UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE MATO GROSSO
INSTITUTO DE BIOCIÊNCIAS
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação da Biodiversidade
NÚMERO DE INSCRIÇÃO:
SELEÇÃO 2015
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UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE MATO GROSSO
INSTITUTO DE BIOCIÊNCIAS
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação da Biodiversidade
NÚMERO DE INSCRIÇÃO:
PROVA: Todos os textos e figuras desta prova foram retirados da Revista Science,
de volumes publicados no ano de 2014.
1)
Traduza integralmente o texto abaixo. (2 pontos)
ANIMAL BEHAVIOR
Competing bats jam one another’s signal
Animals that live in large social colonies may benefit from many aspects of group living, but
also have to contend with many of the downsides of living and foraging, with countless neighbors.
Corcoran and Conner show that Mexican free-tailed bats, which live in colonies that can number in
the hundreds of thousands, deal with this high level of competition for food by actively jamming
competitors’ echolocation. The interfering bats produce an ultrasonic signal just as the foraging bat
produces its feeding call, effectively jamming the echolocation signal and causing the forager to
miss its target. — SNV, - Science
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UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE MATO GROSSO
INSTITUTO DE BIOCIÊNCIAS
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação da Biodiversidade
NÚMERO DE INSCRIÇÃO:
2)
Considerando o texto acima (Competing bats jam one another’s signal), explique
qual a estratégia de competição utilizada pelos morcegos descritos no texto. (1 ponto)
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3)
Segundo o texto abaixo:
BIOGEOGRAPHY
Economic isolation limits biodiversity
It’s an ecological truism that the more isolated an island, the fewer species it will have; isolation
(along with island size) is thought to influence colonization, extinction, and speciation. But Helmus
et al., mapping the distribution of anole lizard species across the Caribbean, suggest that economic,
not geographic, isolation is determining species diversity. Anole lizards hitch rides on cargo ships,
making it easier to reach far-flung islands, so the more trade an island participates in, the more
species diversity it tends to have. Conversely, economic isolation might protect native lizards from
imported competitors: Cuba would rapidly gain 1.65 lizard species if the United States lifted its trade
embargo, the authors say. — LW - Nature 10.1038/nature13739 (2014).
a)
Os lagartos Anole pegam carona em navios cargueiros. (0.30 ponto)
( ) VERDADEIRO; ( ) FALSO
b)
Segundo Helmus et al., quais fatores mais afetam a diversidade de lagartos? (0.30 ponto)
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c)
O que aconteceria com o número de espécies em Cuba, caso os Estados Unidos
suspendam o embargo econômico a Cuba? (0.30 ponto)
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UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE MATO GROSSO
INSTITUTO DE BIOCIÊNCIAS
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação da Biodiversidade
NÚMERO DE INSCRIÇÃO:
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d)
Segundo o texto acima, quanto maior o isolamento econômico de uma ilha, maior ou
menor será o número de espécies? Por que? (0.30 ponto)
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4) Segundo o texto abaixo:
CLIMATE CHANGE ECOLOGY
How elevated CO2 affects grassland
Even after two decades, experiments to study the ecological effects of climate change continue
to yield instructive results. Zelikova et al. studied the effects of elevated CO2 on grassland in in
Wyoming over 8 years and found that the plant productivity stabilized over time. The abundance of
two dominant plant species (western wheat grass and blue grama grass) decreased with elevated
CO2, which led to the increased presence of subdominant species and hence greater evenness in
community composition. Plant productivity stabilized as a result of such alterations community
structure. This research highlights the potential for plant communities to change in the face of
changing climates. — AMS - Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 111, 15456 (2014).
Explique o que tem acontecido com a produtividade em ambientes com constante aumento
na quantidade de CO2? (1 ponto)
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UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE MATO GROSSO
INSTITUTO DE BIOCIÊNCIAS
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação da Biodiversidade
NÚMERO DE INSCRIÇÃO:
5)
Responda as questões abaixo referentes ao texto:
LIMNOLOGY
How many lakes are there on Earth?
Most maps or databases of global lakes either omit small lakes or estimate their numbers, leaving
accurate calculations of their net subaerial coverage uncertain. This makes it difficult to determine
the role of lakes in Earth’s carbon cycle. Verpoorter et al. use high-resolution satellite images to
create a database of all lakes with surface areas greater than 2000 square meters. The interpretation
of satellite images can be hampered by the presence of features such as dark forests or mountain
shadows, so the authors developed a special algorithm to overcome these problems. They conclude
that there are 117 million lakes, covering 3.7% of Earth’s land area not covered by ice. They
conclude that there are fewer lakes, but that those lakes cover more area, than previous estimates
have indicated. — JFU
a) Qual o interesse em saber qual a quantidade de lagos na Terra? (0.30 ponto)
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b) Como fazer para contar o número de lagos no planeta? (0.30 ponto)
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c) O que mais atrapalha na contagem? (0.30 ponto)
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UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE MATO GROSSO
INSTITUTO DE BIOCIÊNCIAS
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação da Biodiversidade
NÚMERO DE INSCRIÇÃO:
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d) Quais os novos resultados após a nova contagem? (0.30 ponto)
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6)
Responda as questões abaixo referentes ao texto:
ECOLOGY
What’s killing the reindeer?
Conservationists and herders in Norway differ about whether to blame
predators or overpopulation
By Eli Kintisch, in Nordkapp, Norway
An ecologist’s study of reindeer has touched off a firestorm in this land of ice, tundra, and Sami
herders, who tend vast numbers of the semidomesticated animals. Each year, the herders file
compensation claims for tens of thousands of reindeer deaths that they blame on carnivores,
primarily lynx and wolverines. Ecologist Torkild Tveraa, however, pins the blame on
overpopulation: The land simply cannot support the herds, which number roughly 180,000 here in
Finnmark, Norway’s most northern region.
To receive compensation, a herder must prove that a dead reindeer was killed by a lynx or
wolverine. That’s hard when herders find remains of only 5% to 10% of the reindeer that they lose.
The government approved just a quarter of more than 60,000 such applications in 2011. The claims
nonetheless are lucrative: That year, Sami herders in Norway received $11 million in predator
payments, or two-thirds of what they received from meat sales.
To find out how much damage the predators really do, Tveraa’s team combined their own data
on reindeer health since 2000 with herd sizes reported by herders, observations of lynx and
wolverines, and satellite data on grazing areas. They found that as a factor in reindeer mortality, food
scarcity was two to three times more significant than lynx, and more than 20 times more significant
than wolverines.
a)
What was the main cause of reindeer mortality according to Tveraa’s team? (0.30 ponto)
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UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE MATO GROSSO
INSTITUTO DE BIOCIÊNCIAS
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação da Biodiversidade
NÚMERO DE INSCRIÇÃO:
b)
Why herders disagree with Tveraa’s team findings? (0.30 ponto)
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c)
Will the Norway´s government spent more money after Tveraa’s team discoveries? (0.30
ponto)
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d)
Which data sets Torkild Tveraa´s team have used to evaluate predator´s impact on herd?
(0.30 ponto)
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7)
Responda as questões abaixo referentes ao texto:
For the complex food webs of sub- Saharan Africa, hippo dung is an elixir. Just as salmon swim
upstream in northern latitudes to spawn and die, infusing rivers with the stuff of life from their own
decaying bodies, hippo dung transfers energy from land, where the animals graze, to Africa’s turbid
rivers, fueling growth of the organisms at the base of the food web. “We think of hippos as megaton
salmon,” says McCauley. By measuring telltale ratios of carbon isotopes, McCauley, working with
Justin Brashares, a conservation biologist at UC Berkeley, and others, has traced the flow of energy
through the food web, from hippo dung on up to crayfish and barbel fish. Their studies have revealed
that hippos transport so much carbon and other nutrients in their prodigious excrement that they can
support—or poison—an entire aquatic ecosystem.
McCauley observed that increased irrigation demands for rice have reduced the flow, and the river
now breaks up into pools much of the year. Some pools teem with 100 or so hippos, while others have
none. In the hippo-clogged pools, nutrients from dung can set off an algal bloom, and as the dying
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UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE MATO GROSSO
INSTITUTO DE BIOCIÊNCIAS
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação da Biodiversidade
NÚMERO DE INSCRIÇÃO:
algae sink and decompose, they draw own the oxygen, turning the water black. “There are few river
animals that can cope with such conditions,” McCauley says.
a) Qual a relação entre os salmões e a discussão presente no texto? (0.30 ponto)
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b) De acordo com o texto, os ambientes aquáticos são prejudicados ou beneficiados? (0.30 ponto)
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c) Qual a relação e o resultado da irrigação dos campos de arroz e os rios? (0.30 ponto)
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d) Explique o que acontece com as algas? (0.30 ponto)
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UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE MATO GROSSO
INSTITUTO DE BIOCIÊNCIAS
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação da Biodiversidade
NÚMERO DE INSCRIÇÃO:
8)
Considerando a figura abaixo, marque V ou F nas alternativas.
( ) As águias monitoram lagartos, humanos e outros consumidores de peixe. (0.24 ponto)
( ) O ecossistema cuja teia trófica tem a presença de hipopótamos fica mais produtivo. (0.24 ponto)
( ) Os hipopótamos tornam as poças mais profundas. (0.24 ponto)
( ) Os hipopótamos afetam, direta ou indiretamente, todos os níveis tróficos que aparecem
na figura. (0.24 ponto)
(
) Deve-se criar a profissão de engenheiro de ecossistemas para manter o bom
funcionamento dos ambientes naturais. (0.24 ponto)
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