Uma Introdução à Modelação
de Processos com UML...
José Borbinha
Índice
•
•
•
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Processos de negócio (BP)
Modelação de BP em UML
Mais sobre modelação de BP...
Modelação de BP no Enterprise Architect
– Modelação de BP em UML
– Modelação de BP em BPMN
Processos de Negócio (jlb)
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Conceitos
• Um Processo de Negócio representa um conjunto de actividades
cujo objectivo geral é criar valor num determinado contexto
(empresa, organização, grupo, etc.).
• A descrição de um Processo de Negócio consiste assim na
especificação do seu início e fim, na definição ou definição dos
seus “inputs” e “outputs” (que devem ser mensuráveis), e na
descrição das suas actividades, incluindo a forma como estas se
coordenam entre si no tempo e no espaço.
• Um Levantamento de Processos de Negócio consiste na
identificação dos processos de negócio de um dado contexto de
problema, assim como das actividades que os compõem.
• NOTA: Num Levantamento de Processos de Negócio os
processos devem ser tipicamente descritos na perspectiva dos
stackholders (o cliente, o dono do negócio/processo, ...), pois
devem poder ser entendidos e validados por estes.
Processos de Negócio (jlb)
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Modelação de Processos de Negócio
• A Modelação de Processos de Negócio (BPM - Business
Process Modeling) tem como objectivo a definição e a
descrição esquemática de Processos de Negócio.
• A Modelação de Processos de Negócio necessita assim de
recorrer a notações, podendo para isso ser usada a notação da
UML – Unified Modeling Language (através de perfiz
adequados), ou mais especificamente a BPMN – Business
Processing Modeling Notation.
Processos de Negócio (jlb)
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Caracterização de um Processo de Negócio
Um Processo de Negócio:
1. Tem um objectivo (“goal”)
2. Tem entradas concretas (“inputs”)
3. Tem saídas concretas (“outputs”)
4. Usa recursos (“resources”)
5. Tem um número de actividades que são executadas
sempre da mesma forma
6. Tem um impacto horizontal no contexto geral (podendo
assim, num contexto de um sistema de informação, afectar
mais do que um componente, ou subsistema).
7. Cria valor para um cliente (cliente do processo).
Processos de Negócio (jlb)
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Numa notação informal “clássica” de um processo de negócio...
Processos de Negócio (jlb)
Retirado de: http://www.sparxsystems.com/business_process_model.html
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• Goal: A business process has some well defined goal. This is the
reason the organization does this work, and should be defined in
terms of the benefits this process has for the organization as a
whole and in satisfying the business needs.
• Information: Business processes use information to tailor or complete their activities. Information,
unlike resources, is not consumed in the process - rather it is used as part of the transformation
process. Information may come from external sources, from customers, from internal organizational
units and may even be the product of other processes.
• Output: A business process will typically produce one or more outputs of value to the business,
either for internal use or to satisfy external requirements. An output may be a physical object (such
as a report or invoice), a transformation of raw resources into a new arrangement (a daily schedule
or roster) or an overall business result such as completing a customer order. An output of one
business process may feed into another process, either as a requested item or a trigger to initiate
new activities.
• Resource: A resource is an input to a business process, and, unlike information, is typically
consumed during the processing. For example, as each daily train service is run and actuals
recorded, the service resource is 'used up' as far as the process of recording actual train times is
concerned.
Processos de Negócio (jlb)
Retirado de: http://www.sparxsystems.com/business_process_model.html
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• Goal: A business process has some well defined goal. This is the reason the organization does this
work, and should be defined in terms of the benefits this process has for the organization as a whole
and in satisfying the business needs.
• Information: Business processes use information to tailor or complete
their activities. Information, unlike resources, is not consumed in the
process - rather it is used as part of the transformation process.
Information may come from external sources, from customers, from
internal organizational units and may even be the product of other
processes.
• Output: A business process will typically produce one or more outputs of value to the business,
either for internal use or to satisfy external requirements. An output may be a physical object (such
as a report or invoice), a transformation of raw resources into a new arrangement (a daily schedule
or roster) or an overall business result such as completing a customer order. An output of one
business process may feed into another process, either as a requested item or a trigger to initiate
new activities.
• Resource: A resource is an input to a business process, and, unlike information, is typically
consumed during the processing. For example, as each daily train service is run and actuals
recorded, the service resource is 'used up' as far as the process of recording actual train times is
concerned.
Processos de Negócio (jlb)
8
Retirado de: http://www.sparxsystems.com/business_process_model.html
• Goal: A business process has some well defined goal. This is the reason the organization does this
work, and should be defined in terms of the benefits this process has for the organization as a whole
and in satisfying the business needs.
• Information: Business processes use information to tailor or complete their activities. Information,
unlike resources, is not consumed in the process - rather it is used as part of the transformation
process. Information may come from external sources, from customers, from internal organizational
units and may even be the product of other processes.
• Output: A business process will typically produce one or more outputs
of value to the business, either for internal use or to satisfy external
requirements. An output may be a physical object (such as a report or
invoice), a transformation of raw resources into a new arrangement (a
daily schedule or roster) or an overall business result such as
completing a customer order. An output of one business process may
feed into another process, either as a requested item or a trigger to
initiate new activities.
• Resource: A resource is an input to a business process, and, unlike information, is typically
consumed during the processing. For example, as each daily train service is run and actuals
recorded, the service resource is 'used up' as far as the process of recording actual train times is
concerned.
Processos de Negócio (jlb)
Retirado de: http://www.sparxsystems.com/business_process_model.html
9
• Goal: A business process has some well defined goal. This is the reason the organization does this
work, and should be defined in terms of the benefits this process has for the organization as a whole
and in satisfying the business needs.
• Information: Business processes use information to tailor or complete their activities. Information,
unlike resources, is not consumed in the process - rather it is used as part of the transformation
process. Information may come from external sources, from customers, from internal organizational
units and may even be the product of other processes.
• Output: A business process will typically produce one or more outputs of value to the business,
either for internal use or to satisfy external requirements. An output may be a physical object (such
as a report or invoice), a transformation of raw resources into a new arrangement (a daily schedule
or roster) or an overall business result such as completing a customer order. An output of one
business process may feed into another process, either as a requested item or a trigger to initiate
new activities.
• Resource: A resource is an input to a business process, and, unlike
information, is typically consumed during the processing. For example,
as each daily train service is run and actuals recorded, the service
resource is 'used up' as far as the process of recording actual train
times is concerned.
Processos de Negócio (jlb)
Retirado de: http://www.sparxsystems.com/business_process_model.html
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• Supply link from object Information. A supply link indicates that the
information or object linked to the process is not used up in the
processing phase. For example, order templates may be used over and
over to provide new orders of a certain style - the templates are not
altered or exhausted as part of this activity.
• Supply link from object Resource. An input link indicates that the attached object or
resource is consumed in the processing procedure. As an example, as customer orders
are processed they are completed and signed off, and typically are used only once per
unique resource (order).
• Goal link to object Goal. A goal link indicates the attached object to the business
process describes the goal of the process. A goal is the business justification for
performing the activity.
• Stateflow link to object Output
• Stateflow link from event Event. A stateflow link indicates some object is passed into a
business process. It captures the passing of control to another entity or process, with
the implied passing of state or information from activity to activity.
Processos de Negócio (jlb)
Retirado de: http://www.sparxsystems.com/business_process_model.html
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• Supply link from object Information. A supply link indicates that the information or object linked to the
process is not used up in the processing phase. For example, order templates may be used over
and over to provide new orders of a certain style - the templates are not altered or exhausted as part
of this activity.
• Supply link from object Resource. An input link indicates that the
attached object or resource is consumed in the processing procedure.
As an example, as customer orders are processed they are completed
and signed off, and typically are used only once per unique resource
(order).
• Goal link to object Goal. A goal link indicates the attached object to the business process describes
the goal of the process. A goal is the business justification for performing the activity.
• Stateflow link to object Output
• Stateflow link from event Event. A stateflow link indicates some object is passed into a business
process. It captures the passing of control to another entity or process, with the implied passing of
state or information from activity to activity.
Processos de Negócio (jlb)
Retirado de: http://www.sparxsystems.com/business_process_model.html
12
• Supply link from object Information. A supply link indicates that the information or object linked to the
process is not used up in the processing phase. For example, order templates may be used over
and over to provide new orders of a certain style - the templates are not altered or exhausted as part
of this activity.
• Supply link from object Resource. An input link indicates that the attached object or resource is
consumed in the processing procedure. As an example, as customer orders are processed they are
completed and signed off, and typically are used only once per unique resource (order).
• Goal link to object Goal. A goal link indicates the attached object to the
business process describes the goal of the process. A goal is the
business justification for performing the activity.
• Stateflow link to object Output
• Stateflow link from event Event. A stateflow link indicates some object is passed into a business
process. It captures the passing of control to another entity or process, with the implied passing of
state or information from activity to activity.
Processos de Negócio (jlb)
Retirado de: http://www.sparxsystems.com/business_process_model.html
13
• Supply link from object Information. A supply link indicates that the information or object linked to the
process is not used up in the processing phase. For example, order templates may be used over
and over to provide new orders of a certain style - the templates are not altered or exhausted as part
of this activity.
• Supply link from object Resource. An input link indicates that the attached object or resource is
consumed in the processing procedure. As an example, as customer orders are processed they are
completed and signed off, and typically are used only once per unique resource (order).
• Goal link to object Goal. A goal link indicates the attached object to the business process describes
the goal of the process. A goal is the business justification for performing the activity.
• Stateflow link to object Output
• Stateflow link from event Event. A stateflow link indicates some object is passed into a business
process. It captures the passing of control to another entity or process, with the implied passing of
state or information from activity to activity.
Processos de Negócio (jlb)
Retirado de: http://www.sparxsystems.com/business_process_model.html
14
• Supply link from object Information. A supply link indicates that the information or object linked to the
process is not used up in the processing phase. For example, order templates may be used over
and over to provide new orders of a certain style - the templates are not altered or exhausted as part
of this activity.
• Supply link from object Resource. An input link indicates that the attached object or resource is
consumed in the processing procedure. As an example, as customer orders are processed they are
completed and signed off, and typically are used only once per unique resource (order).
• Goal link to object Goal. A goal link indicates the attached object to the business process describes
the goal of the process. A goal is the business justification for performing the activity.
• Stateflow link to object Output
• Stateflow link from event Event. A stateflow link indicates some object
is passed into a business process. It captures the passing of control to
another entity or process, with the implied passing of state or
information from activity to activity.
Processos de Negócio (jlb)
Retirado de: http://www.sparxsystems.com/business_process_model.html
15
Índice
•
•
•
•
Processos de negócio (BP)
Modelação de BP em UML
Mais sobre modelação de BP...
Modelação de BP no Enterprise Architect
– Modelação de BP em UML
– Modelação de BP em BPMN
Processos de Negócio (jlb)
16
Modelação de Processos em UML
• Podem ser definidos perfiz da UML para capturar a
representação visual de processos de negócio, recorrendo
a actores e casos de utilização e ainda a diagramas de
actividade, estado, classe e objecto.
• “Business Use Cases” podem suportar a modelação de
processos de negócio, ao nível da organização, em
analogia aos “(System) Use Cases” na modelação ao nível
dos sistemas.
• A descrição de um “Business Use Case”, estando ao nível
do negócio, refere assim os processos de negócio.
• O resultado da modelação de processos de negócio pode
ser usado para o levantamento de requisitos de um
sistema!!!
Processos de Negócio (jlb)
http://www.sparxsystems.com/platforms/business_process_modeling.html
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Sobre perfiz de UML...
A UML profile is a specification that does one or more of the following:
• Identifies a subset of the UML metamodel.
• Specifies “well-formedness rules” beyond those specified by the
identified subset of the UML metamodel. “Well-formedness rule” is a
term used in the normative UML metamodel specification to
describe a set of constraints written in UML’s Object Constraint
Language (OCL) that contributes to the definition of a metamodel
element.
• Specifies “standard elements” beyond those specified by the
identified subset of the UML metamodel. “Standard element” is a
term used in the UML metamodel specification to describe a
standard instance of a UML stereotype, tagged value or constraint.
• Specifies semantics, expressed in natural language, beyond those
specified by the identified subset of the UML metamodel.
• Specifies common model elements, expressed in terms of the
profile.
Processos de Negócio (jlb)
http://www.omg.org/technology/documents/profile_catalog.htm
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Um perfil de “Business Use Cases”
(versus “System Use Cases”)
Exemplo de um perfil
UML para processos
de negócio
(estereótipos de
“business actor” e
“business use case”)
Processos de Negócio (jlb)
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Conceitos em Modelação de
Processos com UML
• Actor do Negócio (“Business Actor”) – Actor
exterior ao processo, que com ele interage!
• Trabalhador do Negócio (“Business Worker”) –
Abstracção de algo que representa um papel
activo no caso de utilização do negócio (pode
ser um sistema ou um humano)!
• Entidade do Negócio (“Business Entity”) –
Qualquer entidade relevante para o negócio!
Processos de Negócio (jlb)
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Exemplos de diagramas de “Business Use Case”
Processos de Negócio (jlb)
http://www-128.ibm.com/developerworks/rational/library/360.html
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Diagramas de actividade detalham os processo de negócios
(“workflows” na perspectiva “Business Use Case”)...
Processos de Negócio (jlb)
http://www-128.ibm.com/developerworks/rational/library/360.html
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Business Object Model: Diagramas de Classes
“Business Workers”
Entidades do Processo
Processos de Negócio (jlb)
http://www-128.ibm.com/developerworks/rational/library/360.html
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Business Object Model: Diagramas de Classes
(outro exemplo)
Processos de Negócio (jlb)
http://www-128.ibm.com/developerworks/rational/library/360.html
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Business Object Model: Diagramas de actividade, com
“streamlines” realçando os papéis dos “business workers”
Processos de Negócio (jlb)
http://www-128.ibm.com/developerworks/rational/library/360.html
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Business Object Model: Diagramas de
Sequência
Business
Actor
Business
Worker
Processos de Negócio (jlb)
http://www-128.ibm.com/developerworks/rational/library/360.html
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Do modelo do negócio para o
modelo do sistema
Uma modelação de negócio pode ser aproveitada
para a modelação de um sistema:
– Cada “business use case” pode vir a corresponder a
um sub-sistema
– Cada processo de negócio pode vir a corresponder a
um caso de utilização do sistema (sub-sistema)
– Cada entidade do negócio (“business entity”) pode vir
a corresponder a uma classe (entidade) do sistema
Processos de Negócio (jlb)
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Índice
•
•
•
•
Processos de negócio (BP)
Modelação de BP em UML
Mais sobre modelação de BP...
Modelação de BP no Enterprise Architect
– Modelação de BP em UML
– Modelação de BP em BPMN
Processos de Negócio (jlb)
28
Mais sobre modelação de BP...
O problema da modelação de Processos de Negócio é
uma área nova e conturbada, ainda em constante e
frequente (re-)definição de conceitos e linguagens...:
–
–
–
–
–
BPMN – Business Process Modeling Notation
...
BPML – Business Process Modeling Language
...
Tecnologia e conceitos como por exemplo WS (WebServices), SOA (Service Oriented Architectures) trouxeram
novas perspectivas, novos requisitos e novos focos de
polémica (ver por exemplo http://www.ebpml.org/):
• BPEL – Business Process Execution Language (WS-BPEL,
BPEL4WS, ..., BPEL-J, ...)
Processos de Negócio (jlb)
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BPMN – Business Process Modeling Notation
http://www.bpmi.org/
• BPMN provides a Business Process Diagram
(BPD), which is a Diagram designed for use by
the people who design and manage business
processes.
• BPMN also provides a formal mapping to an
execution language of BPM Systems
(BPEL4WS).
• Thus BPMN would provide a standard
visualization mechanism for business
processes defined in an execution optimized
business process language.
Processos de Negócio (jlb)
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http://www.bpmn.org/exampleIndex.htm
Processos de Negócio (jlb)
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ILOG JViews BPMN Modeler 1.0
Processos de Negócio (jlb)
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Exemplo
Processos de Negócio (jlb)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BPMN
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BPML – Business Process Modeling Language
•
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Process_Modeling_Language
• Business Process Modeling Language
(BPML) is a meta-language for the modeling of
business processes...
• BPML was a proposed language, but now the
BPMI has dropped support for this in favor of
BPEL4WS...
Processos de Negócio (jlb)
34
Índice
•
•
•
•
Processos de negócio (BP)
Modelação de BP em UML
Mais sobre modelação de BP...
Modelação de BP no Enterprise Architect
– Modelação de BP em UML
– Modelação de BP em BPMN
Processos de Negócio (jlb)
35
Modelação de BP em UML
http://www.sparxsystems.com/platforms/business_process_modeling.html
UML provides activity, state, object and class diagrams to
capture important business processes and artifacts. More
detailed BPM models can easily be built using UML
Profiles.
Sparx Systems has available for download a detailed UML
Profile for Business Process Modeling based on the
extensions defined by Hans-Erik Eriksson and Magnus
Penker in their book, "Business Modeling with UML". This
profile is used to define a set of stereotypes for working
with Business Activities, Processes, Objects and
Information flows.
Processos de Negócio (jlb)
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Instalar “Profiles” no EA
http://www.sparxsystems.com/downloads/profiles/BPProfile.xml
• Right click on the UML Profiles tree node in the Resources View and
select Import Profile from the context menu - as in the to the right.
• The Import UML Profile dialog will open.
• Locate the XML Profile file to import using the Browse [...] button.
• Set the required import options for all stereotypes defined in the profile
- you can select to import:
– Element Size yes/no - check this to import the element size
attributes.
– Color and Appearance yes/no - check this to import the color
(background, border and font) and appearance (border
thickness) attributes.
– Alternate Image yes/no - check this to import the metafile image.
– Code Templates yes/no - check this to import the code templates
if they exist.
– Overwrite Existing Templates yes/no - check this to overwrite any
existing code templates defined in the current project.
• Press Import.
Processos de Negócio (jlb)
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Modelação de BP em BPMN
Add-in ao Enterprise Architect para BPML
http://www.sparxsystems.com.au/products/mdg_bpmn.html
http://www.sparxsystems.com.au/bin/EABPMN.exe
Processos de Negócio (jlb)
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