Scientific registration no : 1734
Symposium no : 40
Presentation : poster
Urban solid waste compost application in sandy soil:
micronutrients and heavy metals in the soil and plants
Epandage de compost d’ordures ménagères en sol
sableux : oligoéléments et métaux lourds dans le sol et
les plantes
ALVES LOPEZ William, MELO Wanderley, FERREIRA Manoel
FCAV/UNESP Departamento de solos e adubos, Rodovia Carlos Tonnani, km5, 14870000 Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brasil.
Introduction
The urban garbage recycling is a practice which objectives the environmental
preservation and improvement of life quality in the urban centers, besides allowing the
return of nutrients to the alimentary chain (Matiazzo-Prezotto, 1992).
The chemical composition of the urban garbage gather three main materials
groups: plastics, metals and glasses; biodegradable organic materials and no recycled
materials, contain heavy metals and another materials, all with highly power pollution.
Organic materials, by specific process as compost pile process, can originate
stable products (garbage compost) whose composition suggests that their incorporation
to agricultural soils can generate benefits as conditioning soil properties and source of
nutrients to plants.
The objective of this research was verify the behavior of the urban garbage
compost when incorporated to soil cultivated with sugarcane.
Material and Methods
The experiment was installed in March, 1996, under greenhouse conditions, in
Jaboticabal county, State of São Paulo, Brazil. The soil was Typic Haplorthox. Two
weeks before the planting, soil was limed with calcium carbonate p.a. (3.12 Mg ha-1) to
increase the basis saturation to 70 %.
The garbage compost was obtained in a Plant treatment garbage, Assis county,
State of São Paulo and presented the following chemical characteristics: moisture =
29.20%; N total = 15.5 g kg-1; P = 0.1 g kg-1; K = 4.85 g kg-1; Ca = 17.8 g kg-1; Mg =
3.1 g kg-1; Fe = 28.7 g kg-1; Cu = 220 mg kg-1; Mn = 381 mg kg-1; Cr = 32 mg kg-1; Zn =
592 mg kg-1; Ni = 22 mg kg-1; Pb = 159 mg kg-1; Cd = 3 mg kg-1. The treatments tested
were 0, 5, 10, 20, 40 and 80 Mg ha-1 garbage compost rates.
The experimental design was a completely randomized with four replication. The
experimental plot consisted of a lisimeter constructed with a PVC tube with diameter of
1
14.4 cm and height of 29.0 cm. The evapotranspirated water was compensated with
distillated water added daily at 100 ml day-1 pot-1 (6 mm day-1). The sugarcane variety
was a SP80-4445. The plants were obtained from a clone by tissue culture technique,
supplied by Association of Sugarcane Suppliers from Paranapanema Valley, State of São
Paulo.
Samples of shoot and root were taken when the experiment was over (eighty
days after planting). This materials were washed with water, 1N HCl solution (only
roots), distillated water and deionized water, oven-dried (60-70o C), grinded and
analyzed in relation to N, S, Ca, Mg and K contents (Sarrurge & Haag, 1974).
The soil samples were air-dried, sieved (< 2 mm) and analyzed in relation to
fertility level (Van Raij et al. (1987).
The results obtained were analyzed by statistical polynomial regression according
to Banzato & Kronka (1995).
Results and Discussion
At the time experiment was over (80 days after planting) the dry matter
production by shoot (R = 0.90**) and root (R = 0.79*) was significantly correlated with
the urban garbage compost rates (Figure 1).
The largest dry matter production was obtained with 80 Mg ha-1 urban garbage
compost rate.
9
8
7
g
6
shoot dry matter
5
y = 0,0377x + 5,3934
4
root dry matter
3
y = 0,0208x + 5,462
2
1
0
0
5
10
20
40
80
compost rates (Mg ha -1)
Figure 1. Dry matter production by the shoot and root of sugarcane cropped in soil
tested with urban garbage compost.
The result of dry matter production was according to Hallmark & Brown (1993)
and Hallmark et al (1993) for sugarcane and Moraes et al (1997) for corn and oat.
Nitrogen, sulfur and potassium contents in the roots showed statistical linear
correlation with compost increasing rates (Table 1). The lack to response of sugarcane to
N mineral fertilizer (Sampaio et al, 1984) and the data have obtained suggest that the
main source of nitrogen to the plant is the organic matter mineralization.
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Table 1 - N, S, Ca, Mg e K root content in sugar cane cropped in soil added of urban
garbage increasing rates.
Treatments
N
S
Ca
Mg
K
-1
-1
Mg ha
----------------------------------------- g kg -----------------------------------0
11.3
2.73
3.26
1.00
13.33
5
9.9
2.39
2.75
0.95
12.68
10
9.9
2.56
2.81
1.04
11.60
20
9.8
2.52
2.70
0.86
12.69
40
11.5
2.76
2.70
0.90
15.55
80
13.0
3.07
2.45
0.93
17.96
Regression (1)
L
L
C
C
L
v.c. %
15.65
11.46
20.79
11.85
13.15
R
0.80*
0.83**
0.92ns
0.68ns
0.92**
L = linear; C = cubic; ns = no significance; * (P < 0.05); ** (P < 0.01).
Potassium content in the shoot increased with increasing rates of compost (Table
2) while nitrogen and magnesium content were not significantly affected. Increasing
compost rates reduced calcium and sulfur content. This behavior probably was caused by
the demand to these nutrients by bigger plants (Anderson & Bowen, 1992).
Table 2 - N, S, Ca, Mg e K shoot content in sugar cane cropped in soil added with urban
garbage increasing rates.
Treatments
N
S
Ca
Mg
K
Mg ha-1
-------------------------------------- g kg-1-------------------------------------
0
8.8
2.51
6.15
2.20
5
7.3
2.52
6.59
2.29
10
6.4
2.48
5.70
1.91
20
7.3
2.47
6.04
2.10
40
7.5
2.24
5.28
2.08
80
8.5
2.10
5.31
2.06
Regression
C
L
L
C
v.c. %
15.76
13.30
10.39
16.76
R
0.85ns
0.97*
0.77**
0.56ns
L = linear; C = cubic; ns = no significance; * (P < 0,05); ** (P < 0,01).
10.24
8.93
11.75
11.95
13.25
16.36
L
26.92
0.95**
The chemical characteristics of soil samples were influenced by different compost
rates; pH, P, K, Ca and Mg available contents were increased with compost increasing
rates, but H+Al was reduced (Table 3), what is according to Mazur et al (1983) and
Parra et al (1997).
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Table 3 – Soil chemical properties when the experiment was over (80 days after the
urban garbage compost incorporation to the soil.
K
Ca
Mg
H+Al
Treatments
P resin
Organic
pH
Matter
CaCl2
Mg ha-1
mg dm-3
g dm-3
--------------------mmolc dm-3 --------------------0
25.8
15.0
5.9
0.80
32.5
2.0
16.0
5
29.8
15.0
6.1
0.75
36.0
2.0
15.5
10
25.5
13.5
6.0
0.90
35.0
2.0
16.0
20
27.5
14.0
6.2
0.95
34.0
2.0
15.3
40
29.3
14.0
6.3
1.23
36.8
3.0
15.0
80
34.3
15.0
6.5
1.95
41.8
4.0
14.0
Regression
L
Q
Q
L
L
C
L
v.c. %
15.96
5.42
1.05
21.69
5.26
1.88
3.70
R
0.86*
0.74*
0.97*
0.99** 0.92** 0.99** 0.96**
L = linear; Q = quadratic; C = cubic; * (P < 0,05); ** (P < 0,01).
Organic matter content decreased when rates from 0 to 10 Mg ha-1 was
incorporated to the soil, maintained from 10 to 40 Mg ha-1 and increased when the rate
was 80 Mg ha-1. The reduction observed was consequence of organic matter
mineralization process during the period of plant development. The increase observed is
an indicative that 80 Mg ha-1 supplied organic matter in amounts bigger than the soil
mineralization capacity, especially in the studied period.
In relation to control, the potassium was increased 144% in the soil, 35% in the
roots and in the shoots.
With 80 Mg ha-1 rate of urban garbage compost, potassium was uptake in
amounts bigger than the best levels to sugar cane plants ( Anderson & Bowen, 1992).
Conclusions
1. The addition of urban garbage compost to soil increased the dry matter production by
the sugarcane variety SP80-4445.
2. Increasing urban garbage rate increased N, S and K root and K shoot contents, but
decreased S and Ca shoot contents.
3. P, K, Ca and Mg available content in the soil were increased with the urban garbage
compost increasing rates and reduced H+Al.
4. K was the nutrient which more increases with the different rates of compost (pant and
soil).
5. The best results were obtained when 80 Mg ha-1 of urban garbage compost was
incorporated to the soil.
References
Anderson, D.L. and Bowen, J.E. 1992. Nutrição da cana-de-açúcar. 40 p. POTAFOS,
Piracicaba.
Banzato, D.A. and Kronka, S.N. 1995. Experimentação agrícola, 3. ed. 247 p. FUNEP,
Jaboticabal.
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Hallmark, W.B. and Brown, L.P. 1993. Effect of composted municipal waste and
sugarmill waste on sugarcane yield parameters. Sugarcane Research (Louisiana),
Annual Progress Report: 158-163.
Hallmark, W.B. Feagley, S.E., Breitenbeck, G.A., Wan, X. and Brown, L.P. 1993.
Effect of composted municipal waste on sugarcane production and fertilizer
requirements. Sugarcane Research (Louisiana), Annual Progress Report: 164-172.
Mattiazzo-Prezotto, M.E. 1992. Química Ambiental e Agronomia. p. 157-178. In Symp.
Proc.: Reunião Brasileira de Fertilidade do Solo, 20, Piracicaba. Universidade de São
Paulo.
Mazur, N., Veloso, A. C. X. and Santos G. A. 1983. Efeito do composto de resíduo
urbano no pH e alumínio trocável em solo ácido. Revista Brasileira de Ciência do
Solo (Campinas) 7:157-159.
Moraes, S.P., Selbach, P.A., Camargo, F.A.O., Gianello, C. and Tedesco, M.J. 1997.
Avaliação da adição contínua de composto de lixo urbano sobre o rendimento das
culturas. In Symp. Proc.: Congresso Brasileiro de Ciência do Solo, 26. Aug.04-08
1997, Rio de Janeiro.
Parra, S.; Oliveira, E.L. and Costa, A. 1997. Potencial agronômico do composto de lixo
urbano. In: Congresso Brasileiro de Ciência do Solo, 26, Rio de Janeiro.
Sampaio, E. V. S. B., Salcedo, I. H., Bettany, J. 1984. Dinâmica de nutrientes em cana
de açúcar. I. Eficiência na utilização da uréia em aplicação única e parcelada.
Pesquisa agropecuária brasileira (Brasília) 19:943-949.
Sarruge, J.R., Haag, H.P. Análises química em plantas. Piracicaba: ESALQ/USP, 1974.
56 p.
Raij van, B. et al. Análise química do solo para fins de fertilidade. Campinas: Instituto
Agronômico, 1987. 170 p.
Keywords: urban waste, compost, heavy metal, micronutrients
Mots clés : ordure ménagère, compost, métaux lourds, oligoéléments
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