May, 2012 INTERNATIONAL DENTAL JOURNAL OF STUDENT’S RESEARCH ORIGINAL ARTICLE Article Code: IDJSR 0006 HEALTH RISKS FOR THE USE OF WATER FOR DENTAL HYGIENE CASE STUDY FROM CACOAL‐RO, BRAZIL Authors Jannayna Garcia Ribeiro Gomides1 Franciele Rodrigues Waiandt 2 E mail ID [email protected] Address of the Institution College of Biomedical Sciences of Cacoal‐FACIMED International Dental Journal Of Student’s Research, May 2012 ,Volume 1, Issue 1 May, 2012 INTERNATIONAL DENTAL JOURNAL OF STUDENT’S RESEARCH ORIGINAL ARTICLE Because of this possibility, there is growing Introduction public concern about the quality of public Water is an essential asset for life and must water supplies, which has contributed to be observed and evaluated as such. It the increased consumption of mineral should be a concern both in consumption water in Brazil, according to Cole et al and in a sustainable way to evaluate their (2010). physicochemical characteristics, because To provide guidelines in respect of mineral this is directly related to the health of the population. Because of the need to evaluate defaulting to its commercialization through bottling and other purposes, signed the the water consumed by the population Decree‐Law No. 7841 (ANVISA, 1945) which were created laws and they determine the provides, among others, trade, chemical main characteristics of a water fit for classification as well of mineral water consumption, in order to ensure its quality springs, which are surface waters that seep and prevent diseases associated with it, underground and can reach greater depths such as gastrointestinal disturbances, and therefore enriched in salts and diarrhoea, hepatitis A and E, parasitic gastroenteritis and other diseases of hybrid acquiring physical and chemical characteristics that are considered origin (SANT'ANA et al.2003; CASTRO, OAK, beneficial to health (Silva, P. et al.2008 VALE, 2010; ANDRADE, Souza, 2009; Faracha SON, DIAS, 2008). Water contamination can occur in the mineral source, filling (due to reuse of Ordinance No. 518 (BRAZIL, 2004) packaging have not been cleaned properly), establishes the procedures and or transport and storage. (ANDRADE, responsibilities relating to control and surveillance of water quality for human SOUZA,2009).According to the Ministry of Health Decree 518 of 25 March 2004, the consumption and its potability standards for mineral water at source as much as in your public water supplies, as well as the marketing should not present a health risk responsibilities of those who produce it, assure quality control, monitoring, etc. for consumers and it is free from pathogenic microorganisms in addition to The main sources of contamination of the presenting quality, should be captured , hybrids are untreated sewages from cities industrial and packed in hygienic toilets that are released into rivers and lakes, strictest standards (Resende, 2008). landfills affecting groundwater, agricultural products that flow with the rain and are According to the Decree No. 5440 (BRAZIL, washed into rivers and lakes, which cast 2005),every citizen is entitled to receive mines chemicals such as mercury, and information about the quality of water industries that use the rivers as corridors consumed, both by the services responsible for their toxic waste (Bettegaet al.2006). for water supply as authorities responsible International Dental Journal Of Student’s Research, May 2012 ,Volume 1, Issue 1 May, 2012 INTERNATIONAL DENTAL JOURNAL OF STUDENT’S RESEARCH ORIGINAL ARTICLE for monitoring water quality. Therefore, Laboratory’s Microbiological Analysis of the Autonomous Service of Water and before the existing legislation and aim to verify the quality of water consumed by the Wastewater ‐ SAAE. population of Cacoal‐RO and region, this Techniques study aimed to evaluate some general aspects of quality by determining the On the count of heterotrophic bacteria, we presence of microbiological contamination used the technique of Petrifilm, using only 1 indicators such as total coliforms, faecal ml withdrawn from the vial of 100ml of coliforms, heterotrophic bacteria in these water collected and stored in sterilized glass waters. jars. Each vial containing the sample was Materials and methods We analyzed 45 samples from three brands of mineral water in bottles of 20 litters, 2‐
liters, and 500ml, 15 samples of each brand divided in their packaging in accordance with the quantity. Also analyzed5 samples of drinking water of the Autonomous Service of Water and Wastewater ‐ SAAE, collected at random taps neighbourhoods of the city of Cacoal ‐ RO. The samples of mineral water were purchased in many shops in the city and Cacoal ‐ RO at random on different days, observing the period of its validity. They were taken directly from the original sealed packages, properly sanitized, without any possibility of contamination, with the help of sterile pipettes (Alves, ODORIZZI, Goulart, 2002).The samples of tap water, let the water drain for two or three minutes tolerate pipe ficasse then were placed into sterilized jars, being careful not to splattering out of the bottle, thus avoiding contamination and possible interference with the outcome. After collection, the samples were transported to the shaken 25 times to mix the contents, and it was near an open flame to be flamed, thus avoiding changes in the outcome. With a sterile pipette withdrew 1 ml of the sample and placed on Petrifilm. Each sample had reference identification numbers corresponding labels using the packaging. The samples were taken to the greenhouse temperature of 35 ° C for 24 hours. We counted the number of colonies on the plate and the result was expressed in colony‐forming units / ml (CFU / ml).Ordinance No. 518 of March 25 was adopted as the basis for the pattern of heterotrophic bacteria and sets a limit of 500 CFU / mL. To check the microbiological quality and contamination of drinking water∗, we adopted Resolution No. 275 of 22 September 2005, which determines the absence of total coliforms, faecal coliforms and / or Escherichia coli, sulphide reducing clostridia 46 ° C, enterococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and heterotrophic bacteria counts for water to be considered suitable for consumption. To determine the MPN/100ml technique International Dental Journal Of Student’s Research, May 2012 ,Volume 1, Issue 1 May, 2012 INTERNATIONAL DENTAL JOURNAL OF STUDENT’S RESEARCH ORIGINAL ARTICLE was used for chromogenic substrates, using performed, samples of mineral waters that the product Colitag ® trademark. He was had yellow color indicated positive for transferred to 100 ml of sample in a sterile coliforms, and so these were analyzed to flask aseptically adding the contents of a check for possible contamination by faecal blister with the substrate and stirred until coliform. For the evaluation of faecal all the granules were dissolved. They were coliform / E.coli, with yellow tubes were then taken to the greenhouse at a exposed to ultraviolet light to verify that temperature of 35 ° C for a period of 24 blue fluorescence indicates positive hours. After this time the readings were contamination. DATE from the 500ml P CBH DATE
(1)
(2)
sample / A 500ml
2L
2L
20L 20L
P / A CBH P / A CBH 20/10/2011 A * 1U.FC(3) 21/10/2011 * UFC 38 Presence Presence
20/10/2011 2 Absence 0U.FC
21/10/2011 Absence > 500U.FC Absence 389U.FC
20/10/2011 3 Absence 0U.FC
21/10/2011 Absence UFC 7
Absence 256U.FC
20/10/2011 4 Absence 0U.FC
21/10/2011 Absence UFC 79 Absence 289U.FC
20/10/2011 5 Absence 0U.FC
21/10/2011 * UFC 7
Presence
Absence > 500U.FC
Absence > 500U.FC
Table 1: Results of the analysis of brand Lind'Água (1) presence / absence of total coliforms and E.*coli (2)
Count of Heterotrophic Bacteria (3)
Unity Formation of Colony Results Analyzing samples of 500 ml brand Lind’Água (Table 1 and Table 2) shows that for total coliforms, have a total of 20% of heterotrophic bacteria contamination and no contamination. For analysis of 2 litres had 40% of total coliform contamination and 20% for heterotrophic bacteria. Already in containers of 20 litres contamination occurred in 40% of the samples for heterotrophic bacteria did not show the presence of total coliforms. International Dental Journal Of Student’s Research, May 2012 ,Volume 1, Issue 1 May, 2012 INTERNATIONAL DENTAL JOURNAL OF STUDENT’S RESEARCH ORIGINAL ARTICLE Table 2‐ Number and percentage of samples of mineral water brand‐ Lind'Água in individual containers of 500ml, 2L and 20L in the first batch that met and not met the standards established by Brazilian law, marketed in the cities of Cacoal‐RO and region . Samples ‐ Lind'Água
500 ml samples
Presence Absence Presence Absence Presence Absence Parameter n % (%) n % (%)
A . 4 80 2 40 3 60 0 0 0 0 5
100 A
.
4
80
40 3 P / Coliform CBH A Samples 2 l
n % (%)
20 l samples n % (%)
n % (%) 2
n % (%) 5 100 60 In the universe of all samples Lind'Água brand, there was some kind of contamination in 40% of the analysis (Figure 1). Chart 1: Percentage of contamination of all samples of the brand Lind'Água contamination. Lind'agua‐Total Analysis
Without Contamination
20%
20%
60%
Contamination ‐
Coliforms
Contamination ‐
CBH
The samples collected Kaiary brand in bottles of 500ml, 20% showed contamination by the presence of total coliforms and no contamination by heterotrophic bacteria count (Table 3 and Table 4).Analyses of 2‐liter crates showed no contamination. The 20‐liter samples showed total coliforms, giving a quantity of 20% of samples International Dental Journal Of Student’s Research, May 2012 ,Volume 1, Issue 1 May, 2012 INTERNATIONAL DENTAL JOURNAL OF STUDENT’S RESEARCH ORIGINAL ARTICLE Table 3: Results of the analysis of brand Kaiary DATE from the 500ml P CBH DATE
(1)
(2)
sample / A 500ml
20/10/2011 A * Presence 20/10/2011 2 0U.FC. (3)
2L
2L
20L P / A CBH P / A CBH 20L 21/10/2011 Absence
12U.FC Absence 0U.FC
Absence 0U.FC
21/10/2011 Absence
UFC 1 * 0U.FC
Presence
20/10/2011 3 Absence 4U.FC
21/10/2011 Absence
UFC 2 Absence 0U.FC
20/10/2011 4 Absence 2U.FC
21/10/2011 Absence
UFC 3 Absence 1U.FC
20/10/2011 5 Absence 0U.FC
21/10/2011 Absence
UFC 1 Absence 0U.FC
(1)
presence / absence of total coliforms and E.*coli (2)
Count of Heterotrophic Bacteria (3)
Unity Formation of Colony Table 4: Number and percentage of samples of mineral water brand Kaiary in individual containers of 500ml, 2L and 20L in the first batch that met and not met the standards established by Brazilian law, marketed in the cities of Cacoal‐RO and region. Samples ‐ Kaiary
500 ml samples
Samples 2 l
20 l samples Presence Absence
Presence Absence
Presence Absence
Parameter n % (%) n % (%) n % (%)
n % (%) n % (%)
P / A Bacteria A . 4
80
0
0
5
100 A
. 4 80
CBH 0 0 5
100 0
0
5
100 0
0 5 100
International Dental Journal Of Student’s Research, May 2012 ,Volume 1, Issue 1 n % (%) May, 2012 INTERNATIONAL DENTAL JOURNAL OF STUDENT’S RESEARCH ORIGINAL ARTICLE In the universe of samples of brand Kaiary there was some kind of contamination in 13.33% of the samples (Figure 2). Kaiary – Total Analysis 13.33%
0%
Chart 2‐ Percentage of contamination of all samples of the brand Kaiary contamination. Without Contaminati
on
Contaminati
on ‐
Coliforms
86.67%
showed contamination in 40% of the samples by the presence of total coliforms and there were no samples contaminated by heterotrophic bacteria (Table 5 and Table 6). The collected samples of the brand Pur'Água in 500ml bottles and 2 litres did not have any kind of contamination, either total coliforms or E. coli and heterotrophic bacteria. It analyzes the 20‐liter containers Table 5‐ Results of the analysis of brand Pur'Água DATE from the 500 ml P CBH 500 DATE
/ A(1) sample ml(2) 56U.FC. (3)
2 L
2 L 20 L
20L P / A CBH P / A CBH 21/10/2011 Absence UFC 9 Absence
UFC 36
21/10/2011 A Absence 21/10/2011 2 Absence 0 CFU
21/10/2011 Absence 0 CFU Absence
0 CFU
21/10/2011 3 Absence UFC 4
21/10/2011 Absence 134U.FC Absence
0 CFU
21/10/2011 4 Absence 8 UFC 21/10/2011 Absence UFC 13 * 391U.FC Presence 21/10/2011 5 Absence UFC 10 21/10/2011 Absence UFC 56 * UFC 21 Presence International Dental Journal Of Student’s Research, May 2012 ,Volume 1, Issue 1 May, 2012 INTERNATIONAL DENTAL JOURNAL OF STUDENT’S RESEARCH ORIGINAL ARTICLE (1)
presence / absence of total coliforms and E.*coli (2)
Count of Heterotrophic Bacteria (3)
Unity Formation of Colony Table 6‐ Number and percentage of samples of mineral water brand Pur'Água in individual containers of 500ml, 2L and 20L in the first batch that met and not met the standards established by Brazilian law, marketed in the cities of Cacoal‐RO and region. Analysis ‐ Pur'Água
500 ml samples
Presence Absence Presence Absence Presence Absence Parameter n % (%) n % (%) Samples 2 l
n % (%) 20 l samples n % (%)
n % (%) Number % P / A 0 Coliform 0 5 100 0 0 5 100 2 40 3 60 CBH 0 5 100 0
0
5
100 0
0
100
0
5 In total universe of brand Pur'Água samples, there was some kind of contamination in 13.33% of the samples (Figure 3). International Dental Journal Of Student’s Research, May 2012 ,Volume 1, Issue 1 May, 2012 INTERNATIONAL DENTAL JOURNAL OF STUDENT’S RESEARCH ORIGINAL ARTICLE Chart 3‐ Percentage of contamination of all samples of the brand Pur’Água contamination. 13%
Without Contaminati
on
87%
Contaminati
on ‐
Coliforms
By comparing the analysis in bottles of 500 ml notes that there are total coliforms 13.33% of the samples (Figure 4).There was the 50% brand and 50% Lind'Água brand Kaiary. Pur’Agua – Total Analysis
Chart 4‐ Percentage contribution of marks on the contamination of 500 ml bottles. Brand influence the overall result. For containers of 2 litres contamination occurred in 13.33% of the samples for total coliforms and 6.67% above the level permitted by counting heterotrophic bacteria (Figure 5). Displaying result of contamination of 100% mineral water lind'agua International Dental Journal Of Student’s Research, May 2012 ,Volume 1, Issue 1 May, 2012 INTERNATIONAL DENTAL JOURNAL OF STUDENT’S RESEARCH ORIGINAL ARTICLE Chart 5‐ Percentage contribution of marks on the contamination of 2‐liter bottles. Brand influence the overall result. In containers of 20 litres contamination occurred in 33.33%, and total coliforms represent 20% and 13.33% to the count of heterotrophic bacteria. Being distributed in 67% of coliform contamination to the water and Pur'Água Kaiary 33% water(Figure 6).What about contamination by heterotrophic bacteria was 100% mineral water Lind 'the water. (Graph 7) Chart 6‐ Percentage contribution of the brands in contaminated bottles of 20 litres. Influence of brands in general result from E. coli. International Dental Journal Of Student’s Research, May 2012 ,Volume 1, Issue 1 May, 2012 INTERNATIONAL DENTAL JOURNAL OF STUDENT’S RESEARCH ORIGINAL ARTICLE Chart 7‐ Percentage contribution of the brands in contaminated bottles of 20 litres. Brand influence on the overall outcome for heterotrophic bacteria. According to Table 7, the analysis of water samples provided by the water utility and sewer location (SAAE) did not present any kind of contamination, either by total coliform, faecal coliform and E coli and heterotrophic bacteria, superior to UFC 500 units in 1 ml of water. Table 7 ‐Analysis of samples of the water utility of Cacoal DATE from 100 ml P / CBH 100 the A(1) ml(2) sample 20/10/2011 A
Absence
4U.FC. (3)
20/10/2011 2
Absence
UFC 2
20/10/2011 3
Absence
UFC 1
20/10/2011 4
Absence
0 CFU
20/10/2011 5
Absence
UFC 6
(1)
presence / absence of total coliforms and E.*coli (2)
Count of Heterotrophic Bacteria (3)
Unity Formation of Colon International Dental Journal Of Student’s Research, May 2012 ,Volume 1, Issue 1 May, 2012 INTERNATIONAL DENTAL JOURNAL OF STUDENT’S RESEARCH ORIGINAL ARTICLE Discussion change the characteristics and composition of the same. The specific legislation for mineral waters (Resolution No. 275 of 22 Although the legislation to September 2005) sets some parameters determine the mineral waters of and their quality standards for these heterotrophic bacteria counts as quality waters, including total coliform bacteria, parameter, taking as basis the faecal coliform /E. Coli and recommendation of the Ordinance 518 Pseudomonasaeruginosa, among others. establishing a limit of 500 CFU / mL for The presence of total coliforms in water is drinking water, we used this pattern as a less representative as an indication of faecal variable the most in this study. contamination in relation to faecal coliform In respect to this research and E. coli. The presence of coliform heterotrophic bacteria were found in bacteria group denotes that occurred bottling of 2 and 20 litres, for distribution in outside interference in mineral water, as bottles of 500 ml, 6.67% were in the 15 this group of bacteria is not part of the samples and 100% of this contamination natural composition of these waters. was due to the brand Lind'Água. In relation Faecal coliform indicate the possible to the bottling of 20 litres of 15 samples presence of pathogens, including E. colithat were contaminated with 13.33% 100% has some serotypes responsible for brand Lind 'Water. gastroenteritis, with diarrhea as their main This study found that using the same symptom.In Figure 4 we observe that the standard for heterotrophic bacteria in samples analyzed for 15 bottles of 500 ml water recommended for public water 13.3% were positive for total coliformsbeing supply systems classify most of the analyzed distributed this contamination rate of 50% samples as unfit for human consumption, marks and 50% Lind'Água brand Kaiary.In 2‐
prompting the need for detailed studies to liter bottles 13.3% of the samples showed establish standards for the presence of contamination, 100% brand Lind'Água. For these bacteria bottled natural mineral containers of 20 litres, 20% were waters, considering the risks that may offer contaminated by coliforms, 33% being health and water quality. distributed this brand Kaiary and 67% for the brand Pur'Água. Even though most of the To Farache and Son Day (2008), the presence of coliforms in bottled water may indicate lack of health care, problems in funding operations, plumbing, filtration, bottling and other properties that may heterotrophic bacterial flora of the natural water is not considered pathogenic, it is important that its density is kept under control, for very high densities of these bacteria in water can cause health risks to International Dental Journal Of Student’s Research, May 2012 ,Volume 1, Issue 1 May, 2012 INTERNATIONAL DENTAL JOURNAL OF STUDENT’S RESEARCH ORIGINAL ARTICLE the consumer, like diarrhoea, stomach disinfection of containers and lids and care cramps, giardiasis, hepatitis, jaundice, in transport and storage of typhoid and dysentery. Some of these packaging.(SANT'ANA et al.2003). bacteria can act as opportunistic pathogens, In relation to water throughout the deteriorating water quality, causing city of Cacoal, there was no contamination. unpleasant odours and flavours and limbo Some forms of contamination from the and producing films, and inhibitory storage tanks are inadequate or poorly influence of some microorganisms, because sanitized, household habits in the when present in high numbers can prevent management of drinking water can affect the detection of coliforms. the health of their users, as well as lack of The contaminating organisms reach user awareness about the proper the water for faecal contamination or other maintenance of the reservoir and filter means, whether directly at source or during household water. (SILVA R. et al. 2009 bottling. It is therefore important to protect sources of mineral water infiltration of surface water or soil drainage water in Conclusion place of the source or perforation. These In the present study we observed waters can lead large population of aquatic that three brands of mineral water most organisms and soil to the groundwater, commercialized in the city of Cacoal‐RO and changing their physical and chemical region, with the packaging of 500ml, 2L and properties and providing nutrients for the 20 litres were presented with problems of bacteria. contamination, therefore the dentist must The equipment that is used to carry restrict the use these waters in the tanks of water to the local bottling, such as those dental. used during the bottling process and Showing in decreasing order of storage tanks can also harbour populations quality, Lind'Agua, Kaiary, Pur’Agua, while of contaminating organisms, which can also the water supply provided by SAAE, did not come from the environment and packaging show any type of contamination, so and seals. The returnable gallons are Preferably it should be borne by the public possible sources of contamination of the water supply or Cacoalenvases of 500 ml. product when your inspection, cleaning and disinfection are neglected. There are some methods to avoid possible contamination of gallons of water as returnable packaging evaluate and reject them if they have defects that compromise water quality, International Dental Journal Of Student’s Research, May 2012 ,Volume 1, Issue 1 May, 2012 INTERNATIONAL DENTAL JOURNAL OF STUDENT’S RESEARCH ORIGINAL ARTICLE Bibliographic reference 9 ALVES, Nilton César; ODORIZZI, Augusto Cesar; GOULART, Flávia Cristina. Análise Microbiológica de águas minerais e de água potável de abastecimento, Marília, SP. Revista de Saúde Pública. São Paulo, v.36, n.6, p.749‐751, 2002. Disponível em: <http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rsp/v36n
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[1] Graduated in Dentistry at the Faculty of 0/19495.pdf>. Aceso em: 17 out. Biomedical Sciences Cacoal ‐ FACIMED 2011. Email:@ hotmail.com fran.waiandt 9 SILVA, Vanessa Pedro da. et al. Estudo da qualidade microbiológica de 10 amostras de água mineral natural envasada por uma empresa de mineração da cidade e João Pessoa‐PB/2008. XI Encontro de Iniciação à Docência. Paraíba, 2008. Disponível em:<http://www.prac.ufpb.br/anais
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