Appendix III – The results
Table 1. Grammaticality judgment task on interrogative clauses
Consultants
Sentences
A1
A2
B3
A4
A5
A6
A7
B8
B9
(1) non D-linked (ken/kenha)
(2) D-linked [PL]
(3) non D-linked (ken/kenha)
(4) D-linked [PL]
(5) non D-linked (ken/kenha)
(6) non D-linked (kusé)
(7) (kusa)
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(8) ken … e[SG]
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Root SBJ
Embedded SBJ
Unaccusative V
‘doubling’
1
(9) D-linked[PL] … es[PL]
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(10) D-linked[PL] … el[SG]
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(11) D-linked
(12) kusa
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(13) kusé
(14) ki kusé
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(15) D-linked[PL] (ki)
(16) Vtransitive-SBJ
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(17) SBJ-Vtransitive
(18) kantu
(19) D-linked[PL] (kantu)
(20) kantu
(21) kusa
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(22) kusé
(23) D-linked[SG]
Root DO ‘doubling’
(24) kusé … el[SG]
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Embedded DO ‘doubling’
(25) kusé … el[SG]
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Root DO
Embedded DO
2
Root OBL
Embedded OBL
OBL extracted from V
complement
(26) D-linked[PL] … es[PL]
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(27) D-linked[PL] … el[SG]
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(28) Pied-piping (ku kenha)
(29) kenha … ku-el[SG]
(30) kenha … ku-es[PL]
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(31) D-linked[PL] … d’es[PL]
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(32) D-linked[PL] … d’el[SG]
*
(33) P-Chopping (di)
*
(34) D-linked[PL] … ku-el[SG]
(35) D-linked[PL] … ku-es[PL]
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(36) Pied-piping (ku D-linked)
(37) Pied-piping (ku kenha)
(38) kenha … ku-el[SG]
(39) D-linked[PL] … ku-es[PL]
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(40) Pied-piping (di kenha)
(41) kenha … d’el[SG]
(42) Pied-piping (ku kenha)
3
Root OBL(Modif.)
(43) kenha … ku-el[SG]
(44) modi (ki)
(45) pamodi (ki)
(46) pamodi (ki)
(47) Vcopulative-SBJ
(48) SBJ-Vcopulative
(49) undi ki
(50) Pied-piping (na undi ki)
(51) undi
?
(52) undi ki … n’el[SG]
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(53) Pied-piping (na undi ki)
(54) undi ki
(55) undi
(56) undi ki … n’el[SG]
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(57) Pied-piping (na ki N)
(58) D-linked[PL] … n’el[SG]
*
(59) D-linked[PL] … n’es[PL]
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Root OBL(NuclearLoc)
Root OBL(Modif.Loc)
4
Embedded OBL
SBJ-Vunaccusative
DO in situ
DOC
(60) undi ki
(61) Pied-piping (na undi ki)
(62) Pied-piping (na D-linked)
(63) P-Chopping
*
(64) D-linked[PL] … n’el[SG]
(65) D-linked[PL] … n’es[PL]
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(66) Vunaccusative-SBJ
*
*
(67) Expletive-Vunaccusative-SBJ
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(68) Vunaccusative-SBJ(D-linked[PL])
?
(69) kenha
(70) kusé
(71) kantu
(72) OBJ1 (kenha), OBJ2 (kusé)
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(73) OBJ2 (kusé) … OBJ1 (kenha)
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(74) OBJ1 (D-linked[PL]), OBJ2 (D-linked[PL])
??
*
*
*
*
*
*
??
??
(75) OBJ2(D-linked[PL])…OBJ1(D-linked[PL])
??
*
*
*
*
*
*
??
??
(76) OBJ1(D-linked[PL])…OBJ2 (D-linked[PL])
??
*
*
*
*
*
*
??
??
5
(77) ku kenha
(78) di kusé
(79) undi
(80) na/pa undi
(81) pamodi
(82) kusé
?
*
*
?
*
*
*
(83) kusa
Embedded OBL(Loc)
(84) undi
*
*
?
*
*
?
Root OBL(loc)
(85) undi
(86) Pied-piping (di ki N)
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(87) D-linked[PL] … d’es[PL]
(88) D-linked[PL] … d’el[SG]
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(89) P-Chopping (di)
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(90) kusé … d’es[PL]
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(91) kusé … d’el[SG]
(92) Pied-piping (ku ki N)
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(93) D-linked[PL] … ku-es[PL]
OBL in situ
Embed. DO in NP island
Subject island
Complex NP island
6
Adjunct island
(94) D-linked[PL] … ku-el[SG]
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(95) P-Chopping (ku)
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(96) kenha … ku-es[PL]
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(97) kenha … ku-el[SG]
(98) Pied-piping (ku ki N)
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(99) D-linked[PL] … ku-el[SG]
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(100) D-linked[PL] … ku-es[PL]
(101) P-Chopping (ku)
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(102) Pied-piping (ku kenha)
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(103) kenha … ku-es[PL]
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(104) kenha … ku-el[SG]
(105) Pied-piping (di ki modi)
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(106) modi ki … si
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
??
(107) Pied-piping (di ki modi)
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(108) modi ki … si
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(109) Pied-piping (di ki modi)
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(110) modi ki … si
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Wh-island
Inner (neg) island
Factive island
7
(111) Pied-piping (di ki modi)
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(112) modi ki … si
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(113) ∅
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(114) ma … Vunaccusative
(115) ki
*
*
*
??
??
?
*
(116) ma … Vtransitive
(117) DO (kusé) … [SBJ [DO --]]
(118) DO (kusé) … [[SBJ --] [DO --]]
(119) DO (kusé) in situ … [SBJ [DO --]]
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(120) Pied-piping DO (ku ki N) … [SBJ [DO --]]
(121) D-linked[PL] … ku-es[PL] [SBJ [DO --]]
*
*
*
*
??
(122) D-linked[PL] … ku-es[PL] [SBJ … es]]
*
(123) kenha … kusé
*
*
*
*
*
??
*
?
?
(124) kusé … kenha
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(125) kenha … undi
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(126) na undi … kenha
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(127) kenha … undi
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Extraposition island
Embedded Cº
Parasitic gaps
Superiority effects
8
(128) na undi … kenha
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(129) N[SG]i … N[SG]i … el[SG]i
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(130) N[PL]i … n[PL]i … es[PL]i
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Strong Crossover effects
9
Table 2. Grammaticality judgment task on relative clauses
Consultants
Sentences
A1
A2
B3
A4
A5
A6
A7
B8
B9
(1) SBJ [+Hum]
(2) SBJ [-Anim]
(3) DO [+Hum]
(4) DO [-Anim]
(5) OBJ1 – D-linked[SG]
(6) OBL – D-linked[PL]
(7) DO – D-linked[PL] … es[PL]
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(8) SBJ – D-linked[PL] … es[PL]
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(9) DO – D-linked[PL] … el[SG]
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(10) SBJ – D-linked[PL] … el[SG]
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(11) SBJ [+Hum]
(12) SBJ [-Anim]
(13) DO [+Hum]
(14) DO [-Anim]
SBJ
Restrictive
Relatives
DO
10
Restrictive
Relatives
OBJ1
OBL
(15) OBJ1 – D-linked[PL]
(16) OBL – D-linked[PL]
(17) DO – D-linked[PL] … es[PL]
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(18) DO – D-linked[SG] … el[SG]
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(19) DO – D-linked[PL] … el[SG]
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(20) SBJ [+Hum]
(21) SBJ [-Anim]
(22) DO [+Hum]
(23) DO [-Hum]
(24) OBJ1 – D-linked[PL]
(25) OBL – D-linked[PL]
(26) SBJ – D-linked[PL] … es[PL]
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(27) DO – D-linked[PL] … es[PL]
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(28) OBL – D-linked[PL] … el[SG]
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(29) Pied-piping (riba di)
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(30) Pied-piping (ku kenha)
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(31) OBJ1 – Pied-piping (ku kenha)
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
11
Restrictive
relatives
(32) OBJ1 – D-linked[PL] … es[PL]
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(33) OBL – Pied-piping (ku kenha)
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(34) SBJ – P-stranding
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(35) SBJ – D-linked[SG] … el[SG]
(36) DO – D-linked[PL] … el[SG]
*
*
(37) DO – D-linked[PL] … es[PL]
*
??
(38) DO – P-chopping
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(39) OBJ1 – D-linked[PL] … el[SG]
*
*
??
*
*
(40) OBJ1 – D-linked[PL] … es[PL]
*
*
??
*
*
(41) OBJ1 – P-chopping
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(42) OBL – D-linked[PL] … el[SG]
*
(43) OBL – D-linked[PL] … es[PL]
*
?
(44) OBL – P-chopping
*
?
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(45) SBJ [-Hum]
(46) SBJ [+Hum]
(47) SBJ [-Anim] … POSS
(48) SBJ [-Anim] … POSS
GEN
12
SBJ
Appositive
relatives
(49) SBJ – D-linked
(50) SBJ – Pronoun
(51) DO – D-linked
?
?
(52) DO – Pronoun
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(53) OBJ1 – Proper N
(54) OBL – Pronoun
(55) SBJ – D-linked[SG] … e[SG]
*
*
(56) DO – Pronoun[PL] … pronoun[PL]
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(57) SBJ – Pronoun[PL] … el[SG]
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(58) SBJ – Proper N
(59) SBJ – Pronoun
(60) SBJ – Coordinated Proper Ns
(61) SBJ – Coordinated Common Ns
(62) DO – Proper N
?
(63) OBJ1 – Proper N
*
*
*
(64) OBL – Pronoun
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(65) SBJ – Proper N … el[SG]
*
*
?
DO
13
(66) SBJ – Coordinated Proper Ns … es[PL]
*
*
?
(67) SBJ – Coordinated Proper Ns … el[SG]
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(68) SBJ – Pronoun
(69) DO – Proper N
(70) OBJ1 – Proper N
(71) OBL – Pronoun
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(72) SBJ – Pronoun[PL] … pronoun[PL]
*
?
(73) DO – Proper N[SG] … el[SG]
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(74) SBJ – Proper N
??
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(75) SBJ – Common N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(76) DO – Pied-piping
??
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(77) OBJ1 – Coordinated Ns … es[PL]
*
*
*
*
?
*
*
*
(78) OBL – D-linked[PL] … es[PL]
?
?
?
(79) SBJ – D-linked[SG] … el[SG]
(80) SBJ – Coordinated Ns … es[PL]
?
?
?
(81) SBJ – P-stranding
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(82) SBJ - D-linked[SG] … el[SG]
OBJ1
Appositive
relatives
OBL
14
GEN
SBJ island
Long wh-movement
Complex
NP island
Adjunct
island
(83) DO – D-linked[PL] … es[PL]
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(84) DO – D-linked[PL] … el[SG]
*
*
*
*
?
*
*
*
(85) DO – P-chopping
*
(86) SBJ – Proper N … POSS
(87) SBJ – Pronoun
(88) SBJ – Pronoun[SG] … pronoun[SG]
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(89) Pied-piping
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(90) D-linked[PL] … d’es[PL]
*
*
*
*
(91) D-linked[PL] … d’el[SG]
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(92) D-linked[PL] … d’es[PL]
*
*
*
*
(93) D-linked[PL] … d’el[SG]
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(94) D-linked[PL] … ku-es[PL]
*
*
(95) D-linked[PL] … ku-es[PL]
*
*
(96) D-linked[PL] … ku-el[SG]
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(97) D-linked[PL] … es[PL]
(98) Pied-piping
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(99) D-linked[PL] … ku-es[PL]
*
*
15
Wh-island
Successively
cyclic
movement
Inner
(negative)
island
Factive
island
(100) D-linked[PL] … el[SG]
*
*
*
??
*
*
*
*
(101) Pied-piping (na undi ki)
*
*
*
*
*
*
(102) undi ki
*
*
*
*
*
*
(103) undi
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(104) na undi ki … na el[SG]
*
*
*
*
*
*
(105) D-linked[SG] … el[SG]
*
*
*
*
*
*
(106) D-linked[PL] … ∅
(107) D-linked[PL] … es[PL]
*
*
(108) Pied-piping (na undi ki)
*
*
?
(109) undi ki
*
*
(110) undi
*
*
(111) na undi ki … na el[SG]
*
(112) D-linked[SG] … el[SG]
*
(113) D-linked[PL] … ∅
(114) D-linked[PL] … es[PL]
*
*
(115) na undi ki
*
??
(116) undi ki
*
16
(117) undi
*
(118) na undi ki … na el[SG]
*
*
*
(119) D-linked[SG] … el[SG]
*
*
*
(120) D-linked[PL] … ∅
(121) D-linked[PL] … es[PL]
?
*
(122) SBJ (ken)
(123) SBJ (kenha)
(124) DO (ken)
(125) DO (kenha)
(126) OBJ1 (ken)
?
(127) OBJ1 (kenha)
?
(128) OBL (ken)
(129) OBL (kenha)
(130) SBJ (ken … e[SG])
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(131) OBL (ken … e[SG])
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(132) SBJ (kantu)
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(133) DO (kantu)
*
*
SBJ
Free
relatives
DO
17
Free
relatives
(134) OBJ2 (kantu)
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(135) OBL (kantu)
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(136) SBJ (kantu … el[SG])
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(137) OBJ2 (kantu … el[SG])
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(138) SBJ (na undi ki)
(139) SBJ (undi ki)
(140) SBJ (undi)
(141) DO (na undi ki)
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(142) DO (undi ki)
*
*
*
(143) DO (undi)
(144) SBJ (undi ki … na el[SG])
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(145) DO (undi ki … na el[SG])
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(146) yes
(147) no
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(148) SBJ (kusa ki)
(149) SBJ (kusé ki)
*
*
(150) DO (kusa ki)
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
LOC
Matching effects
Semi-free
relatives
SBJ
18
DO
OBJ2
Non-finite
relatives
Nonreferential
Ns
(151) OBJ2 (kel ki)
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(152) OBL (kel ki)
*
(153) SBJ (kusa ki)
(154) DO (kusa ki)
(155) DO (kel ki)
(156) OBJ2 (kusa ki)
(157) OBL (kel ki)
(158) DO (kel ki)
(159) DO (kusa ki)
(160) DO (kusé ki)
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(161) ningen
(162) ningen
(163) algen
(164) tudu
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(165) nada
(166) algen … e[SG]
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(167) nada … el[SG]
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
19
Referential
Ns
N and Adj Complement
clauses
(168) Proper N
(169) Proper N
(170) ∅
(171) Proper N
*
(172) Proper N … e[SG]
(173) orijenti ki
?
*
*
(174) orijenti ma
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(175) dimiradu ki
*
*
*
(176) dimiradu ma
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(177) pusibi ki
(178) pusibi ma
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(179) verdadi … ki
(180) verdadi ... ma
*
*
*
*
(181) verdadi ki
?
*
??
(182) verdadi ma
*
*
*
*
*
(183) ipotis di
*
(184) ipotis pa
*
*
20
V complement clauses
Parasitic gaps in appositive
relatives
(185) bazofu di
??
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(186) speransa ki
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(187) speransa ma
(188) kunhisimentu ki
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(189) kunhisimentu ma
(190) idia di
(191) gana di
(192) sodadi di
(193) meste V
(194) meste di V
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(195) meste N
(196) meste di N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(197) D-linked[SG] … meste d’el[SG]
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(198) D-linked[PL] … ∅ [ [DO --]]
(199) D-linked[PL] … es[PL] [ [DO --]]
*
*
(200) D-linked[PL] … es[PL] [ [DO es[PL]]]
(201) Pied-piping, D-linked[PL] … ∅ [ [DO --]]
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
21
(202) D-linked[PL] … pa el[SG] [ [DO --]]
*
*
*
*
(203) D-linked[PL] … pa es[PL] [ [DO --]]
*
*
*
*
(204) D-linked[PL] … pa es[PL] [ [DO es[PL]]]
*
22