Cadernos de Debate, Vol. X, 2003 23URJUDPD)RPH=HURQRFRQWH[WR GDVSROtWLFDVVRFLDLVQR%UDVLO 7KH=HUR+XQJHU3URJUDP LQWKHFRQWH[WRIVRFLDOSROLFLHVLQ %UD]LO BELIK, W; DEL GROSSI, M. O Programa Fome Zero no contexto das políticas sociais no Brasil. Cadernos de Debates, Campinas , SP, v. X, p. 1-24, set. 2003. RESUMO O artigo analisa as possibilidades de implementação de uma política social voltada para a Segurança Alimentar no Brasil. São apresentadas as principais propostas colocadas pelo PFZ - Programa Fome Zero traçando-se um paralelo entre o desenho desse programa e o PROGRESA – Oportunidades que está sendo implementado no México. Demonstra-se que o PFZ nesse primeiro momento assumiu para a seleção dos possíveis beneficiários um desenho híbrido combinando as características de um programa universal de garantia do direito humano à alimentação com a focalização geográfica. Finalmente, o artigo apresenta alguns elementos das políticas estruturais que estão sendo implementadas exemplificando o esforço do PFZ no sentido de promover mudanças estruturais nas condições de vida das famílias beneficiadas. Palavras-chaves: Segurança Alimentar, Política Social, Pobreza $%675$&7 This article analyzes the possibilities of implementation of a social policy devoted to food security in Brazil. The main proposals set forth by the Brazilian ZHP – Zero-Hunger Program are presented, drawing a parallel with the design of the Mexican PROGRESA – Oportunidades. We demonstrate that the ZHP has adopted a hybrid profile as a first approach to the selection of the possible beneficiaries, combining characteristics of the ‘right to food’ universal principle with a geographical vision. Finally, the article brings up some elements of analysis for the structural policies that are under implementation using the endeavors of the ZHP as examples of how to promote the necessary changes in living conditions for the households of those to be benefited. Keywords: Food security, Social Policy, Poverty :$/7(5%(/,. Professor Livre Docente do Instituto de Economia e Coordenador do Núcleo de Economia Agrícola da Unicamp ([email protected]). 0$852'(/*5266, Pesquisador do IAPAR e assessor do Gabinete do Ministro Extraordinário da Segurança Alimentar e Combate à Fome ([email protected]) Cadernos de Debate, Vol. X, 2003 2 $35(6(17$d®2 2SUHVHQWHWUDEDOKRSUHWHQGHGLVFXWLURGHVHQKRHVWDEHOHFLGRSDUDR3URJUDPD)RPH=HURGRODQoDGR SHOR*RYHUQR/XODDSUHVHQWDQGRDVVXDVLQWHUIDFHVFRPDSROtWLFDVRFLDOHDVDo}HVGHFRPEDWHjSREUH]D2WH[WR SDUWHGRGHVDILRGHDSUHVHQWDUXPSURJUDPDTXHSUHWHQGHGDUFRQWDGRDWHQGLPHQWRGHXPGLUHLWRXQLYHUVDOGR FLGDGmRTXHpRGLUHLWRjDOLPHQWDomRPDVTXHDRPHVPRWHPSRSURFXUDXWLOL]DUWpFQLFDVGH´IRFDOL]DomRµSDUD LGHQWLILFDUDSRSXODomRGHPDLRUFDUrQFLDSDUDFXPSULUHVVHREMHWLYR 2 WUDEDOKR HVWi GLYLGLGR HP WUrV SDUWHV VHJXLGDV GH XPD FRQFOXVmR 1D SULPHLUD VHomR ID]HPRV XPD GLVFXVVmR VREUH DV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GH XP SURJUDPD VRFLDO GH FRPEDWH j IRPH HP XP SDtV FRPR R %UDVLO TXH 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HTXLSDUDGD FRQVWLWXFLRQDOPHQWH DR PHVPR QtYHO GDV QHFHVVLGDGHV DQWHULRUHV D VLWXDomR QmR p D PHVPD 1R %UDVLO DVVLP FRPR QRV GHPDLV SDtVHV QmR H[LVWH XP ´VLVWHPD S~EOLFR GH DOLPHQWDomRµ 2X VHMD QmR H[LVWH XPD UHGH GH SURWHomR S~EOLFD TXH SRVVD JDUDQWLU D PDQXWHQomR GR HVWDGR QXWULFLRQDO GRV LQGLYtGXRV1R FDVR GD DOLPHQWDomR QmR H[LVWH R ILOWUR GD UHQGD SDUD HVWDEHOHFHU RV OLPLWHV GR VLVWHPDSULYDGR1HVVHFDVRRH[HUFtFLRGRGLUHLWRVHID]WRGRHPEDVHVSULYDGDVRVLVWHPDpSULYDGRHWRGRVRV LQGLYtGXRVSRGHPVHUFRQVLGHUDGRV´FRQVXPLGRUHVµSULYDGRVGHDOLPHQWRV 1 No Brasil existe uma Proposta de Emenda Constitucional de 2001 que altera o artigo 6o da nossa constituição incluindo o direito à alimentação entre os direitos fundamentais do homem. Atualmente, a constituição brasileira se refere ao direito à vida deixando apenas implícito o direito à alimentação. 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O autor, pelo contrário, procura mostrar que antes desses, outros filósofos economistas, muitos deles progressistas, também haviam apresentado a tese da renda mínima. Entre os defensores da proposta de renda mínima valeria mencionar a contribuição de J. K. Galbraith, James Tobin e Philippe Van Parijs que trabalham com a possibilidade de instituir a renda mínima como um imposto de renda negativo em que as transferências de renda para as pessoas pobres cobririam apenas uma parte que faltaria para se completar o valor de um salário mínimo. 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Se ao final do meu mandato, cada brasileiro puder se alimentar três vezes ao dia, terei realizado a missão de minha vida...” 4 IBGE/PNAD – 1999. 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Toda família que tem filhos abaixo de 12 anos e com renda abaixo de ½ salário mínimo está qualificada a receber o auxílio (GUNDERSEN HWDO., 2000). 6 Em 1997 o programa de 7257,%212 distribuiu 47 milhões de quilos de WRUWLOODV por mês para 1,9 milhões de famílias domiciliadas em 1000 cidades e 400 localidades rurais em todo o México. Nesse ano o programa teve um custo total de US$ 135 milhões. Nenhuma avaliação sobre impactos econômicos ou nutricionais do programa foi feita (CASTAÑEDA, 1998). 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HPSUHJDGRUHVWrPUHQGLPHQWRHVSHUDGRPDLRUTXHRVDVVDODULDGRV QHJURVHSDUGRVSRVVXHPUHQGLPHQWRHVSHUDGRPHQRUTXHEUDQFRV WUDEDOKDGRUHV QRUGHVWLQRV SRVVXHP VLVWHPDWLFDPHQWH R PHQRU UHQGLPHQWR HVSHUDGR PHQRU TXH RV GD UHJLmR1RUWHPHQRUTXHRVGRFRQMXQWR0*5-(6PHQRUTXHRVGH6mR3DXORPHQRUTXHRV GR6XOHPHQRUTXHRVGR&HQWUR2HVWH WUDEDOKDGRUHVFRPGRPLFtOLRUXUDOSRVVXHPUHQGLPHQWRHVSHUDGRPHQRUTXHRVWUDEDOKDGRUHVXUEDQRV $V FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV DFLPD LQGLFDP JUXSRV GH SRSXODo}HV H UHJL}HV FRP PDLRU SUREDELOLGDGH GH VHUHP DWLQJLGRVSHODSREUH]DPDVHODHVWiJHQHUDOL]DGDHPWRGRR%UDVLOFRPGLIHUHQWHVLQWHQVLGDGHV 3URJUDPDVGHVHJXUDQoDDOLPHQWDUTXHYLVHPJDUDQWLUFRPLGDQDPHVDGDVSHVVRDVSREUHVWrPTXHDWDFDU SULRULWDULDPHQWH DV FDPDGDV RQGH D SREUH]D p PDLV GUDPiWLFD 3RU RXWUR ODGR FRVWXPDVH DUJXPHQWDU TXH D VLWXDomRGHULVFRHPWHUPRVGHVHJXUDQoDDOLPHQWDUHVWiSUHVHQWHQDVIDPtOLDVGHWRGDVDFODVVHVGHUHQGLPHQWRV 6LOYHLUDHWDO7RGDYLDSRGHVHDILUPDUFRPFHUWH]DTXHpHQWUHRVPDLVSREUHVTXHDIRPHDSDUHFHFRP PDLRUIRUoD$IRPHpDPDQLIHVWDomRPDLVHYLGHQWHHPDLVGXUDGDVLWXDomRGHSREUH]DeSRUHVVHPRWLYRTXH Cadernos de Debate, Vol. X, 2003 12 TXDOTXHU SURJUDPD GH FRPEDWH j IRPH GHYH VH FRQFHQWUDU QDV iUHDV FRP PDLRU Q~PHUR GH SREUHV H RQGH D SREUH]DVHPDQLIHVWDGHIRUPDPDLVSURIXQGD &RP R REMHWLYR GH GHILQLU D SDUWLU GH GDGRV VHFXQGiULRV TXDLV VHULDP DV iUHDV SULRULWiULDV SDUD R GHVHQYROYLPHQWR GH XP SURJUDPD FRQWUD D IRPH IRUDP IHLWRV DOJXQV H[HUFtFLRV HVWDWtVWLFRV FRP RV GDGRV GR &HQVR GHPRJUiILFR GR ,%*( GH $ ILP GH VLPSOLILFDU R FiOFXOR H WHQGR HP YLVWD TXH R OHYDQWDPHQWR FHQVLWiULR QmR DSUHVHQWD GDGRV VREUH SURGXomR SDUD DXWRFRQVXPR H GH GHVSHVDV FRP DOXJXpLV TXH SRGHULDP ´PHOKRUDUµ D UHQGD GRV PDLV SREUHV RSWDPRV SRU XWLOL]DU XPD OLQKD GH SREUH]D ~QLFD FRP EDVH QD UHQGD GRPLFLOLDUSHUFDSLWDOLQHDUSDUDWRGRR%UDVLO(VVDOLQKDIRLDUELWUDGDQRYDORUGHóVDOiULRPtQLPRSHUFDSLWDGH VHWHPEURGHHGHIRUPDOLQHDUSDUDWRGRSDtVGDPHVPDPDQHLUDTXHWHPVLGRWUDEDOKDGRSRU+RIIPDQQ $SDUWLUGHVVDVLQIRUPDo}HVXWLOL]DPRVRtQGLFH)*7)RVWHU*UHHUH7KRUEHFNH SDUDHVVDVIDPtOLDV 1 = −< FGT(α ) = ∑ FRP α ≥ 0 Q =1 = α T L L $HTXDomRDFLPDDSUHVHQWDDIyUPXODGR)*7RQGH Q SRSXODomR T SRSXODomRDEDL[RGDOLQKDGHSREUH]D = OLQKDGHSREUH]D < QtYHOGHUHQGDGRLQGLYtGXRL L α JUDXGHDYHUVmRjSREUH]D 2tQGLFH)*7QRVDSUHVHQWDWUrVLQIRUPDo}HVPDLVFRQKHFLGDVDVDEHU D8PDHVWLPDWLYDGDSURSRUomRGHSREUHVHPFDGDUHJLmRHVWXGDGD(VVDFLIUDSRGHVHUREWLGDTXDQGR α HSRUWDQWRRtQGLFHpLJXDODTQ3DUDRFDVRGR%UDVLODWDEHODQRVDSUHVHQWDDSURSRUomRGHSREUHV VHJXQGRDVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVSRSXODFLRQDLVGRPXQLFtSLR 7 Segundo Monteiro (2003, pgs, 12 e 13) “A pobreza, medida pela insuficiência de renda, alcança mais de um quarto da população brasileira e dissemina-se por todas as regiões e áreas do país, afligindo entretanto, em particular, as populações do Norte e Nordeste e, ainda mais particularmente, a população rural dessa última região. A desnutrição, medida pelo retardo do crescimento infantil, alcança cerca de 10 % das crianças do país e se distribui no território nacional de forma semelhante à pobreza, ainda que com diferenças regionais mais intensas. Na região em situação mais favorável - as áreas urbanas do Centro –Sul - a ocorrência de crianças de baixa estatura é rara e sua freqüência é apenas pouco superior à observada em países desenvolvidos enquanto na região em situação menos favorável - o Nordeste Rural – o problema alcança uma em cada quatro crianças, condição que aproxima essa região dos países mais pobres do mundo”. 8 Para um melhor entendimento da utilização do índice FGT ver Rocha (2003: 44). Cadernos de Debate, Vol. X, 2003 13 7$%(/$ %UDVLO3URSRUomRGH3REUHVSRUWLSRGH0XQLFtSLR )DPtOLDV3REUHV 3URSRUomRGH3REUHV 0XQLFtSLRVFRPPDLVGHPLOKDELWDQWHV 0XQLFtSLRVFRPDWpPLOKDELWDQWHV 5HJL}HVPHWURSROLWDQDV 7RWDO )RQWHGRVGDGRVEUXWRV,%*(²&HQVR'HPRJUiILFR 2EVHUYDVHQD7DEHODTXHWHPRVXPWRWDOGHTXDVHPLOK}HVGHIDPtOLDVDEDL[RGDOLQKDGDSREUH]D GH ó VDOiULR PtQLPR SHU FDSLWD VHQGR TXH RV PXQLFtSLRV FRP DWp PLO KDELWDQWHV TXH DWp SRGHULDP VHU FRQVLGHUDGRV UXUDLV FRQFHQWUDP SRXFR PDLV GHVVHV SREUHV e WDPEpP QRV PXQLFtSLRV PHQRUHV TXH D SURSRUomR GH SREUHV p PDLRU 2EVHUYDVH QD SULPHLUD IDL[D GH PXQLFtSLRV XPD SURSRUomR GH IDPtOLDV DEDL[RGDOLQKDGDSREUH]DQRVPXQLFtSLRVFRPDWpPLOKDELWDQWHV(VVDSURSRUomRpEHPPDLRUTXHDTXHOD REVHUYDGDQRVPXQLFtSLRVFRPPDLVGHPLOKDELWDQWHVHWDPEpPPDLVHOHYDGDTXHDTXHODHQFRQWUDGD QDVJUDQGHVPHWUySROHV E 2XWUD SURSULHGDGH FRQKHFLGD GR )*7 p TXH TXDQGR α R tQGLFH FRQVLGHUD VLPXOWDQHDPHQWH D SURSRUomRGRVSREUHVHDLQWHQVLGDGHGDSREUH]DPHGLGDSHODLQVXILFLrQFLDGHUHQGD $LQVXILFLrQFLDGHUHQGD WDPEpPFRQKHFLGDFRPRKLDWRGHUHQGDpHOHYDGDQRVWUrVJUXSRVPDVpPDLVDJXGDQDTXHOHTXHFRQJUHJDRV LQGLYtGXRVGRPLFLOLDGRVQRVPXQLFtSLRVFRPPHQRVGHPLOKDELWDQWHV7DEHOD1HVVHVSHTXHQRVPXQLFtSLRV DUHQGDPpGLDGRVLQGLYtGXRVSREUHVHVWiDEDL[RGDOLQKDGDSREUH]D2XVHMDDUHQGDGHVVHVLQGLYtGXRV WHULDTXHSUDWLFDPHQWHGXSOLFDUSDUDDWLQJLUDOLQKDGDSREUH]D1RVGHPDLVJUXSRVRJUDXGHQHFHVVLGDGHpPHQRU PDVDVVLPPHVPRHOHYDGR 2 TXH SHUPLWH FRPSDUDU HVVDV GLIHUHQoDV p R FiOFXOR GR )*7 RQGH VH REVHUYD TXH SDUD QRV PXQLFtSLRV HVVH tQGLFH DWLQJH XP YDORU HOHYDGR GH FDLQGR SHOD PHWDGH SDUD RV LQGLYtGXRV UHVLGHQWHV QRV PXQLFtSLRVPDLRUHVHVHUHGX]LQGRQRYDPHQWHSHODPHWDGHSDUDRVGRPLFLOLDGRVQDVPHWUySROHV$WDEHOD LOXVWUDHVVDVLQIRUPDo}HV $DQiOLVHGR)*7FRP QRVSHUPLWHGLVWLQJXLURJUXSRSREUHGDTXHOHTXHpPXLWRSREUH6DEHVH TXH TXDQWR PDLV HOHYDGR IRU tQGLFH PDLV JUDYH p D VLWXDomR GHVVHV LQGLYtGXRV 1HVVH SDUWLFXODU YDOH GHVWDFDU GHQWURGHFDGDXPGRVJUXSRVPHQFLRQDGRVRVHVWDGRVRQGHDVLWXDomRpPDLVFUtWLFDPDVDQWHVYDOHGHVWDFDUXP WHUFHLURQtYHOGHDQiOLVH 9 Nesse caso o valor do índice é obtido pelo produto desses dois elementos. Cadernos de Debate, Vol. X, 2003 14 F DWULEXLVH D R YDORU LVVR ID] FRP TXH VH SRWHQFLDOL]H D VLWXDomR FUtWLFD (VVH tQGLFH DWULEXL SURSRUFLRQDOPHQWH PDLV SHVR DRV SREUHV H SRU HVVH PRWLYR OHYD HP FRQVLGHUDomR WDPEpP D GHVLJXDOGDGH QD GLVWULEXLomRGHUHQGDHQWUHRVSREUHV 7$%(/$ %UDVLO*UDXGHSURIXQGLGDGHGHSREUH]DSHORtQGLFH)*7 )*7 0XQLFtSLRVFRPDWpPLOKDELWDQWHV 0XQLFtSLRVFRPPDLVGHPLOKDELWDQWHV 5HJL}HVPHWURSROLWDQDV )RQWHGRVGDGRV%UXWRV,%*(&HQVR'HPRJUiILFR 2EVHUYDVH TXH TXDQGR ,QVXILFLrQFLD 5HQGD)*7 DWULEXLQGRVH PDLRU SHVR DRV PDLV SREUHV RV PXQLFtSLRV PHQRUHV FRQWLQXDPDLQGDHPVLWXDomRPDLVFUtWLFD2XVHMDQRVPXQLFtSLRVDWpPLOKDELWDQWHVGR%UDVLOVHHQFRQWUDR PDLRUFRQWLQJHQWHSRSXODFLRQDOFRPLQVXILFLrQFLDGHUHQGDDSURIXQGLGDGHGHVVDLQVXILFLrQFLDGHUHQGDpDPDLRU HpPDLRUDGHVLJXDOGDGHGHUHQGDHQWUHRVSREUHV2SDVVRVHJXLQWHDSDUWLUGHVVHVHOHPHQWRVpRGHGHILQLUDV iUHDVJHRJUiILFDVRQGHDVLWXDomRDLQGDpPDLVJUDYH$SHUJXQWDTXHSRGHPRVID]HUpSRURQGHFRPHoDU" 2EVHUYDVH QD 7DEHOD D SDUWLU GR FiOFXOR GR tQGLFH )*7 FRQVLGHUDQGR TXH DV UHJL}HV 1RUWH H 1RUGHVWHVmRDTXHODVTXHDSUHVHQWDPDVLWXDomRPDLVDJXGD 2YDORUPDLVHOHYDGRGRtQGLFHHVWiQR1RUGHVWH HQWUHDSRSXODomRPRUDGRUDQRVPXQLFtSLRVFRPPHQRVGHPLOKDELWDQWHVORJRHPVHJXLGDRFDOFXODGRSDUD RV SHTXHQRV PXQLFtSLRV GR 1RUWH VHJXLGRV SHOR REWLGR SDUD RV PXQLFtSLRV DFLPD GH PLO KDELWDQWHV GR 1RUGHVWH1DTXDUWDFRORFDomRHQWUHRVPXQLFtSLRVFRPPDLRUGHVLJXDOGDGHHVWmRRVGDUHJLmRPHWURSROLWDQDGR 1RUGHVWH(VVHVGDGRVQRVOHYDPDUHIOHWLUVREUHDLPSRUWkQFLDGHDWXDUGLUHWDPHQWHQHVVDUHJLmRFRPSROtWLFDV VRFLDLV GLULJLGDV 9DOH UHVVDOWDU TXH RV PXQLFtSLRV SHTXHQRV GR HVWDGR GH 6mR 3DXOR H GR VXO GR SDtV IRUDP DTXHOHVRQGHVHYHULILFDUDPDVPHQRUHVLQVXILFLrQFLDVGHUHQGDHQWUHRVSREUHV0HVPRDUHJLmRPHWURSROLWDQDGD FLGDGHGH6mR3DXORDSUHVHQWDGLIHUHQoDVHQWUHDVLWXDomRGRVSREUHVPXLWRPHQRVDJXGDTXHDTXHODHQFRQWUDGD QR1RUGHVWH 7$%(/$ %UDVLOÌQGLFH)*7SRUUHJL}HVHVFROKLGDVSDUkPHWUR 5HJL}HVGR3DtV +DELWDQWHVGHPXQLFtSLRVFRP 5HJL}HV PHQRVGHPLO PDLVGHPLO 0HWURSROLWDQDV 1RUWH 5-(60* 1RUGHVWH 6mR3DXOR 6XO &HQWUR2HVWH )RQWHGRVGDGRV%UXWRV,%*(&HQVR'HPRJUiILFR Cadernos de Debate, Vol. X, 2003 15 1D 7DEHOD VmR DSUHVHQWDGRV RV HVWDGRV FRP PDLRU SURSRUomR GH SREUHV QRV SHTXHQRV PXQLFtSLRV 2EVHUYDVHTXHQHVVDFODVVLILFDomRGHHVWDGRVSHUWHQFHPjUHJLmR1RUGHVWHVHQGRTXHRHVWDGRTXHWHPR PDLRUQ~PHURGHIDPtOLDVSREUHVHPPXQLFtSLRVFRPPHQRVGHPLOKDELWDQWHVpD%DKLDPLOIDPtOLDV VHJXLGR SRU RXWURV HVWDGRV GD UHJLmR QRUGHVWLQD (QWUH RV HVWDGRV VHOHFLRQDGRV DSHQDV R $PD]RQDV H R $FUHWrPQtYHLVGHSREUH]DHOHYDGRVQRHQWDQWRHOHVHVWmRHQWUHRVGHPHQRUSRSXODomR 2EVHUYDVHSHODWDEHODWDPEpPTXHRVQtYHLVGHLQVXILFLrQFLDGHUHQGDQHVVHVHVWDGRVHVWmRWRGRVDFLPD GHHTXDQGR RYDORUREWLGRGRtQGLFHHVWiVHPSUHDFLPDGHRTXHpFLQFRYH]HVPDLVHOHYDGR TXHRYHULILFDGRHP6mR3DXOR 7$%(/$ %UDVLO6LWXDomRGRVHVWDGRVFRPPDLRUSURSRUomRGHSREUHVDSDUWLUGRVPXQLFtSLRVFRPPHQRVGHPLOKDELWDQWHV 3URSRUomR ,QVXILFLrQFLD )*7 )*7 )DPtOLDV $/ 3, 8) 3REUHV 0$ $0 5HQGD 3REUHV &( %$ 3% 3( 6( $& )RQWHGRVGDGRV%UXWRV,%*(&HQVR'HPRJUiILFR 1D7DEHODDSUHVHQWDPRVDVPHVPDVLQIRUPDo}HVGDDQWHULRUPDVGHVVDYH]SDUDDVIDPtOLDVUHVLGHQWHV HP PXQLFtSLRV FRP PDLV GH PLO KDELWDQWHV 0DLV XPD YH] VH YHULILFD D SUHVHQoD PDL~VFXOD GRV HVWDGRV GR 1RUGHVWH HP 7DPEpP PDLV XPD YH] R HVWDGR GR 0DUDQKmR DSDUHFH FRPR R TXH DSUHVHQWD PDLRU SURSRUomR GH SREUHV H R HVWDGR GD %DKLD DSDUHFH FRPR DTXHOH RQGH R Q~PHUR GH IDPtOLDV SREUHV p R PDLRU PLOIDPtOLDV$OJXPDVSDUWLFXODULGDGHVPHUHFHPVHUGHVWDFDGDVFRPRRIDWRGRVYDORUHVGRtQGLFHTXDQGR H REVHUYDGRV SDUD RV PXQLFtSLRV FRP SRSXODomR DFLPD GH PLO DSUHVHQWDUHP XPD HQRUPH YDULDELOLGDGHHQWUHRSULPHLURHVWDGRHRGpFLPRGDOLVWDDRFRQWUiULRGRREVHUYDGRQRFDVRDQWHULRU Cadernos de Debate, Vol. X, 2003 16 7$%(/$ %UDVLO6LWXDomRGRVHVWDGRVFRPPDLRUSURSRUomRGHSREUHVDSDUWLUGRVPXQLFtSLRVFRPPDLVGHPLOKDELWDQWHV 3URSRUomR ,QVXILFLrQFLD )*7 )*7 )DPtOLDV 8) 3REUHV 0$ &( $/ 3$ %$ 3( 3, $0 6( 5HQGD 51 )RQWHGRVGDGRV%UXWRV,%*(&HQVR'HPRJUiILFR 3REUHV )LQDOPHQWHD7DEHODDSUHVHQWDDVPHVPDVLQIRUPDo}HVSDUDDVUHJL}HVPHWURSROLWDQDV0DLVXPDYH] YHULILFDVHTXHDViUHDVPHWURSROLWDQDVGR1RUGHVWHHVWmRUHODFLRQDGDVQDVSULPHLUDVSRVLo}HVHQWUHDVTXH SRVVXHPDPDLRUSURSRUomRGHSREUHV2HVWDGRFRPRPDLRUQ~PHURGHIDPtOLDVSREUHVQDiUHDPHWURSROLWDQDp 3HUQDPEXFR PXLWR HPERUD DV GLIHUHQoDV VRFLDLV HQWUH RV SREUHV VHMDP PHQRUHV GR TXH DV REVHUYDGDV QRV SHTXHQRV H PpGLRV PXQLFtSLRV 9DOH REVHUYDU DLQGD TXH GLIHUHQWHPHQWH GRV RXWURV FDVRV D LQVXILFLrQFLD GH UHQGDTXHPHGHDVGLIHUHQoDVHQWUHDPpGLDGRVUHQGLPHQWRVGDVIDPtOLDVSREUHVHDOLQKDGDSREUH]DVHUHGX] GUDVWLFDPHQWH FRQWDQGRVH GR SULPHLUR DR GpFLPR FDVR DQDOLVDGR ,VVR SRGH GHPRQVWUDU D JUDQGH GLIHUHQoD H[LVWHQWHGDVLWXDomRGDSREUH]DQDVGLYHUVDVFDSLWDLVGR%UDVLOPDVSRGHVHUFRQVHTrQFLDGHXPYLpVGHFRUUHQWH GDDGRomRGHXPDOLQKDGDSREUH]DXQLILFDGDSDUDWRGRRSDtV 10 Estudos desenvolvidos por Rocha (2000) demonstram que o valor da cesta básica apresenta grande variabilidade tomando-se como base o consumo da classe de renda mais baixa nas diferentes capitais do Brasil. Nesse trabalho se optou por uma única linha de pobreza por falta de informações atualizadas sobre consumo alimentar, que só teremos disponíveis no final de 2003 com a divulgação da nova POF pelo IBGE. Cadernos de Debate, Vol. X, 2003 17 7$%(/$ %UDVLO6LWXDomRGRVHVWDGRVFRPPDLRUSURSRUomRGHSREUHVDSDUWLUGRVPXQLFtSLRVGDViUHDVPHWURSROLWDQDV 3URSRUomR ,QVXILFLrQFLD 8) 3REUHV 5HQGD )*7 )DPtOLDV &( 51 3REUHV 3( $/ 0$ )*7 %$ *2 3$ (6 0* )RQWHGRVGDGRV%UXWRV,%*(&HQVR'HPRJUiILFR (VVDVFLIUDVGHPRQVWUDPTXHDHVFROKDGDViUHDVGRVHPLiULGRQRUGHVWLQRFRPR´DWDOKRµSDUDLQLFLDURV SURJUDPDVGHGLVWULEXLomRGHUHQGDGR3)=DWHQGHSOHQDPHQWHDGHPDQGDSRUIRFDOL]DomRGDVSROtWLFDVVRFLDLV 1D UHDOLGDGH HVWXGRV PRVWUDP TXH SROtWLFDV GH FUHVFLPHQWR HFRQ{PLFRVHP D GHYLGD IRFDOL]DomR UHJLRQDO WrP LPSDFWRVPXLWRUHGX]LGRV $SHQDVSDUDIHFKDURTXDGURPRVWUDQGRDVLWXDomRFUtWLFDGHSREUH]DQDUHJLmR1RUGHVWHGR%UDVLOVHULD LPSRUWDQWHUHIRUoDUDOJXPDVLQIRUPDo}HVVREUHDViUHDVUXUDLV3DUDWDQWRYDPRVWRPDUHPSUHVWDGRRVGDGRVGH UHQGDGRVHVWDEHOHFLPHQWRVGDDJURSHFXiULDREWLGRVQR&HQVR 6HJXQGRDSHVTXLVD´2QRYRUHWUDWRGD$JULFXOWXUD)DPLOLDUQR%UDVLOµ0'$,1&5$UHDOL]DGD FRPEDVHQRVGDGRVGR&HQVR$JURSHFXiULRGRVDJULFXOWRUHVGR1RUGHVWHHUDPGRWLSR'RV 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FRPSOHPHQWDUDRVSURJUDPDVGHEDVHHVWUXWXUDQWHTXHSDVVDUDPDVHUGHVHQFDGHDGRVDSDUWLUGRODQoDPHQWRGR )RPH=HUR$SUy[LPDVHomRID]XPDGHVFULomRGHVVHVSURJUDPDVPRVWUDQGRFRPRDHVWUDWpJLDGHDWXDomRGR SURJUDPDSURFXURXFHUFDUGLYHUVDVSRVVLELOLGDGHVJDUDQWLQGRDVVLPRVREMHWLYRVGHIRFDOL]DomRVHPSHUGHURVHX FDUiWHUXQLYHUVDO 11 A Caixa Econômica Federal recebeu R$ 6,00 por formulário digitado, R$ 0,70 por NIS atribuído ou R$ 0,20 por NIS localizado e alterado. Além disso, o beneficiário também era obrigado a pagar taxas para a instituição como R$ 2,50 por identificação e cadastramento da senha, R$ 1,20 por benefício pago e R$ 1,20 por cartão emitido. 12 Com base em levantamentos do TCU - Tribunal de Contas da União. Cadernos de Debate, Vol. X, 2003 20 $d¯(6(6758785$17(6'2352*5$0$)20(=(52 23)=SDUWHGHXPFRQMXQWRGHDo}HVQRFDPSRHVWUXWXUDOGHIRUPDDJDUDQWLUTXHDVSRSXODo}HVHP VLWXDomR GH ULVFR SRVVDP HQWUDU HP XP SURFHVVR GH GHVHQYROYLPHQWR DXWRVXVWHQWiYHO *5$=,$12 '$ 6,/9$ %(/,. 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Além disso foi criada a linha de crédito Pronaf - Alimentos com juros ainda mais reduzidos, restrita às culturas de arroz, feijão e mandioca. 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