ISSN 1980-7694 ON-LINE THE INFLUENCE OF URBAN EVOLUTION ON THE URBAN FORESTION OF ERECHIM,
SOUTHERN BRAZIL
Michele de Oliveira1, Camila Peretti1, Jean Carlos Budke1, Suzana Cyrino dos Santos1, Thiely Corazza1, Solange
Gomes1, Franciele Rosset de Quadros2, Vanderlei Secretti Decian2, Elisabete Maria Zanin2 3
ABSTRACT
The knowledge of how urban afforestation is planned contributes to understanding the way the community
interacts with the environment. This understanding is a useful tool to organize and manage urban afforestation.
In this sense, this study aimed to address two main issues: how urban afforestation has been conducted in
Erechim, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, and how these factors influenced tree planning. To answer these
questions, we analyzed records of the history of Erechim and compared photographs obtained in different
locations and times. The first records of photographs related to the urban afforestation at Erechim are from the
1920s. We verified that exotic species predominated from 1920 to 1970. These species had a symmetric and
linear design, which reflected the high influence of the afforestation style of European tendencies. After the
1980s, we observe a predominance of local species, currently native species receive a higher value in tree
planting projects on the streets Erechim.
Key-words: public roads; urban landscape; urban planning.
REFLEXOS DA EVOLUÇÃO URBANA SOBRE A ARBORIZAÇÃO EM ERECHIM, SUL DO BRASIL
RESUMO
O conhecimento da maneira pela qual a arborização urbana é planejada contribui para a compreensão da
sociedade e de sua relação com o ambiente, sendo fundamental para a organização e manejo eficiente da
arborização contemporânea. Em vista disso, o presente trabalho buscou responder a duas questões principais:
como a arborização urbana foi conduzida em Erechim, Rio Grande do Sul, ao longo de sua história e quais
fatores influenciaram nesta condução. Para responder a estas questões, realizou-se uma revisão bibliográfica da
história do município e uma análise de fotografias de diversos pontos da cidade desde a época da colonização até
os dias atuais. Os primeiros registros fotográficos relacionados à arborização urbana de Erechim datam da
década de 1920. Verificou-se que nas décadas de 1920 a 1970 predominaram o uso de espécies exóticas e de
formas simétricas e lineares, com estilo paisagístico fortemente associado à colonização europeia. A partir da
década de 1980, verificou-se maior uso de espécies da flora regional, culminando com a maior valorização de
espécies nativas no final do período.
Palavras-chave: paisagem urbana; planejamento urbano; vias públicas.
1
Laboratório de Sistemática e Ecologia vegetal – ECOSSIS, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, URI – Campus de Erechim. Av. Sete de Setembro 1621, Erechim, RS, Brasil CEP 99700‐000. E‐mail: [email protected] 2
Laboratório de Geoprocessamento e Planejamento Ambiental – LAGEPLAM, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, URI – Campus de Erechim. Av. Sete de Setembro 1621, Erechim, RS, Brasil CEP 99700‐000. 3
recebido em 19.06.2012 e aceito para publicação em 15.06.2013 Soc. Bras. de Arborização Urbana REVSBAU, Piracicaba – SP, v.8, n.2, p 93‐109, 2013 INTRODUCTION
In Brazil, urban afforestation started to be part of
urban planning at the end of the 20
th
In addition to the benefits inherent to afforestation,
century
the use of native species results in important
(MENEGHETTI, 2003), as the republic system was
environmental, aesthetic and cultural gains for
installed in the country and administrations started
cities (MACHADO et al., 2006). Silva & Perelló
to be concerned with progress and the rational
(2010) and Kabashima et al. (2011) emphasize the
organization of the society and the use of urban
contribution of native species to maintain regional
spaces. For many years, the pattern for urban
biodiversity. Native species are better adapted to
landscaping in Brazil followed the trends adopted
the climatic and soil local conditions and provide
in Europe and North America, using exotic species
food and shelter to the fauna, contributing to the
in tree planting programs. Many species used were
preservation
ligustro
Aiton),
(BORTOLETO, 2004; DANTAS e SOUZA, 2004).
cinamomo (Melia azedarach L.), plátano (Platanus
Urbanization can affect ecological processes of an
occidentalis L.) and extremosa (Lagerstroemia
area as it modifies the physical and biotic structure
indica L.). Several studies show the predominance
of the environment, changing the availability of
of exotic species over native ones in urban
resources offered (BRUN et al., 2007). The use of
afforestation in Brazilian cities (ANDRETTA et al.,
native species also contributes to mitigate the
2011; RUSCHEL and LEITE, 2002; MELO and
impact of urbanization processes, promoting the
SEVERO, 2010).
regional flora and ensuring the availability of
In the 1940s, the first signals of changes in the
resources to the fauna. Urban afforestation,
concept for the use of free spaces in Brazilian cities
therefore, plays a very important role in urban
start to show. Burle Marx, one the greatest urbanists
ecosystems (PIVETTA and SILVA FILHO, 2002).
(Ligustrum
lucidum
W.
T.
th
of
the
urban
environment
of the 20 century, broke away from the traditional
It provides dynamics to the built-up landscape of
schools and started a movement to value native
cities, allowing improvements of aesthetic and
vegetation, which was hitherto disregarded in
environmental features and, consequently, quality
landscaping projects (BORTOLETO, 2004; SILVA
of life resulting in environmental comfort and
et al., 2007; MEDEIROS, 2009). After the 1990s,
welfare for the urban population (SILVA, 2008;
awareness of issues related to environmental
PAIVA, 2009).
aspects started arose, in part due to the approval of
In each moment in history, the occupation and
Agenda 21 by the United Nations Conference for
evolution processes of societies contribute to the
Environment and Development in 1992, which
formation of the landscape characteristic. As the
highlighted the sustainable construction of cities
cultural, social, economic and political processes
and biodiversity preservation (MARCONDES,
change, the perception of the environment also
1999). The focus was to search for an urban
changes. Therefore, urban landscaping, which is a
landscaping model that prioritized the use of native
result of the interaction between natural elements
species in urban afforestation.
and anthropogenic activities, does not organize
itself at random and is constantly transforming.
Michele de Oliveira et al. 94 Soc. Bras. de Arborização Urbana REVSBAU, Piracicaba – SP, v.8, n.2, p 93‐109, 2013 Afforestation, as part of the urban landscapes,
compose the urban environment. In this sense, this
follows
2004;
study addressed two issues: how urban afforestation
FÜNFGELT, 2004; SCHMIDT, 2005). Thus,
evolved in the city of Erechim, Rio Grande do Sul
understanding
State, Brazil, and the factors that influenced its
this
evolution
the
(BERTRAND,
process
through
which
afforestation develops contributes to learning about
evolution.
the society and its relation with the elements that
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Study site
The municipality of Erechim is located in the North
maximum in January (25.5 ºC). Rains are well
of Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, in the region
distributed along the year and the average
known as Alto Uruguai, between 27°29’06” to
precipitation is 1,912.3 mm.year-1 (BERNARDI
27°47’09” S and 52°08’43” to 52°21’03” W. Its
and BUDKE, 2010).
average altitude is 768 m and total area 42,585.3 ha,
Geologically, the Alto Uruguai region is on basalt-
with 5.8% of this total in the urban area
zone capping sandstone of Paraná, formed by
(ERECHIM, 2011).
igneous effusion. The clayey Oxisol predominates,
Data from the Meteorological Station of Erechim
which is deep and well drained, allowing the
for
2005,
development of large forest formations interspersed
characterizes the region as transition between Cfa
with grasslands. The region is in the Atlantic forest
and Cfb in the Köppen classification. The average
biome,
annual temperature is 17.6 ºC, with the lowest
Semideciduous Forest and an Araucaria Forest
temperature observed in June (12.7 ºC) and
(JARENKOW e BUDKE, 2009).
the
period
between
1976
and
in
a
transition
zone
between
a
Method
We carried out a review of historical data of
The criteria used in the analysis of photographs
Erechim, focusing on the aspects related to urban,
were: i) architectonic and landscaping elements and
architectonic and landscaping aspects of each
their position; ii) the relationship between the
period. Although the historical events are well
elements and the urban context; iii) changes that
documented, there are few reports for afforestation
occurred along the time. Whenever possible, we
or landscaping projects for the city. Thus, we used
also identified the tree species used in the urban
the
afforestation. We analyzed nearly 400 photographs
analysis
of
photographs
as
the
main
investigation method, given that the image is visual
from
and does not require mental imagination like the
colonization times to present date. The Arquivo
written reports (Possamai, 2005).
Histórico Municipal Juarez Miguel Illa Font
different
parts
of
Erechim
since
the
THE INFLUENCE OF URBAN EVOLUTION ON… Soc. Bras. de Arborização Urbana REVSBAU, Piracicaba – SP, v.8, n.2, p 93‐109, 2013 95 provided the photographs, which were analyzed
considered green areas (LIMA, 1994) and not part
according to their historical context.
of the urban afforestation per se, in this study, they
Urban afforestation comprises vegetation cover of
were considered as such.
tree species related to three inter-correlated factors:
Based on the analysis of photographs and criteria
public green areas, private green areas and street
adopted, we divided the study period into three
afforestation (MELLO FILHO, 1985; KIRCHNER
times, following the architectonic changes reflected
et al., 1990; LORUSSO, 1992). Although squares,
on the urban afforestation for each period.
gardens, parks and medians of larger size are also
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Before colonization
The Alto Uruguai region was originally covered by
leaves went to the Alto Uruguai region to explore
large Araucaria Forests (Araucaria angustifolia
mate trees in the region.
(Bertol.) Kuntze) interspersed by grasslands. For
The northern region of Rio Grande do Sul State was
many centuries, the Caingangs Indians, who
difficult to be inhabited due to the scarps of the
practiced agriculture and hunting and collected
Serra Geral in the South and the Uruguai River in
natural elements, like the jatropha fruit, inhabited
the North. The official occupation of the region,
these forests. The grasslands in the southern part of
encouraged by the state government, started only in
the region were dwelled by the Charruas Indians,
the
who lived on the hunting and fruits, but they did not
Proclamation of the Republic on November 15,
practice agriculture (CESE, 1979; SOUZA, 2000).
1889.
During the 17th century, pioneer expeditions
The delineation of the lands in the Alto Uruguai
penetrated the forests that stretched from the region
region started in 1904, together with the works to
of Mato Português and Castelhano to the borderline
implement the railroad São Paulo – Rio Grande. In
with what is known today as the Paraná State,
this period, an expedition led by Marcelino Ramos
through the Passo do Goyo-En, in the Uruguai
found the first house in the region, as he was
River (PAIVA, 1951). Some pioneers were left
delineating the railroad path. He noted down in his
behind and established themselves as landowners in
notepad the area and designated it as Paiol Grande
the region. Later, fugitives from justice and the
(ILLA FONT, 1983).
Farroupilha (1853-1845) and Federalista (1893-
Paiol Grande as described by the engineers and land
1895) revolutions joined the pioneer descendents
surveyors in the early 1900s did not even compose
and Indian communities (CESE, 1979). These first
a village. A few houses were randomly distributed
inhabitants lived on subsistence agriculture, mate
in the middle of the forest and there was no distinct
extraction (Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil.) cattle
borderline for the lands. The roads were precarious
raising. Occasionally, groups in search for mate
and scarce and the most common means of
19th
century
and
intensified
after
the
transportation was cattle cars that moved along the
Michele de Oliveira et al. 96 Soc. Bras. de Arborização Urbana REVSBAU, Piracicaba – SP, v.8, n.2, p 93‐109, 2013 tracks opened in the forest. The only vegetation
the entire region.
cover was the native forest that covered practically
1910s: railroads and colonization
The Erechim colony was created on October 6,
planned a rationally organized city, inspired by
1908, following the suggestion of the Carlos Torres
characteristics of cities like Washington D.C.
Gonçalves, which was his first project as the head
(USA), Paris (France) and London (England), with
of Directory for Lands and Colonization. Paiol
large, long and afforested avenues and linear
Grande was to become the first planned city in Rio
symmetric streets surrounded by squares. This
Grande do Sul State (Figure 1). Influenced by the
planning prioritized geometry and uniformity of
prevailing urbanistic trends of the 19th and 20th
streets
centuries and by positivist ideas, Torres Gonçalves
beautification of the city.
and
construction
and
landscape
Figure 1. Railroad Station of Paiol Grande in 1912, built in the middle of forest remnants.
However, Torres Gonçalves’s plan was concluded
The implementation of Torres Gonçalves’s road
only in 1914, when a prosperous village had
plan caused a change in the landscape. Several
already been formed around the railroad station,
constructions were displaced, once they had been
opened in 1910. The first house preserved the
built in spaces allocated for streets and avenues
architectonic
low
(PAIVA, 1951; WEBER, 1951). The irregular
constructions, typically European. They were made
topography made it difficult to implement the
of wood, simple and modest, with a typical
streets in a symmetric design; therefore, earthworks
vegetable garden and an orchard. The streets made
and embankment works were carried out in several
by the first immigrants were irregular, did not
places in the following decades.
follow a defined path and showed no concern with
The analysis of the photographs allowed to observe
afforestation. Trees had to be removed for the
the abundance of araucarias (A. angustifolia) in the
development of the population; therefore, the forest
forests in the region. In the early years of
that covered the region was being cut down to give
colonization, some of these trees were left behind
way to the new constructions.
whenever the forest was cut, even near the urban
style
of
facades
and
THE INFLUENCE OF URBAN EVOLUTION ON… Soc. Bras. de Arborização Urbana REVSBAU, Piracicaba – SP, v.8, n.2, p 93‐109, 2013 97 areas, because families used the jatropha fruit as
agricultural productivity due to the high soil
food source until their crops started to produce. The
fertility resulted in an intense economic dynamics.
cedar tree (Cedrela fissilis Vell.) was also abundant
This condition was reflected in a constant concern
and its exploration became of the main economic
for the beautification of the city. The wooden
activities in the region, once its wood was highly
houses became more elaborated with gardens. The
appreciated and had high commercial value.
first initiatives for urban afforestation started at the
In the mid 1910s, the first settlers were relatively
end of the 1910s with several road paths afforested
well
with plátano (P. occidentalis).
settled.
Lumber
exploration
and
high
1920s: political emancipation
In 1918, the Colony of Erechim obtained political
distances in a straight line. The photographs show
emancipation. The lumber industry and mate
that the seedlings were selected because they
exports and agricultural products led Paiol Grande
showed similar heights and were mostly of exotic
to become one of the most prosperous villages in
species.
northern Rio Grande do Sul State, and it was
The preferred species were plátano (P. occidentalis)
chosen as center of the new municipality. With the
and
emancipation, the village was named “Boa Vista”,
azedarach)
and the municipality was given the name Boa Vista
photographs at this time; however, it was not used
do Erechim in 1922.
in the afforestation of the central region of the city.
In the 1920s (Figure 2), wooden constructions rich
Native species, such as ipê (Tabebuia spp.) and
in decoration elements sprung up. On the main
jerivá (Syagrus romanzoffiana (Cham.) Glassman)
avenue, there was a tendency for a better use of
were also identified; however, they were more
spaces and constructions were closer to each other
common in backyards of houses than in street
and near the sidewalks. The trees were planted
afforestation.
ligustro
(L.
started
lucidum).
to
be
Cinamomo
identified
in
(M.
the
about two meters away from the curb, at equal
Figure 2. Bandeira Square in 1920 showing several glossy privet trees and surrounded by simple unpaved streets
with plane trees in an asymmetrical design.
Michele de Oliveira et al. 98 Soc. Bras. de Arborização Urbana REVSBAU, Piracicaba – SP, v.8, n.2, p 93‐109, 2013 The native vegetation continued present in the
At the end of the 1920s, some medians were
surroundings of the city; however, more permeated
afforested
in
the
photographs of this period show a practice that later
development of the several populations of timbó
became a tradition: drastic pruning of tree species at
(Ateleia glazioveana Baill.) in many parts of the
the winter beginning. Several hypotheses can be
city. This species is considered pioneer, aggressive
raised; however, none of them explained the reason
and characteristics of secondary vegetation (REITZ
for this practice.
clearings.
The
photographs
show
with
ligustro
(L.
lucidum).
The
et al., 1983), which justifies its large occurrence in
the region.
1930s: great fires and Belle Époque
The 1930s were marked by great changes in the
afforestation with ligustros (L. lucidum), and the
urban landscape of the central area of the city. In
square received flowerbeds and a hedge of Buxus
the early years of the decade, the state government
sempervirens L. (Figure 3).
determined a change to Torres Gonçalves’s original
In December 1930, Amintas Maciel was elected
plan. The project was signed by Diumier Schneider
mayor of Erechim and was determined to give the
and Longines Malinowski and presented the idea
city a new design, more appropriate for its
for a city-garden of Ebenezer Howard, with the
development. The Bandeira square was remodeled
street design considering the level curves, as the
with a double line of cemented paths shaped like
most adapted to the local topography. The
ellipsis and large sidewalk to delineate its areas,
symmetric design was maintained in the central
which received light poles with underground wires
area (FÜNFGELT, 2004), where we can observe
and new afforestation (ILLA FONT, 1983).
Figure 3: Bandeira Square after the renovations implemented during the administration of Mayor Amintas
Maciel (1930s).
The landscaping and architectonic renovations were
three great fires occurred and destroyed part of the
not limited to the square. Between 1931 and 1933,
city center. Mayor Amintas Maciel had forbidden
THE INFLUENCE OF URBAN EVOLUTION ON… Soc. Bras. de Arborização Urbana REVSBAU, Piracicaba – SP, v.8, n.2, p 93‐109, 2013 99 the
construction
and
renovation
of wooden
with nature and perceived the urban environment as
buildings in the city center; therefore, the buildings
a cultural and intellectual center for the society.
were demolished and built in bricks (Figure 4).
This emphasis on nature was reflected a constant
The new buildings displayed two architectonic
concern with the beautification of the streets and
styles, both French, however very distinct: Art
squares through afforestation. The medians of some
Nouveau and Art Decó. Art Nouveau was part of the
streets of Erechim were afforested with ligustros (L.
movement known as Belle Époque, started in
lucidum). This species was largely used in urban
th
France at the end of the 19 century as a reaction to
afforestation because of their pleasant scent and fast
the degradation to the urban environment and living
growth.
conditions caused by the industrial revolution. This
plátanos (P. occidentalis) that had been planted in
style highlights the aesthetic beauty, the harmony
the 1920s no longer appeared in the photographs,
In the late 1930s, the individuals of
showing that they had been removed.
Figure 4. Maurício Cardoso Avenue (1930) with plátanos (P. occidentalis) in urban afforestation resembling the
French boulevards.
Still at the end of the 1930s, the Art Decó style, or
intensified in this period and was marked by the
decoration art, started to be used. It started in
exports of large logs, mainly from pine and cedar
Europe, post World War I, and was marked by
trees, to Argentina, through riverboats down the
simplicity and strong presence of geometry, with
Uruguai River (TEDESCO and WENTZ, 2007;
the predominance of vertical lines (SEGAWA,
WENTZ, 2004). This commercial exploration of
1999). The buildings of Art Decó became popular
the forests in the region was known as the “lumber
and were built side by side near streets with no
cycle”.
afforestation.
economic center in the region.
Erechim
had
become
an
important
The photographs show the reduction of the forests
that surrounded the city. The lumber industry
1940s: Art Decó
Michele de Oliveira et al. 100 Soc. Bras. de Arborização Urbana REVSBAU, Piracicaba – SP, v.8, n.2, p 93‐109, 2013 In the 1940s, the main avenue had its buildings
at the end of the 1930s, the buildings were built
replaced again. The owners of the buildings did not
near the sidewalks, which had no afforestation. The
hesitate to demolish and rebuild the buildings
“green curtains” formed by trees lined up along the
following their constant desire for modernity
sidewalks, highly appreciated in the 1920s,
(SOUZA, 2000). The new buildings were built in
disappeared
the Art Decó, the style that predominated until the
photographs. The flowerbed of Maurício Cardoso
end of the decade (Figure 5). Modern architecture
Avenue are delineated by round-edged sidewalks,
had two objectives: quickness and facility to build.
which had grass, ligustros (L. lucidum) and
The Art Decó style with its symmetric and regular
extremosas (L. indica) in the central part. The trees
lines and simple designs inspired by geometric
were planted symmetrically: one individual of
shapes satisfied both objectives (SEGAWA, 1999).
ligustro (L. lucidum) on each edge and two
The geometry and simplicity of Art Decó reflected
individuals of extremosas (L. indica) in between,
on the urban afforestation. Similar to the buildings
separated by the light pole.
almost
completely
from
the
Figure 5: Absence of forestation on sidewalks and occurrence of glossy privet and crape myrtle trees on beds on
the main avenue.
In 1939, the administration of urban centers was
same, the economic prosperity due to the lumber
transferred from the state to the municipalities. In
industry continued to change the urban landscape.
Erechim, since then, the interest and participation
Despite
of the private sector in the organization of housing
extremosas, photographs from 1947 show the use
projects, street planning and infrastructure of urban
other species in urban afforestation (Figure 7). The
services increased (CESE, 1979). This was to mark
Maurício Cardoso Avenue received jacarandás
the start of a drastic change in the organization of
(Jacaranda mimosifolia D. Don) and seedlings of
urban environments (Figure 6). The appreciation of
ipê (Tabebuia spp.) were planted in several other
land properties led to a fragmentation of lands and
areas of the city. The palmtree jerivá (S.
the vertical growth of the city. Although the
romanzoffiana) was also observed in the medians of
urbanization and landscaping plans remained the
lateral streets. The use of native species in urban
the
predominance
of
ligustros
and
THE INFLUENCE OF URBAN EVOLUTION ON… Soc. Bras. de Arborização Urbana REVSBAU, Piracicaba – SP, v.8, n.2, p 93‐109, 2013 101 afforestation was a consequence of diffusion of the
always included Brazilian tree species, promoting
ideas of Burle Marx, who became widely known
the national flora (MEDEIROS, 2009; SILVA et
for the use of colors and harmonious lines in his
al., 2007; SEGAWA, 1999).
landscape projects, started in the 1930s, which
Figure 6. The beginning of the 1940s with adjacencies showing the planting of Araucaria angustifolia trees. The
sidewalks on the main avenue were still not afforested.
Figure 7. The end of the 1940s with removal of most native forest from the surroundings of the downtown area.
The concern with green spaces led to the creation of
Parque Municipal Longines Malinowski, to honor
a municipal park in 1948 in a forest remnant near
a, designer and land surveyor that collaborated for
the city center. In 1970, the park was denominated
its planning and maintenance (SOUZA, 2000).
1950s: landscape revitalization of the city center
Michele de Oliveira et al. 102 Soc. Bras. de Arborização Urbana REVSBAU, Piracicaba – SP, v.8, n.2, p 93‐109, 2013 As the city grew, several areas were built with
Barneby) and extremosas (L. indica) were planted
buildings and subdivisions. The lots were highly
along the sidewalks. The central medians received
appreciated; therefore, they became more expensive
the hedgerows (B. sempervirens), and in the central
and smaller. The urban afforestation assumed a new
part of the medians, ornamental flowers and cypress
configuration due to the need to maximize the
(Cupressus spp.) grew on a grass cover. On the
rational use of the spaces. Architecture in the 1950s
median sidewalk, ligustros (L. lucidum) were
was based on the compact, geometric and simple
planted in a straight line.
solutions. The buildings should express themselves
The landscaping concepts of the time showed that
in their own structure, not by secondary elements.
squares had a role to play given that they were
Gardens and leisure areas started to be more
green spaces; therefore, they should be planned
appreciated due to works of Burle Marx and other
carefully (MACEDO, 1951). The Bandeira Square
urbanists from the period (SEGAWA, 1999). These
in the political, economic and religious center of the
trends
first
city received a more solemn feature. It received a
professionals graduated in the engineering course at
water fountain with colorful lights, a symbol of
university, among which Francisco Riopardense de
modernization and economic prosperity of the city,
Macedo
its
arrived
was
to
Erechim
responsible
for
with
the
extending
the
flowerbeds
were
redesigned
adopting
modernization process to the urban landscaping.
harmonious curve lines. The afforestation of the
In the early 1950s, the City Hall of Erechim started
square
the paving of the main streets and implemented
extremosas (L. indica) and cypress (Cupressus
improvements to street lighting. Meanwhile, a
spp.). The four gardens around the square were
gardening and revitalization project of the city was
afforested with American pines (Pinus patula
elaborated by Riopardense de Macedo. The
Schltdl. & Cham.), ipês (Tabebuia spp.) and
sidewalks on streets, medians and Bandeira Square
cypress (Cupressus spp.), besides exotic ornamental
were covered with Portuguese mosaic, a technique
flowers.
that consisted of forming drawings and patterns
In the late 1950s, the city already presented many
using contrast of stones of different colors.
rationalist
The project designed by Riopardense de Macedo
architecture (Figure 8). The urbanist Riopardense
conciliated the more recent European trends with
de Macedo standardized the afforestation of the
the dominant concepts in the large Brazilian cities.
main streets and avenues in the city center,
The photographs show that the landscaping was
revitalized squares and flowerbeds and greatly
predominantly done with widely used exotic
contributed to the beautification of the city, which
species. Jacarandás (J. mimosifolia), chuvas-de-
has been preserved as such until the present time.
comprised
features
ligustros
(L.
promoted
by
lucidum),
modern
ouro (Senna multijuga (Rich.) H.S. Irwin &
Figure 8. Maurício Cardoso Avenue (1957) showing a geometrical design according to the ideal order and
rationality designed by Riopardense de Macedo.
THE INFLUENCE OF URBAN EVOLUTION ON… Soc. Bras. de Arborização Urbana REVSBAU, Piracicaba – SP, v.8, n.2, p 93‐109, 2013 103 In
1957,
the
construction
of
the
Edifício
vertical growth, which was intensified in the
Condomínio, the first building taller than four
following decade, this process displayed a different
stories in the city, changed the horizontal
concept of architecture and, therefore, a new
configuration of space, initiating the process of
interpretation of the urban environment.
1960s: functional architecture
The 1960s were marked by constant search for
photographs from this period show the contrast of
modernity and progress. The landscape, a concept
these new buildings with old buildings from the
had assumed a harmonious feature characterized by
1930s and 1940s. It is observed, however, that the
buildings
urban afforestation did not undergo great changes.
of
similar
styles
and
uniform
afforestation, started to show distinct elements:
On the main avenue, which concentrated the
buildings designed from the functional architecture.
business center of the city, the trees were removed
The vertical growth of the city intensified along the
from sidewalks (Figure 9). Photographs show that
decade, with the replacement of many constructions
on adjacent streets and residential areas, canela-
for concrete buildings designed with predominant
doce (Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume) and several
cubic lines and with no decoration elements. The
fruit trees were planted, probably, by residents.
Figure 9. Aerial view of the downtown area (1960s). Overview of trees planted by Riopardense de Macedo and
the removal of trees from sidewalks.
1970 – 2000: industrialization and search for similarity to large cities
Michele de Oliveira et al. 104 Soc. Bras. de Arborização Urbana REVSBAU, Piracicaba – SP, v.8, n.2, p 93‐109, 2013 From the 1970s to the 2000s, the industrialization
The new regulations facilitated the constructions of
process intensified. The railroad transportation was
buildings taller than four stories and boosted real
gradually
road
estate speculation. The buildings started to be
transportation. The logging firms succumbed due to
designed based on the modern architecture adopted
the depletion of forests and to the advance of
in large urban centers in the country (Figure 10).
agriculture, and although they represented an
The gardens and afforested areas were highly
important income source, they became a second
appreciated comprising a large part of the urban
plan. Industry and commerce became the major
projects (SEGAWA, 1999).
economic activities in Erechim.
During the 1970s and 1980s, urban afforestation did
From 1970 onwards, the constant growth of the
not change. The photographs show that there was
urban perimeter and lack of effective regulation led
regular maintenance of the medians and Bandeira
to the development of a Master Plan for the city.
Square, which were relatively well preserved. It is
Although it was presented in 1975, it was approved
possible to observe pruning practices of several tree
only in 1981 (FÜNFGELT, 2004). The plan divided
species periodically.
abandoned
and
replaced
by
the city in zoning regions of activities and
maintained the symmetric design of the streets.
Figure 10. Erechim (1979) showing a few differences from the initial concept of Riopardense de Macedo.
In 1994, Erechim had a new Master Plan for Urban
The 1990s were marked by a change of the
Growth. The landscape of the city was again
perception of the human relation with the
completely transformed. The small buildings from
environment.
th
There
was
an
awareness
of
the mid 20 century were mostly replaced by taller
environmental issues reflected in the way the urban
modern buildings. The afforestation, on the other
afforestation is perceived (MARCONDES, 1999).
hand,
underwent
implementation
of
a
few
the
changes
project
since
the
Therefore, the preference for native species is
designed
by
currently widely used.
Riopardense de Macedo (Figure 11).
THE INFLUENCE OF URBAN EVOLUTION ON… Soc. Bras. de Arborização Urbana REVSBAU, Piracicaba – SP, v.8, n.2, p 93‐109, 2013 105 In Erechim, there is a clear conflict between
afforestation today are native species, most
appreciation and preference for native species and
individuals are still exotic species (ERECHIM,
the aesthetic attractive of exotic ones. Although
2011), due to the preferential use of exotic species
about 50% of the species found in urban
for urban afforestation in the past.
Figure 11. Aerial view from Erechim (2007) showing the historical road planning designed by Torres Gonçalves.
Between the 1980s and 1990s, ligustros (L.
From
lucidum) on the main avenue were gradually
Environment initiated a project of landscape
replaced by jacarandás (J. mimosifolia), ipês
renovation of the city's public spaces. The first step
(Tabebuia spp.), canafístulas (Peltophorum dubium
was the renovation of the Sete de Setembro
(Spreng.) Taub.), ingás (Inga marginata Willd.) and
Avenue, where the medians received ornamental
pitangueiras
flowers, a new lawn and native trees.
(Eugenia
uniflora
L.).
This
2009,
the
Municipal
Secretary
of
replacement also occurred on central medians of
The Maurício Cardoso Avenue, the Bandeira
adjacent streets, where mostly native species were
Square and the Boleslau Skrupski Square also
planted.
underwent a revitalization process. The trends
In 1999, Decree No. 2,554 established detailed
followed the same lines adopted by large cities in
rules for urban afforestation in the city. The
the country: exotic ornamental plants that require
seedling planting, pruning and other services
little maintenance and always have an attractive
related to afforestation, as well as its management
feature during different times of the year, as well as
procedures were placed under the responsibility of
the use of native tree species. Forms more similar to
the municipal government. The Decree included a
those found in the natural environment are
suggested list of species, predominantly of native
replacing the linear lines of the previous periods,
species, for planting in urban public areas
which implied the human domain on nature.
(ERECHIM, 1999).
CONCLUSIONS
Michele de Oliveira et al. 106 Soc. Bras. de Arborização Urbana REVSBAU, Piracicaba – SP, v.8, n.2, p 93‐109, 2013 The evolution of the urban afforestation followed
uniform. Fragments of old times still resist and
the urban evolution of Erechim. In the first half of
there is pronounced difference between the central
th
the 20 century, the predominance of exotic tree
areas of the city from its surroundings. At the end
species highlights not only the foreign influence of
of the 1990s, the use of native species is increased
the first dwellers, but also the trend to follow the
in the urban afforestation and reflects the emphasis
large cities in the world. Erechim was remodeled
on the use of native biodiversity.
several times; however, the city growth was not
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This study is a result of the partnership between the
financial support through scholarships to the
Universidade Regional Integrada do Alto Uruguai e
authors. The authors also thank the Arquivo
das Missões – URI campus Erechim and the City
Histórico Municipal Juarez Miguel Illa Font that
Hall of Erechim, which created the Master Plan for
provided the pictures used in the study and the
the urban afforestation of the city. The authors
anonimous revisors for their suggestions and
thank the City Hall of Erechim for the financial
recommendations.
support and the URI for the infrastructure and
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