ç@T‚>|ý*L •ô ú*}Lhð|4Lt Qhvwh fdsêíwxor/ dsuhvhqwdprv pdlv h{solflwdphqwh rv dojrulwprv h hvwuxwxudv gh gdgrv qhfhvvêdulrv sdud r farpsxwr gdv erokdv h gdv erokdv pxowl0hvfdod1 Gh0 vfuhyhuhprv frpr rewhu xpd erokd eudqfd hp ixqgr suhwr/ fruuhvsrqghqgr d xp sdu pêd{lpr0vhod1 Gh idwr/ hqtxdqwr xp srqwr gh pê d{lpr vhuê d d vhphqwh gh xpd erokd/ r srqwr gh vhod fruuhvsrqghqwh vhuêd fodvvlñfdgr frpr _lphgl0 dwhphqwh% irud gh xpd erokd sdud iruåfdu erokdv glvwlqwdv d vhuhp glvmxqwdv +ohpeuh0vh/ xpd vhod srgh vhu frpsduwlokdgd sru gxdv erokdv glvwlqwdv,1 D sduwlu gdêí/ prvwuduhprv frpr oljdu erokdv hp glihuhqwhv hvfdodv sdud irupdp erokdv pxowl0hvfdod1 Qr txh vhjxh dedl{r/ dvvxplprv txh Iw ^p> q` êh r hvsdåfr gh hvfdod gh xp vlqdo i3 ^p> q`1 Rv dojrulwprv dtxl dsuhvhqwdgrv h d hvwuxwxud gh gdgrv dedl{r v• dr prglñfdåfr•hv gh ^45`1 •ôë• #i|iUóUì @L _i ML*ü@t •ôë•ë• îL*ü@ @ T@h|ðh _i 4‚ @ ð4L *LU@* R dojrulwpr dedl{r ixqflrqd sdud lpdjhqv jhqêhulfdv/ rqgh q• dr kêd grlv sl{hov frp r phvpr ydoru gh flq}d= dd 41 Gdgr xp pêd{lpr orfdo S qxpd lpdjhp Iw / hvwh srqwr fruuhvsrqghuê xpd erokd1 Dvvlp/ lqlfldol}h d vxd erokd E +dsuryhlwh sdud dupd}hqdu vhx srqwr pêd{lpr h +E, @ S h vhx ydoru pê d{lpr I +S ,,> lqlflh xpd olvwd gh yl}lqkrv O4 frp rv sl{hov yl}lqkrv d S / rughqdqgr0d gh dfrugr frp rv ydoruhv gh Iw 1 Ydoh d shqd ohydqwdu xp ðdj4 dvvrfldgr d hvwd erokd pdufdqgr0d frpr _dwlyd% rx _hp irupdåfd•r%1 5 1Frqvlghuh r sl{ho T/ r pdlv dowr qd olvwd gh yl}lqkrv O4 +pdlru ydoru gh Iw , h dqdolvh rv vhxv yl}lqkrv> dojxqv ghohv mê d hvwdu• dr pdufdgrv frpr shuwhqfhqwhv d erokd hp txhvw•dr> vh rv rxwurv hvwlyhuhp wrgrv dedl{r gh T/ srqkd0rv qd ë • ,t|i ã@} tL4i?|i tih‚ @ ý ‚|ð* ?L U@tL _i ThLUitt@4i?|L T@h@*i*L _i ML*ü@t( ñié@ ?L|@ ?@ týMtióUì @L @ ti}ýðhë 47: 47; FDSêLWXOR 461 DOJRULWPRV olvwd gh yl}lqkrv O4 +pdqwhqkd d rughp,/ uhpryd T gd olvwd/ frortxh0r qd erokd _dwlyd% h yrowh dr sdvvr 51 61 Fdvr frqwuê dulr/ r srqwr T êh r srqwr gh vhod fruuhvsrqghqwh dë erokd hp txhvw• dr> pdutxh wrgrv rv srqwrv txh uhvwdudp qd olvwd gh yl}lqkrv O4 frpr srqwrv gh ixqgr/ dvvlp frpr rv srqwrv yl}lqkrv gh T txh hvw•dr dedl{r gh T +rv rxwurv yl}lqkrv gh T srghp id}hu sduwh gh xpd rxwud erokd rx wdpeêhp vhuhp ixqgr,> r ðdj gd erokd pxgd sdud _lqdwlyd% rx _frpsohwd%> dsuryhlwh sdud fdofxodu r frqwudvwh gd erokd frpr I +S , ý I +T,1 Fdvr frqvlghuhprv lpdjhqv rqgh srvvdp kdyhu sl{hov frp h{dwdphqwh r phvpr ydoru gh flq}d/ ghyhprv juxsdu rv sl{hov hp sodwarv frqh{rv sulphlur h hqw• dr dsolfdu r dojrulwpr dflpd drv sodwarv +qrwh txh dwêh phvpr d ghñqlåfd•r gh pêd{lpr orfdo ghshqgh ghvwh djuxsdphqwr ~ fdvr S shuwhqåfd d xp sodwar frqvwdqwh/ vrphqwh dqdolvdqgr rv yl}lqkrv ghvwh sodwar êh txh srghprv yhulñfdu vh S êh xp pêd{lpr orfdo rx q•dr,1 Gh txdotxhu irupd/ wdlv vlwxdåfr•hv v•dr q•dr0 jhqêhulfdv txdqgr gd dsolfdåfd•r gd Htxdåfd•r gr Fdoru1 •ôë•ë2 îL*ü@ @ T@h|ðh _i ý4 TL?|L ^ý@*^ýih Vh xp srqwr U txdotxhu êh gdgr h txhuhprv ghvfreulu d txh erokd hoh shuwhqfh +vh êh txh hoh shuwhqfh d dojxpd erokd,/ srghprv id}hu r vhjxlqwh1 41 Lqlfldol}h xpd olvwd gh srqwrv O5 frp dshqdv U h vhxv yl}lqkrv> rughqh0rv sru ydoruhv gh Iw > 51 Vhmd V r srqwr pdlv dowr gd olvwd1 Hqtxdqwr V q•dr iru xp pêd{lpr orfdo qhp xp srqwr suhyldphqwh fodvvlñfdgr/ vlpsohvphqwh dglflrqh rv vhxv yl}lqkrv ëd olvwd O5 h yrowh dr sdvvr 51 D dsolfdåfd•r vxfhvvlyd gr sdvvr 5 fulduêd xp fdplqkr gh srqwrv txh udsl0 gdphqwh vreh qd gluhåfd•r gh xp pêd{lpr orfdo gd lpdjhp +jhudqgr xpd olvwd gh srqwrv txh lqfoxl r wdo fdplqkr h vhxv yl}lqkrv,/ srvvlyhophqwh dofdqåfdqgr xpd erokd dqwhv gh fkhjdu dr pêd{lpr orfdo +qhvwh fdvr r surfhvvr gr sdvvr 5 êh lqwhuurpslgr,5 1 61 Vh V q•dr irl fodvvlñfdgr/ V êh xp pêd{lpr orfdo pdv vxd erokd dlqgd q•dr irl fdofxodgd1 Dsoltxh r surfhvvr gd vxevhåfd•r dqwhulru sdud hqfrqwudu d erokd gh V1 71 Djrud/ gh xpd pdqhlud rx gh rxwud/ V mêd hvwê d fodvvlñfdgr frpr shuwhq0 fhqwh d dojxpd erokd frpsohwd> rv srqwrv gh O5 txh dlqgd q•dr irudp fodvvlñfd0 grv q•dr shuwhqfhp dë erokd gh V h v• dr sruwdqwr srqwrv gh ixqgr> lvwr srgh rx q•dr lqfoxlu U1 •ôë•ëô AL_@t @t ML*ü@t _i ý4@ ð4@}i4 Hqtxdqwr srghprv dsolfdu rv dojrulwprv dflpd sdud hqfrqwudu wrgdv dv ero0 kdv gh xpd lpdjhp/ kêd xp dojrulwpr pdlv hñflhqwh txh h{ljh dshqdv xpd 2 ûLñ@4i?|ic L ã@} ^ýi _iUð_i ti @ ML*ü@ it|‚ @ @|ðñ@ Lý ?ì @L t‚ L tih‚ @ý ‚|ð* ?L U@tL _i ThLUití t@4i?|L T@h@*i*Lë úttð4c L T@ttL 2 TL_i tih ð?|ihhL4Tð_L ^ý@?_L 7 €3ih T@h|i _i ý4@ ML*ü@ R@|ðñ@â( ?it|i U@tLc tð4T*it4i?|i itTihi ^ýi L ThLUitt@4i?|L _@ ML*ü@ _i 7 ti UL4T*i|i @?|it _i ð?ðUð@h L T@ttL eë • GH EROKDV PXOWL0HVFDOD 46151 GHWHFF å DR 47< _sdvvdjhp% shod lpdjhp sdud fdofxodu wrgdv dv vxdv erokdv1 Wdo fodvvlñfdåfd•r vhuê d ihlwd gh flpd sdud edl{r +r ohlwru ghyh lpdjlqdu d pduêh edl{dqgr frpr qd ghñqlåfd•r gh erokdv qr fdsêíwxor dqwhulru,1 41 Rughqh wrgrv rv sl{hov gd lpdjhp gh dfrugr frp rv ydoruhv gh I / fuldqgr xpd olvwd O1 51 Vhmd V r srqwr pdlv dowr gd olvwd O> 5d1 Vh V êh xp pêd{lpr orfdo/ lqlfldol}h xpd erokd txh frqwhqkd V> ohydqwh xp ðdj6 sdud pdufdu hvwd erokd frpr _dwlyd% rx _hp irupdåfd•r%1 Fdvr frqwuêdulr/ rokh sdud rv yl}lqkrv gh V txh hvw•dr dflpd gh V> wrgrv mêd irudp fodvvlñfdgrv1 5e41 Vh wrgrv rv yl}lqkrv dflpd gh V shuwhqfhp dë phvpd erokd hp irupdåfd•r/ V wdpeêhp shuwhqfh d hvwd erokd hp irupdåfd•r> hvwd êh d x êqlfd pdqhlud gh V shuwhqfhu d xpd erokd> 5e51 Fdvr frqwuêdulr/ V q•dr srgh shuwhqfhu d qhqkxpd gh vxdv erokdv yl}lqkdv +vh êh txh kêd dojxpd,> vh dojxpd gdv uhjl• rhv yl}lqkdv êh xpd erokd _hp irupdåfd•r%/ pxgh0d sdud _erokd frpsohwd% h pdutxh V frpr vhx srqwr gh vhod> rxwudv uhjl• rhv yl}lqkdv srghp lqfoxlu erokdv _frpsohwdv% rx ixqgr/ pdv hvvdv q•dr lqwhuhvvdp ~ gh txdotxhu pdqhlud/ V vhuêd xp srqwr gh ixqgr1 61 Uhpryd V gd olvwd O> vh d olvwd q•dr hvwê d yd}ld/ yrowh dr sdvvr 51 Qrydphqwh/ vh kêd srvvlelolgdgh gh txh sl{hov glvwlqwrv whqkdp r phvpr ydoru gh flq}d/ ghyhprv djuxsêd0orv sulphlur hp sodwarv frqh{rv h xvêd0orv qr dojrulwpr dflpd dr lqyêhv gh sl{hov1 •ôë•ëe ‚ úhñLhit _i ML*ü@t R dojrulwpr gd x êowlpd vhåfd•r srgh vhu idflophqwh prglñfdgr sdud fdofxodu êuyruhv gh erokdv> edvwd id}hu frp txh xp srqwr gh vhod V q•dr vrphqwh ihfkh d xpd rx pdlv erokdv gholplwdgdv sru V pdv wdpeêhp lqlflh xpd qryd vhphqwh sdud xpd qryd erokd hp irupdåfd•r> dsuryhlwh sdud fuldu rv dufrv gd êduyruh txh oljdp hvwd qryd erokd hp irupdåf•dr ë dtxhodv txh dfdedp gh vh frpsohwdu1 •ôë2 #i|iUóUì @L _i ML*ü@t 4ý*|ðíitU@*@ Xpd yh} txh erokdv whqkdp vlgr ghwhfwdgdv hp fdgd hvfdod/ whprv r sure0 ohpd gh oljêd0odv ghqwur gh xpd erokd pxowl0hvfdod1 Ghyhprv ohpeudu txh +shor phqrv qr fdvr frqwêíqxr, kêd jhqhulfdphqwh dshqdv 7 wlsrv gh hyhqwrv txh srghp lpshglu xpd wdo oljdåfd•r= ghvwuxlåfd•r/ fuldåfd•r/ glylv•dr rx ixv•dr gh erokdv1 D lgêhld eêdvlfd gr dojrulwpr êh d vhjxlqwh= 41 Dqdolvh r hvsdåfr gh hvfdod hp hvfdodv vxfhvvlydv w4 h w5 h hqfrqwuh dv erokdv hp fdgd xpd ghodv> 5d1 Sdud fdgd erokd E4 hp hvfdod w4 / yhulñtxh wrgdv dv erokdv hp w5 txh v•dr fdqglgdwdv d vhuhp oljdgdv d E4 1 ô çýð_@_L- ûit|i U@tLc it|i ã@} ‚ i ?iUitt‚ @hðL 4it4L i4 ThLUitt@4i?|L tð4T*itc ?ì @Lí T@h@*i*Lë ï *ið|Lh ?ì @L _iñi ti _ið @h *iñ@h Ti*@t _ý@t ý ‚ *|ð4@t ?L|@t _i T‚ i _i T‚ @}ð?@ë FDSêLWXOR 461 DOJRULWPRV 483 5e1 Sdud fdgd erokd E5 hp hvfdod w5 / yhulñtxh wrgdv dv erokdv hp w4 txh v•dr fdqglgdwdv d vhuhp oljdgdv d E5 1 6d1 Vh E4 êh d x êqlfd sdu fdqglgdwd sdud E5 h ylfh0yhuvd/ idåfd xpd oljdå f• dr ghqwur gh xpd phvpd erokd pxowl0hvfdod1 6e1 Vh E4 q•dr whp qhqkxpd sdu hp hvfdod w5 / r hyhqwr ghvwuxlå f• dr dfrqwh0 fhx1 Ihfkh d erokd pxowl0hvfdod txh frqwêhp E4 sru flpd1 6f1 Vh E5 q•dr whp qhqkxpd sdu hp hvfdod w4 / r hyhqwr fuldå fd •r dfrqwhfhx1 Ihfkh d erokd pxowl0hvfdod txh frqwêhp E5 sru edl{r1 6g1 Vh E4 whp gxdv sduhv fdqglgdwdv hp hvfdod w5 h fdgd xpd ghodv whp dshqdv E4 frpr sdu/ r hyhqwr glylv• dr dfrqwhfhx1 Ihfkh d erokd pxowl0hvfdod txh frqwêhp E4 sru flpd h ihfkh dv gxdv rxwudv erokdv pxowl0hvfdod sru edl{r1 6h1 Vh E5 whp gxdv sduhv fdqglgdwdv hp hvfdod w4 h fdgd xpd ghodv whp dshqdv E5 frpr sdu/ r hyhqwr ixv• dr dfrqwhfhx1 Ihfkh d erokd pxowl0hvfdod txh frqwêhp E5 sru edl{r h ihfkh dv gxdv rxwudv erokdv pxowl0hvfdod sru flpd1 71 Fdvr frqwuêdulr/ srgh vhu txh whqkdprv xp hyhqwr gh erokd q•dr jhqêhulfr hp qrvvdv p•drv1 Pdlv surydyhophqwh/ r txh dfrqwhfh êh vlpsohvphqwh txh kêd grlv +rx pdlv, hyhqwrv jhqêhulfrv dfrqwhfhqgr hp uêdslgd vxfhvv•dr h q•dr fdofxodprv r hvsdåfr gh hvfdod hqwuh rv grlv hyhqwrv1 Dvvlp/ vh lvwr dfrqwhfhu/ fdofxoh r hvsdå fr gh hvfdod qxpd hvfdod lqwhuphglê duld hqwuh dv gxdv frqvlghudgdv h yhmd vh lvwr vhsdud rv grlv hyhqwrv> idåfd lvwr uhfxuvlydphqwh dwêh txh rv hyhqwrv vh uhvroydp rx r sdvvr gh hvfdod vhmd ehp shtxhqr1 Vh phvpr frp xp sdvvr gh hvfdod pxlwr shtxhqr yrfah irl lqfdsd} gh vhsdudu rv hyhqwrv jhqêhulfrv/ ghvlvwd ~ vlpsohvphqwh oljxh wrgdv dv erokdv hqyroylgdv qxp hyhqwr frpsoh{r/ vhsdudqgr dv erokdv pxowl0hvfdod dwudyêhv ghvwh hyhqwr1 Sdud uhvroyhu hvwh hyhqwr111 •ôë2ë• 111suhflvdprv fdofxodu xpd hvfdod lqwhuphglê duld1 çL4L _i|ih4ð?@h T@hit U@?_ð_@|Ltq Kêd yê duldv pdqhludv gh ghwhuplqdu vh gxdv erokdv E4 h E5 fdofxodgdv hp dr fdqglgdwdv d sduhdphqwr rx q•dr1 Sru h{hpsor/ hvfdodv vxfhvvlydv w4 h w5 v• • GH EROKDV PXOWL0HVFDOD 46151 GHWHFF å DR 484 srghuêídprv vlpsohvphqwh yhulñfdu vh rv vxsruwhv gh E4 h E5 vh lqwhuvhfwdp E4 _ E5 9@ > Qr hqwdqwr/ frqvlghuh gxdv erokdv E4 h F4 hp hvfdod w4 txh whqkdp xpd vhod frpsduwlokdgd h txh vh pryhp dwudyêhv gdv hvfdodv> E4 ghyh fruuhvsrqghu d xpd erokd E5 hp hvfdod oljhludphqwh pdlru w5 / hqtxdqwr F4 ghyh fruuhvsrqghu d dr lpsruwd tx•dr ñqr vhmd r hvsdåfr gh hvfdod/ h{lvwh xpd erokd F5 1 Qr hqwdqwr/ q• xp srwhqfldo sdud txh F4 vhpsuh lqwhuvhfwh E5 1 Lvwr fuld xpd dpeljxlgdgh txh surydyhophqwh ohyduêd qrvvr dojrulwpr d fodvvlñfdu hvwd vlwxdåfd•r frpr xp hyhqwr frpsoh{r dr lqyêhv gh gxdv oljdåfr•hv vlpsohv$ Qrvvr dojrulwpr idokduld whuulyhophqwh qhvwh fdvr1 Vhod frpsduwlokdgd hp prylphqwr Dvvlp/ frqvlghuduhprv gxdv rxwudv frqglåfr•hv txh dmxgdu•dr d ghwhuplqdu vh E4 h E5 ghyhp vhu oljdgdv h +E4 , 5 E5 h +E5 , 5 E4 Hvwd frqglåfd•r/ pdlv r idwr gh txh d vlwxdåfd•r dflpd rfruuh h{dwdphqwh txdqgr dv erokdv hp txhvw•dr wahp xpd vhod frpsduwlokd/ ghyhp vhu ohydgdv hp frqvlghudåfd•r qr dojrulwpr1 Dvvlp/ prglñfdprv r sdvvr 6 gr dojrulwpr dflpd sdud= 6d1 Vh E4 lqwhuvhfwd vrphqwh E5 h ylfh0yhuvd +h r srqwr h{wuhpr gh fdgd xpd ghodv shuwhqfh dë rxwud/ h dpedv wahp srqwrv gh vhod q• dr frpsduwlokdgrv,/ idåfd xpd oljdå f• dr ghqwur gh xpd phvpd erokd pxowl0hvfdod1 6e1 Vh E4 q•dr lqwhuvhfwd qlqjxêhp hp hvfdod w5 / r hyhqwr ghvwuxlå f• dr dfrq0 whfhx1 Ihfkh d erokd pxowl0hvfdod txh frqwê hp E4 sru flpd1 f• dr dfrqwhfhx1 6f1 Vh E5 q•dr lqwhuvhfwd qlqjxêhp hp hvfdod w4 / r hyhqwr fuldå Ihfkh d erokd pxowl0hvfdod txh frqwêhp E5 sru edl{r1 6g1 Vh E4 lqwhuvhfwd dshqdv E5 h F5 hp hvfdod w5 / h fdgd xpd ghodv lqwhuvhfwd dr dshqdv E4 +h E5 h F5 frpsduwlokdp xp srqwr gh vhod/ h rv h{wuhprv ghodv hvw• hp E4 ,/ r hyhqwr glylv• dr dfrqwhfhx1 Ihfkh d erokd pxowl0hvfdod txh frqwêhp E4 sru flpd h ihfkh dv gxdv rxwudv erokdv pxowl0hvfdod sru edl{r1 485 FDSêLWXOR 461 DOJRULWPRV 6h1 Vh E5 lqwhuvhfwd dshqdv E4 h F4 hp hvfdod w4 / h fdgd xpd ghodv lqwhuvhfwd dshqdv E5 +h E4 h F4 frpsduwlokdp xp srqwr gh vhod/ h rv h{wuhprv ghodv hvw• dr hp E5 ,/ r hyhqwr ixv• dr dfrqwhfhx1 Ihfkh d erokd pxowl0hvfdod txh frqwêhp E5 sru flpd h ihfkh dv gxdv rxwudv erokdv pxowl0hvfdod sru edl{r1 6i1 Vh E4 whp xp srqwr gh vhod frpsduwlokdgr frp F4 h E5 whp xp srqwr gh vhod frpsduwlokdgr frp F5 > E4 _E5 9@ >> F4 _F5 9@ >> h +E4 , 5 E5 > h +E5 , 5 E4 > h +F4 , 5 F5 > h +F5 , 5 F4 > h/ ñqdophqwh/ vh dv erokdv hp txhvw• dr q•dr lqwhuvhfwdp qhqkxpd rxwud erokd txh q•dr vhmd xpd ghvwdv txdwur> hqw• dr whprv xpd oljdå f• dr gxsod= E4 fruuhvsrqgh d E5 hqtxdqwr F4 fruuhvsrqgh d F5 1 •ôë2ë2 èhLM*i4@t i hi€?@4i?|Lt Xp grv sureohpdv frp r dojrulwpr dflpd êh txh erokdv pxlwr shtxhqdv/ wlslfdphqwh gr wdpdqkr gh xp sl{ho/ q•dr vhu• dr frqhfwdgdv dë phglgd txh vh pryhp1 Gh idwr/ dvvlp txh d qrvvd glvfuhwl}dåf• dr uhjlvwudu r prylphqwr ghvwd erokd/ hod sxoduêd gh xp sl{ho h r dojrulwpr dflpd uhjlvwuduê d xpd ghvwuxlåfd•r ê srvvêíyho txh xpd erokd pdlru h xpd fuldåfd•r dr lqyêhv gd oljdåf• dr qrupdo1 H wdpeêhp vh pryd udslgdphqwh r vxñflhqwh sdud txh sduhåfd vhu erokdv glvwlqwdv hp hvfdodv vxfhvvlydv1 Sdud hylwdu hvwh idwr/ vhpsuh txh krxyhu xpd fuldåfd•r gh xpd erokd shtxhqd +wlslfdphqwh/ gh xp sl{ho gh wdpdqkr, E5 +txh êh xp idwr srvvêíyho pdv txh ghyhuld vhu xp wdqwr udur,/ yhulñtxh vh kê d dojxpd erokd E4 qd hvfdod lphgl0 dwdphqwh dqwhulru qxp udlr gh xp sl{ho hp wruqr gh E5 1 Vh krxyhu/ h vh E4 êh xpd fdqglgdwd d ghvwuxlåf• dr/ wurtxh hvwhv grlv hyhqwrv +ghvwuxlåfd•r . fuldåfd•r, sru xpd vlpsohv oljdåfd•r pxowl0hvfdod1 Qrwh wdpeêhp txh q•dr glvfxwlprv frpr h{dwdphqwh frphåfdu r surfhvvr gh oljdåfd•r1 Wlslfdphqwh/ fdofxod0vh r hvsdåfr gh hvfdod hp sdvvrv frqvwdqwhv gh hvfdod hihwlyd/ rx vhmd/ wlslfdphqwh/ hp hvfdodv glê dglfdv rx h{srqhqfldophqwh hvsdåfdgdv1 D sduwlu gdêí/ hvfrokd vh yrfah txhu shufruuhu dv hvfdodv gh flpd sdud edl{r rx gh edl{r sdud flpd/ rx phvpr lqlfldu hp dojxp srqwr qr phlr fdvr mêd kdmd xpd lgêhld gh txh erokd pxowl0hvfdod vh surfxud1 Wlslfdphqwh/ xp qê xphur vxñflhqwh gh uhñqdphqwrv gh sdvvrv gh hvfdod whqgh d uhvroyhu hyhqwrv frpsoh{rv hp hyhqwrv jhqêhulfrv1 Qr hqwdqwr/ pdqwhqkd hp phqwh txh lvwr ixqflrqduê d sdud lpdjhqv jhqêhulfdv ~ lpdjhqv vlqwêhwlfdv vhp uxêígr q•dr v•dr jhqêhulfdv h whp xp judqgh srwhqfldo gh jhudu hyhqwrv jhqxlqdphqwh frpsoh{rv$ Ilqdophqwh/ r uhñqdphqwr hp hvfdod gr sdvvr 7 gr dojrulwpr dflpd q• dr suh0 flvd qhfhvvduldphqwh fdofxodu wrgdv dv erokdv qd qryd hvfdod ~ edvwd fodvvlñfdu dv erokdv txh hvwhmdp qd uhjl• dr gr hyhqwr frpsoh{r txh hvwê d vhqgr ghfliudgr1 Sru hvwh prwlyr êh txh dsuhvhqwdprv wuahv dojrulwprv sdud r fê dfxor gh erokdv/ grlv ghohv vhqgr orfdlv1 46161 HVWUXWXUD GH GDGRV •ôëô 486 ,t|hý|ýh@ _i #@_Lt D hvwuxwxud gh gdgrv dedl{r êh xpd dgdswdåfd•r gd hqfrqwudgd hp ^45`/ pdv ë phglgd txh q•dr ghyh vhu frqvlghudgd frpr d x êowlpd sdodyud qr dvvxqwr1 D lpsohphqwduprv eleolrwhfdv gh hvsdåfrv gh hvfdod h hqfrqwuduprv dsolfdåfr•hv/ ghyhprv pxgdu dv hvwuxwxudv1 Dx êqlfd hvwuxwxud q•dr ghñqlgd dedl{r êh d hvwuxwxud Lpdjhp/ txh srgh vhu txdotxhu hvwuxwxud gh gdgrv ghvwlqdgd d frqwhu xpd x êqlfd lpdjhp +srvvlyho0 phqwh mêd vxdyl}dgd,1 î Sl{ho Sursulhgdghv= Frrughqdgdv +{ h |, Qêíyho gh flq}d +ydoru gh I dol, Srqwhlurv sdud= Sodwa r +txh frqwêhp hvwh sl{ho, î Sodwa r +sl{hov frqwêíjxrv frp h{dwdphqwh r phvpr ydoru, Sursulhgdghv= ê Duhd +srvvlyhophqwh r qê xphur gh sl{hov qr sodwar, Qêíyho gh flq}d +ydoru frpxp gh I qr sodwar, Fulwlfdolgdgh +vh hvwh sodwa r êh xp pêíqlpr orfdo/ pêd{lpr orfdo/ vhod rx qdgd, Srqwhlurv sdud= Uhjl• dr +txh frqwêhp hvwh sodwa r, Olvwd gh sl{hov +qr sodwa r, Olvwd gh sodwa rv yl}lqkrv +yl}lqkrv hvsdfldlv ghvwh sodwar, î Uhjl• dr +juxsrv gh sodwarv txh irupdu•dr r vxsruwh gh xpd erokd rx r ixqgr, Sursulhgdghv= ê Duhd +srvvlyhophqwh r qê xphur gh sl{hov, Fhqwur gh judylgdgh Prphqwrv gh vhjxqgd rughp +gdqgr xpd holsvh txh dsur{lpd d uhjl•dr, Fdl{d olplwdqwh +frrughqdgdv gh xp uhwadqjxor txh frqwhqkd d uhjl• dr, Srqwhlurv sdud= Olvwd gh sodwa rv +qd uhjl•dr, Erokd +txh frqwêhp hvwd uhjl•dr/ vh dojxpd, Ixqgr +txh frqwêhp hvwd uhjl•dr, î Ixqgr Sursulhgdghv= Srodulgdgh +eudqfd/ suhwd,> ê Duhd +ududphqwh r yroxph êh lpsruwdqwh, Srqwhlurv sdud= Idwld gh hvfdod +lpdjhp Iw +ü, txh frqwêhp hvwh ixqgr,> Olvwd gh uhjl• rhv1+gr ixqgr,> 487 FDSêLWXOR 461 DOJRULWPRV î Erokd Sursulhgdghv= Srodulgdgh +eudqfd/ suhwd,> Dwlylgdgh +hp irupdåfd•r rx frpsohwd,> Yroxph Srqwhlurv sdud= Idwld gh hvfdod +lpdjhp Iw +ü, txh frqwêhp hvwd erokd,> Sodwa r fuêíwlfr +d vhphqwh gd erokd/ vhx pêd{lpr rx pêíqlpr orfdo,> Olvwd gh vhodv +txh olplwdp hvwd erokd,> Uhjl• dr vxsruwh1+gd erokd,> î Vhod Srqwhlurv sdud= Sodwa r +txh fruuhvsrqgh d hvwd vhod, Olvwd gh erokdv +gdv txdlv hvwd vhod vhuê d olplwdqwh, î Idwld gh hvfdod +d lpdjhp Iw +ü, hp xpd hvfdod w h wrgdv dv vxdv hvwux0 wxudv, Sursulhgdghv= Ydoru gd hvfdod Srqwhlurv sdud= Lpdjhp +r vlqdo elglphqvlrqdo Iw +ü,/ vxdyl}dåfd•r gh i3 +ü,, Olvwd gh erokdv eudqfdv Olvwd gh erokdv suhwdv Ixqgr eudqfr Ixqgr suhwr Suê r{lpd idwld gh hvfdod +sdud d hvfdod pdlv dowd pdlv suêr{lpd, Suêhyld idwld gh hvfdod +sdud d hvfdod pdlv edl{d pdlv suêr{lpd, î Erokd pxowl0hvfdod Sursulhgdghv= Srodulgdgh +eudqfd rx suhwd, Lpsruwa dqfld +yroxph rx yroxph hihwlyr, Srqwhlurv sdud= Olvwd gh erokdv +txh frps•rhp hvwd erokd p1h1, Hyhqwr lqêíflr Hyhqwr ñp Erokd uhsuhvhqwdqwh +xpd gh vxdv erokdv/ hvfroklgd qxpd hvfdod uhsuhvhq0 wdqwh> srgh vhu d erokd gh pdlru yroxph hihwlyr, î Hyhqwr Sursulhgdghv= Wlsr +fuldåfd•r/ ghvwuxlåfd•r/ ixv•dr/ glylv• dr/ frpsoh{r/ hvfdod pêíqlpd/ hvfdod pêd{lpd, Srvlåf• dr +{/ | h hvfdod dsur{lpdgrv/ rx lqwhuydor gh hvfdodv/ rqgh r hyhqwr dfrqwhfh, Srqwhlurv sdud= 46161 HVWUXWXUD GH GDGRV Olvwd gh erokdv gh flpd +txh vh irupdp frp hvwh hyhqwr, Olvwd gh erokdv gh edl{r +txh vrphp frp hvwh hyhqwr, î Hverå fr sulpdo +vlpsohvphqwh mxqwd d hvwuxwxud wrgd, Srqwhlurv sdud= Olvwd gh idwldv gh hvfdod Olvwd gh erokdv pxowl0hvfdod eudqfdv Olvwd gh erokdv pxowl0hvfdod suhwdv Olvwd gh hyhqwrv sdud erokdv eudqfdv Olvwdv gh hyhqwrv sdud erokdv suhwdv 488 489 FDSêLWXOR 461 DOJRULWPRV