THE PROCESS OF UPDATING THE BUILD AREA AND VEGETATION
COVER IN THE TOWN OF CAMPOS DO JORDÃO, BRASIL.
Ana Beatriz Benedetti ¹
UNITAU, University Taubaté, Praça Félix Guisard, 120 – 12020-350 - Taubaté – SP, Brazil
[email protected]
KEY WORDS: protect green áreas; environmental impact; remote sensing; urban occupation.
ABSTRACT:
This paper has the main goal to up date the database about urban occupation and the town expansion in the urban area
of Campos do Jordão (SP) in Brazil, toward its green areas, with the proposal to evaluate the building areas comparing
with the protect areas. Campos do Jordão is an official Protect Area classified APA – Environmental Protect Area,
since 1983.The methodology use is: a) the representation – digital data – from the vegetation and building area; based
on the maps made by the extinct Geography and Cartography Institute (IGC), from 1977; b) show by samples the
invasion of public green areas in the neighborhoods by the human occupation and its percentage of det erioration; c)
show using aerial photographs the percentage of nature cover (vegetation) remained in the town. Will be used
computerize technology, using as a toll the remote sensing system, and the software SPRING. The aim to be achieve
are: update the database of the building area and develop a comparing study among APA, Decrees (environmental law)
and city position toward the protect areas
1. INTRODUCTION
2.
Show by samples the invasion of public green
areas in the neighborhoods by the human
occupation and its percentage of deterioration.
Protected areas have been adopted in all the world as the
main toll to preserve the biodiversity.
3.
Show using aerial photographs the percentage
of nature cover (vegetation) remained in the
town.
In Brasil, the great growth of urban areas has caused
some environmental damage in theses areas. Some areas
show environmental changes less visible, others show
their natural characteristics very affected by the human
occupation process. Therefore, each case requires their
own mechanisms and their own environment
management system.
This paper has the main goal to up date the database
about urban occupation and the town expansion in the
urban area of Campos do Jordão (SP), toward its green
areas, with the proposal to evaluate the building areas
comparing with the protect areas.
Campos do Jordão is an official Protect Area classified
APA – Environmental Protect Area, since 1983.
The methodology use is:
1.
The representation – digital data – from the
vegetation and building area; based on the maps
made by the extinct Geography and Cartography
Institute (IGC), from 1977, and profile database
exist in Campos do Jordão Main Hall about
projects approved between 1977 and 2004.
Will be used computerize technology, using as a toll the
remote sensing system, and the software SPRING.
The aim to be achieve are: update the database of the
building area and develop a comparing study among
APA, Decrees (environmental law) and city position
toward the protect areas.
2. REVISION BIBLIOGRAPHY
The Brazilian Federal Government, created the PNMA –
National Politic of Environmental in 1981, Law n°
6.938; with the goal to preserve, enrich and recover the
environment quality (Afonso, 1999, p.23).
The natural areas protected existent are classified,
according to the São Paulo State Environment Secretary
(1989), as:
•
•
•
Natural Areas Tombadas
Environmental Protect Areas – APAS
Relevant Interest Areas – ARIES
•
•
•
•
Areas
under Special Protection –
ASPES
Ecological Stations
Parks
Biological Reserves
The APAs created in the state represent areas with
samples of environmental diversity and landscape that
caracterize
the paulista territory. Some show
environmental changes less visible, others show areas
very modified by the human occupation process.
The town of Campos do Jordão
designated
Environmental Protect Areas in June, 3r d , 1983, by the
State Decree n° 20.956, added by the State Law n°
4.105; Municipal Law n° 1.984 ( Municipal APA) and by
the
Federal Decree n° 91.304 (APA Serra da
Mantiqueira)
The development of the town was first related with
health and latter with tourism, both connected with the
natural caracteristics of the region. The development of
the tourism brought the civil construction consequently
the development of real state agencies. As a result many
area were sold, occupied, deforestation was developed ,
rivers lose the volume of water, erosion and a general
change in the landscape were verified (Relatório Zero).
The State of São Paulo represent approximately 10%
of the protect territory, its represent 72% of the total
protected area by states in the country (JACOBI, 2000).
Inside of the state the bigger area is the State Park of
Serra do Mar, with approximately 300 thousand hectares.
The sum of these areas correspond more than 1 billion
hectares. The properties of the Government correspond
just
30%
of these total (CONSÓRCIO MATA
ATLÂNTICA, 1992, p.63). The forest and woods are a
vary of ecosystems , that hold millions of species and
also a important bases for the tourism.
Among the classification of protected areas, there are the
Parks. They were created to protect natural areas with
national and international relevant values, with the
scientific, educational and leisure propose. In these
areas, usually big extentions, are not allowed to use the
natural resources (IUCN, 1991, p.211).
In the State of São Paulo, the Protected Areas are under
different contest, that change in their environment , social
and cultural aspects. As a example of paulista protect
area, the State Park of Campos do Jordão (SÃO PAULO,
1991). Public power manage this area where they
develop some environmental education, tourism and
leisure activities
Figure 1. The figure show the town and its APA area
(Source: APA Fonte Relatório Zero)
Environmental Protect Areas– State APA
Federal APA
State Park
2.1. Environment Protection in Campos do Jordão
The State APA of Campos do Jordão covers the town
total area about 269 Km². The main propose to create this
APAs is to protect the biodiversity of the natural
resources of Serra da Mantiqueira, therefore, begging
regulate work, environment zoning and ruling the use of
natural resources, like: water, flora and fauna (Plano
Estadual de Recursos Hídricos 2000 -2003).
Capybaras, wild pigs, squirrels, pacas, gambá, wild cats,
armadillo, jacu, parrots, and toucans compose the fauna.
In the forest left included in the Atlantic Forest
Biosphere, there are many endemic and endanger species
associated
with
the
secondary
florets.
There are many continuous areas at
Serra da
Mantiqueira, like Araucaria and Pinho Bravo Forest,
heterogeneous forest with rich vegetation associated.
2. 2. SNUC- National System of Protect Area
The Protect Areas are areas protected by special law, with
the main goal to protect and preserve special ecosystem
with its particularities, by the Federal constitution, in its
art. 225, § 1.º, inc. III. These areas were chosen and
protected by the Law nº 9.985, July 18th, 2000, named
SNUC – National System of Natural Protect Area (
Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conservação da
Natureza). This Law brings a new view related with its
categories, such as:
1. The social participation at the creation and
management of theses areas.
2. Guarantee a fair treatment for the traditional
communities that are in the protected areas and
offer methodology to produce with a sustainable
view.
3. Adequate use of the financial founds needed.
4. Use land owners regulation (regularização
fundiária).
This area under special protection can be located in
private or public area. By being environment special
areas, they are under the law and the public interest.
2. Show by samples the invasion of public green
areas in the neighborhoods by the human occupation
and its percentage of deterioration. Exemplo Figure
4.
2.2.1. Area of Sustainable
The main propose of this areas are to combine the nature
preservation and the sustainable use. This area allow the
exploration of the environment in the way to guarantee
the natural cycle of the natural resources, and make it
possible in a social and economic aspect. Is included in
this category:
Environmental Protect Areas
Public or private areas, general big
extension, with some human occupation, enriched by
natural resources, landscape or cultural specially
important for quality of life and human well being, with
the main goal to protect the biological diversity, orderly
the process of occupation and allow the sustainable use of
the natural resources.
Figure 4. Big area of degraded forest.
Author picture
3.
Show using aerial photographs the percentage of
nature cover (vegetation) remained in the town.
4. CONCLUSION
3. METHODOLOGY
The methodology use will be:
1. The representation – digital data (figure 3) – from the
vegetation and building area; based on the maps made by
the extinct Geography and Cartogrphy Institute (IGC),
from 1977, and profile database exist in Campos do
Jordão Main Hall about projects approved between 1977
and 2004.
Figure 2. Map scanned in 1977.
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VARIAÇÃO ANUAL 9' OESTE
Figure 3. Digital data from the map bellow
Elaborated by the author.
As we analyze the SNUC Law, may Environment Protect
Areas, cover part of the town with its parks and botanic
gardens and parts covered with natural vegetation and
even forest. These areas are venerable under the
legislation and the development of the human occupation,
with no control methods in the town.
5. REFERENCES
Afonso, C. M. Uso e ocupação do solo na Zona Costeira
do Estado de São Paulo, Uma Análise Ambiental. São
Paulo: Annablume, 1999.
BRASIL. Decreto n°: 4.340, de 22 de Agosto de 2002.
Dispõe sobre o Sistema Nacional de Unidades de
Conservação da Natureza – SNUC, e dá outras
providências. Brasília, DF, 22 Ago. 2002.
Brito, M. C. W. de. Unidades de Conservação: Intenções
e Resultados. Dissertação (Mestrado), IUCN – União
Internacional Para A Conservação Da Natureza, Pnuma –
Programa Das Nações Unidas Para O Meio Ambiente,
WWF – Fundo Mundial Para A Natureza. Cuidando do
Planeta terra: Uma Estratégi a Para o Futuro da Vida.
Tradução: Lenke Peres Alves de Araújo, livro; José
Rubens Siqueira, sumário. São Paulo: CL-A Cultural,
1991.
Jacobi, P. R. Cidade e meio ambiente: percepções e
práticas em São Paulo. São Paulo: Annablume, 2000.