at
its II Conference in Paris, France.
1948
IUOTO adopts a resolution on the appreciation of the value of travel to
the social and culturallife at its III Conference in Oslo, Norway.
1951
IUOTO adopts a resolution on the promotion of mutual
social appreciation at its VI General Assembly in Athens, Greece.
1957
Assembly
IUOTO
adopts
a resolution
in Washington,
D.C.
on African
arts
and
crafts
cultural
at its XII
and
General
1960
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
(UNESCO) inaugurates first International Campaign for Nubian Sites in Egypt.
Cultural tourism part of overall project planning.
1963
United Nations Conference on Tourism and International
Travel,
Rome, Italy (August-September).
Conference
recognizes
preservation
as an
investment in development
projects and that cultural tourism has a multiplying
economic effect.
1964
UNESCO XIII General Conference adopts resolution calling for study of
monuments preservation in relation to the development of tourism and its
contribution to a country's economic development. The study's results to be used in
helping member states as they undertake actions in this field (October-November).
1965
The Macchu Pichu Charter is adopted by a group of experts meeting at
Macchu Pichu as a resuIt of hoteI deveIopment proposaIs.
1966
UNESCO Director-General submits report (72EX/3), "The Preservation
of Monuments and Other Cultural Property in Association with the Development
of Tourism," to the UNESCO Executive Board (April).
1967
ICOMOS
Tourism
Handbook
for World
Heritage
Site Managers
29
United Nations Development Program (UNDP) accepts the concept
that cultural tourism projects could be financed by them.
Pan Amei:ican meeting, "The Preservation
and Utilization
of
Monuments and Sites qf Artistic and Historical Value," held in Quito, Ecuador.
Adopts report known as the "Quito Standards."
1969
II ICOMOS General Assembly and International
Symposium,
"Conservation, Preservation, and Enhancement of Monuments and Sites in
Connection with the Development of Cultural Tourism," held in Oxford, United
Kingdom Guly). Adopts resolution on cultural tourism. Proceedings published in
ICOMOS Monumentum, Volume VI, 1970.
IUOTO adopts a resolution on the safeguarding of holy places, sites and
religious monuments at its XXI General Assembly, Dublin, Ireland.
1970
IUOTO undertakes study for UNESCO to assess the importance of
archeological sites and historic monuments as tourist attractions and determine its
role in tourism development.
1972
The international treaty, "Convention Concerning the Protection
the World Cultural and Natural Heritage," adopted by first signatory states.
of
1973
IUOTO adopts a resolution on the protection of monuments at its XXIII
General Assembly in Caracas, Venezuela.
1974
IUOTO holds a seminar in Libreville concerning the role of tourism
administration in the protection of the environment and folklore.
1975
Europa
1975." International
October .
Nostra organizes "European Architectural
Heritage Year -symposium
convened in Amsterdam,
the Netherlands,
in
1976
International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOs) Commit tee
on Cultural Tourism sponsors symposium, "Tourism and Humanism --Perspective
2000," in Brussels, Belgium. It produces "The Charter of Cultural Tourism," which
is signed by 15 participating international tourism-related organizations.
UNESCO and the International
Bank for Reconstruction
and
Development (IBRD-World Bank) jointly sponsor seminar, "The Social and
Cultural Impacts of Tourism," in Washington, D.C. (December). serninar
proceedings published by the World Bank and UNESCO, Tourism Passl2ort to
Develo~ment? , Oxford University Press, 1979.
1978
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
convenes conference, "The Impact of Tourism on the Environment," in Salzberg,
Austria. Proceedings are published in 1980by OECD.
30
ICOMOS
Tourism
Handbook
for World
Heritage
Site Managers
1979
Pacific Asia Travel Association's (PATA) Commit tee on Tourism and
Heritage Conservation sponsors its first International Conference on Heritage
Conservation in Bangkok, Thailand (November). Conference proceedings published
by PATA. Subsequent conferences held in Manila, Philippines (1981); Katmandu,
Nepal(1983); and Bali, Indonesia (1986).
1980
PATA sponsors first task force with focus on heritage conservation and
tourism to Macao. Subsequent numerous task forces sponsored throughout Pacific
region.
PATA presents first Heritage Awards to recognize local and national
achievements in heritage conservation related to tourism.
WTO adopts "Declaration of Manila on World Tourism" at their
general assembly in Manila, the Philippines (September). Declaration includes four
major points on cultural tourism.
1982
planning
p ATA sponsors first Heritage Training
and development in Honolulu, Hawaii.
Seminar
related
to tourism
The World Conference on Cultural Policies, organized by UNESCO in
Mexico City, Mexico, July 26 -August 6, 1982, adopts Recommeitdation No.50 on the
protection of objects of cultural tourism and the publication of a world atlas on
cultural tourism.
1983
Organization of American States (OAS), the Caribbean Tourism
Research and Development Centre and the Caribbean Conservation Association
hold seminar on "Cultural Patrimony and the Tourism Product --Toward
a
Mutually Beneficial Relationship," in Hastings, Barbados. Seminar proceedings
published by the International Trade and Tourism Division, Department of
Economic Affairs, OAS, Washington, D.C.
WTO
produces
study
on
tourism's
contribution
to
protecting
the
environment.
1984
International Association of Tourism Experts 1984 Congress has theme
of "Tourism and Heritage."
National
First World Conference
on Cultural
Parks held in
Park, Colorado (Septernber). Proceedings published in 1989.
Mesa
Verde
1985
Heritage Trust (United Kingdom) sponsors II International Congress
on Architectural Conservation and Town Planning with the theme, "Conservation
and Tourism," Basel, Switzerland (April). Proceedings published in 1986 by Heritage
Trust.
7th
ICOMOS
General
Assembly
adopts
German Democratic
Republic.
Tourism' in Rostock,
ICOMOS
Tourism
Handbook
for World
Heritage
the
"Charter
on Cultural
Site Managers
131
The I World Congress on Heritage Presentation and Interpretation
in Banff, Alberta, Canada. Congress adopts the "Banff Declaration."
held
1988
The First Global Conference, Tourism --A Vital Force for Peace, held in
Vancouver, B.C., Canada, October 23-27,1988.
The Il World Congress on Heritage Presentation and Interpretation,
with the theme "Preparing for the 905," held in Coventry, England, August 4 September 4. Proceedings published by Department of Psychology, University
of
Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, England, GU2 SH4.
1990
Canterbury,
Heritage
and Tourism
England, March 1990.
ICOMOS
European
Conference,
held
in
1992
Tourism and Heritage Conference held in Cairo, Egypt, under the
sponsorship of the International Union of Architects Sports, Leisure and Tourism
Work Group, February, 1992.
International Workshop on Visitor Carrying capacity Measurement at
Historic Sites and Cities and Wilderness Protected Areas in Developing Countries
held in Belize City , Belize, April, 1992.
Tourism at Heritage Sites Conference held in Kathmandu, Nepal,
under the sponsorship of the Pacific Asian Travel Association, UNESCO and the
International Union for the Conservation of Nature, September 21-23.
Questionnaire, "The World Natural Heritage and Tourism" developed
and sent to a}} natural sites on the World Heritage List under a joint project by
UNESCO, United Nations Environmental
Program and World
Tourism
Organization.
International Conference on Cultural Tourism held at Gadjah Mada
University in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, on November 24-26, 1992. Adopted the
Yogyakarta Declaration on National Cultures and Universal Tourism.
132
ICOMOS
Tourism
Handbook
for World
Heritage
Site Mana.Qers