Reinventing Personal Urban Mobility:
EN-V (Electric Networked Vehicle)
Dr. Chris Borroni-Bird
Director, Advanced Technology Vehicle Concepts
(and EN-V Program),
General Motors
Challenges to Sustainable Auto Industry
•
Energy
•
Environment
•
Safety
•
Affordability
Megatrends: Urbanization and Aging
Source: UN Population Division
New York City: Personal Vehicle Ownership
New York City:
vehicle
ownership by
borough
Declined across
NYC between
1990-2006
Lowest in the
high population
density –
Manhattan
Highest in low
population
density Staten
Island
Source: NYDOT
% of households owning vehicles
Developing cities are the most densely populated
Source: Alain Bertaud (2002)
London
New York
Shanghai
Source: Mats Andersson,
World Bank (2005)
Population density (people/hectare)
Top 20 Megacities – Regional Transportation Policies
Delhi
Mumbai
Beijing
Bus Rapid
Transit Lanes
Charging
Moscow
2011
Metro/Subway
Congestion
Shanghai
Seoul
New York
London
Tokyo
2011
2011
Planned
Planned
2012
2012
Future
Planned
1 Week Day
1 week Day
1 Week Day
Ban
Ban
Ban*
Future
Parking Cuts
Road use
Yes
Charging/Ban
Future
EV/Hybrid
Incentives
Bicycle Lanes
CAFE
27.8mpg by
Energy and
Environmental
Standards
Not planned
Euro 4
Euro 4
Euro 4
Euro 4
Euro 3 Euro
4 by 2012
Euro 4
2011
5 by 2011
34.7 mpg
Existing currently
Source: Frost and Sullivan
* Voluntary no road usage incentive
Euro 4 Euro
by 2016
25%
reduction by
2015
Challenges to Sustainable Auto Industry
•
Energy
•
Environment
•
Safety
•
Accessibility
•
Congestion
Urban Mobility
•
Parking
Same
for 100 years
What Type of “Car” does the City need?
No
City
Pollution
Objectives
(air,
noise)
Safety
Renewable
for
energy
All
sources
road
users
Faster,
Reduced
more
parking
predictable
space
travel times
requirements
Electrification and Connectivity
Future Car
Future City
Accessibility
Beautiful
for
Urban
All
Design
New Automotive DNA
CURRENT DNA
NEW DNA
Energized by
Petroleum
Energized by
Electricity and Hydrogen
Powered Mechanically by
Internal Combustion Engine
Powered Electrically by Electric Motors
Controlled
Mechanically
Controlled
Electronically
Vehicle Application Map
New Automotive DNA
CURRENT DNA
NEW DNA
Energized by
Petroleum
Energized by
Electricity and Hydrogen
Powered Mechanically by
Internal Combustion Engine
Powered Electrically by Electric Motors
Controlled
Mechanically
Controlled
Electronically
Stand-alone
“Connected”
Total Dependence
on the Driver
Semi/Full Autonomous Driving
Autonomous Approach and Features
•
Automated
parking/retrieval using
smartphone
•
Vehicle platooning
between EN-Vs
•
Collision Avoidance
with other EN-Vs and
with people
New Automotive DNA
CURRENT DNA
NEW DNA
Energized by
Petroleum
Energized by
Electricity and Hydrogen
Powered Mechanically by
Internal Combustion Engine
Powered Electrically by Electric Motors
Controlled
Mechanically
Controlled
Electronically
Stand-alone
“Connected”
Total Dependence
on the Driver
Semi/Full Autonomous Driving
Vehicle Sized for Maximum Use –
People and Cargo
Vehicle Tailored to
Specific Use
EN-V: Comparison with conventional cars
A
typical car
A
typicalEN
-V*
Mass (kg)
1,500
500
Occupancy (# seats)
6
2
Footprint (m2)
10
3
Maximum speed
(km/h)
200
50
Propulsion output (kW)
200
10
Driving range (km)
500
50
Energy consumption (Wh/km)
1,000
100
Well-to-wheels CO2 emissions
(g /km), based on US electricity
mix
500
50
* Not the exact performance of current EN-V
Reinventing the Automobile
for Urban Mobility (EN-V)
Design
Ultra-small vehicle is easy to
maneuver and park
and is inherently affordable
and clean
Small vehicle is easy to park at public transport
stations, encouraging more use of public transport
Electrification
Reinventing
Personal
Urban
Mobility
Connectivity
Battery propulsion provides
Wireless communications
zero emissions and encourages
helps to avoid collisions
diverse , renewable energy sources
and optimize throughput
Electric Vehicles can be
charged at key locations, such as
public transport stations,
and parking lots
Wireless communications
can co-ordinate with public
transport or can help to locate
nearest vehicle
The EN-V vision is Freedom
•
Freedom from pollution
•
Freedom from petroleum
•
Freedom from accidents
•
Freedom of movement
•
Freedom of expression
EN-V: A Design Renaissance
Summary
•
Automobile usage in cities is common because it has some valued
advantages over walking/cycling and over public transport
•
For urban use, today’s automobile is over-engineered
•
By reinventing the automobile, it is possible to preserve its benefits
(safety, security, comfort, convenience, utility, freedom of route and schedule)
while significantly reducing the side-effects in urban use
(energy, environment, safety, congestion, parking, affordability, accessibility)
•
The same enablers (electrification, connectivity and vehicle design) can
also create new opportunities for seamlessly integrating personal and
public transport
In memory of
Professor
Bill Mitchell
(1944-2010)